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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Choice Hotels International, Inc. and its subsidiaries (together the "Company") have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. In the opinion of management, the accompanying consolidated financial statements include all adjustments that are necessary to fairly present the Company's consolidated financial statements. Acquisition of Radisson Hotels Americas On August 11, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition (the "Transaction") of (1) all of the issued and outstanding shares of Radisson Hospitality, Inc. and (2) certain trademarks held by Radisson Hospitality Belgium BV/SRL (collectively referred to as "Radisson Hotels Americas"). With the close of this Transaction, Choice Hotels International has added approximately 67,000 rooms across the United States, Canada, Caribbean and Latin America. The Transaction expands the Company's footprint in international markets and the upper-upscale and upscale full-service chain scales and enhances guest offerings in the core upper-midscale chain scale. The Transaction also accelerates our asset-light strategy of growth in higher revenue travel chain scales and locations. The Company has determined it is the accounting acquirer of Radisson Hotels Americas and has accounted for the Transaction as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their fair values as of the acquisition date, with the exception of certain asset and liabilities which were accounted for in accordance with provisions of ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2021-08"). Refer to Note 24. The Company's significant accounting policies herein address elements attributable to Radisson Hotels Americas balances and activity. Revenue Recognition Franchise agreements Revenues are primarily derived from franchise agreements with third-party hotel owners. The majority of the Company’s performance obligations are a series of distinct services, as described in more detail below, for which the Company receives variable consideration through franchise fees. The Company enters into franchise agreements to provide franchisees with a limited non-exclusive license to utilize the Company’s registered brand trade names and trademarks, marketing and reservation services, and other miscellaneous franchise services. These agreements typically have an initial term from 10 to 30 years, with provisions permitting franchisees or the Company to terminate the franchise agreement upon designated anniversaries of the hotel opening before the end of the initial term. An up-front initial franchise fee is assessed to third-party hotel owners to affiliate with our brands, which is typically paid prior to agreement execution and is non-refundable. After hotel opening, fees are typically generated based on a percentage of gross room revenues or as designated transactions and events occur (such as when a reservation is delivered to the hotel through a specified channel) and are invoiced by the Company in the following month. The franchise agreements are comprised of multiple performance obligations, which may require significant judgment in identifying. The primary performance obligations are as follows: •License of brand intellectual property and related services (“brand intellectual property”): Grants the right to access the Company’s intellectual property associated with brand trade names, trademarks, reservation systems, property management systems and related services. •Material rights for free or discounted goods or services to hotel guests: Primarily consists of the points issued under the Company’s guest loyalty programs, Choice Privileges and Radisson Rewards Americas. Brand intellectual property Fees generated from brand intellectual property are recognized to revenue over time as hotel owners pay for access to these services for the duration of the franchise agreement. Franchise fees are typically based on the sales or usage of the underlying hotel (i.e., after the completion of a hotel stay), with the exception of fixed up-front fees that usually represent an insignificant portion of the transaction price. Variable transaction price is determined for the period when the underlying gross room revenues and transactions or events which generate fees are known. Franchise fees include the following: •Royalty fees. Royalty fees are earned in exchange for a license to brand intellectual property typically based on a percentage of gross room revenues. These fees are billed and collected monthly and revenues are recognized in the same period that the underlying gross room revenues are earned by the Company’s franchisees. Royalty fees are recognized within royalty, licensing and management fees revenue in the consolidated statements of income. •Initial franchise fees. Initial franchise fees are charged when (i) new hotels enter the franchise system; (ii) there is a change of ownership; or (iii) existing franchise agreements are extended. These fees are recognized as revenue ratably as services are provided over the enforceable period of the franchise agreement. The enforceable period is the period from hotel opening to the first point the franchisee or the Company can terminate the franchise agreement without incurring a significant penalty. Deferred revenues from initial and relicensing fees are typically recognized over a five to ten-year period, unless the franchise agreement is terminated and the hotel exits the franchise system whereby remaining deferred amounts will be recognized to revenue in the period of termination. •Other revenue. Other revenue is a combination of miscellaneous non-marketing and reservation system fees, inclusive of quality assurance, non-compliance and franchisee training fees, and is recognized in the period the designated transaction or event has occurred. The Company’s franchise agreements require the payment of marketing and reservation system fees. The Company is obligated to use these marketing and reservation system fees to provide marketing and reservation services such as advertising, access to centralized reservation and property management systems, revenue management services and/or software, and certain franchise services to support the operation of the overall