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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_____________________________
FORM 10-Q
_____________________________
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 1-11356
_______________________________
Radian Group Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
_______________________________

Delaware |  | 23-2691170
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

550 East Swedesford Road, Suite 350, Wayne, PA 19087
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(215) 231-1000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share | RDN | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS:
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 157,025,431 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding on November 2, 2022.

Table of Contents

|  | Page
Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms | 3
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements—Safe Harbor Provisions | 7
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1 | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 9
Item 2 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 40
Item 3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 66
Item 4 | Controls and Procedures | 66
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1 | Legal Proceedings | 67
Item 1A | Risk Factors | 67
Item 2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 67
Item 6 | Exhibits | 68
Signatures | 69

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Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms
The following list defines various abbreviations and acronyms used throughout this report, including the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Term | Definition
2021 Form 10-K | Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 25, 2022
2014 Master Policy | Radian Guaranty’s master insurance policy, setting forth the terms and conditions of our mortgage insurance coverage, which became effective October 1, 2014
2020 Master Policy | Radian Guaranty’s master insurance policy, setting forth the terms and conditions of our mortgage insurance coverage, which became effective March 1, 2020
2012 QSR Agreements | The quota share reinsurance agreements entered into with a third-party reinsurance provider in the second and fourth quarters of 2012, collectively
2022 QSR Agreement | Quota share reinsurance arrangement entered into with a panel of third-party reinsurance providers to cede, starting July 1, 2022, a portion of NIW, which includes both Recurring Premium Policies and Single Premium Policies, originated between January 1, 2022, and June 30, 2023
2016 Single Premium QSR Agreement | Quota share reinsurance agreement entered into with a panel of third-party reinsurance providers in the first quarter of 2016 and subsequently amended in the fourth quarter of 2017
2018 Single Premium QSR Agreement | Quota share reinsurance agreement entered into with a panel of third-party reinsurance providers in October 2017 to cede a portion of Single Premium NIW beginning January 1, 2018
2020 Single Premium QSR Agreement | Quota share reinsurance agreement entered into with a panel of third-party reinsurance providers in January 2020 to cede a portion of Single Premium NIW beginning January 1, 2020
ABS | Asset-backed securities
All Other | Radian’s non-reportable operating segments and other business activities, including: (i) income (losses) from assets held by Radian Group; (ii) related general corporate operating expenses not attributable or allocated to our reportable segments; and (iii) certain investments in new business opportunities, including activities and investments associated with Radian Mortgage Capital, and other immaterial activities
ASU | Accounting Standards Update, issued by the FASB to communicate changes to GAAP
Available Assets | As defined in the PMIERs, assets primarily including the most liquid assets of a mortgage insurer, and reduced by, among other items, premiums received but not yet earned and reinsurance funds withheld
BMO | Bank of Montreal, a Canadian Chartered bank acting through its Chicago Branch
Claim Denial | Our legal right, under certain conditions, to deny a claim
Claim Severity | The total claim amount paid divided by the original coverage amount
CLO | Collateralized loan obligations
CMBS | Commercial mortgage-backed securities
COVID-19 | The coronavirus disease declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in March 2020
Cures | Loans that were in default as of the beginning of a period and are no longer in default because payments were received such that the loan is no longer 60 or more days past due
Default to Claim Rate | The percentage of defaulted loans that are assumed to result in a claim
Demotech | Demotech, Inc.
Disaster Related Capital Charge | Under the PMIERs, multiplier of 0.30 applied to the required asset amount factor for each non-performing loan: (i) backed by a property located in a FEMA Designated Area and (ii) either subject to a certain forbearance plan or with an initial default date occurring within a certain timeframe
Eagle Re Issuer(s) | A group of unaffiliated special purpose insurers (VIEs) domiciled in Bermuda, comprising Eagle Re 2018-1 Ltd., Eagle Re 2019-1 Ltd., Eagle Re 2020-1 Ltd., Eagle Re 2021-1 Ltd. and/or Eagle Re 2021-2 Ltd., which provide reinsurance coverage under Radian Guaranty’s Excess-of-Loss Program. The issuers also included Eagle Re 2020-2 Ltd. prior to its termination in September 2022.

3

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Term | Definition
Excess-of-Loss Program | The credit risk protection obtained by Radian Guaranty in the form of excess-of-loss reinsurance, which indemnifies the ceding company against loss in excess of a specific agreed limit, up to a specified sum. The program includes reinsurance agreements with the Eagle Re Issuers in connection with various issuances of mortgage insurance-linked notes. The program also included a separate agreement with a third-party reinsurer, prior to its termination in December 2021, representing a pro rata share of the credit risk alongside the risk assumed by Eagle Re 2018-1 Ltd., an Eagle Re Issuer.
Exchange Act | Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
Extraordinary Distribution | A dividend or distribution of capital that is required to be approved by an insurance company’s primary regulator that is greater than would be permitted as an ordinary distribution (which does not require regulatory approval)
Fannie Mae | Federal National Mortgage Association
FASB | Financial Accounting Standards Board
FEMA | Federal Emergency Management Agency, an agency of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
FEMA Designated Area | Generally, an area that has been subject to a disaster, designated by FEMA as an individual assistance disaster area for the purpose of determining eligibility for various forms of federal assistance
FHA | Federal Housing Administration
FHFA | Federal Housing Finance Agency
FHLB | Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh
FICO | Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) credit scores, for Radian’s portfolio statistics, represent the borrower’s credit score at origination and, in circumstances where there are multiple borrowers, the lowest of the borrowers’ FICO scores is utilized
Fitch | Fitch Ratings, Inc.
Foreclosure Stage Defaulted Loans | Loans in the stage of default in which a foreclosure sale has been scheduled or held
Freddie Mac | Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
GAAP | Generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S., as amended from time to time
Goldman Sachs | Goldman Sachs Bank USA
GSE(s) | Government-Sponsored Enterprises (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac)
HARP | Home Affordable Refinance Program
homegenius | Radian’s business segment that offers an array of title, real estate and technology products and services to consumers, mortgage lenders, mortgage and real estate investors, GSEs, real estate brokers and agents
IBNR | Losses incurred but not reported
IIF | Insurance in force, equal to the aggregate unpaid principal balances of the underlying loans
LAE | Loss adjustment expenses, which include the cost of investigating and adjusting losses and paying claims
LIBOR | London Inter-bank Offered Rate
LTV | Loan-to-value ratio, calculated as the ratio of the original loan amount to the original value of the property, expressed as a percentage
Minimum Required Asset(s) | A risk-based minimum required asset amount, as defined in the PMIERs, calculated based on net RIF (RIF, net of credits permitted for reinsurance) and a variety of measures related to expected credit performance and other factors, including the impact of the Disaster Related Capital Charge
Model Act | Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act, as issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners to establish minimum capital and surplus requirements for mortgage insurers
Monthly and Other Recurring Premiums (or Recurring Premium Policies) | Insurance premiums or policies, respectively, where premiums are paid on a monthly or other installment basis, in contrast to Single Premium Policies

4

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Term | Definition
Monthly Premium Policies | Insurance policies where premiums are paid on a monthly installment basis
Moody’s | Moody’s Investors Service
Mortgage | Radian’s mortgage insurance and risk services business segment, which provides credit-related insurance coverage, principally through private mortgage insurance on residential first-lien mortgage loans, as well as contract underwriting and other credit risk management solutions, to mortgage lending institutions and mortgage credit investors
MPP Requirement | Certain states’ statutory or regulatory risk-based capital requirement that the mortgage insurer must maintain a minimum policyholder position, which is calculated based on both risk and surplus levels
NIW | New insurance written, representing the aggregate original principal amount of the mortgages underlying the Primary Mortgage Insurance
NOL | Net operating loss; for tax purposes, accumulated during years a company reported more tax deductions than taxable income. NOLs may be carried back or carried forward a certain number of years, depending on various factors which can reduce a company’s tax liability.
Persistency Rate | The percentage of IIF that remains in force over a period of time
PMIERs | Private Mortgage Insurer Eligibility Requirements issued by the GSEs under oversight of the FHFA to set forth requirements an approved insurer must meet and maintain to provide mortgage guaranty insurance on loans acquired by the GSEs. The current PMIERs requirements, sometimes referred to as PMIERs 2.0, incorporate the most recent revisions to the PMIERs that became effective on March 31, 2019, as amended.
PMIERs Cushion | Under PMIERs, Radian Guaranty’s excess of Available Assets over Minimum Required Assets
Pool Mortgage Insurance | Insurance that provides a lender or investor protection against default on a group or “pool” of mortgages, rather than on an individual mortgage loan basis, generally subject to an aggregate exposure limit, or “stop loss,” and/or deductible applied to the initial aggregate loan balance of the entire pool, pursuant to the terms of the applicable insurance agreement
Primary Mortgage Insurance | Insurance that provides a lender or investor protection against default on an individual mortgage loan basis, at a specified coverage percentage for each loan, pursuant to the terms of the applicable Master Policy
QSR Program | The Single Premium QSR Program, the 2012 QSR Agreements and the 2022 QSR Agreement, collectively
Radian | Radian Group Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries
Radian Group | Radian Group Inc., our insurance holding company
Radian Guaranty | Radian Guaranty Inc., a Pennsylvania domiciled insurance subsidiary of Radian Group and our approved insurer under the PMIERs, through which we provide mortgage insurance products and services
Radian Mortgage Capital | Radian Mortgage Capital LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, and an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Radian Group, is a mortgage conduit formed to aggregate and then distribute residential mortgage loans into the capital markets through private label securitizations or sell directly to mortgage investors
Radian Reinsurance | Radian Reinsurance Inc., a Pennsylvania domiciled insurance subsidiary of Radian Group, through which we provide mortgage credit risk insurance and reinsurance, including through participation in credit risk transactions issued by the GSEs
Radian Title Insurance | Radian Title Insurance Inc., an Ohio domiciled insurance company and an indirect subsidiary of Radian Group, through which we offer title insurance
RBC States | Risk-based capital states, which are those states that currently impose a statutory or regulatory risk-based capital requirement
Rescission | Our legal right, under certain conditions, to unilaterally rescind coverage on our mortgage insurance policies if we determine that a loan did not qualify for insurance
RIF | Risk in force; for Primary Mortgage Insurance, RIF is equal to the underlying loan unpaid principal balance multiplied by the insurance coverage percentage, whereas for Pool Mortgage Insurance, it represents the remaining exposure under the agreements
Risk-to-capital | Under certain state regulations, a maximum ratio of net RIF calculated relative to the level of statutory capital

5

Table of Contents

Term | Definition
RMBS | Residential mortgage-backed securities
RSU | Restricted stock unit
S&P | Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC
SaaS | Software-as-a-Service
SAP | Statutory accounting principles and practices, including those required or permitted, if applicable, by the insurance departments of the respective states of domicile of our insurance subsidiaries
SEC | United States Securities and Exchange Commission
Securities Act | Securities Act of 1933, as amended
Senior Notes due 2024 | Our 4.500% unsecured senior notes due October 2024 ($450 million original principal amount)
Senior Notes due 2025 | Our 6.625% unsecured senior notes due March 2025 ($525 million original principal amount)
Senior Notes due 2027 | Our 4.875% unsecured senior notes due March 2027 ($450 million original principal amount)
Single Premium NIW / IIF | NIW or IIF, respectively, on Single Premium Policies
Single Premium Policy / Policies | Insurance policies where premiums are paid in a single payment, which includes policies written on an individual basis (as each loan is originated) and on an aggregated basis (in which each individual loan in a group of loans is insured in a single transaction, typically shortly after the loans have been originated)
Single Premium QSR Program | The 2016 Single Premium QSR Agreement, the 2018 Single Premium QSR Agreement and the 2020 Single Premium QSR Agreement, collectively
SOFR | Secured Overnight Financing Rate
Statutory RBC Requirement | Risk-based capital requirement imposed by the RBC States, requiring a minimum surplus level and, in certain states, a minimum ratio of statutory capital relative to the level of risk
Surplus Note due 2027 | The $100 million 0.0% intercompany surplus note issued by Radian Guaranty to Radian Group, due December 31, 2027
VIE | Variable interest entity

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Table of Contents Glossary

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
—Safe Harbor Provisions
All statements in this report that address events, developments or results that we expect or anticipate may occur in the future are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act, Section 21E of the Exchange Act and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In most cases, forward-looking statements may be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “may,” “will,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “project,” “potential,” “continue,” “seek,” “strategy,” “future,” “likely” or the negative or other variations on these words and other similar expressions. These statements, which may include, without limitation, projections regarding our future performance and financial condition, are made on the basis of management’s current views and assumptions with respect to future events. These statements speak only as of the date they were made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. We operate in a changing environment where new risks emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risks that may affect us. The forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, and the forward-looking statements, as well as our prospects as a whole, are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation:
■the health of the U.S. housing market generally and changes in economic conditions that impact the size of the insurable mortgage market, the credit performance of our insured mortgage portfolio and our business prospects, including more recently, changes resulting from inflationary pressures, the rising interest rate environment and the risk of a recession and higher unemployment rates, as well as other macroeconomic stresses such as those that may arise from the Russia-Ukraine conflict or other geopolitical events or as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;
■changes in the way customers, investors, ratings agencies, regulators or legislators perceive our performance, financial strength and future prospects;
■Radian Guaranty’s ability to remain eligible under the PMIERs to insure loans purchased by the GSEs;
■our ability to maintain an adequate level of capital in our insurance subsidiaries to satisfy current and future regulatory requirements;
■changes in the charters or business practices of, or rules or regulations imposed by or applicable to, the GSEs or loans purchased by the GSEs, which may include changes in furtherance of housing policy objectives such as the accessibility and affordability of homeownership for low- and moderate-income borrowers and underrepresented communities, or changes in the requirements for Radian Guaranty to remain an approved insurer to the GSEs, such as changes in the PMIERs or the GSEs’ interpretation and application of the PMIERs or other applicable requirements;
■the effects of the Enterprise Capital Framework, which establishes a new regulatory capital framework for the GSEs, and which, as finalized, increases the capital requirements for the GSEs, and among other things, could impact the GSEs’ operations and pricing as well as the size of the insurable mortgage market, and which may form the basis for future changes to the PMIERs;
■changes in the current housing finance system in the United States, including the roles of the FHA, the GSEs and private mortgage insurers in this system;
■our ability to successfully execute and implement our capital plans, including our risk distribution strategy through the capital markets and traditional reinsurance markets, and to maintain sufficient holding company liquidity to meet our liquidity needs;
■our ability to successfully execute and implement our business plans and strategies, including plans and strategies that may require GSE and/or regulatory approvals and licenses, that are subject to complex compliance requirements that we may be unable to satisfy, or that may expose us to new risks, including those that could impact our capital and liquidity positions;
■uncertainty from the discontinuance of LIBOR and transition to one or more alternative benchmarks that could cause interest rate volatility and, among other things, impact our investment portfolio, cost of debt and cost of reinsurance through mortgage insurance-linked notes transactions;
■risks related to the quality of third-party mortgage underwriting and mortgage servicing;
■a decrease in the Persistency Rates of our mortgage insurance on Monthly Premium Policies;
■competition in the private mortgage insurance industry generally, and more specifically: price competition in our mortgage insurance business, including the prevalence of formulaic, granular risk-based pricing methodologies that are less transparent than historical rate-card-based pricing practices; and competition from the FHA and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs as well as from other forms of credit enhancement, such as GSE-sponsored alternatives to traditional mortgage insurance;
7

Table of Contents Glossary

■U.S. political conditions and legislative and regulatory activity (or inactivity), including the adoption of (or failure to adopt) new laws and regulations, or changes in existing laws and regulations, or the way they are interpreted or applied;
■legal and regulatory claims, assertions, actions, reviews, audits, inquiries and investigations that could result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, injunctions, restitutions or other relief that could require significant expenditures, new or increased reserves or have other effects on our business;
■the amount and timing of potential payments or adjustments associated with federal or other tax examinations;
■the possibility that we may fail to estimate accurately, especially in the event of an extended economic downturn or a period of extreme market volatility and economic uncertainty, the likelihood, magnitude and timing of losses in establishing loss reserves for our mortgage insurance business or to accurately calculate and/or project our Available Assets and Minimum Required Assets under the PMIERs, which will be impacted by, among other things, the size and mix of our IIF, the level of defaults in our portfolio, the reported status of defaults in our portfolio (including whether they are subject to mortgage forbearance, a repayment plan or a loan modification trial period), the level of cash flow generated by our insurance operations and our risk distribution strategies;
■volatility in our financial results caused by changes in the fair value of our assets and liabilities, including with respect to our use of derivatives and within our investment portfolio;
■changes in GAAP or SAP rules and guidance, or their interpretation;
■risks associated with investments to grow our existing businesses, or to pursue new lines of business or new products and services, including our ability and related costs to develop, launch and implement new and innovative technologies and digital products and services, whether these products and services will receive broad customer acceptance or will disrupt existing customer relations, and additional financial risks related to these investments, including required changes in our investment, financing and hedging strategies, risks associated with our increased use of financial leverage, which could expose us to liquidity risks resulting from changes in the fair values of assets, and the risk that we may fail to achieve forecasted results which could result in lower or negative earnings contribution and/or impairment charges associated with intangible assets;
■the effectiveness and security of our information technology systems and digital products and services, including the risk that these systems, products or services fail to operate as expected or planned or expose us to cybersecurity or third-party risks, including due to malware, unauthorized access, cyber-attack, ransomware or other similar events;
■our ability to attract and retain key employees; and
■legal and other limitations on amounts we may receive from our subsidiaries, including dividends or ordinary course distributions under our internal tax- and expense-sharing arrangements.
For more information regarding these risks and uncertainties as well as certain additional risks that we face, you should refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this report and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2021 Form 10-K, and to subsequent reports and registration statements filed from time to time with the SEC. We caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which are current only as of the date on which we issued this report. We do not intend to, and we disclaim any duty or obligation to, update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events or for any other reason.
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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Index to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

| Page
Quarterly Financial Statements |
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) | 10
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) | 11
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited) | 12
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Common Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) | 13
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 14
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |
Note 1 - Description of Business | 15
Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies | 16
Note 3 - Net Income Per Share | 17
Note 4 - Segment Reporting | 17
Note 5 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments | 19
Note 6 - Investments | 23
Note 7 - Goodwill and Other Acquired Intangible Assets, Net | 27
Note 8 - Reinsurance | 27
Note 9 - Other Assets | 32
Note 10 - Income Taxes | 32
Note 11 - Losses and LAE | 33
Note 12 - Borrowings and Financing Activities | 34
Note 13 - Commitments and Contingencies | 35
Note 14 - Capital Stock | 36
Note 15 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 38
Note 16 - Statutory Information | 39

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Radian Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per-share amounts) |  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Assets |  |  |  |
Investments (Notes 5 and 6) |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturities available for sale—at fair value (amortized cost of $5,535,532 and $5,367,729) |  | $ | 4,909,232 |  |  | $ | 5,517,078 |
Trading securities—at fair value (amortized cost of $146,446 and $234,382) |  | 139,901 |  |  | 256,546 |
Equity securities—at fair value (cost of $162,320 and $176,229) |  | 145,155 |  |  | 184,245 |
Short-term investments—at fair value (includes $85,777 and $48,652 of reinvested cash collateral held under securities lending agreements) |  | 392,514 |  |  | 551,508 |
Other invested assets—at fair value |  | 5,079 |  |  | 4,165 |
Total investments |  | 5,591,881 |  |  | 6,513,542 |
Cash |  | 54,701 |  |  | 151,145 |
Restricted cash |  | 1,107 |  |  | 1,475 |
Accrued investment income |  | 38,596 |  |  | 32,812 |
Accounts and notes receivable |  | 174,041 |  |  | 124,016 |
Reinsurance recoverables (includes $12 and $51 for paid losses) |  | 30,569 |  |  | 67,896 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs |  | 17,920 |  |  | 16,317 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 75,740 |  |  | 75,086 |
Goodwill and other acquired intangible assets, net (Note 7) |  | 16,873 |  |  | 19,593 |
Prepaid federal income taxes (Note 10) |  | 526,123 |  |  | 354,123 |
Other assets (Note 9) |  | 458,292 |  |  | 483,180 |
Total assets |  | $ | 6,985,843 |  |  | $ | 7,839,185 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Unearned premiums |  | $ | 285,290 |  |  | $ | 329,090 |
Reserve for losses and LAE (Note 11) |  | 483,664 |  |  | 828,642 |
Senior notes (Note 12) |  | 1,412,473 |  |  | 1,409,473 |
FHLB advances (Note 12) |  | 153,550 |  |  | 150,983 |
Reinsurance funds withheld |  | 218,777 |  |  | 228,078 |
Net deferred tax liability (Note 10) |  | 335,374 |  |  | 337,509 |
Other liabilities |  | 358,665 |  |  | 296,614 |
Total liabilities |  | 3,247,793 |  |  | 3,580,389 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |
Common stock ($0.001 par value; 485,000 shares authorized; 2022: 176,497 and 157,058 shares issued and outstanding, respectively; 2021: 194,408 and 175,421 shares issued and outstanding, respectively) |  | 176 |  |  | 194 |
Treasury stock, at cost (2022: 19,440 shares; 2021: 18,987 shares) |  | (930,396) |  |  | (920,798) |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 1,513,615 |  |  | 1,878,372 |
Retained earnings |  | 3,656,870 |  |  | 3,180,935 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 15) |  | (502,215) |  |  | 120,093 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 3,738,050 |  |  | 4,258,796 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 6,985,843 |  |  | $ | 7,839,185 |

See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands, except per-share amounts) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned (Note 8) |  | $ | 240,222 |  |  | $ | 249,118 |  |  | $ | 748,304 |  |  | $ | 775,746 |
Services revenue (Note 4) |  | 20,146 |  |  | 37,773 |  |  | 76,775 |  |  | 90,132 |
Net investment income |  | 51,414 |  |  | 35,960 |  |  | 136,567 |  |  | 110,502 |
Net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments (includes net realized gains (losses) on investments of $(4,139), $14,246, $(8,454) and $18,330) (Note 6) |  | (16,252) |  |  | 2,098 |  |  | (87,578) |  |  | 12,578 |
Other income |  | 659 |  |  | 809 |  |  | 1,934 |  |  | 2,607 |
Total revenues |  | 296,189 |  |  | 325,758 |  |  | 876,002 |  |  | 991,565 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for losses |  | (96,964) |  |  | 17,305 |  |  | (294,640) |  |  | 67,096 |
Policy acquisition costs |  | 5,442 |  |  | 7,924 |  |  | 17,987 |  |  | 21,758 |
Cost of services |  | 18,717 |  |  | 30,520 |  |  | 66,230 |  |  | 75,381 |
Other operating expenses |  | 91,327 |  |  | 86,479 |  |  | 271,363 |  |  | 243,210 |
Interest expense |  | 21,183 |  |  | 21,027 |  |  | 62,860 |  |  | 63,207 |
Amortization of other acquired intangible assets |  | 1,023 |  |  | 862 |  |  | 2,721 |  |  | 2,587 |
Total expenses |  | 40,728 |  |  | 164,117 |  |  | 126,521 |  |  | 473,239 |
Pretax income |  | 255,461 |  |  | 161,641 |  |  | 749,481 |  |  | 518,326 |
Income tax provision |  | 57,181 |  |  | 35,229 |  |  | 168,877 |  |  | 111,100 |
Net income |  | $ | 198,280 |  |  | $ | 126,412 |  |  | $ | 580,604 |  |  | $ | 407,226 |
Net income per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.22 |  |  | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 3.39 |  |  | $ | 2.13 |
Diluted |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 3.34 |  |  | $ | 2.11 |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding—basic |  | 162,506 |  |  | 186,741 |  |  | 171,116 |  |  | 191,357 |
Weighted-average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding—diluted |  | 164,738 |  |  | 188,042 |  |  | 173,618 |  |  | 192,902 |