franchise system. The marketing and reservation system revenues are recognized within other revenues from franchised and managed properties in the consolidated statements of income. These services are comprised of multiple fees including the following: •Fees based on a percentage of gross room revenues are recognized in the period the gross room revenue was earned, based on the underlying hotel’s sales or usage. •Fees based on the occurrence of a designated transaction or event are recognized in the period the transaction or event occurred. •System implementation fees charged to franchisees are deferred and recognized as revenue over the enforceable period of the franchise agreement. •Marketing and reservation system activities also include revenues generated from the Company’s guest loyalty programs. The revenue recognition of these programs is discussed in Material rights for free or discounted goods or services to hotel guests below. Marketing and reservation system expenses are those expenses incurred to facilitate the delivery of marketing and reservation system services, including direct expenses and an allocation of costs for certain administrative activities required to carry out marketing and reservation services. Marketing and reservation system expenses are recognized as services are incurred or goods are received within other expenses from franchised and managed properties in the consolidated statements of income, and as such may not equal marketing and reservation system revenues in a specific period but are expected to equal revenues earned from franchisees over time. The Company’s franchise agreements provide the Company the right to advance monies to the franchise system when the needs of the system surpass the balances currently available and recover such advances in future periods through additional fee assessments or reduced spending. Material rights for free or discounted goods or services to hotel guests Choice Privileges and Radisson Rewards Americas are the Company’s frequent guest loyalty programs, which enable members to earn points based on their spending levels with the Company’s franchisees or certain vendors (refer to Partnership agreements header below). The points, which the Company accumulates and tracks on the members’ behalf, may be redeemed for free accommodations or other benefits (e.g., gift cards to participating retailers). The Company collects from franchisees a percentage of loyalty program members’ gross room revenue from completed stays to operate the programs. At such time points are redeemed for free accommodations or other benefits, the Company reimburses franchisees or third parties based on a rate derived in accordance with the franchise or vendor agreement. Loyalty points represent a performance obligation attributable to usage of the points, and thus revenues are recognized at the point in time when the loyalty points are redeemed by members for benefits. The transaction price is variable and determined in the period when the loyalty points are earned and the underlying gross room revenues are known. No loyalty program revenues are recognized at the time the loyalty points are issued. The Company is an agent in coordinating delivery of the services between the loyalty program member and franchisee or third party, and as a result, revenues are recognized net of the cost of redemptions. The estimated value of future redemptions is reflected in current and non-current liability for guest loyalty program in our consolidated balance sheets. The liability for guest loyalty programs is developed based on an estimate of the eventual redemption rates and point values using various actuarial methods. These significant judgments determine the required point liability attributable to outstanding points, which is relieved as redemption costs are processed. The amount of the loyalty program fees in excess of the point liability represents current and non-current deferred revenue, which is recognized to revenue as points are redeemed including an estimate of future forfeitures (“breakage”). The anticipated redemption pattern of the points is the basis for current and non-current designation of each liability. As of December 31, 2022, the current and non-current deferred revenue balances are $61.0 million and $32.5 million, respectively. Loyalty points are typically redeemed within three years of issuance. Loyalty program point redemption revenues are recognized within other revenues from franchised and managed properties in the consolidated statements of income. The Company also earns revenues on contracts incidental to the support of operations for franchised hotels, including purchasing operations. Partnership Agreements The Company maintains various agreements with third-party partners, including the co-branding of the Choice Privileges credit card. The agreements typically provide for use of the Company’s marks, limited access to the Company’s distribution channels, and sale of loyalty points, in exchange for fees primarily comprising variable consideration paid each month. Loyalty members can earn points through participation in the partner’s program. Partnership agreements include multiple performance obligations. The primary performance obligations are brand intellectual property and material rights for free or discounted goods or services to hotel guests. Allocation of fixed and variable consideration to the performance obligations is based on standalone selling price as estimated based on market and income methods, which represent significant judgments. The amounts allocated to brand intellectual property are recognized on a gross basis over time using the output measure of time elapsed, primarily within royalty, licensing and management fees and procurement services revenue. The amounts allocated to material rights for free or discounted goods or services to hotel guests are recognized to revenue as points are redeemed including an estimate of breakage, primarily within other revenues from franchised and managed properties. Qualified Vendors The Company generates procurement services revenues from qualified vendors. Qualified vendor revenues are generally based on marketing services provided by the Company on behalf of and access provided to the qualified vendors to hotel owners and guests. The Company provides these services in exchange for either fixed consideration or a percentage of revenues earned by the qualified vendor pertaining to purchases by the Company’s franchisees or guests. Fixed consideration is paid in installments based on a contractual schedule, with an initial payment typically due at contract execution. Variable consideration is typically paid quarterly after sales to franchisees or guests have occurred. Qualified vendor agreements comprise a single performance obligation, which is satisfied over time based on the access afforded and services provided to the qualified vendor for the stated duration of the agreement. Fixed consideration is allocated and recognized ratably to each period over the term of the agreement. Variable consideration is determined and recognized in the period when sales to franchisees or guests from vendors are known or cash payment has been remitted. Qualified vendor revenues are recognized within procurement services revenue in the consolidated statements of income. Other The Company is party to other non-franchising agreements that generate revenue within other revenue in the consolidated statements of income which are primarily SaaS arrangements for non-franchised hoteliers. SaaS agreements typically include fixed consideration for installment and other initiation fees paid at contract onset, and variable consideration for recurring subscription revenue paid monthly. SaaS agreements comprise a single performance obligation, which is satisfied over time based on the access to the software for the stated duration of the agreement. Fixed consideration is allocated and recognized ratably to each period over the term of the agreement. Variable consideration is determined at the conclusion of each period, and allocated to and recognized in the current period. Managed Hotels The Company manages 13 legacy Radisson Hotels Americas hotels (inclusive of the three Radisson Hotels Americas branded owned hotels). The management agreements provide for use of the Company's marks and hotel management services, include providing day-to-day management services in the operation of the hotels for the hotel owners. Fees generated from management agrees are recognized to revenue over time as hotel owners pay for access to these services for the duration of the management agreement, and include base and incentive management fees. Base management fees are generally based on a percentage of the hotel's monthly gross revenue and invoiced and collected monthly. Incentive management fees are generally based on a percentage of the hotel's operating profits as measured and invoiced on an annual basis. Base and incentive management fee revenues are recognized within royalties, licensing and management fees in the consolidated statements of income. Refer to Note 23 regarding discussion of management agreement guarantees. The Company's management agreements include contemplation of amounts that are contractually reimbursed to us by property owners, either directly or indirectly, relating to certain costs and expenses paid by us in support of the operations of these properties. These reimbursements include payroll and related costs and certain other operating costs of the managed properties' operations, which are reimbursed to us by the property owners as expenses are incurred. Revenue related to these direct reimbursements is recognized based on the amount of expenses incurred by the Company, which are presented as other expenses from managed and franchised properties in our consolidated statements of operations, that are then reimbursed to us by the property owner typically on a monthly basis, which results in no net effect on operating income or net income. Revenues related to marketing and reservations are recognized over time and are intended to reimburse us, indirectly, for expenses incurred in the execution of marketing and reservation services. These managed revenues are presented within other revenues from managed and franchised properties in our consolidated statements of operations. Owned Hotels The Company owned nine hotels (inclusive of three acquired in the Radisson Hotels Americas transaction) at December 31, 2022 and six hotels at December 31, 2021, from which the Company derives revenues. As a hotel owner, the Company has performance obligations to provide accommodations to hotel guests and in return the Company earns a nightly fee for an agreed upon period that is generally payable at the time the hotel guest checks out of the hotel. The Company typically satisfies the performance obligations over the length of the stay and recognizes the revenue on a daily basis, as the hotel rooms are occupied and services are rendered. Other ancillary goods and services at owned hotels are purchased independently of the hotel stay at standalone selling prices and are considered separate performance obligations, which are satisfied at the point in time when the related good or service is provided to the guest. These primarily consist of food and beverage, incidentals and parking fees. Hotel room night and other ancillary hotel ownership revenues are recognized within owned hotels revenue in the consolidated statements of income. Sales Taxes The Company presents taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis and, therefore, they are excluded from revenues in the consolidated financial statements. Notes & Accounts Receivable and Allowances for Credit Losses The Company provides financing in the form of notes receivable loans to franchisees to support the development of properties in strategic markets. The Company has developed a systematic methodology to determine its allowance for credit losses across our portfolio of notes receivable loans. The Company monitors the risk and performance of our portfolio by the level of security in collateral (i.e., senior, subordinated or unsecured), which is the Company's credit quality indicator. As each of the Company’s notes receivable loans has unique risk characteristics, the Company deploys its methodology to calculate allowances for credit losses at the individual notes receivable loan level. The Company primarily utilizes a discounted cash flow ("DCF") technique to measure the credit allowance, influenced by the key economic variables of