See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income |  | $ | 198,280 |  |  | $ | 126,412 |  |  | $ | 580,604 |  |  | $ | 407,226 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 15) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on investments arising during the period for which an allowance for expected losses has not been recognized |  | (176,391) |  |  | (23,394) |  |  | (630,348) |  |  | (106,286) |
Less: Reclassification adjustment for net gains (losses) on investments included in net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized gains (losses) on disposals and non-credit related impairment losses |  | (3,281) |  |  | 3,238 |  |  | (7,956) |  |  | 4,490 |
Net decrease (increase) in expected credit losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 725 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments |  | (173,110) |  |  | (26,632) |  |  | (622,392) |  |  | (111,501) |
Other adjustments to comprehensive income (loss), net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | (173,110) |  |  | (26,632) |  |  | (622,308) |  |  | (111,501) |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 25,170 |  |  | $ | 99,780 |  |  | $ | (41,704) |  |  | $ | 295,725 |

See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Common Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 210 |
Issuance of common stock under incentive and benefit plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Shares repurchased under share repurchase program (Note 14) |  | (10) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (20) |  |  | (11) |
Balance, end of period |  | 176 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 200 |
Treasury stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | (930,284) |  |  | (920,225) |  |  | (920,798) |  |  | (910,115) |
Repurchases of common stock under incentive plans |  | (112) |  |  | (130) |  |  | (9,598) |  |  | (10,240) |
Balance, end of period |  | (930,396) |  |  | (920,355) |  |  | (930,396) |  |  | (920,355) |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | 1,698,490 |  |  | 2,161,857 |  |  | 1,878,372 |  |  | 2,245,897 |
Issuance of common stock under incentive and benefit plans |  | 1,525 |  |  | 1,007 |  |  | 3,163 |  |  | 2,944 |
Share-based compensation |  | 7,714 |  |  | 8,282 |  |  | 31,280 |  |  | 20,996 |
Shares repurchased under share repurchase program (Note 14) |  | (194,114) |  |  | (158,276) |  |  | (399,200) |  |  | (256,967) |
Balance, end of period |  | 1,513,615 |  |  | 2,012,870 |  |  | 1,513,615 |  |  | 2,012,870 |
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | 3,491,675 |  |  | 2,913,138 |  |  | 3,180,935 |  |  | 2,684,636 |
Net income |  | 198,280 |  |  | 126,412 |  |  | 580,604 |  |  | 407,226 |
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared |  | (33,085) |  |  | (26,553) |  |  | (104,669) |  |  | (78,865) |
Balance, end of period |  | 3,656,870 |  |  | 3,012,997 |  |  | 3,656,870 |  |  | 3,012,997 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | (329,105) |  |  | 178,856 |  |  | 120,093 |  |  | 263,725 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of tax |  | (173,110) |  |  | (26,632) |  |  | (622,392) |  |  | (111,501) |
Other adjustments to other comprehensive income (loss) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period |  | (502,215) |  |  | 152,224 |  |  | (502,215) |  |  | 152,224 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 3,738,050 |  |  | $ | 4,257,936 |  |  | $ | 3,738,050 |  |  | $ | 4,257,936 |

See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | 282,148 |  |  | $ | 403,304 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of: |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturities available for sale |  | 395,976 |  |  | 536,387 |
Trading securities |  | 8,829 |  |  | 7,952 |
Equity securities |  | 7,645 |  |  | 29,289 |
Proceeds from redemptions of: |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturities available for sale |  | 663,255 |  |  | 917,027 |
Trading securities |  | 78,462 |  |  | 11,703 |
Purchases of: |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturities available for sale |  | (1,238,636) |  |  | (1,413,445) |
Equity securities |  | (23,225) |  |  | (102,956) |
Sales, redemptions and (purchases) of: |  |  |  |
Short-term investments, net |  | 168,933 |  |  | (17,474) |
Other assets and other invested assets, net |  | (534) |  |  | 6,253 |
Additions to property and equipment |  | (12,149) |  |  | (8,720) |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | 48,556 |  |  | (33,984) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |
Dividends and dividend equivalents paid |  | (103,721) |  |  | (78,165) |
Issuance of common stock |  | 1,118 |  |  | 1,225 |
Repurchases of common stock |  | (387,111) |  |  | (251,482) |
Credit facility commitment fees paid |  | (574) |  |  | (710) |
Change in secured borrowings, net (with terms three months or less) |  | 60,204 |  |  | 38,241 |
Proceeds from secured borrowings (with terms greater than three months) |  | 26,568 |  |  | 32,000 |
Repayments of secured borrowings (with terms greater than three months) |  | (24,000) |  |  | (48,000) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | (427,516) |  |  | (306,891) |
Increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash |  | (96,812) |  |  | 62,429 |
Cash and restricted cash, beginning of period |  | 152,620 |  |  | 94,146 |
Cash and restricted cash, end of period |  | $ | 55,808 |  |  | $ | 156,575 |

See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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1. Description of Business
We are a diversified mortgage and real estate business, providing both credit-related mortgage insurance coverage and an array of other mortgage, risk, title, real estate and technology products and services. We have two reportable business segments—Mortgage and homegenius.
Mortgage
Our Mortgage segment provides credit-related insurance coverage, principally through private mortgage insurance on residential first-lien mortgage loans, as well as contract underwriting and other credit risk management solutions, to mortgage lending institutions and mortgage credit investors. We provide our mortgage insurance products and services mainly through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Radian Guaranty.
Private mortgage insurance plays an important role in the U.S. housing finance system because it promotes affordable home ownership and helps protect mortgage lenders and mortgage investors, as well as other beneficiaries such as the GSEs, by mitigating default-related losses on residential mortgage loans. Generally, these loans are made to homebuyers who make down payments of less than 20% of the purchase price for their home or, in the case of refinancings, have less than 20% equity in their home. Private mortgage insurance also facilitates the sale of these low down payment loans in the secondary mortgage market, almost all of which are currently sold to the GSEs.
Our total direct primary mortgage IIF and RIF were $259.1 billion and $65.3 billion, respectively, as of September 30, 2022, compared to $246.0 billion and $60.9 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2021. In addition to providing private mortgage insurance, we have participated in credit risk transfer programs developed by the GSEs as part of their initiative to distribute mortgage credit risk and increase the role of private capital in the mortgage market. Our additional RIF under credit risk transfer transactions, resulting from our participation in these programs with the GSEs, totaled $276.2 million as of September 30, 2022, compared to $417.7 million as of December 31, 2021.
The GSEs and state insurance regulators impose various capital and financial requirements on our mortgage insurance subsidiaries. These include the PMIERs financial requirements as well as risk-to-capital and other risk-based capital measures and surplus requirements. Failure to comply with these capital and financial requirements may limit the amount of insurance that our mortgage insurance subsidiaries write, or may prohibit them from writing insurance altogether. The GSEs and state insurance regulators possess significant discretion with respect to our mortgage insurance subsidiaries and most aspects of their business. See Note 16 for additional information on PMIERs and other regulatory information.
homegenius
Our homegenius segment is primarily a fee-for-service business that offers an array of products and services to market participants across the real estate value chain. Our homegenius products and services include title, real estate and technology products and services offered primarily to consumers, mortgage lenders, mortgage and real estate investors, GSEs, real estate brokers and agents. These products and services help lenders, investors, consumers and real estate agents evaluate, manage, monitor, acquire and sell properties. They include SaaS solutions and platforms, as well as managed services, such as real estate owned asset management, single family rental services and real estate valuation services. In addition, we provide title insurance and non-insurance title, closing and settlement services to mortgage lenders, GSEs and mortgage investors, as well as directly to consumers for residential mortgage loans.
See Note 4 for additional information about our reportable segments and All Other business activities.
Risks and Uncertainties
In assessing the Company’s current financial condition and developing forecasts of future operations, management has made significant judgments and estimates with respect to potential factors impacting our financial and liquidity position. These judgments and estimates are subject to risks and uncertainties that could affect amounts reported in our financial statements in future periods and that could cause actual results to be materially different from our estimates, including as a result of macroeconomic stresses such as inflation, slower economic growth and higher levels of unemployment.
The U.S. economy is currently experiencing a high rate of inflation and slower economic growth, with annual inflation reaching a 40-year high in September 2022. Recent actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve to increase interest rates in response to these inflationary pressures led to a sharp and significant increase in mortgage interest rates during the first nine months of 2022. The U.S. Federal Reserve raised rates further in the fourth quarter of 2022 and has signaled that it expects to continue to increase rates in future periods. While we expect these interest rate increases to continue to negatively impact certain aspects of our results, including through lower NIW, lower homegenius revenues and lower investment fair values, we also expect to benefit from the rate increases due to higher Persistency Rates that will favorably impact our IIF, as well as through the recognition of higher net investment income. The current economic conditions have negatively impacted the U.S. housing market, which has experienced decreasing home prices in recent months in many markets, significantly reduced
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refinance activity and a reduced amount of new purchase transactions. Further, risk of a recession and the likelihood of an increase in unemployment rates increase the likelihood that we will experience greater default activity and lower levels of Cures in our mortgage insurance portfolio.
2. Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and include the accounts of Radian Group Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions, and intercompany profits and losses, have been eliminated. We have condensed or omitted certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP pursuant to the instructions set forth in Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the SEC.
We refer to Radian Group Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries as “Radian,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our,” unless the context requires otherwise. We generally refer to Radian Group Inc. alone, without its consolidated subsidiaries, as “Radian Group.” Unless otherwise defined in this report, certain terms and acronyms used throughout this report are defined in the Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms included as part of this report.
The financial information presented for interim periods is unaudited; however, such information reflects all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for the fair statement of the financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss) and cash flows for the interim periods presented. Such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from our audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.
To fully understand the basis of presentation, these interim financial statements and related notes contained herein should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our 2021 Form 10-K. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year or for any other period.
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of our contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. While the amounts included in our condensed consolidated financial statements include our best estimates and assumptions, actual results may vary materially.
Other Significant Accounting Policies
See Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for information regarding other significant accounting policies. There have been no significant changes in our significant accounting policies from those discussed in our 2021 Form 10-K.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance—Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. The new standard: (i) requires that assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits be reviewed at least annually; (ii) defines and simplifies the measurement of market risk benefits; (iii) simplifies the amortization of deferred acquisition costs; and (iv) enhances the required disclosures about long-duration contracts. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We continue to evaluate the impact the new accounting guidance will have on our financial statements and disclosures but do not expect the adoption of these amendments to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform—Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Reform on Financial Reporting. This new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP requirements to investments, derivatives, or other transactions affected by reference rate reform such as those that impact the assessment of contract modifications. The amendments in this update are optional and may be elected from the date of issuance through December 31, 2022, as reference rate reform activities occur. We continue to monitor the impact the discontinuance of LIBOR
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and the new accounting guidance will have on our financial statements and disclosures but do not expect the adoption of these amendments to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. The amendments clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. In addition, this update introduces new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions measured at fair value. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material effect on our consolidated operating results or financial position.
3. Net Income Per Share
Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, while diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the sum of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and the weighted-average number of dilutive potential common shares. Dilutive potential common shares relate to our share-based compensation arrangements.
The calculation of basic and diluted net income per share is as follows.

Net income per share
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands, except per-share amounts) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income—basic and diluted |  | $ | 198,280 |  |  | $ | 126,412 |  |  | $ | 580,604 |  |  | $ | 407,226 |
Average common shares outstanding—basic |  | 162,506 |  |  | 186,741 |  |  | 171,116 |  |  | 191,357 |
Dilutive effect of share-based compensation arrangements |  | 2,232 |  |  | 1,301 |  |  | 2,502 |  |  | 1,545 |
Adjusted average common shares outstanding—diluted |  | 164,738 |  |  | 188,042 |  |  | 173,618 |  |  | 192,902 |
Net income per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.22 |  |  | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 3.39 |  |  | $ | 2.13 |
Diluted |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 3.34 |  |  | $ | 2.11 |

4. Segment Reporting
We have two strategic business units that we manage separately—Mortgage and homegenius. Our Mortgage segment derives its revenue from mortgage insurance and other mortgage and risk services, including contract underwriting solutions provided to mortgage lending institutions and mortgage credit investors. Our homegenius segment offers an array of title, real estate and technology products and services to consumers, mortgage lenders, mortgage and real estate investors, GSEs, real estate brokers and agents.
In addition, we report as All Other activities that include: (i) income (losses) from assets held by Radian Group, our holding company; (ii) related general corporate operating expenses not attributable or allocated to our reportable segments; and (iii) certain investments in new business opportunities, including activities and investments associated with Radian Mortgage Capital, and other immaterial activities.
We allocate corporate operating expenses to both reportable segments based primarily on each segment’s forecasted annual percentage of total revenue, which approximates the estimated percentage of management time spent on each segment. In addition, we allocate all corporate interest expense to our Mortgage segment, due to the capital-intensive nature of our mortgage insurance business.
With the primary exception of goodwill and other acquired intangible assets, which all relate to our homegenius segment, and are reviewed as part of our annual goodwill impairment assessment, we do not manage assets by segment.
See Note 1 for additional details about our Mortgage and homegenius businesses.
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Adjusted Pretax Operating Income (Loss)
Our senior management, including our Chief Executive Officer (Radian’s chief operating decision maker), uses adjusted pretax operating income (loss) as our primary measure to evaluate the fundamental financial performance of each of Radian’s business segments and to allocate resources to the segments.
Adjusted pretax operating income (loss) is defined as pretax income (loss) excluding the effects of: (i) net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments, except for certain investments attributable to our reportable segments; (ii) gains (losses) on extinguishment of debt; (iii) amortization and impairment of goodwill and other acquired intangible assets; and (iv) impairment of other long-lived assets and other non-operating items, such as impairment of internal-use software, gains (losses) from the sale of lines of business and acquisition-related income and expenses. See Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for detailed information regarding items excluded from adjusted pretax operating income (loss), including the reasons for their treatment.
Although adjusted pretax operating income (loss) excludes certain items that have occurred in the past and are expected to occur in the future, the excluded items represent those that are: (i) not viewed as part of the operating performance of our primary activities or (ii) not expected to result in an economic impact equal to the amount reflected in pretax income (loss).
The reconciliation of adjusted pretax operating income (loss) for our reportable segments to consolidated pretax income (loss) is as follows.

Reconciliation of adjusted pretax operating income (loss) by segment
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Adjusted pretax operating income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage |  | $ | 295,675 |  |  | $ | 165,220 |  |  | $ | 890,036 |  |  | $ | 534,972 |
homegenius |  | (25,536) |  |  | (5,557) |  |  | (56,732) |  |  | (25,208) |
Total adjusted pretax operating income for reportable segments (1) |  | 270,139 |  |  | 159,663 |  |  | 833,304 |  |  | 509,764 |
All Other adjusted pretax operating income |  | 2,581 |  |  | 986 |  |  | 6,397 |  |  | 2,920 |
Net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments |  | (16,252) |  |  | 2,098 |  |  | (87,578) |  |  | 12,578 |
Amortization of other acquired intangible assets |  | (1,023) |  |  | (862) |  |  | (2,721) |  |  | (2,587) |
Impairment of other long-lived assets and other non-operating items |  | 16 |  |  | (244) |  |  | 79 |  |  | (4,349) |
Consolidated pretax income |  | $ | 255,461 |  |  | $ | 161,641 |  |  | $ | 749,481 |  |  | $ | 518,326 |

(1)Includes allocated corporate operating expenses and depreciation expense as follows.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allocated corporate operating expenses (a) |  | $ | 32,457 |  |  | $ | 33,963 |  |  | $ | 101,903 |  |  | $ | 94,177 |
Direct depreciation expense |  | 2,234 |  |  | 2,240 |  |  | 6,803 |  |  | 7,342 |
homegenius |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allocated corporate operating expenses (b) |  | $ | 5,555 |  |  | $ | 4,918 |  |  | $ | 16,554 |  |  | $ | 13,635 |
Direct depreciation expense |  | 646 |  |  | 639 |  |  | 1,932 |  |  | 1,828 |

(a)Includes allocated depreciation expense of $0.7 million and $2.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and $0.8 million and $2.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.
(b)Includes allocated depreciation expense of $0.2 million and $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and $0.1 million and $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.
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Revenues
The reconciliation of revenues for our reportable segments to consolidated revenues is as follows.

Reconciliation of revenues by segment
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage |  | $ | 281,033 |  |  | $ | 274,659 |  |  | $ | 855,262 |  |  | $ | 862,757 |
homegenius (1) |  | 25,083 |  |  | 45,091 |  |  | 91,338 |  |  | 104,337 |
Total revenues for reportable segments |  | 306,116 |  |  | 319,750 |  |  | 946,600 |  |  | 967,094 |
All Other revenues |  | 6,396 |  |  | 3,996 |  |  | 17,218 |  |  | 12,100 |
Net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments |  | (16,252) |  |  | 2,098 |  |  | (87,578) |  |  | 12,578 |
Elimination of inter-segment revenues |  | (71) |  |  | (86) |  |  | (238) |  |  | (207) |
Total revenues |  | $ | 296,189 |  |  | $ | 325,758 |  |  | $ | 876,002 |  |  | $ | 991,565 |

(1)Includes immaterial inter-segment revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.
The table below, which represents total services revenue on our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated, represents the disaggregation of services revenue by revenue type.

Services revenue
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
homegenius |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Title |  | $ | 4,714 |  |  | $ | 12,927 |  |  | $ | 16,012 |  |  | $ | 30,383 |
Real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Valuation |  | 6,731 |  |  | 8,435 |  |  | 23,732 |  |  | 19,835 |
Single family rental |  | 5,430 |  |  | 8,539 |  |  | 20,887 |  |  | 17,610 |
Real estate owned asset management |  | 750 |  |  | 571 |  |  | 2,302 |  |  | 1,738 |
Other real estate services |  | 78 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 143 |
Technology |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset management technology platform |  | 1,134 |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | 3,740 |  |  | 4,225 |
Other technology services |  | 905 |  |  | 981 |  |  | 2,957 |  |  | 2,964 |
Mortgage |  | 404 |  |  | 5,027 |  |  | 7,062 |  |  | 13,110 |
All Other |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |
Total services revenue |  | $ | 20,146 |  |  | $ | 37,773 |  |  | $ | 76,775 |  |  | $ | 90,132 |

Revenue recognized related to services made available to customers and billed is reflected in accounts and notes receivable. Accounts and notes receivable include $11.9 million and $20.0 million as of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively, related to services revenue contracts. Revenue recognized related to services performed and not yet billed is recorded in unbilled receivables and reflected in other assets. See Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for information regarding our accounting policies and the services we offer.
5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
For discussion of our valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value and the fair value hierarchy, see Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K.
The following tables include a list of assets that are measured at fair value by hierarchy level as of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021.
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Assets and liabilities carried at fair value by hierarchy level
|  | September 30, 2022
(In thousands) |  | Level I |  | Level II |  | Level III |  | Total
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities |  | $ | 142,882 |  |  | $ | 3,782 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 146,664 |
State and municipal obligations |  | — |  |  | 142,743 |  |  | — |  |  | 142,743 |
Corporate bonds and notes |  | — |  |  | 2,429,325 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,429,325 |
RMBS |  | — |  |  | 900,591 |  |  | — |  |  | 900,591 |
CMBS |  | — |  |  | 599,478 |  |  | — |  |  | 599,478 |
CLO |  | — |  |  | 490,832 |  |  | — |  |  | 490,832 |
Other ABS |  | — |  |  | 168,087 |  |  | — |  |  | 168,087 |
Foreign government and agency securities |  | — |  |  | 4,970 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,970 |
Mortgage insurance-linked notes (1) |  | — |  |  | 26,542 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,542 |
Total fixed-maturities available for sale |  | 142,882 |  |  | 4,766,350 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,909,232 |
Trading securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal obligations |  | — |  |  | 70,475 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,475 |
Corporate bonds and notes |  | — |  |  | 47,802 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,802 |
RMBS |  | — |  |  | 7,058 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,058 |
CMBS |  | — |  |  | 14,566 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,566 |
Total trading securities |  | — |  |  | 139,901 |  |  | — |  |  | 139,901 |
Equity securities |  | 134,907 |  |  | 7,748 |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | 145,155 |
Short-term investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal obligations |  | — |  |  | 2,885 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,885 |
Money market instruments |  | 241,866 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 241,866 |
Corporate bonds and notes |  | — |  |  | 53,406 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,406 |
Other investments (2) |  | — |  |  | 94,357 |  |  | — |  |  | 94,357 |
Total short-term investments |  | 241,866 |  |  | 150,648 |  |  | — |  |  | 392,514 |
Other invested assets (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,000 |  |  | 4,000 |
Total investments at fair value (3) |  | 519,655 |  |  | 5,064,647 |  |  | 6,500 |  |  | 5,590,802 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | 651 |  |  | 707 |
Loaned securities and securities sold under repurchase agreements (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds and notes |  | — |  |  | 40,377 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,377 |
CMBS |  | — |  |  | 9,651 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,651 |
CLO |  | — |  |  | 7,117 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,117 |
Other ABS |  | — |  |  | 2,876 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,876 |
Equity securities |  | 60,366 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60,366 |
Mortgage insurance-linked notes (1) |  | — |  |  | 16,895 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,895 |
Total assets at fair value (3) |  | $ | 580,021 |  |  | $ | 5,141,619 |  |  | $ | 7,151 |  |  | $ | 5,728,791 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities (5) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 4,601 |  |  | $ | 4,634 |
Total liabilities at fair value |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 4,601 |  |  | $ | 4,634 |

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(1)Comprises the mortgage insurance-linked notes purchased by Radian Group in connection with the Excess-of-Loss Program. See Note 8 for more information.
(2)Comprises short-term certificates of deposit and commercial paper.
(3)Does not include other invested assets of $1.1 million that are primarily invested in limited partnership investments valued using the net asset value as a practical expedient.
(4)Securities loaned to third-party borrowers under securities lending agreements or sold under repurchase agreements are classified as other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 6 for more information.
(5)Consists primarily of embedded derivatives related to our Excess-of-Loss Program, which are classified as other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 8 for more information.