each note receivable loan. The Company identified the key economic variables for these loans to be loan-to-cost ("LTC") or loan-to-value ("LTV") ratios and debt service coverage ratio ("DSCR"). The LTC or LTV ratio represents the loan principal relative to the project cost or value and is an indication of the ability to be re-paid principal at loan maturity. The DSCR represents property-specific net operating income as a percentage of the interest and principal payments incurred (i.e., debt service) on all debt of the borrower for the property and is an indication of the ability of the borrower to timely pay amounts due during the term of the loan. The LTC or LTV ratios and DSCR are considered during loan underwriting as indications of risk and, accordingly, we believe these factors are the most representative risk indicators for calculating the allowance for credit loss. Loans with higher LTC or LTV ratios and lower DSCR ratios generally are representative of loans with greater risk and, accordingly, have higher credit allowances as a percentage of loan principal. Conversely, loans with lower LTC or LTV ratios and higher DSCR ratios generally are representative of loans with lesser risk and, accordingly, have lower credit allowances as a percentage of loan principal. In preparing or updating a DCF model as the basis for the credit allowance, the Company develops various recovery scenarios and, based on the key economic variables and present status of the loan and underlying collateral, applies a probability-weighting to the outputs of the scenarios. Collateral-dependent financial assets are financial assets for which repayment is expected to be derived substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. For collateral-dependent loans, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral, less selling costs if repayment will be from the sale of the collateral. The Company calculates fair value of the collateral using a DCF technique to project cash flows or a market approach via quoted market prices. In developing cash flow projections, the Company will review the borrower's financial statements for the property, economic trends, industry projections for the market where the property is located, and comparable sales capitalization rates. Management assesses the credit quality of the notes receivable portfolio and adequacy of credit loss allowances on an at least quarterly basis and records provisions for credit losses in SG&A expenses. Significant judgment is required in this analysis. Accounts receivable consist primarily of franchise and related fees due from hotel franchisees and are recorded at the invoiced amount. The allowance for credit losses is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of expected credit losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance. The Company determines the allowance considering historical write-off experience, review of aged receivable balances and customer payment trends, the economic environment, and other available evidence. The Company records provisions for credit losses on accounts receivable in SG&A expenses and marketing and reservation system expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. When the Company determines that a trade or note receivable is not collectible, the account is written-off to the associated allowance for credit losses. Refer to Note 4 for further discussion of receivables and allowances for credit losses. Advertising Costs The Company expenses advertising costs as the advertising occurs. Advertising expense was $170.4 million, $81.5 million, and $88.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company includes advertising costs primarily in marketing and reservation system expenses in the consolidated statements of income. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains cash balances in domestic banks, which, at times, may exceed the limits of amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. In addition, the Company also maintains cash balances in international banks which do not provide deposit insurance. Capitalization Policies Property and equipment are generally recorded at cost and depreciated for financial reporting purposes using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or their useful lives. Major renovations and replacements incurred during construction are capitalized. Costs for computer software developed for internal use are capitalized during the application development stage and amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the software. Software licenses pertaining to cloud computing arrangements that are capitalized are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the cloud computing arrangement term or their useful lives. The Company capitalizes interest incurred during construction and development of property and equipment, including software. Interest capitalized as a cost of property and equipment totaled $2.0 million and $0.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As construction in progress and software development are completed and placed in service, they are transferred to appropriate property and equipment categories and depreciation begins. Upon sale or retirement of property, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the accounts and any related gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Maintenance, repairs and minor replacements are charged to expense as incurred. The Company has made certain acquisitions of hotel assets which are recorded at the fair value of consideration exchanged. Refer to Note 24. A summary of the ranges of estimated useful lives from original place in service date for depreciation and amortization purposes are as follows:
Computer equipment and software | 2 - 7 years
Buildings and leasehold improvements | 10 - 40 years
Furniture, fixtures, vehicles and equipment | 3 - 10 years
Assets Held for Sale The Company considers assets to be held for sale when all of the following criteria are met: •Management commits to a plan to sell an asset; •It is unlikely that the disposal plan will be significantly modified or discontinued; •The asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition; •Actions required to complete the sale of the asset have been initiated; •Sale of the asset is probable and the Company expects the completed sale will occur within one year; and •The asset is actively being marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable given its current market value. Upon designation as an asset held for sale, the Company records the carrying value of each asset as a component of other current assets at the lower of its carrying value or its estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell, and ceases recording depreciation. Refer to Note 3. If at any time these criteria are no longer met, subject to certain exceptions, the assets previously classified as held for sale are reclassified as held and used and measured individually at the lower of (a) the carrying amount before the asset was classified as held for sale, adjusted for any depreciation or amortization expense that would have been recognized had the asset been continuously classified as held and used, or (b) the fair value at the date of the subsequent decision not to sell. Valuation of Long-Lived Assets, Intangibles, and Goodwill The Company groups its long-lived assets, including property and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets (e.g., franchise rights, franchise agreement acquisition costs), at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. The Company evaluates the potential impairment of its long-lived asset groups annually as of December 31 or earlier when other circumstances indicate that the Company may not be able to recover the carrying value of the asset group. When indicators of impairment are present, recoverability is assessed based on undiscounted expected cash flows. If the undiscounted expected cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset group, an impairment charge is measured and recorded, as applicable, for the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the asset group. The fair value of long-lived asset groups are estimated primarily using discounted cash flow analyses representing the highest and best use by an independent market participant. Significant management judgment is involved in evaluating indicators of impairment and developing any required projections to test for recoverability or estimate fair value. Furthermore, if management uses different projections or if different conditions occur in future periods, future-operating results could be materially impacted. The Company did not identify any indicators of impairment of long-lived assets from the Hotel Franchising reporting unit during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, other than impairments on franchise sales commission assets and franchise agreement acquisition cost intangibles recorded within SG&A expenses and marketing and reservation system expenses as discussed in Note 2. During 2020, the Company recognized impairments of long-lived assets attributable to a commercial office building and a real estate parcel. Refer to Note 6. The Company evaluates the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives annually as of December 31 or earlier upon the occurrence of substantive unfavorable changes in economic conditions, industry trends, costs, cash flows, or ongoing declines in market capitalization that indicate that the Company may not be able to recover the carrying amount of the asset. In evaluating these assets for impairment, the Company may elect to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit or the indefinite lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount. If the conclusion is that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the asset is less than its carrying value, then no further testing is required. If the conclusion is that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the asset is less than its carrying value, then a quantitative impairment test is performed whereby the carrying value is compared to the fair value of the asset and an impairment charge is recognized, as applicable, for the excess of the carrying value over the fair value. The Company may elect to forgo the qualitative assessment and move directly to the quantitative impairment tests for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles. The Company determines the fair value of its reporting units and indefinite-lived intangibles using income and market methods. Goodwill is allocated to the Company's reporting units. The Company's reporting units are determined primarily by the availability of discrete financial information relied upon by chief operating decision maker ("CODM") to assess performance and make operating segment resource allocation decisions. As of December 31, 2022, the Company's goodwill is allocated solely to the Hotel Franchising reporting unit. The Company performed the qualitative impairment analysis for the Hotel Franchising reporting unit, concluding that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount. As such, a quantitative test was not required and no impairment was recorded. Variable Interest Entities In accordance with the guidance for the consolidation of variable interest entities ("VIE"), the Company identifies its variable interests and analyzes to determine if the entity in which the Company has a variable interest is a VIE. The Company's variable interests include equity investments, loans, and guaranties. Determination if a variable interest is a VIE includes both quantitative and qualitative consideration. For those entities determined to be VIEs, a further quantitative and qualitative analysis is performed to determine if the Company is deemed the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the party who has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and who has an obligation to absorb losses of the entity or a right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant. The Company would consolidate those entities in which it is determined to be the primary beneficiary. As of December 31, 2022, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of any VIE. The Company based its qualitative analysis on its review of the design of the entity, its organizational structure including decision-making ability and the relevant development, operating management and financial agreements. Investments in unconsolidated affiliates where the Company is not deemed to be the primary beneficiary but