Assets carried at fair value by hierarchy level |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | December 31, 2021
(In thousands) |  | Level I |  | Level II |  | Level III |  | Total
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities |  | $ | 192,452 |  |  | $ | 29,278 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 221,730 |
State and municipal obligations |  | — |  |  | 177,257 |  |  | — |  |  | 177,257 |
Corporate bonds and notes |  | — |  |  | 2,910,231 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,910,231 |
RMBS |  | — |  |  | 705,117 |  |  | — |  |  | 705,117 |
CMBS |  | — |  |  | 709,203 |  |  | — |  |  | 709,203 |
CLO |  | — |  |  | 530,040 |  |  | — |  |  | 530,040 |
Other ABS |  | — |  |  | 211,187 |  |  | — |  |  | 211,187 |
Foreign government and agency securities |  | — |  |  | 5,296 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,296 |
Mortgage insurance-linked notes (1) |  | — |  |  | 47,017 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,017 |
Total fixed-maturities available for sale |  | 192,452 |  |  | 5,324,626 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,517,078 |
Trading securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal obligations |  | — |  |  | 94,637 |  |  | — |  |  | 94,637 |
Corporate bonds and notes |  | — |  |  | 119,186 |  |  | — |  |  | 119,186 |
RMBS |  | — |  |  | 9,438 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,438 |
CMBS |  | — |  |  | 33,285 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,285 |
Total trading securities |  | — |  |  | 256,546 |  |  | — |  |  | 256,546 |
Equity securities |  | 176,828 |  |  | 7,417 |  |  | — |  |  | 184,245 |
Short-term investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities |  | 94,665 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,665 |
State and municipal obligations |  | — |  |  | 12,270 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,270 |
Money market instruments |  | 274,535 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 274,535 |
Corporate bonds and notes |  | — |  |  | 65,191 |  |  | — |  |  | 65,191 |
CMBS |  | — |  |  | 3,023 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,023 |
Other investments (2) |  | — |  |  | 101,824 |  |  | — |  |  | 101,824 |
Total short-term investments |  | 369,200 |  |  | 182,308 |  |  | — |  |  | 551,508 |
Other invested assets (3) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 3,000 |
Total investments at fair value (3) |  | 738,480 |  |  | 5,770,897 |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | 6,512,377 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,200 |  |  | 4,200 |
Loaned securities (5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds and notes |  | — |  |  | 65,994 |  |  | — |  |  | 65,994 |
Equity securities |  | 38,002 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,002 |
Total assets at fair value (3) |  | $ | 776,482 |  |  | $ | 5,836,891 |  |  | $ | 7,200 |  |  | $ | 6,620,573 |

(1)Comprises the mortgage insurance-linked notes purchased by Radian Group in connection with the Excess-of-Loss Program. See Note 8 for more information.
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(2)Comprises short-term certificates of deposit and commercial paper.
(3)Does not include other invested assets of $1.2 million that are primarily invested in limited partnership investments valued using the net asset value as a practical expedient.
(4)Consists primarily of embedded derivatives related to our Excess-of-Loss Program, which are classified as other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 8 for more information.
(5)Securities loaned to third-party borrowers under securities lending agreements are classified as other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 6 for more information.
There were no transfers to or from Level III for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, or the year ended December 31, 2021. Activity related to Level III assets and liabilities (including realized and unrealized gains and losses, purchases, sales, issuances, settlements and transfers) was immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, and the year ended December 31, 2021.
Other Fair Value Disclosure
The carrying value and estimated fair value of other selected liabilities not carried at fair value in our condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows as of the dates indicated.

Financial liabilities not carried at fair value
|  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
(In thousands) |  | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value
Senior notes |  | $ | 1,412,473 |  |  | $ | 1,336,403 |  |  | $ | 1,409,473 |  |  | $ | 1,534,378 |
FHLB advances |  | 153,550 |  |  | 153,562 |  |  | 150,983 |  |  | 152,117 |

The fair value of our senior notes is estimated based on quoted market prices. The fair value of our FHLB advances is estimated based on contractual cash flows discounted at current borrowing rates for similar borrowing arrangements. These liabilities are categorized in Level II of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 12 for further information about these borrowings. The fair value of our remaining financial instruments included in other assets and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets approximates their carrying amount as of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021.
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6. Investments
Available for Sale Securities
Our available for sale securities within our investment portfolio consisted of the following as of the dates indicated.

Available for sale securities
|  | September 30, 2022
(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Fixed-maturities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities |  | $ | 175,175 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (28,511) |  |  | $ | 146,664 |
State and municipal obligations |  | 164,045 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (21,302) |  |  | 142,743 |
Corporate bonds and notes |  | 2,869,400 |  |  |  |  | 132 |  |  | (400,572) |  |  | 2,468,960 |
RMBS |  | 1,010,453 |  |  |  |  | 522 |  |  | (110,384) |  |  | 900,591 |
CMBS |  | 656,321 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | (47,196) |  |  | 609,129 |
CLO |  | 518,261 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (20,312) |  |  | 497,949 |
Other ABS |  | 177,299 |  |  |  |  | 26 |  |  | (6,362) |  |  | 170,963 |
Foreign government and agency securities |  | 5,115 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (145) |  |  | 4,970 |
Mortgage insurance-linked notes (1) |  | 45,384 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,947) |  |  | 43,437 |
Total securities available for sale, including loaned securities and securities sold under repurchase agreements |  | 5,621,453 |  |  |  |  | $ | 684 |  |  | $ | (636,731) |  | (2) | 4,985,406 |
Less: loaned securities and securities sold under repurchase agreements (3) |  | 85,921 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 76,174 |
Total fixed-maturities available for sale |  | $ | 5,535,532 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,909,232 |

(1)Comprises the notes purchased by Radian Group in connection with the Excess-of-Loss Program. See Note 8 for more information.
(2)See “—Gross Unrealized Losses and Related Fair Value of Available for Sale Securities” below for additional details.
(3)Included in other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets as further described below. See “—Loaned Securities and Securities Sold Under Repurchase Agreements” below for a discussion of our securities lending and repurchase agreements.

Available for sale securities
|  | December 31, 2021
(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Fixed-maturities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities |  | $ | 221,407 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,719 |  |  | $ | (1,396) |  |  | $ | 221,730 |
State and municipal obligations |  | 162,964 |  |  |  |  | 14,694 |  |  | (401) |  |  | 177,257 |
Corporate bonds and notes |  | 2,867,063 |  |  |  |  | 133,665 |  |  | (24,886) |  |  | 2,975,842 |
RMBS |  | 697,581 |  |  |  |  | 14,313 |  |  | (6,777) |  |  | 705,117 |
CMBS |  | 690,827 |  |  |  |  | 21,444 |  |  | (3,068) |  |  | 709,203 |
CLO |  | 529,906 |  |  |  |  | 1,032 |  |  | (898) |  |  | 530,040 |
Other ABS |  | 210,657 |  |  |  |  | 1,142 |  |  | (612) |  |  | 211,187 |
Foreign government and agency securities |  | 5,109 |  |  |  |  | 187 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,296 |
Mortgage insurance-linked notes (1) |  | 45,384 |  |  |  |  | 1,633 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,017 |
Total securities available for sale, including loaned securities |  | 5,430,898 |  |  |  |  | $ | 189,829 |  |  | $ | (38,038) |  | (2) | 5,582,689 |
Less: loaned securities (3) |  | 63,169 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 65,611 |
Total fixed-maturities available for sale |  | $ | 5,367,729 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,517,078 |

(1)Comprises the notes purchased by Radian Group in connection with the Excess-of-Loss Program. See Note 8 for more information.
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(2)See “—Gross Unrealized Losses and Related Fair Value of Available for Sale Securities” below for additional details.
(3)Included in other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets as further described below. See “—Loaned Securities and Securities Sold Under Repurchase Agreements” below for a discussion of our securities lending and repurchase agreements.
The following table provides a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on fixed-maturities available for sale, which relates entirely to corporate bonds and notes for the periods indicated. There was no allowance as of September 30, 2022, or December 31, 2021.

Rollforward of allowance for credit losses on fixed-maturities available for sale
(In thousands) |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Beginning balance |  |  |  | $ | 948 |
Net decreases in allowance on previously impaired securities |  |  |  | (918) |
Reduction for securities sold |  |  |  | (30) |
Ending balance |  |  |  | $ | — |

Gross Unrealized Losses and Related Fair Value of Available for Sale Securities
For securities deemed “available for sale” that are in an unrealized loss position and for which an allowance for credit loss has not been established, the following tables show the gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of the dates indicated. Included in the amounts as of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, are loaned securities and securities sold under repurchase agreements that are classified as other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, as further described below.

Unrealized losses on fixed-maturities available for sale by category and length of time
|  | September 30, 2022
($ in thousands) |  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Greater |  | Total
Description of Securities |  | # of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | # of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | # of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
U.S. government and agency securities |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 94,560 |  |  | $ | (22,377) |  |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 48,322 |  |  | $ | (6,134) |  |  | 24 |  |  | $ | 142,882 |  |  | $ | (28,511) |
State and municipal obligations |  | 57 |  |  | 133,696 |  |  | (19,265) |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8,747 |  |  | (2,037) |  |  | 64 |  |  | 142,443 |  |  | (21,302) |
Corporate bonds and notes |  | 487 |  |  | 1,992,250 |  |  | (266,626) |  |  | 123 |  |  | 451,971 |  |  | (133,946) |  |  | 610 |  |  | 2,444,221 |  |  | (400,572) |
RMBS |  | 152 |  |  | 716,471 |  |  | (80,207) |  |  | 24 |  |  | 130,465 |  |  | (30,177) |  |  | 176 |  |  | 846,936 |  |  | (110,384) |
CMBS |  | 129 |  |  | 517,151 |  |  | (35,210) |  |  | 39 |  |  | 86,743 |  |  | (11,986) |  |  | 168 |  |  | 603,894 |  |  | (47,196) |
CLO |  | 121 |  |  | 359,365 |  |  | (14,230) |  |  | 36 |  |  | 138,584 |  |  | (6,082) |  |  | 157 |  |  | 497,949 |  |  | (20,312) |
Other ABS |  | 76 |  |  | 133,593 |  |  | (3,938) |  |  | 8 |  |  | 18,850 |  |  | (2,424) |  |  | 84 |  |  | 152,443 |  |  | (6,362) |
Mortgage insurance-linked notes |  | 2 |  |  | 43,437 |  |  | (1,947) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 43,437 |  |  | (1,947) |
Foreign government and agency securities |  | 1 |  |  | 4,970 |  |  | (145) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4,970 |  |  | (145) |
Total |  | 1,041 |  |  | $ | 3,995,493 |  |  | $ | (443,945) |  |  | 245 |  |  | $ | 883,682 |  |  | $ | (192,786) |  |  | 1,286 |  |  | $ | 4,879,175 |  |  | $ | (636,731) |

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|  | December 31, 2021
($ in thousands) |  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Greater |  | Total
Description of Securities |  | # of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | # of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | # of Securities |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
U.S. government and agency securities |  | 14 |  |  | $ | 101,602 |  |  | $ | (1,165) |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 6,937 |  |  | $ | (231) |  |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 108,539 |  |  | $ | (1,396) |
State and municipal obligations |  | 20 |  |  | 32,721 |  |  | (401) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 32,721 |  |  | (401) |
Corporate bonds and notes |  | 209 |  |  | 864,355 |  |  | (16,799) |  |  | 34 |  |  | 99,475 |  |  | (8,087) |  |  | 243 |  |  | 963,830 |  |  | (24,886) |
RMBS |  | 57 |  |  | 365,476 |  |  | (6,749) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,543 |  |  | (28) |  |  | 60 |  |  | 367,019 |  |  | (6,777) |
CMBS |  | 81 |  |  | 188,457 |  |  | (2,053) |  |  | 9 |  |  | 22,050 |  |  | (1,015) |  |  | 90 |  |  | 210,507 |  |  | (3,068) |
CLO |  | 84 |  |  | 313,380 |  |  | (675) |  |  | 11 |  |  | 35,612 |  |  | (223) |  |  | 95 |  |  | 348,992 |  |  | (898) |
Other ABS |  | 54 |  |  | 138,851 |  |  | (603) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 631 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 55 |  |  | 139,482 |  |  | (612) |
Total |  | 519 |  |  | $ | 2,004,842 |  |  | $ | (28,445) |  |  | 60 |  |  | $ | 166,248 |  |  | $ | (9,593) |  |  | 579 |  |  | $ | 2,171,090 |  |  | $ | (38,038) |

Given our intent and ability as of September 30, 2022, to hold these securities until recovery of their amortized cost basis, we do not expect to realize a loss on any of our investments in an unrealized loss position. See Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for information regarding our accounting policy for impairments.
Loaned Securities and Securities Sold Under Repurchase Agreements
We participate in a securities lending program whereby we loan certain securities in our investment portfolio to third-party borrowers for short periods of time. Although we report such securities at fair value within other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, rather than within investments, the detailed information we provide in this Note 6 includes these securities. See Note 5 for additional detail on the loaned securities, and see Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for additional information about our accounting policies with respect to our securities lending agreements and the collateral requirements thereunder.
All of our securities lending agreements are classified as overnight and revolving. Securities collateral on deposit with us from third-party borrowers totaling $20.1 million and $57.8 million as of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively, may not be transferred or re-pledged unless the third-party borrower is in default, and is therefore not reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In addition, from time to time, we may agree to transfer certain investment securities to a transferee in exchange for cash, while simultaneously entering into an agreement to reacquire the securities on a specified future date for an amount equal to the cash received plus interest. As of September 30, 2022, amounts owed under securities repurchase agreements totaled $23.1 million and are included in other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. These amounts were paid in full in October 2022. We report securities pledged under such repurchase agreements at fair value within other assets in our condensed balance sheets, and include those amounts in this Note 6. We did not have any outstanding securities repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2021.
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Net Gains (Losses) on Investments and Other Financial Instruments
Net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments consisted of the following.

Net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net realized gains (losses) on investments sold or redeemed |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains |  | $ | 411 |  |  | $ | 5,874 |  |  | $ | 2,554 |  |  | $ | 19,588 |
Gross realized losses |  | (4,564) |  |  | (1,776) |  |  | (12,625) |  |  | (13,904) |
Fixed-maturities available for sale, net |  | (4,153) |  |  | 4,098 |  |  | (10,071) |  |  | 5,684 |
Trading securities |  | (30) |  |  | — |  |  | (136) |  |  | 391 |
Equity securities |  | — |  |  | 8,632 |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | 8,405 |
Other investments |  | 44 |  |  | 1,516 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 3,850 |
Net realized gains (losses) on investments sold or redeemed |  | (4,139) |  |  | 14,246 |  |  | (8,454) |  |  | 18,330 |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments sold or redeemed |  | 29 |  |  | (7,584) |  |  | (2,914) |  |  | (7,115) |
Net decrease (increase) in expected credit losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 918 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments still held |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading securities |  | (7,398) |  |  | (2,659) |  |  | (27,892) |  |  | (6,011) |
Equity securities |  | (7,256) |  |  | (1,086) |  |  | (32,249) |  |  | 6,251 |
Other investments |  | (149) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (490) |  |  | 1,050 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments still held |  | (14,803) |  |  | (3,758) |  |  | (60,631) |  |  | 1,290 |
Total net gains (losses) on investments |  | (18,913) |  |  | 2,904 |  |  | (71,999) |  |  | 13,423 |
Net gains (losses) on other financial instruments |  | 2,661 |  |  | (806) |  |  | (15,579) |  |  | (845) |
Net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments |  | $ | (16,252) |  |  | $ | 2,098 |  |  | $ | (87,578) |  |  | $ | 12,578 |

Contractual Maturities
The contractual maturities of fixed-maturities available for sale were as follows.

Contractual maturities of fixed-maturities available for sale
|  | September 30, 2022
(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 105,948 |  |  | $ | 104,459 |
Due after one year through five years (1) |  | 1,264,301 |  |  | 1,178,849 |
Due after five years through 10 years (1) |  | 1,004,494 |  |  | 847,994 |
Due after 10 years (1) |  | 838,992 |  |  | 632,035 |
Asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities (2) |  | 2,407,718 |  |  | 2,222,069 |
Total |  | 5,621,453 |  |  | 4,985,406 |
Less: loaned securities and securities sold under repurchase agreements |  | 85,921 |  |  | 76,174 |
Total fixed-maturities available for sale |  | $ | 5,535,532 |  |  | $ | 4,909,232 |

(1)Actual maturities may differ as a result of calls before scheduled maturity.
(2)Includes RMBS, CMBS, CLO, Other ABS and mortgage insurance-linked notes, which are not due at a single maturity date.
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Other
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we did not transfer any securities to or from the available for sale or trading categories.
Our fixed-maturities available for sale include securities totaling $13.1 million and $14.3 million at September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively, on deposit and serving as collateral with various state regulatory authorities. Our fixed-maturities available for sale and trading securities also include securities serving as collateral for our FHLB advances. See Note 12 for additional information about our FHLB advances.
7. Goodwill and Other Acquired Intangible Assets, Net
All of our goodwill and other acquired intangible assets relate to our homegenius segment. There was no change to our goodwill balance of $9.8 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.
The following is a summary of the gross and net carrying amounts and accumulated amortization (including impairment) of our other acquired intangible assets as of the periods indicated.

Other acquired intangible assets
|  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
(In thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Client relationships |  | $ | 43,550 |  |  | $ | (36,931) |  |  | $ | 6,619 |  |  | $ | 43,550 |  |  | $ | (34,620) |  |  | $ | 8,930 |
Technology |  | 8,285 |  |  | (7,980) |  |  | 305 |  |  | 8,285 |  |  | (7,675) |  |  | 610 |
Licenses |  | 463 |  |  | (316) |  |  | 147 |  |  | 463 |  |  | (212) |  |  | 251 |
Total |  | $ | 52,298 |  |  | $ | (45,227) |  |  | $ | 7,071 |  |  | $ | 52,298 |  |  | $ | (42,507) |  |  | $ | 9,791 |

We monitor the performance of our homegenius segment each quarter, including as part of our annual goodwill impairment assessment planned for the fourth quarter of 2022. For additional information on our accounting policies for goodwill and other acquired intangible assets, see Notes 2 and 7 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K.
8. Reinsurance
In our mortgage insurance and title insurance businesses, we use reinsurance as part of our risk distribution strategy, including to manage our capital position and risk profile. The reinsurance arrangements for our mortgage insurance business include p remiums ceded under the QSR Program and the Excess-of-Loss Program. The amount of credit that we receive under the PMIERs financial requirements for our third-party reinsurance transactions is subject to ongoing review and approval by the GSEs.
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The effect of all of our reinsurance programs on our net income is as follows.

Reinsurance impacts on net premiums written and earned
|  | Net Premiums Written |  | Net Premiums Earned
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Direct |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage insurance |  | $ | 243,145 |  |  | $ | 240,669 |  |  | $ | 728,171 |  |  | $ | 734,993 |  |  | $ | 256,845 |  |  | $ | 265,378 |  |  | $ | 771,971 |  |  | $ | 835,462 |
Title insurance |  | 5,164 |  |  | 12,570 |  |  | 21,443 |  |  | 27,714 |  |  | 5,165 |  |  | 12,570 |  |  | 21,444 |  |  | 27,714 |
Total direct |  | 248,309 |  |  | 253,239 |  |  | 749,614 |  |  | 762,707 |  |  | 262,010 |  |  | 277,948 |  |  | 793,415 |  |  | 863,176 |
Assumed (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage insurance |  | 1,211 |  |  | 1,683 |  |  | 4,081 |  |  | 5,596 |  |  | 1,211 |  |  | 1,683 |  |  | 4,081 |  |  | 5,596 |
Ceded |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage insurance (2) |  | (9,278) |  |  | (14,236) |  |  | (170) |  |  | (34,572) |  |  | (22,859) |  |  | (30,194) |  |  | (48,772) |  |  | (92,441) |
Title insurance |  | (140) |  |  | (319) |  |  | (420) |  |  | (585) |  |  | (140) |  |  | (319) |  |  | (420) |  |  | (585) |
Total ceded |  | (9,418) |  |  | (14,555) |  |  | (590) |  |  | (35,157) |  |  | (22,999) |  |  | (30,513) |  |  | (49,192) |  |  | (93,026) |
Total net premiums |  | $ | 240,102 |  |  | $ | 240,367 |  |  | $ | 753,105 |  |  | $ | 733,146 |  |  | $ | 240,222 |  |  | $ | 249,118 |  |  | $ | 748,304 |  |  | $ | 775,746 |

(1)Represents premiums from our participation in certain credit risk transfer programs.
(2)Net of profit commission, which is impacted by the level of ceded losses recoverable, if any, on reinsurance transactions. See Note 11 for additional information on our reserve for losses and reinsurance recoverables.

Other reinsurance impacts
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Ceding commissions earned (1) |  | $ | 4,772 |  |  | $ | 7,120 |  |  | $ | 13,330 |  |  | $ | 25,446 |
Ceded losses (2) |  | (9,278) |  |  | 795 |  |  | (37,138) |  |  | 3,463 |

(1)Ceding commissions earned are primarily related to mortgage insurance and are included as an offset to expenses primarily in other operating expenses on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. Deferred ceding commissions of $30.2 million and $38.6 million are included in other liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(2)Primarily all related to mortgage insurance.
QSR Program
2022 QSR Agreement
In the third quarter of 2022, Radian Guaranty entered into the 2022 QSR Agreement with a panel of third-party reinsurance providers to cede a contractual quota share percent of certain of our NIW, which includes both Recurring Premium Policies and Single Premium Policies (as set forth in the table below), subject to certain conditions, including a limitation on ceded RIF equal to $8.5 billion over the term of the agreement. Radian Guaranty may discontinue ceding new policies under the agreement at the end of any calendar quarter.
Radian Guaranty receives a ceding commission for ceded premiums earned pursuant to these transactions. Radian Guaranty is also entitled to receive a profit commission quarterly, subject to a final annual re-calculation, provided that the loss ratio on the loans covered under the agreement generally remains below the applicable prescribed thresholds. Losses on the ceded risk up to these thresholds reduce Radian Guaranty’s profit commission on a dollar-for-dollar basis.
Single Premium QSR Program
Radian Guaranty entered into each of the 2016 Single Premium QSR Agreement, 2018 Single Premium QSR Agreement and 2020 Single Premium QSR Agreement with panels of third-party reinsurers to cede a contractual quota share percent of
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our Single Premium NIW as of the effective date of each agreement (as set forth in the table below), subject to certain conditions.
Radian Guaranty receives a ceding commission for ceded premiums written pursuant to these transactions. Radian Guaranty also receives a profit commission annually, provided that the loss ratio on the loans covered under the agreement generally remains below the applicable prescribed thresholds. Losses on the ceded risk up to these thresholds reduce Radian Guaranty’s profit commission on a dollar-for-dollar basis.
As of January 1, 2022, Radian Guaranty is no longer ceding NIW under the Single Premium QSR Program.
The following table sets forth additional details regarding the QSR Program.

QSR Program (1)
|  | 2022 QSR Agreement |  | 2020 Single Premium QSR Agreement |  | 2018 Single Premium QSR Agreement |  | 2016 Single Premium QSR Agreement
NIW policy dates |  | Jan 1, 2022- June 30, 2023 |  | Jan 1, 2020- Dec 31, 2021 |  | Jan 1, 2018- Dec 31, 2019 |  | Jan 1, 2012- Dec 31, 2017
Effective date |  | July 1, 2022 |  | January 1, 2020 |  | January 1, 2018 |  | January 1, 2016
Scheduled termination date |  | June 30, 2033 |  | December 31, 2031 |  | December 31, 2029 |  | December 31, 2027
Optional termination date (2) |  | July 1, 2026 |  | January 1, 2024 |  | January 1, 2022 |  | January 1, 2020
Quota share % |  | 20% |  | 65% |  | 65% |  | 18% - 57% (3)
Ceding commission % |  | 20% |  | 25% |  | 25% |  | 25%
Profit commission % |  | Up to 59% |  | Up to 56% |  | Up to 56% |  | Up to 55%
(In millions) |  | As of September 30, 2022
RIF ceded |  | $ | 2,710 |  |  | $ | 2,038 |  |  | $ | 917 |  |  | $ | 1,319 |
(In millions) |  | As of December 31, 2021
RIF ceded |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,137 |  |  | $ | 1,021 |  |  | $ | 1,698 |

(1)Excludes the 2012 QSR Agreements, for which RIF ceded is no longer material.
(2)Radian Guaranty has the option, based on certain conditions and subject to a termination fee, to terminate any of the agreements at the end of any calendar quarter on or after the applicable optional termination date. If Radian Guaranty exercises this option in the future, it would result in Radian Guaranty reassuming the related RIF in exchange for a net payment to the reinsurers calculated in accordance with the terms of the applicable agreement. Radian Guaranty also may terminate any of the agreements prior to the scheduled termination date under certain circumstances, including if one or both of the GSEs no longer grant full PMIERs credit for the reinsurance.
(3)Effective December 31, 2017, we amended the 2016 Single Premium QSR Agreement to increase the amount of ceded risk on performing loans under the agreement from 35% to 65% for the 2015 through 2017 vintages. Loans included in the 2012 through 2014 vintages, and any other loans subject to the agreement that were delinquent at the time of the amendment, were unaffected by the change and therefore the amount of ceded risk for those loans continues to range from 20% to 35%. Effective September 30, 2022, one reinsurer terminated its interest in the 2016 Single Premium QSR Agreement in exchange for participating in the 2022 QSR Agreement. As a result, the portions ceded under this agreement declined from 20% to 65% to approximately 18% to 57% as of September 30, 2022.
Excess-of-Loss Program
Radian Guaranty has entered into six fully collateralized reinsurance arrangements with the Eagle Re Issuers. For the respective coverage periods, Radian Guaranty retains the first-loss layer of aggregate losses, as well as any losses in excess of the outstanding reinsurance coverage amounts. The Eagle Re Issuers provide second layer coverage up to the outstanding coverage amounts. For each of these six reinsurance arrangements, the Eagle Re Issuers financed their coverage by issuing mortgage insurance-linked notes to eligible capital markets investors in unregistered private offerings. The aggregate excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage for these arrangements decreases over the maturity period of the mortgage insurance-linked notes (either a 10-year or 12.5-year period depending on the transaction) as the principal balances of the underlying covered mortgages decrease and as any claims are paid by the applicable Eagle Re Issuer or the mortgage insurance is canceled. Radian Guaranty has rights to terminate the reinsurance agreements upon the occurrence of certain events, including an optional call feature that provides Radian Guaranty the right to terminate the transaction on or after the optional call date (5 or 7 years after the issuance of the insurance-linked notes depending on the transaction) and a right to exercise an optional clean-up call if the outstanding principal amount of the related insurance-linked notes falls below 10% of the initial principal balance of the related insurance-linked notes.
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Under each of the reinsurance agreements, the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount will begin amortizing after an initial period in which a target level of credit enhancement is obtained and will stop amortizing if certain thresholds, or triggers, are reached, including a delinquency trigger event based on an elevated level of delinquencies as defined in the related insurance-linked notes transaction agreements. The insurance-linked notes issued by Eagle Re 2018-1 and 2019-1 are currently subject to a delinquency trigger event, which was first reported to the insurance-linked note investors on June 25, 2020. For the insurance-linked notes that are subject to a delinquency trigger event, both the amortization of the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount pursuant to our reinsurance arrangements with the Eagle Re Issuers and the amortization of the principal amount of the related insurance-linked notes issued by the Eagle Re Issuers have been suspended and will continue to be suspended during the pendency of the trigger event.
Effective September 26, 2022, Radian Guaranty exercised its optional clean-up call right to terminate Radian Guaranty’s excess-of-loss reinsurance agreement with Eagle Re 2020-2 Ltd. In connection with the termination of Radian Guaranty’s excess-of-loss reinsurance agreement with Eagle Re 2020-2 Ltd., the insurance-linked notes issued by Eagle Re 2020-2 Ltd. were redeemed in full with a distribution of remaining collateral assets.
The following tables set forth additional details regarding the Excess-of-Loss Program as of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021.

Excess-of-Loss Program (1)
(In millions) |  | Eagle Re 2021-2 Ltd. |  | Eagle Re 2021-1 Ltd. (2) |  |  |  |  | Eagle Re 2020-1 Ltd. |  | Eagle Re 2019-1 Ltd. |  | Eagle Re 2018-1 Ltd.
Issued |  | November 2021 |  | April 2021 |  |  |  |  | February 2020 |  | April 2019 |  | November 2018
NIW policy dates |  | Jan 1, 2021- Jul 31, 2021 |  | Aug 1, 2020- Dec 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  | Jan 1, 2019- Sep 30, 2019 |  | Jan 1, 2018- Dec 31, 2018 |  | Jan 1, 2017- Dec 31, 2017
Initial RIF |  | $ | 10,758 |  |  |  | $ | 11,061 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,866 |  |  |  | $ | 10,705 |  |  |  | $ | 9,109 |  |
Initial coverage |  | 484 |  |  |  | 498 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | 562 |  |  |  | 434 |  |
Initial first layer retention |  | 242 |  |  |  | 221 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | 205 |  |
(In millions) |  | As of September 30, 2022
RIF |  | $ | 9,394 |  |  |  | $ | 8,223 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,510 |  |  |  | $ | 1,849 |  |  |  | $ | 1,596 |  |
Remaining coverage |  | 484 |  |  |  | 401 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 394 |  |  |  | 385 |  |  |  | 276 |  |
First layer retention |  | 242 |  |  |  | 221 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 263 |  |  |  | 201 |  |
(In millions) |  | As of December 31, 2021
RIF |  | $ | 10,379 |  |  |  | $ | 9,496 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,241 |  |  |  | $ | 2,429 |  |  |  | $ | 2,117 |  |
Remaining coverage |  | 484 |  |  |  | 498 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | 385 |  |  |  | 276 |  |
First layer retention |  | 242 |  |  |  | 221 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 264 |  |  |  | 201 |  |

(1)Excludes Eagle Re 2020-2 Ltd., which was terminated in September 2022, as further discussed above.
(2)Radian Group purchased $45.4 million original principal amount of these mortgage insurance-linked notes, which are included in fixed-maturities available for sale on our condensed consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2022. See Notes 5 and 6 for additional information.
The Eagle Re Issuers are not subsidiaries or affiliates of Radian Guaranty. Based on the accounting guidance that addresses VIEs, we have not consolidated any of the assets and liabilities of the Eagle Re Issuers in our financial statements, because Radian does not have: (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the Eagle Re Issuers’ economic performances or (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the Eagle Re Issuers that potentially could be significant to the Eagle Re Issuers. See Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for more information on our accounting treatment of VIEs.
The reinsurance premium due to the Eagle Re Issuers is calculated by multiplying the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount at the beginning of a period by a coupon rate, which is the sum of one-month LIBOR (or an acceptable alternative to LIBOR) or SOFR, as applicable, plus a contractual risk margin, and then subtracting actual investment income collected on the assets in the reinsurance trust during the preceding month. As a result, the premiums we pay will vary based on: (i) the spread between LIBOR (or an acceptable alternative to LIBOR) or SOFR, as provided in each applicable reinsurance agreement, and the rates on the investments held by the reinsurance trust and (ii) the outstanding amount of reinsurance coverage.
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As the reinsurance premium will vary based on changes in these rates, we concluded that the reinsurance agreements contain embedded derivatives, which we have accounted for separately as freestanding derivatives and recorded in other assets or other liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of these embedded derivatives are recorded in net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Note 5 herein and Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for more information on our fair value measurements of financial instruments, including our embedded derivatives.
In the event an Eagle Re Issuer is unable to meet its future obligations to us, if any, our insurance subsidiaries would be liable to make claims payments to our policyholders. In the event that all of the assets in the reinsurance trust (consisting of U.S. government money market funds, cash or U.S. Treasury securities) become worthless and the Eagle Re Issuer is unable to make its payments to us, our maximum potential loss would be the amount of mortgage insurance claim payments for losses on the insured policies, net of the aggregate reinsurance payments already received, up to the full aggregate excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage amount. In the same scenario, the related embedded derivative would no longer have value.
The Eagle Re Issuers represent our only VIEs as of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021. The following table presents the total assets and liabilities of the Eagle Re Issuers as of the dates indicated.

Total VIE assets and liabilities of Eagle Re Issuers (1)
(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Eagle Re 2021-2 Ltd. |  | $ | 484,122 |  |  | $ | 484,122 |
Eagle Re 2021-1 Ltd. |  | 401,377 |  |  | 497,735 |
Eagle Re 2020-2 Ltd. (2) |  | — |  |  | 143,986 |
Eagle Re 2020-1 Ltd. |  | 394,306 |  |  | 488,385 |
Eagle Re 2019-1 Ltd. |  | 384,603 |  |  | 384,602 |
Eagle Re 2018-1 Ltd. |  | 275,718 |  |  | 275,718 |
Total |  | $ | 1,940,126 |  |  | $ | 2,274,548 |

(1)Assets held by the Eagle Re Issuers are required to be invested in U.S. government money market funds, cash or U.S. Treasury securities. Liabilities of the Eagle Re Issuers consist of their mortgage insurance-linked notes, as described above. Assets and liabilities are equal to each other for each of the Eagle Re Issuers.
(2)In September 2022, the excess-of-loss reinsurance agreement with Eagle Re 2020-2 Ltd. was terminated, as further discussed above.
Other Collateral
Although we use reinsurance as one of our risk management tools, reinsurance does not relieve us of our obligations to our policyholders. In the event the reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations to us, our insurance subsidiaries would be liable for any defaulted amounts. However, consistent with the PMIERs reinsurer counterparty collateral requirements, Radian Guaranty’s reinsurers have established trusts to help secure our potential cash r ecoveries. In addition to the total VIE assets of the Eagle Re Issuers discussed above, the amount held in reinsurance trusts was $173.8 million as of September 30, 2022, compared to $167.9 million as of December 31, 2021.
In addition, primarily for the Single Premium QSR Program, Radian Guaranty holds amounts related to ceded premiums written to collateralize the reinsurers’ obligations, which is reported in reinsurance funds withheld on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Any loss recoveries and profit commissions paid to Radian Guaranty related to the Single Premium QSR Program are expected to be realized from this account.
See Note 8 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for more information about our reinsurance transactions.
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9. Other Assets
The following table shows the components of other assets as of the dates indicated.

Other assets
(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Prepaid reinsurance premiums (1) |  | $ | 153,072 |  |  | $ | 201,674 |
Loaned securities and securities sold under repurchase agreements (Note 5) |  | 137,282 |  |  | 103,996 |
Company-owned life insurance (2) |  | 104,712 |  |  | 113,386 |
Right-of-use assets |  | 30,653 |  |  | 31,878 |
Other |  | 32,573 |  |  | 32,246 |
Total other assets |  | $ | 458,292 |  |  | $ | 483,180 |

(1)Relates primarily to our Single Premium QSR Program.
(2)We are the beneficiary of insurance policies on the lives of certain of our current and past officers and employees. The balances reported in other assets reflect the amounts that could be realized upon surrender of the insurance policies as of each respective date.
See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for more information about our right-of-use assets and related impairment analysis.
10. Income Taxes
As of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, our current federal income tax liability was $24.3 million and $19.9 million, respectively, and is included as a component of other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
We are required to establish a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that all or some portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. At each balance sheet date, we assess our need for a valuation allowance, and this assessment is based on all available evidence, both positive and negative. This requires management to exercise judgment and make assumptions regarding whether our deferred tax assets will be realized in future periods. Certain entities within our consolidated group have generated deferred tax assets relating primarily to state and local NOL carryforwards, which, if unutilized, will expire during various future tax periods. We have determined that certain of these entities may continue to generate taxable losses on a separate company basis in the near-term and may not be able to fully utilize certain of their state and local NOLs on their state and local tax returns. Therefore, we have concluded a valuation allowance is required with respect to deferred tax assets relating to these state and local NOLs and other state timing adjustments. As of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, this valuation allowance was $85.1 million and $83.4 million, respectively. In addition, as of September 30, 2022, we have generated deferred tax assets related to unrealized capital losses, and we consider it more likely than not that these assets will be realized. We will continue to monitor the level of these losses and our overall ability to realize the related deferred tax assets in the coming quarters.
As a mortgage guaranty insurer, we are eligible for a tax deduction, subject to certain limitations, under Internal Revenue Code Section 832(e) for amounts required by state law or regulation to be set aside in statutory contingency reserves. The deduction is allowed only to the extent that, in conjunction with quarterly federal tax payment due dates, we purchase non-interest bearing U.S. Mortgage Guaranty Tax and Loss Bonds issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury in an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from deducting any portion of our statutory contingency reserves. As of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, we held $526.1 million and $354.1 million, respectively, of these bonds, which are included as prepaid federal income taxes in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The corresponding deduction of our statutory contingency reserves resulted in the recognition of a net deferred tax liability. See Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for additional information about our U.S. Mortgage Guaranty Tax and Loss Bonds.
On August 16, 2022, the U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”), which, among other things, implemented a 15% minimum tax on book income of certain large corporations, a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases that occur after December 31, 2022, and several tax incentives to promote clean energy. Currently, we do not believe that this new minimum tax or the other income tax provisions of the IRA will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
For additional information on our income taxes, including our accounting policies, see Notes 2 and 10 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K.
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11. Losses and LAE
Our reserve for losses and LAE, at the end of each period indicated, consisted of the following.

Reserve for losses and LAE
(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Primary case |  | $ | 454,726 |  |  | $ | 790,380 |
Primary IBNR and LAE |  | 13,672 |  |  | 22,745 |
Pool and other |  | 9,349 |  |  | 10,011 |
Mortgage insurance |  | 477,747 |  |  | 823,136 |
Title insurance |  | 5,917 |  |  | 5,506 |
Total reserve for losses and LAE |  | $ | 483,664 |  |  | $ | 828,642 |

For the periods indicated, the following table presents information relating to our mortgage insurance reserve for losses, including our IBNR reserve and LAE.

Rollforward of mortgage insurance reserve for losses
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 823,136 |  |  | $ | 844,107 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverables (1) |  | 66,676 |  |  | 71,769 |
Balance at beginning of period, net of reinsurance recoverables |  | 756,460 |  |  | 772,338 |
Add: Losses and LAE incurred in respect of default notices reported and unreported in: |  |  |  |
Current year (2) |  | 115,159 |  |  | 119,823 |
Prior years |  | (411,024) |  |  | (53,947) |
Total incurred |  | (295,865) |  |  | 65,876 |
Deduct: Paid claims and LAE related to: |  |  |  |
Current year (2) |  | 381 |  |  | 499 |
Prior years |  | 12,123 |  |  | 24,431 |
Total paid |  | 12,504 |  |  | 24,930 |
Balance at end of period, net of reinsurance recoverables |  | 448,091 |  |  | 813,284 |
Add: Reinsurance recoverables (1) |  | 29,656 |  |  | 74,737 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 477,747 |  |  | $ | 888,021 |

(1)Related to ceded losses recoverable, if any, on reinsurance transactions. See Note 8 for additional information.
(2)Related to underlying defaulted loans with a most recent default notice dated in the year indicated. For example, if a loan had defaulted in a prior year, but then subsequently cured and later re-defaulted in the current year, that default would be considered a current year default.
Reserve Activity
Incurred Losses
Total incurred losses are driven by: (i) case reserves established for new default notices, which are primarily impacted by the number of new primary default notices received in the period and our related gross Default to Claim Rate assumption applied to those new defaults and (ii) reserve developments on prior period defaults, which are primarily impacted by changes to our prior Default to Claim Rate assumptions.
New primary default notices totaled 27,003 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to 28,128 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, representing a decrease of 4%. Our gross Default to Claim Rate assumption applied to new defaults was 8.0% as of both September 30, 2022, and September 30, 2021, as we continue to closely monitor the trends in Cures and claims paid for our default inventory, while also weighing the risks and uncertainties associated with the
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current economic environment. As a result, the decrease in new default notices was the primary driver of the decrease in losses incurred related to current year defaults for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same period in the prior year.
Our provision for losses during both the first nine months of 2022 and 2021 was positively impacted by favorable reserve development on prior year defaults, primarily as a result of more favorable trends in Cures than originally estimated due to favorable outcomes resulting from mortgage forbearance programs implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as positive trends in home price appreciation. These favorable observed trends resulted in reductions in our Default to Claim Rate assumptions for prior year default notices, particularly for those defaults first reported in 2020 following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Claims Paid
Total claims paid decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the same period in 2021. The decrease in claims paid is primarily attributable to a reduction in payments made to settle certain previously disclosed legal proceedings.
For additional information about our Reserve for Losses and LAE, including our accounting policies, see Notes 2 and 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K.
12. Borrowings and Financing Activities
The carrying value of our debt at September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, was as follows.

Borrowings
(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Senior notes |  |  |  |
Senior Notes due 2024 |  | $ | 447,506 |  |  | $ | 446,631 |
Senior Notes due 2025 |  | 519,817 |  |  | 518,405 |
Senior Notes due 2027 |  | 445,150 |  |  | 444,437 |
Total senior notes |  | $ | 1,412,473 |  |  | $ | 1,409,473 |
FHLB advances |  |  |  |
FHLB advances due 2022 |  | $ | 51,765 |  |  | $ | 71,050 |
FHLB advances due 2023 |  | 52,994 |  |  | 52,995 |
FHLB advances due 2024 |  | 32,371 |  | (1) | 13,954 |
FHLB advances due 2025 |  | 9,984 |  |  | 9,984 |
FHLB advances due 2027 |  | 6,436 |  |  | 3,000 |
Total FHLB advances |  | $ | 153,550 |  |  | $ | 150,983 |

(1)Includes $13.4 million of floating-rate advances.
FHLB Advances
As of September 30, 2022, we had: (i) $140.1 million of fixed-rate advances outstanding with a weighted average interest rate of 1.06% and (ii) $13.4 million of floating-rate advances outstanding with a weighted average interest rate of 2.78%, which resets daily based on changes in SOFR. Interest on the FHLB advances is payable quarterly, or at maturity if the term of the advance is less than 90 days. Principal is due at maturity. For obligations with maturities greater than or equal to 90 days, we may prepay the debt at any time, subject to a prepayment fee calculation.
The principal balance of the FHLB advances are required to be collateralized by eligible assets with a market value that must be maintained generally within a minimum range of 103% to 114% of the amount borrowed, depending on the type of assets pledged. Our fixed-maturities available for sale and trading securities include securities totaling $172.2 million and $167.3 million at September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively, which serve as collateral for our FHLB advances to satisfy this requirement. See Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for additional information about our FHLB advances.
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Revolving Credit Facility
Radian Group has in place a $275 million unsecured revolving credit facility with a syndicate of bank lenders. As of September 30, 2022, Radian Group was in compliance with all of the revolving credit facility covenants, and there were no amounts outstanding. For more information regarding our revolving credit facility, including certain of its terms and covenants, see Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K.
Mortgage Financing Facilities
On July 15, 2022, Radian Mortgage Capital and its wholly-owned subsidiary Radian Liberty Funding LLC (“Liberty”) entered into a $300 million Master Repurchase Agreement (the “Goldman Sachs Master Repurchase Agreement”) among Liberty, Goldman Sachs and Radian Mortgage Capital, pursuant to which Liberty may from time to time sell to Goldman Sachs, and later repurchase, certain Participation Interests (as defined in the Goldman Sachs Master Repurchase Agreement) in residential mortgage loan assets. The Goldman Sachs Master Repurchase Agreement will terminate on July 14, 2023, unless extended or terminated earlier.
On September 28, 2022, Radian Mortgage Capital entered into a $300 million Master Repurchase Agreement (the “BMO Master Repurchase Agreement” and, together with the Goldman Sachs Master Repurchase Agreement, the “Master Repurchase Agreements”) with BMO, pursuant to which Radian Mortgage Capital may from time to time sell to BMO, and later repurchase, certain residential mortgage loan assets. The BMO Master Repurchase Agreement will expire on September 27, 2023, unless the agreement is extended or terminated earlier.
Both Master Repurchase Agreements are uncommitted, and Goldman Sachs and BMO are under no obligation to fund the purchase of any residential mortgage loan assets under their respective agreements. In the event Goldman Sachs or BMO advances funds to purchase residential mortgage loan assets, the amount of such advances generally will be calculated as a percentage of the unpaid principal balance or market value of the residential mortgage loan assets, depending on the credit characteristics of the loans being purchased.
The Master Repurchase Agreements contain provisions that provide Goldman Sachs and BMO, respectively, with certain rights in the event of a decline in the market value of the purchased residential mortgage loan assets. Under these provisions, Liberty or Radian Mortgage Capital, as applicable, may be required to transfer cash or additional eligible residential mortgage loan assets with an aggregate market value that is equal to the difference between the value of the residential mortgage loan assets then subject to the applicable Master Repurchase Agreement and a minimum threshold amount.
Radian Group has entered into two guaranty agreements (each, a “Parent Guaranty” and together, the “Parent Guarantees”) to guaranty the obligations of certain of its subsidiaries in connection with the two separate $300 million Master Repurchase Agreements described above.
Pursuant to the Parent Guarantees, Radian Group is subject to negative and affirmative covenants customary for this type of financing transaction, including, among others, limitations on the incurrence of debt and restrictions on certain transactions with affiliates, payments and investments and various financial covenants that the Company must remain in compliance with, including those related to: (i) the total adjusted capital of the Company’s primary mortgage insurance subsidiaries, Radian Guaranty and Radian Reinsurance; (ii) the Company’s minimum consolidated net worth; and (iii) the Company’s maximum Debt-to-Total Capitalization Ratio (as defined in the Parent Guarantees). The covenants and financial covenants in the Parent Guarantees are generally consistent with the comparable covenants in the Company’s revolving credit facility, including with respect to the payment of dividends on shares of its common stock which are permitted under the revolving credit facility and the Master Repurchase Agreements so long as no default or event of default exists and the Company is in pro forma compliance with the applicable financial covenants on the date a dividend is declared.
As of September 30, 2022, Radian Group was in compliance with all of the Master Repurchase Agreements’ covenants, and there were no amounts outstanding.
13. Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Proceedings
We are routinely involved in a number of legal actions and proceedings, including reviews, audits, inquiries, information-gathering requests and investigations by various regulatory entities, as well as litigation and other disputes arising in the ordinary course of our business. Legal actions and proceedings could result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, injunctions, restitutions or other relief that could require significant expenditures or have other effects on our business.
Management believes, based on current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, that the outcome of currently pending or threatened actions will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition. The outcome of legal actions and proceedings is inherently uncertain, and it is possible that any one or more matters could have an adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition or results of operations for any particular period.
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Lease Liability
Our lease liability represents the present value of future lease payments over the lease term. Our operating lease liability was $50.8 million and $53.5 million as of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively, and is classified in other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
See Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for further information regarding our commitments and contingencies and our accounting policies for contingencies.
14. Capital Stock
Share Repurchase Activity
On February 9, 2022, Radian Group’s board of directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the Company to spend up to $400.0 million, excluding commissions, to repurchase Radian Group common stock in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, based on market and business conditions, stock price and other factors. Radian generally operates its share repurchase programs pursuant to a trading plan under Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act, which permits the Company to purchase shares, at pre-determined price targets, when it may otherwise be precluded from doing so. The authorization will expire in February 2024.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company purchased 9.5 million and 19.5 million shares at an average price of $20.53 and $20.52 per share, including commissions, respectively. As of September 30, 2022, purchase authority of up to $1.0 million remained available under this program.
During October, the Company utilized the remaining repurchase authorization under this share repurchase program by purchasing an additional 49 thousand shares of its common stock at an average price of $19.81 per share, including commissions.
Dividends and Dividend Equivalents
We declared quarterly cash dividends on our common stock equal to $0.125 per share during the first quarter of 2021 and declared quarterly cash dividends on our common stock equal to $0.14 per share for the remaining quarters of 2021. On February 9, 2022, Radian Group’s board of directors authorized an increase to the Company’s quarterly dividend from $0.14 to $0.20 per share, beginning with the dividend declared in the first quarter of 2022.
Share-Based and Other Compensation Programs
During the second quarter of 2022, certain executive and non-executive officers were granted time-vested and performance-based RSUs to be settled in common stock. The maximum payout of performance-based RSUs at the end of the three-year performance period is 200% of a grantee’s target number of RSUs granted. The vesting of the performance-based RSUs granted to certain executive and non-executive officers is based upon the cumulative growth in Radian’s book value per share, adjusted for certain defined items, over a three-year performance period and, with the exception of certain retirement-eligible employees, continued service through the vesting date. Performance-based RSUs granted to executive officers are subject to a one-year post vesting holding period.
The time-vested RSU awards granted to certain executive and non-executive officers in 2022 generally vest in pro rata installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date. In addition, time-vested RSU awards were also granted to non-employee directors and generally are subject to one-year cliff vesting. See Note 17 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for additional information regarding the Company’s share-based and other compensation programs.
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Information with regard to RSUs to be settled in stock for the periods indicated is as follows.