where the Company exercises significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee are accounted for using the equity method. Valuation of Investments in Affiliates The Company evaluates an investment in an affiliate for impairment when circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable (for example, due to loan defaults), significant under performance relative to historical or projected operating performance, and significant negative industry, market or economic trends. When there is indication that a loss in value has occurred, the Company evaluates the carrying value compared to the estimated fair value of the investment. Fair value is based upon internally-developed discounted cash flow models, third-party appraisals, and if appropriate, current estimated net sales proceeds from pending offers. There are judgments and assumptions in each of these fair value determinations, including our selection of comparable market transactions, the amount and timing of expected future cash flows, long-term growth rates, and sales capitalization rates. These nonrecurring fair value measurements are classified as level three of the fair value measurement hierarchy, as the Company utilized unobservable inputs which are significant to the overall fair value. If the estimated fair value is less than carrying value, management uses its judgment to determine if the decline in value is other-than-temporary. In determining this, the Company considers factors including, but not limited to, the length of time and extent of the decline, loss of values as a percentage of the cost, financial condition and near-term financial projections, the Company's intent and ability to recover the lost value, and current economic conditions. For declines in value that are deemed other-than-temporary, impairment charges are recorded to earnings. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized impairment charges of $0.2 million, $19.3 million and $7.3 million, respectively, related to multiple investments in affiliates accounted for under the equity method. The impairment charges are classified as equity in net (gain) loss of affiliates in the consolidated statements of income. Refer to Note 8. Foreign Operations The United States dollar is the functional currency of the consolidated entities operating in the United States. The functional currency for the consolidated entities operating outside of the United States is generally the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity primarily generates and expends cash. The Company translates the financial statements of consolidated entities whose functional currency is not the United States dollar into United States dollars. The Company translates assets and liabilities at the exchange rate in effect as of the financial statement date and translates income statement accounts using the approximate weighted average exchange rate for the period. The Company includes translation adjustments from foreign exchange and the effect of exchange rate changes on intercompany transactions of a long-term investment nature as a separate component of shareholders’ equity (deficit). The Company reports foreign currency transaction gains and losses and the effect of inter-company transactions of a short-term or trading nature within other gains in the consolidated statements of income. Foreign currency transaction losses (gains) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $1.0 million, $0.4 million, and $(0.4) million, respectively. Leases The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease and classification as operating or financing at lease inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and operating lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not have any leases classified as financing. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. Operating lease ROU assets are further offset by any prepaid rent, lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. When a lease agreement does not provide an implicit rate, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future minimum lease payments. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments include certain index-based changes in rent, certain non-lease components (such as maintenance and other services provided by the lessor), and other charges included in the lease. Variable lease payments are excluded from future minimum lease payments and expensed as incurred. The Company has made elections to not separate lease and non-lease components for all classes of underlying assets in which it is the lessee nor account for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less on the balance sheet. These short-term leases are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Recently Adopted & Issued Accounting Standards In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08 which requires an acquirer in a business combination to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in accordance with Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), as if the acquirer had originated the contracts at the date of the business combination. ASU 2021-08 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company elected to early adopt ASU 2021-08 in the second quarter of 2022. There was no retrospective impact to our consolidated financial statement as a result of the adoption. ASU 2021-08 was applied in the accounting for the acquisition of Radisson Hotels Americas, and accordingly, the Company utilized the carrying values of contract assets and contract liabilities of Radisson Hotels Americas in application of acquisition accounting (refer to Note 24). In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses ("ASU 2022-02"). ASU 2022-02 eliminates the recognition and measurement guidance on troubled debt restructuring for creditors that have adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) ("Topic 326"), requires enhanced disclosures about loan modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, and includes new guidance on current-period gross write-offs presentation. ASU 2022-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact that ASU 2022-02 will have on the consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

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