Rollforward of RSUs
|  | Performance-Based |  | Time-Vested
|  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding, December 31, 2021 (1) |  | 2,340,673 |  |  | $ | 16.76 |  |  | 1,808,551 |  |  | $ | 15.51 |
Granted (2) |  | 643,740 |  |  | $ | 20.09 |  |  | 567,237 |  |  | $ | 21.06 |
Performance adjustment (3) |  | 197,534 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Vested (4) |  | (796,479) |  |  | $ | 18.35 |  |  | (458,034) |  |  | $ | 18.89 |
Forfeited |  | (5,969) |  |  | $ | 18.60 |  |  | (8,778) |  |  | $ | 20.10 |
Outstanding, September 30, 2022 (1) |  | 2,379,499 |  |  | $ | 17.61 |  |  | 1,908,976 |  |  | $ | 16.33 |

(1)Outstanding RSUs represent shares that have not yet been issued because not all conditions necessary to earn the right to benefit from the instruments have been satisfied. For performance-based awards, the final number of RSUs distributed depends on the cumulative growth in Radian’s book value, adjusted for certain defined terms, over the respective three-year performance period and, with the exception of certain retirement-eligible employees, continued service through the vesting date, which could result in changes in vested RSUs.
(2)For performance-based RSUs, amount represents the number of target shares at grant date.
(3)For performance-based RSUs, amount represents the difference between the number of shares vested at settlement, which can range from 0 to 200% of target depending on results over the applicable performance periods, and the number of target shares at grant date.
(4)Represents amounts vested during the year, including the impact of performance adjustments for performance-based awards.
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15. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following tables show the rollforward of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of the periods indicated.

Rollforward of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In thousands) |  | Before Tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net of Tax |  | Before Tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net of Tax
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (416,589) |  |  | $ | (87,484) |  |  | $ | (329,105) |  |  | $ | 152,016 |  |  | $ | 31,923 |  |  | $ | 120,093 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on investments arising during the period for which an allowance for expected credit losses has not been recognized |  | (223,279) |  |  | (46,888) |  |  | (176,391) |  |  | (797,908) |  |  | (167,560) |  |  | (630,348) |
Less: Reclassification adjustment for net gains (losses) on investments included in net income (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized gains (losses) on disposals and non-credit related impairment losses |  | (4,153) |  |  | (872) |  |  | (3,281) |  |  | (10,071) |  |  | (2,115) |  |  | (7,956) |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments |  | (219,126) |  |  | (46,016) |  |  | (173,110) |  |  | (787,837) |  |  | (165,445) |  |  | (622,392) |
Other adjustments to comprehensive income (loss), net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 106 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 84 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (219,126) |  |  | (46,016) |  |  | (173,110) |  |  | (787,731) |  |  | (165,423) |  |  | (622,308) |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (635,715) |  |  | $ | (133,500) |  |  | $ | (502,215) |  |  | $ | (635,715) |  |  | $ | (133,500) |  |  | $ | (502,215) |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
(In thousands) |  | Before Tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net of Tax |  | Before Tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net of Tax
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 226,400 |  |  | $ | 47,544 |  |  | $ | 178,856 |  |  | $ | 333,829 |  |  | $ | 70,104 |  |  | $ | 263,725 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on investments arising during the period for which an allowance for expected credit losses has not been recognized |  | (29,613) |  |  | (6,219) |  |  | (23,394) |  |  | (134,539) |  |  | (28,253) |  |  | (106,286) |
Less: Reclassification adjustment for net gains (losses) on investments included in net income (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized gains (losses) on disposals and non-credit related impairment losses |  | 4,099 |  |  | 861 |  |  | 3,238 |  |  | 5,684 |  |  | 1,194 |  |  | 4,490 |
Net decrease (increase) in expected credit losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 918 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 725 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments |  | (33,712) |  |  | (7,080) |  |  | (26,632) |  |  | (141,141) |  |  | (29,640) |  |  | (111,501) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (33,712) |  |  | (7,080) |  |  | (26,632) |  |  | (141,141) |  |  | (29,640) |  |  | (111,501) |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 192,688 |  |  | $ | 40,464 |  |  | $ | 152,224 |  |  | $ | 192,688 |  |  | $ | 40,464 |  |  | $ | 152,224 |

(1)Included in net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments on our condensed consolidated statements of operations.
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16. Statutory Information
Our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory net income for the year-to-date periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, and statutory policyholders’ surplus as of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, were as follows.

Statutory net income
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Radian Guaranty |  | $ | 864,681 |  |  | $ | 516,866 |
Radian Reinsurance |  | 2,724 |  |  | 8,765 |
Other mortgage subsidiaries |  | 1,826 |  |  | 777 |
Radian Title Insurance |  | 2,500 |  |  | 4,777 |
Statutory policyholders’ surplus
(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Radian Guaranty |  | $ | 738,625 |  |  | $ | 778,148 |
Radian Reinsurance |  | 292,121 |  |  | 327,118 |
Other mortgage subsidiaries |  | 16,246 |  |  | 14,524 |
Radian Title Insurance |  | 39,241 |  |  | 36,599 |

Under state insurance regulations, Radian Guaranty is required to maintain minimum surplus levels and, in certain states, a maximum ratio of net RIF relative to statutory capital, or Risk-to-capital. There are 16 RBC States that currently impose a Statutory RBC Requirement. The most common Statutory RBC Requirement is that a mortgage insurer’s Risk-to-capital may not exceed 25 to 1. In certain of the RBC States, a mortgage insurer must satisfy a MPP Requirement. Radian Guaranty was in compliance with all applicable Statutory RBC Requirements and MPP Requirements in each of the RBC States as of September 30, 2022. Radian Guaranty’s Risk-to-capital was 11.1:1 as of both September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021. For purposes of the Risk-to-capital requirements imposed by certain states, statutory capital is defined as the sum of statutory policyholders’ surplus plus statutory contingency reserves. Our other mortgage insurance and title insurance subsidiaries were also in compliance with all statutory and counterparty capital requirements as of September 30, 2022.
In addition, in order to be eligible to insure loans purchased by the GSEs, mortgage insurers such as Radian Guaranty must meet the GSEs’ eligibility requirements, or PMIERs. At September 30, 2022, Radian Guaranty is an approved mortgage insurer under the PMIERs and is in compliance with the current PMIERs financial requirements.
State insurance regulations include various capital requirements and dividend restrictions based on our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory financial position and results of operations. As of September 30, 2022, the amount of restricted net assets held by our consolidated insurance subsidiaries (which represents our equity investment in those insurance subsidiaries) totaled $4.3 billion of our consolidated net assets.
In light of Radian Guaranty’s negative unassigned surplus related to operating losses in prior periods and the ongoing need to set aside contingency reserves, which totaled $4.2 billion as of September 30, 2022, Radian Guaranty is not currently permitted under applicable insurance laws to pay ordinary dividends or other distributions to Radian Group without prior approval from the Pennsylvania Insurance Department. In February 2022, the Pennsylvania Insurance Department provided such approval for a $500 million return of capital from Radian Guaranty to Radian Group, which was paid on February 11, 2022, in cash and marketable securities. This transfer was approved as an Extraordinary Distribution in the form of a return of paid-in capital and resulted in a $500 million decrease in Radian Guaranty’s statutory policyholders’ surplus. Based on the current performance and assuming the continuation of favorable credit performance in our mortgage insurance business, we expect that Radian Guaranty could potentially have positive unassigned surplus by early 2023.
Radian Reinsurance has positive unassigned surplus, and as a result, Radian Reinsurance paid an ordinary dividend of $32.5 million to Radian Group in September 2022.
For a description of our compliance with statutory and other regulations for our mortgage insurance and title insurance businesses, including statutory capital requirements and dividend restrictions, see Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K.
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Table of Contents Glossary

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The disclosures in this quarterly report are complementary to those made in our 2021 Form 10-K and should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in this report, as well as our audited financial statements, notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our 2021 Form 10-K.
The following analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, provides information that evaluates our financial condition as of September 30, 2022, compared with December 31, 2021, and our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the same periods last year.
Certain terms and acronyms used throughout this report are defined in the Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms included as part of this report. In addition, investors should review the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements—Safe Harbor Provisions” herein, and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of those risks and uncertainties that have the potential to adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or prospects. Our results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year or for any other period. See “Overview” below and Note 1 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Index to Item 2

Item | Page
Overview | 40
Key Factors Affecting Our Results | 43
Mortgage Insurance Portfolio | 43
Results of Operations—Consolidated | 46
Results of Operations—Mortgage | 51
Results of Operations—homegenius | 57
Results of Operations—All Other | 60
Liquidity and Capital Resources | 61
Critical Accounting Estimates | 65

Overview
We are a diversified mortgage and real estate business with two reportable business segments—Mortgage and homegenius.
Our Mortgage segment aggregates, manages and distributes U.S. mortgage credit risk for the benefit of mortgage lending institutions and mortgage credit investors, principally through private mortgage insurance on residential first-lien mortgage loans, and also provides contract underwriting and other credit risk management solutions to our customers. Our homegenius segment offers an array of title, real estate and technology products and services to consumers, mortgage lenders, mortgage and real estate investors, GSEs, real estate brokers and agents.
Current Operating Environment
As a seller of mortgage credit protection and other mortgage and credit risk management solutions and real estate products and services, our business results are subject to macroeconomic conditions and other events that impact the housing, housing finance and related real estate markets, the credit performance of our mortgage insurance portfolio and our future business opportunities, as well as seasonal fluctuations that specifically affect the mortgage origination environment. The performance of our Mortgage business is particularly influenced by housing prices, inflationary pressures, interest rate changes, unemployment levels, the availability of credit, national and regional economic conditions and other events that impact housing and real estate markets generally, mortgage originations and the ability of borrowers to remain current on their mortgages, most of which are beyond our control.
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Table of Contents Glossary Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The U.S. economy is currently experiencing a high rate of inflation, with annual inflation reaching a 40-year high in September 2022, as well as slower economic growth, declining home prices and the risk of a recession and higher unemployment rates. Recent actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve to increase interest rates in response to the inflationary trends that started in 2021 have resulted in a sharp and significant increase in mortgage interest rates during the first nine months of 2022, with mortgage rates more than doubling to over 7% at the end of October 2022. The U.S. Federal Reserve raised rates further in the fourth quarter of 2022 and has signaled that it expects to continue to increase rates in future periods. These economic conditions have negatively impacted the U.S. housing market, broadly reducing refinance activity and new purchase transactions and resulting in decreasing home prices in recent months in many markets. As further discussed below, we expect that the current economic environment will continue to negatively impact certain aspects of our results, including lower NIW, lower homegenius revenues, higher mortgage insurance defaults and lower investment fair values. At the same time, we also expect to benefit from the higher interest rate environment through higher Persistency Rates that will favorably impact our IIF, as well as through the recognition of higher net investment income, as further discussed below.
In light of the current economic and operating environments, throughout the year we have taken steps to align our workforce to the current and expected needs of the business. As such, we expect to end the year with between approximately 20% to 25% fewer employees than we had at year end 2021.
The cooling effect of current economic conditions on U.S. housing markets throughout 2022 has resulted in a smaller insurable market compared to 2021, reducing our NIW. We wrote NIW of $55.1 billion in the first nine months of 2022, a decrease of 19.2% compared to our NIW in the first nine months of 2021. We expect these conditions to continue to negatively impact our NIW volumes in future periods. Longer-term, however, we continue to believe that the housing market fundamentals and outlook remain favorable, including demographics supporting growth in the population of first-time homebuyers and a constrained supply of homes available for sale. While the recent increases in mortgage interest rates have significantly reduced refinance demand, they have also resulted in a decrease in policy cancellations, which has increased our Persistency Rate, and in turn contributed to growth in our IIF. See “Mortgage Insurance Portfolio” for additional details on our NIW and IIF.
The same inflationary pressures and rising interest rate environment that are impacting mortgage refinance demand and our NIW are also impacting our homegenius business, including a significant decrease in our title revenues beginning in the second quarter of 2022, due to the rapid decline in industrywide refinance volumes. The current macroeconomic trends, and the corresponding softening in demand for home sales and mortgage refinancings, are expected to also impact the market demand for our new proprietary digital real estate products and services, which in some cases, have been delayed by longer than anticipated launch timelines.
The recent sharp increases in interest rates also materially affected the fair value of our investment portfolio in the nine months ended September 30, 2022, resulting in significant unrealized losses on investments. Given our intent and ability as of September 30, 2022, to hold these securities until recovery of their amortized cost basis, we do not expect to realize a loss on any of our investments in an unrealized loss position. The decrease in the fair value of our investments due to higher market interest rates negatively affected our net income and stockholders’ equity during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Conversely, this higher interest rate environment resulted in the recognition of higher net investment income in the second and third quarters of 2022, which is expected to continue in future periods. See Note 6 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about our investments.
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant increase in unemployment which had a negative impact on the economy and, as a result, we experienced a material increase in new defaults in 2020, substantially all of which related to defaults of loans subject to mortgage forbearance programs implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, the increase in the number of new mortgage defaults resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on our results of operations and our reserve for losses. However, subsequent trends in Cures have been more favorable than original expectations, resulting in favorable loss reserve development on prior period defaults in 2021 and in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. See Note 11 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our reserve for losses.
As noted above, following the start of the pandemic, we experienced a material increase in new defaults and our primary default rate increased sharply to 6.5% at June 30, 2020. Since then, favorable trends in the number of new defaults and Cures have led to a decline in our default inventory and default rate, resulting in a primary default rate of 2.1% at September 30, 2022. However, deteriorating economic conditions, including declining home prices and the risk of a recession and higher unemployment rates, have increased the likelihood that we will experience higher levels of new default activity and lower levels of Cures in our mortgage insurance portfolio. The number, timing and duration of new defaults and, in turn, the number of defaults that ultimately result in claims will depend on a variety of factors, including the overall economic environment and its effect on the number and timing of Cures and the net impact on IIF from our Persistency Rate and future NIW. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2021 Form 10-K for additional discussion of these factors and other risks and uncertainties.
Despite risks and uncertainties, we believe that the steps we have taken in recent years, including by improving our capital and liquidity positions, enhancing our financial flexibility, implementing greater risk-based granularity into our pricing methodologies and increasing our use of risk distribution strategies to lower the risk profile and financial volatility of our
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Table of Contents Glossary Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

mortgage insurance portfolio, has helped position the Company to better withstand the negative effects from the macroeconomic stresses discussed above, including those resulting from the high rate of inflation and rising interest rates, as well as geopolitical risks resulting from the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the other risks described in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2021 Form 10-K.
In particular, we believe that the range of risk distribution transactions and strategies that Radian and other private mortgage insurance participants have engaged in have helped increase the financial strength and flexibility of the private mortgage insurance industry by mitigating credit risk and financial volatility through varying economic cycles. As of September 30, 2022, 68% of our primary RIF is subject to a form of risk distribution and our estimated reinsurance recoverables related to our mortgage insurance portfolio were $29.7 million. Our use of risk distribution structures has reduced our required capital and enhanced our projected return on capital, and we expect these structures to provide a level of credit protection in periods of economic stress.
Legislative and Regulatory Developments
We are subject to comprehensive regulation by both federal and state regulatory authorities. For a description of significant state and federal regulations and other requirements of the GSEs that are applicable to our businesses, as well as legislative and regulatory developments affecting the housing finance industry, see “Item 1. Business—Regulation” in our 2021 Form 10-K. Except as discussed below, there were no significant regulatory developments impacting our businesses from those discussed in our 2021 Form 10-K.
For many years, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the “NAIC”) has been considering changes to the Model Act and has been reviewing the minimum capital and surplus requirements for mortgage insurers. In October 2022, the NAIC publicly released a new exposure draft of a revised Model Act (the “2022 Exposure Draft”) for comment. With respect to minimum capital and surplus requirements for mortgage insurers, the 2022 Exposure Draft largely preserves the same requirements as exist in the current Model Act. In addition, in 2021, the NAIC developed a new, legally non-binding capital monitoring framework that regulators could use as an alternative for assessing the capital adequacy of a mortgage insurer and added a new mortgage guaranty supplemental filing for companies to annually report related information. This monitoring framework, which is separate from the Model Act, is intended to be reactive to, among other things, changes in the economic and housing environment, including changes in home prices and incomes. The outcome of the new Model Act process remains subject to change, and therefore, the potential impact on the Company cannot be determined and, among other things, will depend on whether the NAIC adopts final changes to the Model Act and which states, if any, ultimately adopt the new Model Act.
In order to be eligible to insure loans purchased by the GSEs, mortgage insurers such as Radian Guaranty must meet the GSEs’ eligibility requirements, or PMIERs. On July 29, 2022, the GSEs issued guidance supplementing and modifying certain operational provisions of the PMIERs effective as of June 30, 2022. The new guidance applies to all private mortgage insurers and among other items, specifically amends certain provisions of the PMIERs relating to corporate governance, the foreclosure bidding process and certain calculations included in each mortgage insurer’s operational scorecard. Radian Guaranty expects to be able to comply with the new requirements. The new guidance does not impact or change the PMIERs financial requirements.
In June 2022, FHFA announced the release of the GSEs’ Equitable Housing Finance Plans, providing a framework for planned initiatives to address access to homeownership for minority and underserved communities. The GSEs are expected to update these plans annually. The plans released in June include a particular focus on Special Purpose Credit Programs (“SPCPs”) and note that these programs could consider modifications to mortgage insurance requirements. While both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s plans note this potential change as part of these programs, details on any future changes remain uncertain. Both GSEs expect to launch SPCPs by the end of 2022. The plans also include expected activity to address credit and alternative data in underwriting, valuations and appraisals, and title insurance, among others.
In furtherance of the FHFA’s focus on promoting sustainable and equitable access to affordable housing, and as part of an ongoing pricing review of the GSEs’ guarantee fees, in October 2022, the FHFA announced, among other pricing changes, an elimination of GSE loan-level pricing adjustments (upfront fees) for some first-time and low-and moderate-income borrowers, including first-time homebuyers at or below 100 percent of area median income (“AMI”) in most of the United States and below 120 percent of AMI in high-cost areas. FHFA is working with the GSEs to finalize a timeline for implementing these changes, which we expect may have a modest favorable impact on the private mortgage insurance industry’s share of the insurable, low down payment market.
In addition, in October 2022, FHFA announced that the GSEs will replace their use of Classic FICO credit scores with FICO 10T and VantageScore 4.0 credit scores, which are intended to improve accuracy by capturing new payment histories for borrowers when available, such as rent, utilities, and telecom payments. The GSEs will require both of the new credit scores, along with credit reports from two, rather than three, of the credit reporting agencies. The implementation timeline for the transition to the new credit scores is expected to be a multi-year effort and the timeline for ultimate implementation is uncertain.
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Key Factors Affecting Our Results
The key factors affecting our results are discussed in our 2021 Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to these key factors.
Mortgage Insurance Portfolio

IIF by origination vintage (1)

|  | Insurance in Force as of:
| Vintage written in: ($ in billions) | September 30, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | September 30, 2021
¢ | 2022 | $53.5 | 20.6 | % | $— | — | % | $— | — | %
¢ | 2021 | 79.5 | 30.7 |  | 87.4 | 35.5 |  | 66.1 | 27.4 |
¢ | 2020 | 61.3 | 23.7 |  | 74.3 | 30.2 |  | 80.1 | 33.1 |
¢ | 2019 | 18.7 | 7.2 |  | 24.0 | 9.8 |  | 27.7 | 11.5 |
¢ | 2018 | 9.5 | 3.6 |  | 12.4 | 5.0 |  | 14.2 | 5.9 |
¢ | 2017 | 8.7 | 3.4 |  | 11.5 | 4.7 |  | 13.1 | 5.4 |
¢ | 2009 - 2016 | 18.4 | 7.1 |  | 25.0 | 10.2 |  | 28.2 | 11.7 |
¢ | 2008 & Prior (2) | 9.5 | 3.7 |  | 11.4 | 4.6 |  | 12.2 | 5.0 |
| Total | $259.1 | 100.0 | % | $246.0 | 100.0 | % | $241.6 | 100.0 | %

(1)Policy years represent the original policy years and have not been adjusted to reflect subsequent refinancing activity under HARP.
(2)Includes loans that were subsequently refinanced under HARP.
New Insurance Written
We wrote $17.6 billion and $55.1 billion of primary new mortgage insurance in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to $26.6 billion and $68.2 billion of NIW in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively. As shown in the chart above, IIF increased to $259.1 billion at September 30, 2022, from $246.0 billion at December 31, 2021, driven by a higher Persistency Rate and our NIW for the first nine months of 2022.
Our NIW decreased by 33.7% and 19.2% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2021 due to reduced refinance originations and lower utilization of mortgage insurance, partially offset by an increase in our market share for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the same period in 2021. According to industry estimates, total mortgage origination volume was lower for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the comparable periods in 2021 due to a significant decline in refinance activity and a smaller decline in home purchases.
Although it is difficult to project future volumes, recent market projections for 2022 estimate total mortgage originations of approximately $2.4 trillion, which would represent a decline in the total annual mortgage origination market of approximately 48% as compared to 2021, with a private mortgage insurance market of $380 billion to $420 billion. This outlook anticipates a 74% decrease in refinance originations in 2022 as well as a 12% decline in purchase originations driven by increases in interest rates and declining home sales volume. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2021 Form 10-K for more information.
The following table provides selected information as of and for the periods indicated related to our mortgage insurance NIW. For direct Single Premium Policies, NIW includes policies written on an individual basis (as each loan is originated) and on an aggregated basis (in which each individual loan in a group of loans is insured in a single transaction, typically after the loans have been originated).
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Table of Contents Glossary Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

NIW
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
NIW |  | $ | 17,616 |  |  | $ | 26,558 |  |  | $ | 55,134 |  |  | $ | 68,243 |
Primary risk written |  | $ | 4,450 |  |  | $ | 6,781 |  |  | $ | 14,085 |  |  | $ | 16,511 |
Average coverage percentage |  | 25.3 | % |  | 25.5 | % |  | 25.5 | % |  | 24.2 | %
NIW by loan purpose |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases |  | 98.4 | % |  | 89.8 | % |  | 95.6 | % |  | 76.8 | %
Refinances |  | 1.6 | % |  | 10.2 | % |  | 4.4 | % |  | 23.2 | %
Total borrower-paid NIW |  | 99.1 | % |  | 99.2 | % |  | 99.2 | % |  | 99.2 | %
NIW by premium type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct Monthly and Other Recurring Premiums |  | 95.5 | % |  | 93.8 | % |  | 95.1 | % |  | 92.5 | %
Direct single premiums (1) |  | 4.5 | % |  | 6.2 | % |  | 4.9 | % |  | 7.5 | %
NIW by FICO Score (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
>=740 |  | 63.3 | % |  | 56.0 | % |  | 59.9 | % |  | 60.2 | %
680-739 |  | 28.5 | % |  | 34.9 | % |  | 32.3 | % |  | 33.3 | %
620-679 |  | 8.2 | % |  | 9.1 | % |  | 7.8 | % |  | 6.5 | %
NIW by LTV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
95.01% and above |  | 18.3 | % |  | 12.1 | % |  | 16.8 | % |  | 10.5 | %
90.01% to 95.00% |  | 37.1 | % |  | 46.7 | % |  | 39.7 | % |  | 40.2 | %
85.01% to 90.00% |  | 28.0 | % |  | 26.5 | % |  | 28.1 | % |  | 28.3 | %
85.00% and below |  | 16.6 | % |  | 14.7 | % |  | 15.4 | % |  | 21.0 | %

(1)Borrower-paid Single Premium Policies were 4.3% and 4.7% of NIW for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to 6.0% and 7.2% for the same periods in 2021, respectively.
(2)For loans with multiple borrowers, the percentage of NIW by FICO score represents the lowest of the borrowers’ FICO scores.
Insurance and Risk in Force
Our IIF is the primary driver of the future premiums that we expect to earn over time. IIF at September 30, 2022, increased 7.3% as compared to the same period last year, reflecting an 11.8% increase in Monthly Premium Policies in force partially offset by a 13.2% decline in Single Premium Policies in force. Single Premium Policy cancellations were the primary driver of the decrease in unearned premiums on our condensed consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2022, as compared to December 31, 2021.
Historically, there is a close correlation between interest rates and Persistency Rates. Higher interest rate environments generally decrease refinancings, which decrease the cancellation rate of our insurance and positively affect our Persistency Rates. As shown in the table below, our 12-month Persistency Rate at September 30, 2022, increased as compared to the same period in 2021. The increase in our Persistency Rate at September 30, 2022, was primarily attributable to decreased refinance activity due to increases in mortgage interest rates, as compared to the same period in the prior year. As of September 30, 2022, 1.9% of our IIF had a mortgage note interest rate greater than 6.0%. Excluding the 2022 vintage, only 0.9% of our IIF had a mortgage note interest rate greater than 6.0%. Given the recent increase in market mortgage interest rates, which, based on reported industry averages, now exceed that level, we would expect a continued positive impact on our Persistency Rates.
Historical loan performance data indicates that credit scores and underwriting quality are key drivers of credit performance. Loan originations after 2008 have consisted primarily of high credit quality loans with significantly better credit performance than loans originated during 2008 and prior periods. However, the impact to our future losses remains uncertain due to risks associated with the macroeconomic environment. For additional information, under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our
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2021 Form 10-K, see “—The credit performance of our mortgage insurance portfolio is impacted by macroeconomic conditions and specific events that affect the ability of borrowers to pay their mortgages.”
Throughout this report, unless otherwise noted, RIF is presented on a gross basis and includes the amount ceded under reinsurance. RIF and IIF for direct Single Premium Policies include policies written on an individual basis (as each loan is originated) and on an aggregated basis (in which each individual loan in a group of loans is insured in a single transaction, typically after the loans have been originated).
The following table provides selected information as of and for the periods indicated related to mortgage insurance IIF and RIF.

IIF and RIF
($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  | September 30, 2021
Primary IIF |  | $ | 259,121 |  |  | $ | 245,972 |  |  | $ | 241,575 |
Primary RIF |  | $ | 65,288 |  |  | $ | 60,913 |  |  | $ | 59,421 |
Average coverage percentage |  | 25.2 | % |  | 24.8 | % |  | 24.6 | %
Persistency Rate (12 months ended) |  | 75.9 | % |  | 64.3 | % |  | 60.8 | %
Persistency Rate (quarterly, annualized) (1) |  | 81.6 | % |  | 71.7 | % |  | 67.5 | %
Total borrower-paid RIF |  | 92.7 | % |  | 90.6 | % |  | 89.6 | %
Primary RIF by premium type |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct Monthly and Other Recurring Premiums |  | 86.4 | % |  | 83.9 | % |  | 82.7 | %
Direct single premiums (2) |  | 13.6 | % |  | 16.1 | % |  | 17.3 | %
Primary RIF by FICO score (3) |  |  |  |  |  |
>=740 |  | 57.5 | % |  | 56.9 | % |  | 57.3 | %
680-739 |  | 34.5 | % |  | 35.0 | % |  | 34.8 | %
620-679 |  | 7.6 | % |  | 7.6 | % |  | 7.4 | %
<=619 |  | 0.4 | % |  | 0.5 | % |  | 0.5 | %
Primary RIF by LTV |  |  |  |  |  |
95.01% and above |  | 16.8 | % |  | 15.1 | % |  | 14.6 | %
90.01% to 95.00% |  | 48.4 | % |  | 48.9 | % |  | 48.9 | %
85.01% to 90.00% |  | 27.2 | % |  | 27.7 | % |  | 27.8 | %
85.00% and below |  | 7.6 | % |  | 8.3 | % |  | 8.7 | %

(1)The Persistency Rate on a quarterly, annualized basis is calculated based on loan-level detail for the quarter ending as of the date shown. It may be impacted by seasonality or other factors, including the level of refinance activity during the applicable periods, and may not be indicative of full-year trends.
(2)Borrower-paid Single Premium Policies were 7.9%, 8.5% and 8.8% of primary RIF for the periods indicated, respectively.
(3)For loans with multiple borrowers, the percentage of primary RIF by FICO score represents the lowest of the borrowers’ FICO scores.
Risk Distribution
We use third-party reinsurance in our mortgage insurance business as part of our risk distribution strategy, including to manage our capital position and risk profile. When we enter into a reinsurance agreement, the reinsurer receives a premium and, in exchange, insures an agreed-upon portion of incurred losses. While these arrangements have the impact of reducing our earned premiums, they also reduce our required capital and are expected to increase our return on required capital for the related policies.
The impact of these programs on our financial results will vary depending on the level of ceded RIF, as well as the levels of prepayments and incurred losses on the reinsured portfolios, among other factors. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Factors Affecting Our Results—Mortgage—Risk
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Distribution” in our 2021 Form 10-K and Note 8 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this report for more information about our reinsurance transactions.
The table below provides information about the amounts by which Radian Guaranty’s reinsurance programs reduced its Minimum Required Assets as of the dates indicated.

PMIERs benefit from risk distribution
($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  | September 30, 2021
PMIERs impact - reduction in Minimum Required Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Excess-of-Loss Program |  | $ | 732,895 |  |  | $ | 995,171 |  |  | $ | 659,151 |
Single Premium QSR Program |  | 243,911 |  |  | 314,183 |  |  | 328,339 |
2022 QSR Agreement |  | 189,408 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
2012 QSR Agreements |  | 9,310 |  |  | 12,541 |  |  | 14,116 |
Total PMIERs impact |  | $ | 1,175,524 |  |  | $ | 1,321,895 |  |  | $ | 1,001,606 |
Percentage of gross Minimum Required Assets |  | 24.0 | % |  | 28.4 | % |  | 22.1 | %

Results of Operations—Consolidated
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Radian Group serves as the holding company for our operating subsidiaries and does not have any operations of its own. Our consolidated operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, and September 30, 2021, primarily reflect the financial results and performance of our two reportable business segments—Mortgage and homegenius. See “Results of Operations—Mortgage” and “Results of Operations—homegenius” for the operating results of these business segments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to the same periods in 2021.
In addition to the results of our operating segments, pretax income (loss) is also affected by those factors described in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Factors Affecting Our Results” in our 2021 Form 10-K.
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The following table summarizes our consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Summary results of operations - Consolidated
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
($ in thousands, except per-share amounts) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned |  | $ | 240,222 |  |  | $ | 249,118 |  |  | $ | (8,896) |  |  | $ | 748,304 |  |  | $ | 775,746 |  |  | $ | (27,442) |
Services revenue |  | 20,146 |  |  | 37,773 |  |  | (17,627) |  |  | 76,775 |  |  | 90,132 |  |  | (13,357) |
Net investment income |  | 51,414 |  |  | 35,960 |  |  | 15,454 |  |  | 136,567 |  |  | 110,502 |  |  | 26,065 |
Net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments |  | (16,252) |  |  | 2,098 |  |  | (18,350) |  |  | (87,578) |  |  | 12,578 |  |  | (100,156) |
Other income |  | 659 |  |  | 809 |  |  | (150) |  |  | 1,934 |  |  | 2,607 |  |  | (673) |
Total revenues |  | 296,189 |  |  | 325,758 |  |  | (29,569) |  |  | 876,002 |  |  | 991,565 |  |  | (115,563) |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for losses |  | (96,964) |  |  | 17,305 |  |  | 114,269 |  |  | (294,640) |  |  | 67,096 |  |  | 361,736 |
Policy acquisition costs |  | 5,442 |  |  | 7,924 |  |  | 2,482 |  |  | 17,987 |  |  | 21,758 |  |  | 3,771 |
Cost of services |  | 18,717 |  |  | 30,520 |  |  | 11,803 |  |  | 66,230 |  |  | 75,381 |  |  | 9,151 |
Other operating expenses |  | 91,327 |  |  | 86,479 |  |  | (4,848) |  |  | 271,363 |  |  | 243,210 |  |  | (28,153) |
Interest expense |  | 21,183 |  |  | 21,027 |  |  | (156) |  |  | 62,860 |  |  | 63,207 |  |  | 347 |
Amortization of other acquired intangible assets |  | 1,023 |  |  | 862 |  |  | (161) |  |  | 2,721 |  |  | 2,587 |  |  | (134) |
Total expenses |  | 40,728 |  |  | 164,117 |  |  | 123,389 |  |  | 126,521 |  |  | 473,239 |  |  | 346,718 |
Pretax income |  | 255,461 |  |  | 161,641 |  |  | 93,820 |  |  | 749,481 |  |  | 518,326 |  |  | 231,155 |
Income tax provision |  | 57,181 |  |  | 35,229 |  |  | (21,952) |  |  | 168,877 |  |  | 111,100 |  |  | (57,777) |
Net income |  | $ | 198,280 |  |  | $ | 126,412 |  |  | $ | 71,868 |  |  | $ | 580,604 |  |  | $ | 407,226 |  |  | $ | 173,378 |
Diluted net income per share |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | 3.34 |  |  | $ | 2.11 |  |  | $ | 1.23 |
Return on equity |  | 20.7 | % |  | 11.8 | % |  | 8.9 | % |  | 19.4 | % |  | 12.7 | % |  | 6.7 | %
Non-GAAP Financial Measures (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted pretax operating income |  | $ | 272,720 |  |  | $ | 160,649 |  |  | $ | 112,071 |  |  | $ | 839,701 |  |  | $ | 512,684 |  |  | $ | 327,017 |
Adjusted diluted net operating income per share |  | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 0.64 |  |  | $ | 3.82 |  |  | $ | 2.10 |  |  | $ | 1.72 |
Adjusted net operating return on equity |  | 22.5 | % |  | 11.8 | % |  | 10.7 | % |  | 22.1 | % |  | 12.6 | % |  | 9.5 | %

(1)See “—Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below.
Revenues
Net Premiums Earned. The decrease in net premiums earned for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same period in 2021, is primarily driven by a decrease in net premiums earned in our title insurance business. See “Results of Operations—homegenius—Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021—Revenues—Net Premiums Earned” for more information. The decrease in net premiums earned for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same period in 2021, is primarily driven by a decrease in net premiums earned in our Mortgage segment. See “Results of Operations—Mortgage—Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021—Revenues—Net Premiums Earned” for more information.
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Services Revenue. Services revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, decreased as compared to the same periods in 2021, primarily driven by the general market decline in mortgage origination volume as well as other market and macroeconomic conditions, as further described in “Overview—Current Operating Environment.” See “Results of Operations—Mortgage—Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021—Revenues—Services Revenue” and “Results of Operations—homegenius—Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021—Revenues—Services Revenue” for more information.
Net Investment Income. The increase in net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same periods in 2021, is primarily attributable to higher market interest rates. See “Overview—Current Operating Environment” and “Results of Operations—Mortgage—Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021—Revenues—Net Investment Income” for more information.
Net Gains (Losses) on Investments and Other Financial Instruments. The increase in net losses on investments and other financial instruments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same periods in 2021, is primarily due to the impact of rising interest rates as well as other market and macroeconomic conditions, as further discussed in “Overview—Current Operating Environment.” See Note 6 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional detail about net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments by investment category.
Expenses
Provision for Losses. The decrease in provision for losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same periods in 2021, is primarily driven by favorable development on prior period defaults, which impacted our mortgage insurance reserves. See “Results of Operations—Mortgage—Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021—Expenses—Provision for Losses” for more information.
Cost of Services. Cost of services for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, decreased as compared to the same periods in 2021, primarily driven by the decrease in services revenue, as discussed above. See “Results of Operations—Mortgage—Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021—Expenses—Cost of Services” and “Results of Operations—homegenius—Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021—Expenses—Cost of Services” for more information.
Other Operating Expenses. The increase in other operating expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same periods in 2021, is primarily due to: (i) an increase in salaries and other base employee expenses; (ii) an increase in other general operating expenses; and (iii) a decrease in ceding commissions. These increases in other operating expenses were partially offset by a net decrease in variable and share-based incentive compensation expense. See “Results of Operations—Mortgage—Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021—Expenses—Other Operating Expenses” and “Results of Operations—homegenius—Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021—Expenses—Other Operating Expenses” for more information.
Income Tax Provision
Variations in our effective tax rates, combined with differences in pretax income, were the drivers of the changes in our income tax provision between periods. Our effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, was 22.4% and 22.5%, respectively, as compared to 21.8% and 21.4% for the same periods in 2021, respectively. Our effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, were higher than the statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the impact of state income taxes and certain permanent book-to-tax adjustments.
Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to the traditional GAAP financial measures, we have presented “adjusted pretax operating income (loss),” “adjusted diluted net operating income (loss) per share” and “adjusted net operating return on equity,” which are non-GAAP financial measures for the consolidated company, among our key performance indicators to evaluate our fundamental financial performance. These non-GAAP financial measures align with the way our business performance is evaluated by both management and by our board of directors. These measures have been established in order to increase transparency for the purposes of evaluating our operating trends and enabling more meaningful comparisons with our peers. Although on a consolidated basis adjusted pretax operating income (loss), adjusted diluted net operating income (loss) per share and adjusted net operating return on equity are non-GAAP financial measures, for the reasons discussed above we believe these measures aid in understanding the underlying performance of our operations.
Total adjusted pretax operating income (loss), adjusted diluted net operating income (loss) per share and adjusted net operating return on equity are not measures of overall profitability, and therefore should not be considered in isolation or
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Table of Contents Glossary Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

viewed as substitutes for GAAP pretax income (loss), diluted net income (loss) per share or return on equity. Our definitions of adjusted pretax operating income (loss), adjusted diluted net operating income (loss) per share and adjusted net operating return on equity, as discussed and reconciled below to the most comparable respective GAAP measures, may not be comparable to similarly-named measures reported by other companies.
Our senior management, including our Chief Executive Officer (Radian’s chief operating decision maker), uses adjusted pretax operating income (loss) as our primary measure to evaluate the fundamental financial performance of the Company’s business segments and to allocate resources to the segments. See Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Consolidated—Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures,” each in our 2021 Form 10-K, for detailed information regarding items excluded from adjusted pretax operating income (loss) and the reasons for their treatment.
Adjusted pretax operating income (loss) is defined as GAAP consolidated pretax income (loss) excluding the effects of: (i) net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments, except for certain investments attributable to our reportable segments; (ii) gains (losses) on extinguishment of debt; (iii) amortization and impairment of goodwill and other acquired intangible assets; and (iv) impairment of other long-lived assets and other non-operating items, such as impairment of internal-use software, gains (losses) from the sale of lines of business and acquisition-related income and expenses.
The following table provides a reconciliation of consolidated pretax income to our non-GAAP financial measure for the consolidated Company of adjusted pretax operating income.

Reconciliation of consolidated pretax income to consolidated adjusted pretax operating income
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Consolidated pretax income |  | $ | 255,461 |  |  | $ | 161,641 |  |  | $ | 749,481 |  |  | $ | 518,326 |
Less income (expense) items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments |  | (16,252) |  |  | 2,098 |  |  | (87,578) |  |  | 12,578 |
Amortization of other acquired intangible assets |  | (1,023) |  |  | (862) |  |  | (2,721) |  |  | (2,587) |
Impairment of other long-lived assets and other non-operating items |  | 16 |  |  | (244) |  |  | 79 |  |  | (4,349) |
Total adjusted pretax operating income (1) |  | $ | 272,720 |  |  | $ | 160,649 |  |  | $ | 839,701 |  |  | $ | 512,684 |

(1)Total adjusted pretax operating income on a consolidated basis consists of adjusted pretax operating income (loss) for our Mortgage segment, homegenius segment and All Other activities, as further detailed in Note 4 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Adjusted diluted net operating income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing (i) adjusted pretax operating income (loss) attributable to common stockholders, net of taxes computed using the Company’s statutory tax rate, by (ii) the sum of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and all dilutive potential common shares outstanding. The following table provides a reconciliation of diluted net income (loss) per share to our non-GAAP financial measure for the consolidated Company of adjusted diluted net operating income (loss) per share.
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Reconciliation of diluted net income per share to adjusted diluted net operating income per share
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Diluted net income per share |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 3.34 |  |  | $ | 2.11 |
Less per-share impact of reconciling income (expense) items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments |  | (0.10) |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | (0.50) |  |  | 0.07 |
Amortization of other acquired intangible assets |  | (0.01) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.02) |  |  | (0.01) |
Impairment of other long-lived assets and other non-operating items |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.02) |
Income tax (provision) benefit on reconciling income (expense) items (1) |  | 0.02 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.11 |  |  | (0.01) |
Difference between statutory and effective tax rates |  | (0.02) |  |  | (0.01) |  |  | (0.07) |  |  | (0.02) |
Per-share impact of reconciling income (expense) items |  | (0.11) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.48) |  |  | 0.01 |
Adjusted diluted net operating income per share (1) |  | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 3.82 |  |  | $ | 2.10 |

(1)Calculated using the Company’s federal statutory tax rate of 21%. Any permanent tax adjustments and state income taxes on these items have been deemed immaterial and are not included.
Adjusted net operating return on equity is calculated by dividing annualized adjusted pretax operating income (loss), net of taxes computed using the Company’s statutory tax rate, by average stockholders’ equity, based on the average of the beginning and ending balances for each period presented. The following table provides a reconciliation of return on equity to our non-GAAP financial measure for the consolidated Company of adjusted net operating return on equity.

Reconciliation of return on equity to adjusted net operating return on equity
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Return on equity (1) |  | 20.7 | % |  | 11.8 | % |  | 19.4 | % |  | 12.7 | %
Less impact of reconciling income (expense) items (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments |  | (1.7) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (2.9) |  |  | 0.4 |
Amortization of other acquired intangible assets |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |
Impairment of other long-lived assets and other non-operating items |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |
Income tax (provision) benefit on reconciling income (expense) items (3) |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |
Difference between statutory and effective tax rates |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.1) |
Impact of reconciling income (expense) items |  | (1.8) |  |  | — |  |  | (2.7) |  |  | 0.1 |
Adjusted net operating return on equity (3) |  | 22.5 | % |  | 11.8 | % |  | 22.1 | % |  | 12.6 | %

(1)Calculated by dividing annualized net income (loss) by average stockholders’ equity, based on the average of the beginning and ending balances for each period presented.
(2)Annualized, as a percentage of average stockholders’ equity.
(3)Calculated using the Company’s federal statutory tax rate of 21%. Any permanent tax adjustments and state income taxes on these items have been deemed immaterial and are not included.
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Results of Operations—Mortgage
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
The following table summarizes our Mortgage segment’s results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Summary results of operations - Mortgage
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums written |  | $ | 235,076 |  |  | $ | 228,116 |  |  | $ | 6,960 |  |  | $ | 732,081 |  |  | $ | 706,017 |  |  | $ | 26,064 |
(Increase) decrease in unearned premiums |  | 121 |  |  | 8,751 |  |  | (8,630) |  |  | (4,801) |  |  | 42,600 |  |  | (47,401) |
Net premiums earned |  | 235,197 |  |  | 236,867 |  |  | (1,670) |  |  | 727,280 |  |  | 748,617 |  |  | (21,337) |
Services revenue |  | 405 |  |  | 5,027 |  |  | (4,622) |  |  | 7,062 |  |  | 13,110 |  |  | (6,048) |
Net investment income |  | 44,842 |  |  | 32,158 |  |  | 12,684 |  |  | 119,056 |  |  | 99,013 |  |  | 20,043 |
Other income |  | 589 |  |  | 607 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 1,864 |  |  | 2,017 |  |  | (153) |
Total revenues |  | 281,033 |  |  | 274,659 |  |  | 6,374 |  |  | 855,262 |  |  | 862,757 |  |  | (7,495) |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for losses |  | (97,493) |  |  | 16,794 |  |  | 114,287 |  |  | (295,865) |  |  | 65,997 |  |  | 361,862 |
Policy acquisition costs |  | 5,442 |  |  | 7,924 |  |  | 2,482 |  |  | 17,987 |  |  | 21,758 |  |  | 3,771 |
Cost of services |  | 373 |  |  | 3,865 |  |  | 3,492 |  |  | 5,716 |  |  | 10,218 |  |  | 4,502 |
Other operating expenses |  | 55,853 |  |  | 59,829 |  |  | 3,976 |  |  | 174,528 |  |  | 166,605 |  |  | (7,923) |
Interest expense |  | 21,183 |  |  | 21,027 |  |  | (156) |  |  | 62,860 |  |  | 63,207 |  |  | 347 |
Total expenses |  | (14,642) |  |  | 109,439 |  |  | 124,081 |  |  | (34,774) |  |  | 327,785 |  |  | 362,559 |
Adjusted pretax operating income (1) |  | $ | 295,675 |  |  | $ | 165,220 |  |  | $ | 130,455 |  |  | $ | 890,036 |  |  | $ | 534,972 |  |  | $ | 355,064 |

(1)Our senior management uses adjusted pretax operating income as our primary measure to evaluate the fundamental financial performance of our business segments. See Note 4 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
Revenues
Net Premiums Earned. Net premiums earned decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to: (i) a decrease in the impact, net of reinsurance, from Single Premium Policy cancellations due to lower refinance activity and (ii) a decrease in premiums earned on our Monthly Premium Policies due to lower average premium yields. These items were partially offset by an increase in the profit commission retained by the Company, due to favorable reserve development in the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
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The table below provides additional information about the components of mortgage insurance net premiums earned for the periods indicated, including the effects of our reinsurance programs.

Net premiums earned |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
($ in thousands, except as otherwise indicated) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021
Direct |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums earned, excluding revenue from cancellations |  | $ | 250,140 |  |  | $ | 239,786 |  |  | $ | 10,354 |  |  | $ | 743,676 |  |  | $ | 739,768 |  |  | $ | 3,908 |
Single Premium Policy cancellations |  | 6,705 |  |  | 25,592 |  |  | (18,887) |  |  | 28,295 |  |  | 95,694 |  |  | (67,399) |
Direct |  | 256,845 |  |  | 265,378 |  |  | (8,533) |  |  | 771,971 |  |  | 835,462 |  |  | (63,491) |
Assumed (1) |  | 1,211 |  |  | 1,683 |  |  | (472) |  |  | 4,081 |  |  | 5,596 |  |  | (1,515) |
Ceded |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums earned, excluding revenue from cancellations |  | (38,879) |  |  | (27,662) |  |  | (11,217) |  |  | (94,783) |  |  | (80,359) |  |  | (14,424) |
Single Premium Policy cancellations (2) |  | (1,844) |  |  | (7,338) |  |  | 5,494 |  |  | (8,001) |  |  | (27,483) |  |  | 19,482 |
Profit commission—other (3) |  | 17,864 |  |  | 4,806 |  |  | 13,058 |  |  | 54,012 |  |  | 15,401 |  |  | 38,611 |
Ceded premiums, net of profit commission |  | (22,859) |  |  | (30,194) |  |  | 7,335 |  |  | (48,772) |  |  | (92,441) |  |  | 43,669 |
Total net premiums earned |  | $ | 235,197 |  |  | $ | 236,867 |  |  | $ | (1,670) |  |  | $ | 727,280 |  |  | $ | 748,617 |  |  | $ | (21,337) |
In force portfolio premium yield (in basis points) (4) |  | 39.2 |  |  | 40.3 |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | 39.5 |  |  | 40.7 |  |  | (1.2) |
Direct premium yield (in basis points) (5) |  | 40.2 |  |  | 44.6 |  |  | (4.4) |  |  | 41.0 |  |  | 46.0 |  |  | (5.0) |
Net premium yield (in basis points) (6) |  | 36.7 |  |  | 39.6 |  |  | (2.9) |  |  | 38.4 |  |  | 40.9 |  |  | (2.5) |
Average primary IIF (in billions) (7) |  | $ | 256.7 |  |  | $ | 239.4 |  |  | $ | 17.3 |  |  | $ | 252.5 |  |  | $ | 243.9 |  |  | $ | 8.6 |

(1)Includes premiums earned from our participation in certain credit risk transfer programs.
(2)Includes the impact of related profit commissions.
(3)Represents the profit commission from the Single Premium QSR Program and 2022 QSR Agreement, excluding the impact of Single Premium Policy cancellations.
(4)Calculated by dividing annualized direct premiums earned, including assumed revenue and excluding revenue from cancellations, by average primary IIF.
(5)Calculated by dividing annualized direct premiums earned, including assumed revenue, by average primary IIF.
(6)Calculated by dividing annualized net premiums earned by average primary IIF.
(7)The average of beginning and ending balances of primary IIF, for each period presented.
The level of mortgage prepayments affects the revenue ultimately produced by our mortgage insurance business and is influenced by the mix of business we write. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Factors Affecting Our Results—Mortgage—IIF and Related Drivers” in our 2021 Form 10-K for more information.
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The following table provides information related to the impact of our reinsurance transactions on premiums earned. See Note 8 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our reinsurance programs.

Ceded premiums earned
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Single Premium QSR Program |  | $ | (3,465) |  | (1) | $ | 12,752 |  |  | $ | (15,493) |  | (1) | $ | 44,694 |
Excess-of-Loss Program |  | 22,184 |  |  | 16,581 |  |  | 59,064 |  |  | 44,336 |
2022 QSR Agreement |  | 3,694 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,694 |  |  | — |
Other |  | 446 |  |  | 861 |  |  | 1,507 |  |  | 3,411 |
Total ceded premiums earned (2) |  | $ | 22,859 |  |  | $ | 30,194 |  |  | $ | 48,772 |  |  | $ | 92,441 |
Percentage of total direct and assumed premiums earned |  | 8.6 | % |  | 10.8 | % |  | 6.1 | % |  | 10.7 | %

(1)Includes the increase in the profit commission retained by the Company due to favorable reserve development in 2022 periods. See “—Expenses—Provision for Losses” below for additional information on the favorable reserve development.
(2)Does not include the benefit from ceding commissions from the reinsurance agreements in our QSR Program, which is primarily included in other operating expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Note 8 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Services Revenue. Services revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, decreased as compared to the same periods in 2021, primarily driven by the termination of a contract with a large fulfillment customer as well as a decrease in demand for our contract underwriting services as a result of the general market decline in mortgage origination volume. For more information on recent macroeconomic stresses see “Overview—Current Operating Environment.”
Net Investment Income. Increasing yields from higher interest rates were the primary driver of the increases in net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same periods in 2021.
The following table provides information related to our Mortgage subsidiaries’ investment balances and investment yields.

Investment balances and yields
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021
Investment income |  | $ | 46,406 |  |  | $ | 33,633 |  |  | $ | 12,773 |  |  | $ | 123,627 |  |  | $ | 103,665 |  |  | $ | 19,962 |
Investment expenses |  | (1,564) |  |  | (1,475) |  |  | (89) |  |  | (4,571) |  |  | (4,652) |  |  | 81 |
Net investment income |  | $ | 44,842 |  |  | $ | 32,158 |  |  | $ | 12,684 |  |  | $ | 119,056 |  |  | $ | 99,013 |  |  | $ | 20,043 |
Average investments (1) |  | $ | 5,613,010 |  |  | $ | 5,704,427 |  |  | $ | (91,417) |  |  | $ | 5,729,948 |  |  | $ | 5,587,746 |  |  | $ | 142,202 |
Average investment yield (2) |  | 3.2 | % |  | 2.3 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | 2.4 | % |  | 0.4 | %

(1) The average of the beginning and ending amortized cost, for each period presented, of investments held by our Mortgage subsidiaries.
(2) Calculated by dividing annualized net investment income by average investments balance.
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Table of Contents Glossary Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Expenses
Provision for Losses. The following table details the financial impact of the significant components of our provision for losses for the periods indicated.

Provision for losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
($ in thousands, except reserve per new default) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021
Current period defaults (1) |  | $ | 39,191 |  |  | $ | 33,307 |  |  | $ | (5,884) |  |  | $ | 115,159 |  |  | $ | 119,824 |  |  | $ | 4,665 |
Prior period defaults (2) |  | (136,684) |  |  | (16,513) |  |  | 120,171 |  |  | (411,024) |  |  | (53,827) |  |  | 357,197 |
Total provision for losses |  | $ | (97,493) |  |  | $ | 16,794 |  |  | $ | 114,287 |  |  | $ | (295,865) |  |  | $ | 65,997 |  |  | $ | 361,862 |
Loss ratio (3) |  | (41.5) | % |  | 7.1 | % |  | 48.6 | % |  | (40.7) | % |  | 8.8 | % |  | 49.5 | %
Reserve per new default (4) |  | $ | 4,082 |  |  | $ | 4,096 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 4,265 |  |  | $ | 4,260 |  |  | $ | (5) |

(1)Related to defaulted loans with the most recent default notice dated in the period indicated. For example, if a loan had defaulted in a prior period, but then subsequently cured and later re-defaulted in the current period, the default would be considered a current period default.
(2)Related to defaulted loans with a default notice dated in a period earlier than the period indicated, which have been continuously in default since that time.
(3)Provision for losses as a percentage of net premiums earned. See “—Revenues—Net Premiums Earned” above for additional information on the changes in net premiums earned.
(4)Calculated by dividing provision for losses for new defaults, net of reinsurance, by new primary defaults for each period.
Our mortgage insurance provision for losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, decreased by $114.3 million and $361.9 million, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2021. Current period new primary defaults increased by 18.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2022, and decreased by 4.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, each as compared to the same periods in 2021, as shown below. Our gross Default to Claim Rate assumption for new primary defaults was 8.0% at both September 30, 2022 and 2021, as we continue to closely monitor the trends in Cures and claims paid for our default inventory, while also weighing the risks and uncertainties associated with the current economic environment.
Our provision for losses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, benefited from favorable reserve development on prior period defaults, primarily as a result of more favorable trends in Cures than originally estimated due to favorable outcomes resulting from mortgage forbearance programs implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as positive trends in home price appreciation. These favorable observed trends resulted in reductions in our Default to Claim Rate assumptions for prior year default notices, particularly for those defaults first reported in 2020 following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. See Note 11 herein for additional information, as well as Notes 1 and 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2021 Form 10-K.
Our primary default rate as a percentage of total insured loans at September 30, 2022, was 2.1% compared to 2.9% at December 31, 2021. The following table shows a rollforward of our primary loans in default.

Rollforward of primary loans in default
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning default inventory |  | 21,861 |  |  | 40,464 |  |  | 29,061 |  |  | 55,537 |
New defaults |  | 9,601 |  |  | 8,132 |  |  | 27,003 |  |  | 28,128 |
Cures |  | (10,222) |  |  | (14,475) |  |  | (34,563) |  |  | (49,293) |
Claims paid |  | (141) |  |  | (321) |  |  | (352) |  |  | (562) |
Rescissions and Claim Denials (1) |  | (22) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (72) |  |  | (15) |
Ending default inventory |  | 21,077 |  |  | 33,795 |  |  | 21,077 |  |  | 33,795 |

(1)Net of any previous Rescissions and Claim Denials that were reinstated during the period. Such reinstated Rescissions and Claim Denials may ultimately result in a paid claim.
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The following tables show additional information about our primary loans in default as of the dates indicated.

Primary loans in default - additional information
|  | September 30, 2022
|  | Total |  | Foreclosure Stage Defaulted Loans |  | Cure % During the 3rd Quarter |  | Reserve for Losses |  | % of Reserve
($ in thousands) |  | # |  | % |  | # |  | % |  | $ |  | %
Missed payments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three payments or less |  | 7,916 |  |  | 37.5 | % |  | 17 |  |  | 38.0 | % |  | $ | 68,988 |  |  | 15.2 | %
Four to eleven payments |  | 6,514 |  |  | 30.9 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 30.5 |  |  | 119,597 |  |  | 26.3 |
Twelve payments or more |  | 6,337 |  |  | 30.1 |  |  | 736 |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | 250,749 |  |  | 55.1 |
Pending claims |  | 310 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | N/A |  | 26.7 |  |  | 15,392 |  |  | 3.4 |
Total |  | 21,077 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 910 |  |  |  |  | 454,726 |  |  | 100.0 | %
LAE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,443 |  |  |
IBNR |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,229 |  |  |
Total primary reserve (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 468,398 |  |  |

|  | December 31, 2021
|  | Total |  | Foreclosure Stage Defaulted Loans |  | Cure % During the 4th Quarter |  | Reserve for Losses |  | % of Reserve
($ in thousands) |  | # |  | % |  | # |  | % |  | $ |  | %
Missed payments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three payments or less |  | 7,267 |  |  | 25.0 | % |  | 47 |  |  | 39.4 | % |  | $ | 62,103 |  |  | 7.9 | %
Four to eleven payments |  | 8,088 |  |  | 27.8 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 27.6 |  |  | 146,872 |  |  | 18.6 |
Twelve payments or more |  | 13,389 |  |  | 46.1 |  |  | 784 |  |  | 29.0 |  |  | 565,192 |  |  | 71.5 |
Pending claims |  | 317 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | N/A |  | 10.4 |  |  | 16,213 |  |  | 2.0 |
Total |  | 29,061 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 915 |  |  |  |  | 790,380 |  |  | 100.0 | %
LAE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19,859 |  |  |
IBNR |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,886 |  |  |
Total primary reserve (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 813,125 |  |  |

N/A – Not applicable
(1) Excludes pool and other reserves. See Note 11 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
We develop our Default to Claim Rate estimates based primarily on models that use a variety of loan characteristics to determine the likelihood that a default will reach claim status. See Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for additional details about our Default to Claim Rate assumptions.
Our aggregate weighted average net Default to Claim Rate assumption for our primary loans used in estimating our reserve for losses, which is net of estimated Claim Denials and Rescissions, was approximately 37% at September 30, 2022, compared to 46% at December 31, 2021. See Note 11 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding our reserves for losses and a reconciliation of our Mortgage segment’s beginning and ending reserves for losses and LAE.
We considered the sensitivity of our loss reserve estimates at September 30, 2022, by assessing the potential changes resulting from a parallel shift in Claim Severity and Default to Claim Rate for primary loans. For example, assuming all other factors remain constant, for every one percentage point absolute change in primary Claim Severity for our primary insurance risk exposure (which we estimated to be 99% of our risk exposure at each of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021), we estimated that our total loss reserve at September 30, 2022, would change by approximately $4.6 million. Assuming the portfolio mix and all other factors remain constant, for every one percentage point absolute change in our primary net Default to Claim Rate, we estimated a $12.2 million change in our primary loss reserve at September 30, 2022.
Although expected claims are included in our reserve for losses, the timing of claims paid is subject to fluctuation from quarter to quarter based on the rate that defaults cure and other factors, including the impact of foreclosure moratoriums (as described in “Item 1. Business—Mortgage—Defaults and Claims” in our 2021 Form 10-K) that make the timing of paid claims difficult to predict.
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Table of Contents Glossary Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following table shows net claims paid by product and the average claim paid by product for the periods indicated.

Claims paid
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net claims paid (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary |  | $ | 3,606 |  |  | $ | 5,330 |  |  | $ | 12,418 |  |  | $ | 16,811 |
Pool and other |  | (420) |  |  | 991 |  |  | (1,231) |  |  | 204 |
Subtotal |  | 3,186 |  |  | 6,321 |  |  | 11,187 |  |  | 17,015 |
Impact of commutations and settlements |  | 1,317 |  |  | 3,915 |  |  | 1,317 |  |  | 7,915 |
Total net claims paid |  | $ | 4,503 |  |  | $ | 10,236 |  |  | $ | 12,504 |  |  | $ | 24,930 |
Total average net primary claim paid (1) (2) |  | $ | 45.1 |  |  | $ | 42.0 |  |  | $ | 42.5 |  |  | $ | 44.1 |
Average direct primary claim paid (2) (3) |  | $ | 45.2 |  |  | $ | 43.2 |  |  | $ | 42.9 |  |  | $ | 45.6 |

(1)Net of reinsurance recoveries.
(2)Calculated without giving effect to the impact of commutations and settlements.
(3)Before reinsurance recoveries.
Cost of Services. Cost of services for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, decreased as compared to the same periods in 2021, primarily due to the decrease in services revenue, as discussed above. Our cost of services is primarily affected by our level of services revenue.
Other Operating Expenses. The decrease in other operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same period in 2021, is primarily related to a decrease in variable and share-based incentive compensation expense, including as part of allocated corporate operating expenses. The increase in other operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same period in 2021, primarily reflects a decrease in ceding commissions, due primarily to a decline in Single Premium Policy cancellations covered by our Single Premium QSR Program. This increase in other operating expenses is partially offset by a net decrease in variable and share-based incentive compensation expense.
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Table of Contents Glossary Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following table shows additional information about Mortgage other operating expenses.

Other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
($ in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021
Direct |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and other base employee expenses |  | $ | 13,275 |  |  | $ | 12,068 |  |  | $ | (1,207) |  |  | $ | 37,059 |  |  | $ | 37,397 |  |  | $ | 338 |
Variable and share-based incentive compensation |  | 3,550 |  |  | 6,257 |  |  | 2,707 |  |  | 13,220 |  |  | 15,218 |  |  | 1,998 |
Other general operating expenses |  | 10,843 |  |  | 13,180 |  |  | 2,337 |  |  | 33,411 |  |  | 39,642 |  |  | 6,231 |
Ceding commissions |  | (4,273) |  |  | (5,638) |  |  | (1,365) |  |  | (11,066) |  |  | (19,828) |  |  | (8,762) |
Total direct |  | 23,395 |  |  | 25,867 |  |  | 2,472 |  |  | 72,624 |  |  | 72,429 |  |  | (195) |
Allocated (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and other base employee expenses |  | 10,549 |  |  | 10,617 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 33,374 |  |  | $ | 31,150 |  |  | (2,224) |
Variable and share-based incentive compensation |  | 6,636 |  |  | 10,886 |  |  | 4,250 |  |  | 25,187 |  |  | 26,108 |  |  | 921 |
Other general operating expenses |  | 15,273 |  |  | 12,459 |  |  | (2,814) |  |  | 43,343 |  |  | 36,918 |  |  | (6,425) |
Total allocated |  | 32,458 |  |  | 33,962 |  |  | 1,504 |  |  | 101,904 |  |  | 94,176 |  |  | (7,728) |
Total other operating expenses |  | $ | 55,853 |  |  | $ | 59,829 |  |  | $ | 3,976 |  |  | $ | 174,528 |  |  | $ | 166,605 |  |  | $ | (7,923) |
Expense ratio (2) |  | 26.1 | % |  | 28.6 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  | 26.5 | % |  | 25.2 | % |  | (1.3) | %

(1)See Note 4 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our allocation of corporate operating expenses.
(2)Operating expenses (which include policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses, as well as allocated corporate operating expenses), expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned. See “—Revenues—Net Premiums Earned” above for additional information on the changes in net premiums earned.
Results of Operations—homegenius
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
The following table summarizes our homegenius segment’s results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. As discussed in “Overview—Current Operating Environment,” the macroeconomic stresses beginning in the second quarter of 2022 impacted our homegenius business, including in particular a decrease in our title revenues due to the rapid decline in industrywide refinance volumes. We expect this trend to continue to impact the results of our homegenius segment in at least the near-term based on current market conditions and our expectation that overall refinance volumes will remain low.
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Table of Contents Glossary Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Summary results of operations - homegenius
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned |  | $ | 5,025 |  |  | $ | 12,251 |  |  | $ | (7,226) |  |  | $ | 21,024 |  |  | $ | 27,129 |  |  | $ | (6,105) |
Services revenue |  | 19,812 |  |  | 32,805 |  |  | (12,993) |  |  | 69,951 |  |  | 77,105 |  |  | (7,154) |
Net investment income |  | 246 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 260 |
Total revenues |  | 25,083 |  |  | 45,091 |  |  | (20,008) |  |  | 91,338 |  |  | 104,337 |  |  | (12,999) |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for losses |  | 435 |  |  | 540 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 1,225 |  |  | 1,171 |  |  | (54) |
Cost of services |  | 18,344 |  |  | 26,646 |  |  | 8,302 |  |  | 60,514 |  |  | 65,107 |  |  | 4,593 |
Other operating expenses |  | 31,840 |  |  | 23,462 |  |  | (8,378) |  |  | 86,331 |  |  | 63,267 |  |  | (23,064) |
Total expenses |  | 50,619 |  |  | 50,648 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 148,070 |  |  | 129,545 |  |  | (18,525) |
Adjusted pretax operating income (loss) (1) |  | $ | (25,536) |  |  | $ | (5,557) |  |  | $ | (19,979) |  |  | $ | (56,732) |  |  | $ | (25,208) |  |  | $ | (31,524) |

(1)Our senior management uses adjusted pretax operating income (loss) as our primary measure to evaluate the fundamental financial performance of each of our business segments. See Note 4 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Revenues
Net Premiums Earned. Net premiums earned for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, decreased as compared to the same periods in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in new title policies written and closed orders in our title insurance business.
Services Revenue. Services revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, decreased as compared to the same periods in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in title services revenues resulting from the recent macroeconomic stresses, as described above. See Note 4 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the disaggregation of services revenue by revenue type.
Expenses
Cost of Services. Cost of services for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, decreased as compared to the same periods in 2021, primarily due to the decrease in services revenue. Our cost of services is primarily affected by our level of services revenue and the number of employees providing those services.
Other Operating Expenses. The increase in other operating expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same periods in 2021, primarily reflects continued strategic investments focused on our title and digital real estate businesses, including an increase in staffing levels resulting in higher salaries and other base employee expenses.
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Table of Contents Glossary Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following table shows additional information about homegenius other operating expenses.

Other operating expenses
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021
Direct |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and other base employee expenses |  | $ | 11,572 |  |  | $ | 5,415 |  |  | $ | (6,157) |  |  | $ | 30,461 |  |  | $ | 17,395 |  |  | $ | (13,066) |
Variable and share-based incentive compensation |  | 3,312 |  |  | 4,652 |  |  | 1,340 |  |  | 10,721 |  |  | 11,302 |  |  | 581 |
Other general operating expenses |  | 9,549 |  |  | 6,210 |  |  | (3,339) |  |  | 23,846 |  |  | 15,502 |  |  | (8,344) |
Title agent commissions |  | 1,850 |  |  | 2,267 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 4,748 |  |  | 5,433 |  |  | 685 |
Total direct |  | 26,283 |  |  | 18,544 |  |  | (7,739) |  |  | 69,776 |  |  | 49,632 |  |  | (20,144) |
Allocated (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and other base employee expenses |  | 2,507 |  |  | 1,560 |  |  | (947) |  |  | 6,180 |  |  | 4,571 |  |  | (1,609) |
Variable and share-based incentive compensation |  | 441 |  |  | 1,586 |  |  | 1,145 |  |  | 3,330 |  |  | 3,806 |  |  | 476 |
Other general operating expenses |  | 2,609 |  |  | 1,772 |  |  | (837) |  |  | 7,045 |  |  | 5,258 |  |  | (1,787) |
Total allocated |  | 5,557 |  |  | 4,918 |  |  | (639) |  |  | 16,555 |  |  | 13,635 |  |  | (2,920) |
Total other operating expenses |  | $ | 31,840 |  |  | $ | 23,462 |  |  | $ | (8,378) |  |  | $ | 86,331 |  |  | $ | 63,267 |  |  | $ | (23,064) |

(1)See Note 4 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our allocation of corporate operating expenses.
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Table of Contents Glossary Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Results of Operations—All Other
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022, Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
The following table summarizes our All Other results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Summary results of operations - All Other
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 vs. 2021
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services revenue |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | (27) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | (124) |
Net investment income |  | 6,326 |  |  | 3,767 |  |  | 2,559 |  |  | 17,148 |  |  | 11,386 |  |  | 5,762 |
Other income |  | 70 |  |  | 202 |  |  | (132) |  |  | 70 |  |  | 590 |  |  | (520) |
Total revenues |  | 6,396 |  |  | 3,996 |  |  | 2,400 |  |  | 17,218 |  |  | 12,100 |  |  | 5,118 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | 56 |
Other operating expenses |  | 3,815 |  |  | 3,001 |  |  | (814) |  |  | 10,821 |  |  | 9,124 |  |  | (1,697) |
Total expenses |  | 3,815 |  |  | 3,010 |  |  | (805) |  |  | 10,821 |  |  | 9,180 |  |  | (1,641) |
Adjusted pretax operating income (1) |  | $ | 2,581 |  |  | $ | 986 |  |  | $ | 1,595 |  |  | $ | 6,397 |  |  | $ | 2,920 |  |  | $ | 3,477 |

(1)Our senior management uses adjusted pretax operating income (loss) as our primary measure to evaluate the fundamental financial performance of each of our business segments. See Note 4 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
In July 2022, we announced the launch of Radian Mortgage Capital, a mortgage conduit formed to provide residential mortgage lenders with an additional secondary-market option to sell eligible loans to us and to provide mortgage investors with another known sponsor. Subject to market conditions, Radian Mortgage Capital plans to leverage our lender relationships to aggregate residential mortgage loans, which Radian Mortgage Capital expects to then distribute into the capital markets through private label securitizations or sell directly to mortgage investors, with the option to retain and manage structured components of the underlying credit risk where we see value. Consistent with our stated strategy, Radian Mortgage Capital expands our capabilities to participate in the mortgage market to aggregate, manage and distribute residential mortgage credit risk.
Radian Mortgage Capital’s financial results are part of this All Other category. As of September 30, 2022, Radian Mortgage Capital had entered into commitments to purchase an immaterial amount of loans, which were acquired in October 2022.
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Table of Contents Glossary Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Consolidated Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities.

Summary cash flows - Consolidated
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | 282,148 |  |  | $ | 403,304 |
Investing activities |  | 48,556 |  |  | (33,984) |
Financing activities |  | (427,516) |  |  | (306,891) |
Increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash |  | $ | (96,812) |  |  | $ | 62,429 |

Operating Activities. Our most significant source of operating cash flows is from premiums received from our mortgage insurance policies, while our most significant uses of operating cash flows are typically for our operating expenses and claims paid on our mortgage insurance policies. The $121.2 million decline in cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same period in 2021, was principally due to: (i) higher purchases of U.S. Mortgage Guaranty Tax and Loss Bonds; (ii) higher payments for other operating expenses, primarily related to incentive compensation; and (iii) lower direct premiums written, due primarily to lower Single Premium Policy NIW resulting from reduced refinancing activity.
Investing Activities. Net cash provided by investing activities was $48.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to net cash used in investing activities of $34.0 million for the same period in 2021. This change was primarily the result of an increase in sales and redemptions, net of purchases, of short-term investments, and a decrease in purchases of equity securities, partially offset by a decrease in proceeds and redemptions, net of purchases on fixed-maturity investments available for sale.
Financing Activities. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, our primary financing activities impacting cash included: (i) repurchases of our common stock; (ii) payment of dividends and dividend equivalents; and (iii) net changes in secured borrowings. See Notes 12 and 14 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our borrowings and share repurchases, respectively.
See “Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)—Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)” for additional information.
Liquidity Analysis—Holding Company
Radian Group serves as the holding company for our operating subsidiaries and does not have any operations of its own. At September 30, 2022, Radian Group had available, either directly or through unregulated subsidiaries, unrestricted cash and liquid investments of $572.6 million. Available liquidity at September 30, 2022, excludes certain additional cash and liquid investments that have been advanced to Radian Group from its subsidiaries to pay for corporate expenses and interest payments. Total liquidity, which includes our undrawn $275.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility, as described below, was $847.6 million as of September 30, 2022.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, Radian Group’s available liquidity decreased by $32.3 million, due primarily to share repurchases and payments for dividends, as described below, partially offset by a $500 million return of capital from Radian Guaranty to Radian Group paid in February 2022.
In addition to available cash and marketable securities, Radian Group’s principal sources of cash to fund future liquidity needs include: (i) payments made to Radian Group by its subsidiaries under expense- and tax-sharing arrangements; (ii) net investment income earned on its cash and marketable securities; (iii) to the extent available, dividends or other distributions from its subsidiaries; and (iv) amounts, if any, that Radian Guaranty is able to repay under the Surplus Note due 2027.
Radian Group also has in place a $275.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility with a syndicate of bank lenders. Subject to certain limitations, borrowings under the revolving credit facility may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including, without limitation, capital contributions to our insurance subsidiaries as well as growth initiatives. At September 30, 2022, the full $275.0 million remains undrawn and available under the facility. See Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on the unsecured revolving credit facility.
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In connection with the recent launch of our mortgage conduit, Radian Group has entered into two Parent Guarantees to guaranty the obligations of certain of its subsidiaries in connection with two separate $300 million mortgage loan repurchase facilities. Under these Parent Guarantees, Radian Group is subject to negative and affirmative covenants customary for this type of financing transaction, including compliance with financial covenants that are generally consistent with the comparable covenants in the Company’s revolving credit facility. See Note 12 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
We expect Radian Group’s principal liquidity demands for the next 12 months to be: (i) the payment of corporate expenses, including taxes; (ii) interest payments on our outstanding debt obligations; (iii) the payment of quarterly dividends on our common stock, which we increased in February 2022 from $0.14 to $0.20 per share and which remains subject to approval by our board of directors and our ongoing assessment of our financial condition and potential needs related to the execution and implementation of our business plans and strategies; (iv) the potential continued repurchases of shares of our common stock pursuant to share repurchase authorizations, as described below; (v) investments to support our business strategy, including capital contributions to our subsidiaries; and (vi) potential payments pursuant to the Parent Guarantees.
In addition to our ongoing short-term liquidity needs discussed above, our most significant need for liquidity beyond the next 12 months is the repayment of $1.4 billion aggregate principal amount of our senior debt due in future years. See “—Capitalization—Holding Company” below for details of our debt maturity profile. Radian Group’s liquidity demands for the next 12 months or in future periods could also include: (i) early repurchases or redemptions of portions of our debt obligations and (ii) additional investments to support our business strategy, including additional capital contributions to our subsidiaries. For additional information about related risks and uncertainties, see “—Radian Group’s sources of liquidity may be insufficient to fund its obligations” and “—Radian Guaranty may fail to maintain its eligibility status with the GSEs, and the additional capital required to support Radian Guaranty’s eligibility could reduce our available liquidity” under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2021 Form 10-K.
We believe that Radian Group has sufficient current sources of liquidity to fund its obligations. If we otherwise decide to increase our liquidity position, Radian Group may seek additional capital, including by incurring additional debt, issuing additional equity, or selling assets, which we may not be able to do on favorable terms, if at all.
Share Repurchases. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company repurchased 19.5 million shares of Radian Group common stock under programs authorized by Radian Group’s board of directors, at a total cost of $399.2 million, including commissions. See Note 14 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details on our share repurchase program.
Dividends and Dividend Equivalents. On February 9, 2022, Radian Group’s board of directors authorized an increase to the Company’s quarterly dividend from $0.14 to $0.20 per share. Based on our current outstanding shares of common stock and RSUs, we expect to require approximately $126 million in the aggregate to pay dividends and dividend equivalents for the next 12 months. So long as no default or event of default exists under its revolving credit facility or the Parent Guarantees, Radian Group is not subject to any limitations on its ability to pay dividends except those generally applicable to corporations that are incorporated in Delaware. See Note 12 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details. The declaration and payment of future quarterly dividends remains subject to the board of directors’ determination.
Corporate Expenses and Interest Expense. Radian Group has expense-sharing arrangements in place with its principal operating subsidiaries that require those subsidiaries to pay their allocated share of certain holding-company-level expenses, including interest payments on Radian Group’s outstanding debt obligations. Corporate expenses and interest expense on Radian Group’s debt obligations allocated under these arrangements during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, of $119.6 million and $61.9 million, respectively, were substantially all reimbursed by its subsidiaries. We expect substantially all of our holding company expenses to continue to be reimbursed by our subsidiaries under our expense-sharing arrangements. The expense-sharing arrangements between Radian Group and its mortgage insurance subsidiaries, as amended, have been approved by the Pennsylvania Insurance Department, but such approval may be modified or revoked at any time.
Taxes. Pursuant to our tax-sharing agreements, our operating subsidiaries pay Radian Group an amount equal to any federal income tax the subsidiary would have paid on a standalone basis if they were not part of our consolidated tax return. As a result, from time to time, under the provisions of our tax-sharing agreements, Radian Group may pay to or receive from its operating subsidiaries amounts that differ from Radian Group’s consolidated federal tax payment obligatio n. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, Radian Group received $22.3 million of tax-sharing agreement payments from its operating subsidiaries.
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Capitalization—Holding Company
The following table presents our holding company capital structure.

Capital structure
(In thousands, except per-share amounts and ratios) |  | September 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Debt |  |  |  |
Senior Notes due 2024 |  | $ | 450,000 |  |  | $ | 450,000 |
Senior Notes due 2025 |  | 525,000 |  |  | 525,000 |
Senior Notes due 2027 |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |
Deferred debt costs on senior notes |  | (12,527) |  |  | (15,527) |
Revolving credit facility |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 1,412,473 |  |  | 1,409,473 |
Stockholders’ equity |  | 3,738,050 |  |  | 4,258,796 |
Total capitalization |  | $ | 5,150,523 |  |  | $ | 5,668,269 |
Debt-to-capital ratio |  | 27.4 | % |  | 24.9 | %
Shares outstanding |  | 157,058 |  |  | 175,421 |
Book value per share |  | $ | 23.80 |  |  | $ | 24.28 |

Stockholders’ equity decreased by $520.7 million from December 31, 2021, to September 30, 2022. The net decrease in stockholders’ equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, resulted primarily from net unrealized losses in available for sale securities of $622.4 million as a result of an increase in market interest rates during the period, share repurchases of $399.2 million and dividends of $104.7 million, partially offset by our net income of $580.6 million. Given our intent and ability as of September 30, 2022, to hold these securities until recovery of their amortized cost basis, we do not expect to realize a loss on any of our investments in an unrealized loss position.
The decrease in book value per share from $24.28 at December 31, 2021, to $23.80 at September 30, 2022, is primarily due to: (i) a decrease of $3.55 per share due to unrealized losses in our available for sale securities, recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and (ii) a decrease of $0.60 per share attributable to dividends and dividend equivalents. Partially offsetting these items was an increase of $3.31 per share attributable to our net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and an increase of $0.34 attributable to the net impact of our share repurchases, inclusive of the cost of these repurchases.
We regularly evaluate opportunities, based on market conditions, to finance our operations by accessing the capital markets or entering into other types of financing arrangements with institutional and other lenders. We also regularly consider various measures to improve our capital and liquidity positions, as well as to strengthen our balance sheet, improve Radian Group’s debt maturity profile and maintain adequate liquidity for our operations. Among other things, these measures may include borrowing agreements or arrangements, such as securities or other master repurchase agreements and revolving credit facilities. In the past we have repurchased and exchanged, prior to maturity, some of our outstanding debt, and in the future, we may from time to time seek to redeem, repurchase or exchange for other securities, or otherwise restructure or refinance some or all of our outstanding debt prior to maturity in the open market through other public or private transactions, including pursuant to one or more tender offers or through any combination of the foregoing, as circumstances may allow. The timing or amount of any potential transactions will depend on a number of factors, including market opportunities and our views regarding our capital and liquidity positions and potential future needs. There can be no assurance that any such transactions will be completed on favorable terms, or at all.
Mortgage
The principal demands for liquidity in our Mortgage business currently include: (i) the payment of claims and potential claim settlement transactions, net of reinsurance; (ii) expenses (including those allocated from Radian Group); (iii) repayments of FHLB advances; (iv) repayments, if any, associated with the Surplus Note due 2027; and (v) taxes, including potential additional purchases of U.S. Mortgage Guaranty Tax and Loss Bonds. See Notes 10 and 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for additional information related to these non-interest bearing instruments. In addition to the foregoing liquidity demands, other payments have included, and in the future could include, distributions from Radian Guaranty to Radian Group, including returns of capital subject to approval by the Pennsylvania Insurance Department, as discussed below.
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The principal sources of liquidity in our mortgage insurance business currently include insurance premiums, net investment income and cash flows from: (i) investment sales and maturities; (ii) FHLB advances; and (iii) capital contributions from Radian Group. We believe that the operating cash flows generated by each of our mortgage insurance subsidiaries will provide these subsidiaries with a substantial portion of the funds necessary to satisfy their needs for the foreseeable future.
As of September 30, 2022, our mortgage insurance subsidiaries maintained claims paying resources of $5.9 billion on a statutory basis, which consist of contingency reserves, statutory policyholders’ surplus, premiums received but not yet earned and loss reserves. In addition, our reinsurance programs are designed to provide additional claims-paying resources during times of economic stress and elevated losses. See Note 8 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Radian Guaranty’s Risk-to-capital as of September 30, 2022, was 11.1 to 1. Ra dian Guaranty is not expected to need additional capital to satisfy state insurance regulatory requirements in their current form. At September 30, 2022, Radian Guaranty had statutory policyholders’ surplus of $738.6 million. This balance includes a $526.1 million benefit from U.S. Mortgage Guaranty Tax and Loss Bonds issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, which mortgage guaranty insurers such as Radian Guaranty may purchase in order to be eligible for a tax deduction, subject to certain limitations, related to amounts required to be set aside in statutory contingency reserves. See Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2021 Form 10-K for more information.
Radian Guaranty currently is an approved mortgage insurer under the PMIERs. Private mortgage insurers, including Radian Guaranty, are required to comply with the PMIERs to remain approved insurers of loans purchased by the GSEs. At September 30, 2022, Radian Guaranty’s Available Assets under the PMIERs financial requirements totaled approximately $5.4 billion, resulting in a PMIERs Cushion of $1.6 billion, or 44%, over its Minimum Required Assets. Those amounts compare to Available Assets of $5.4 billion and a PMIERs cushion of $2.1 billion, or 62%, at December 31, 2021.
The primary driver of the decrease in Radian Guaranty’s PMIERs Cushion during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was an increase in Minimum Required Assets due primarily to increased RIF.
Our PMIERs Cushion at September 30, 2022, also includes a benefit from the current broad-based application of the Disaster Related Capital Charge that has reduced the total amount of Minimum Required Assets that Radian Guaranty otherwise would have been required to hold against pandemic-related defaults by approximately $180 million and $300 million as of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively, taking into consideration our risk distribution structures in effect as of that date. The application of the Disaster Related Capital Charge has reduced Radian Guaranty’s PMIERs Minimum Required Assets, but we expect this impact will diminish over time. See “Item 1. Business—Regulation—Federal Regulation—GSE Requirements for Mortgage Insurance Eligibility” in our 2021 Form 10-K for more information about the Disaster Related Capital Charge.
Even though they hold assets in excess of the minimum statutory capital thresholds and PMIERs financial requirements, the ability of Radian’s mortgage insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends on their common stock is restricted by certain provisions of the insurance laws of Pennsylvania, their state of domicile. Under Pennsylvania’s insurance laws, ordinary dividends and other distributions may only be paid out of an insurer’s positive unassigned surplus unless the Pennsylvania Insurance Department approves the payment of dividends or other distributions from another source.
In light of Radian Guaranty’s negative unassigned surplus related to operating losses in prior periods and the ongoing need to set aside contingency reserves, Radian Guaranty is not currently permitted under applicable insurance laws to pay dividends or other distributions without prior approval from the Pennsylvania Insurance Department. Under Pennsylvania’s insurance laws, an insurer must obtain the Pennsylvania Insurance Department’s approval to pay an Extraordinary Distribution. Radian Guaranty sought and received such approval to return capital by paying Extraordinary Distributions to Radian Group, most recently in February 2022. Based on the current performance and assuming the continuation of favorable credit performance in our mortgage insurance business, we expect that Radian Guaranty could potentially have positive unassigned surplus by early 2023. See Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on our Extraordinary Distributions, statutory dividend restrictions and contingency reserve requirements.
Radian Guaranty and Radian Reinsurance are both members of the FHLB. As members, they may borrow from the FHLB, subject to certain conditions, which include requirements to post collateral and to maintain a minimum investment in FHLB stock. Advances from the FHLB may be used to provide low-cost, supplemental liquidity for various purposes, including to fund incremental investments. Radian’s current strategy includes using FHLB advances as financing for general cash management purposes and for purchases of additional investment securities that have similar durations, for the purpose of generating additional earnings from our investment securities portfolio with limited incremental risk. As of September 30, 2022, there were $153.6 million of FHLB advances outstanding. See Note 12 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
homegenius
As of September 30, 2022, our homegenius segment maintained cash and liquid investments totaling $59.7 million, including $43.9 million held by Radian Title Insurance.
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Title insurance companies, including Radian Title Insurance, are subject to comprehensive state regulations, including minimum net worth requirements. Radian Title Insurance was in compliance with all of its minimum net worth requirements at September 30, 2022. In the event the cash flows from operations of the homegenius segment are not adequate to fund all of its needs, including the regulatory capital needs of Radian Title Insurance, Radian Group may provide additional funds to the homegenius segment in the form of an intercompany note or other capital contribution. Amounts provided to Radian Title Insurance are subject to the approval of the Ohio Department of Insurance. Additional capital support may also be required for potential investments in new business initiatives to support our strategy of growing our businesses.
Liquidity levels may fluctuate depending on the levels and contractual timing of our invoicing and the payment practices of our homegenius clients, in combination with the timing of our homegenius segment’s payments for employee compensation and to external vendors. The amount, if any, and timing of the homegenius segment’s dividend paying capacity will depend primarily on the amount of excess cash flow generated by the segment.
Ratings
Radian Group, Radian Guaranty, Radian Reinsurance and Radian Title Insurance have been assigned the financial strength ratings set forth in the chart below. We believe that ratings often are considered by others in assessing our credit strength and the financial strength of our primary insurance subsidiaries. The following ratings have been independently assigned by third-party statistical rating organizations, are for informational purposes only and are subject to change. See
“—The current financial strength ratings assigned to our mortgage insurance subsidiaries could weaken our competitive position and potential downgrades by rating agencies to these ratings and the ratings assigned to Radian Group could adversely affect the Company” under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2021 Form 10-K.

Ratings
Subsidiary |  | Moody’s (1) |  | S&P (2) |  | Fitch (3) |  | Demotech (4) |
Radian Group |  | Baa3 |  | BB+ |  | BBB- |  | N/A |
Radian Guaranty |  | A3 |  | BBB+ |  | A- |  | N/A |
Radian Reinsurance |  | N/A |  | BBB+ |  | N/A |  | N/A |
Radian Title Insurance |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | A |

(1)Based on the July 21, 2022, update, Moody’s outlook for Radian Group and Radian Guaranty is currently Stable.
(2)Based on the May 21, 2021, update, S&P’s outlook for Radian Group, Radian Guaranty and Radian Reinsurance is currently Stable.
(3)Based on the April 27, 2022, release, Fitch’s outlook for Radian Group and Radian Guaranty is currently Stable.
(4)Based on the March 15, 2022, release.
Critical Accounting Estimates
As of the filing date of this report, there were no significant changes in our critical accounting estimates from those discussed in our 2021 Form 10-K. See Note 2 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted that may impact the Company’s consolidated financial position, earnings, cash flows or disclosures.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk represents the potential for loss due to adverse changes in the value of financial instruments as a result of changes in market conditions. Examples of market risk include changes in interest rates, credit spreads, foreign currency exchange rates and equity prices. We regularly analyze our exposure to interest-rate risk and credit-spread risk and have determined that the fair value of our investments is materially exposed to changes in both interest rates and credit spreads. See “—Our success depends, in part, on our ability to manage risks in our investment portfolio” under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2021 Form 10-K.
Our market risk exposures at September 30, 2022, have not materially changed from those identified in our 2021
Form 10-K.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2022, pursuant to Rule 15d-15(b) under the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
During the three-month period ended September 30, 2022, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are routinely involved in a number of legal actions and proceedings, including reviews, audits, inquiries, information-gathering requests and investigations by various regulatory entities, as well as litigation and other disputes arising in the ordinary course of our business. See Note 13 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding legal actions and proceedings.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to our risk factors from those previously disclosed in our 2021 Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuance of Unregistered Securities
During the three months ended September 30, 2022, no equity securities of Radian Group were sold that were not registered under the Securities Act.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information about purchases of Radian Group common stock by us (and our affiliated purchasers) during the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Share repurchase program
($ in thousands, except per-share amounts) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
Period |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
7/1/2022 to 7/31/2022 |  | 4,763,056 |  |  | $ | 20.47 |  |  | 4,763,056 |  |  | $ | 97,559 |
8/1/2022 to 8/31/2022 |  | 1,265,419 |  |  | 22.44 |  |  | 1,264,096 |  |  | 69,202 |
9/1/2022 to 9/30/2022 |  | 3,432,025 |  |  | 19.91 |  |  | 3,427,868 |  |  | 975 |
Total |  | 9,460,500 |  |  |  |  | 9,455,020 |  |  |

(1)Includes 5,480 shares tendered by employees as payment of taxes withheld on the vesting of certain restricted stock awards granted under the Company’s equity compensation plans.
(2)On February 9, 2022, Radian Group’s board of directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the Company to spend up to $400 million, excluding commissions, to repurchase Radian Group common stock. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company purchased 9.5 million shares at an average price of $20.53, including commissions, under this share repurchase program which expires in February 2024. During October, the Company utilized the remaining repurchase authorization under this share repurchase program by purchasing an additional 49 thousand shares of its common stock at an average price of $19.81 per share, including commissions. See Note 14 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details on our share repurchase program.
Limitations on Payment of Dividends
There are no restrictions that the Company believes are likely to materially limit the payment of future dividends. The Company is subject to dividend limitations generally applicable to corporations that are incorporated in Delaware. In addition, pursuant to Radian Group’s revolving credit facility and the Parent Guarantees, Radian Group is permitted to pay dividends so long as no event of default exists and the Company is in pro forma compliance with the applicable financial covenants in the agreements on the date a dividend is declared. See Note 12 of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit
+*10.1 |  | Radian Group Inc. Short-Term Incentive Plan for Employees
10.2 |  | Master Repurchase Agreement, dated July 15, 2022, among Goldman Sachs Bank USA, a national banking institution, Radian Liberty Funding LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, and Radian Mortgage Capital LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 1-11356) dated July 15, 2022, and filed on July 18, 2022)
10.3 |  | Guaranty and Security Agreement dated as of July 15, 2022, made by Radian Mortgage Capital LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, in favor of Goldman Sachs Bank USA, a national banking institution (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 1-11356) dated July 15, 2022, and filed on July 18, 2022)
10.4 |  | Guaranty Agreement dated as of July 15, 2022, made by Radian Group Inc., a Delaware corporation, in favor of Goldman Sachs Bank USA, a national banking institution (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 1-11356) dated July 15, 2022, and filed on July 18, 2022)
10.5 |  | Master Repurchase Agreement, dated September 28, 2022, between Bank of Montreal, a Canadian Chartered bank acting through its Chicago Branch (“Buyer”), and Radian Mortgage Capital LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 1-11356) dated September 28, 2022, and filed on September 30, 2022)
10.6 |  | Guaranty Agreement dated as of September 28, 2022, made by Radian Group Inc., a Delaware corporation, in favor of Buyer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file no. 1-11356) dated September 28, 2022, and filed on September 30, 2022)
*31 |  | Rule 13a - 14(a) Certifications
**32 |  | Section 1350 Certifications
*101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
*101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
*101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
*101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
*101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
*101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
*104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.INS)

* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.
+ Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement
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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Radian Group Inc.
Date: | November 4, 2022 | /s/ J. F RANKLIN H ALL
|  | J. Franklin Hall
|  | Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Date: | November 4, 2022 | /s/ R OBERT J. Q UIGLEY
|  | Robert J. Quigley
|  | Executive Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer

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