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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and include the accounts of Radian Group and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions, and intercompany profits and losses, have been eliminated. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. We generally refer to our holding company alone, without its consolidated subsidiaries, as “Radian Group.” We refer to Radian Group together with its consolidated subsidiaries as “Radian,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our,” unless the context requires otherwise. Unless otherwise defined in this report, certain terms and acronyms used throughout this report are defined in the Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms included as part of this report.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of our contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. While the amounts included in our consolidated financial statements include our best estimates and assumptions, actual results may vary materially.
Investments | Investments We group fixed-maturity securities in our investment portfolio into trading or available for sale securities. Trading securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a separate component of income. Investments in fixed-maturity securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses (net of tax) reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). We also invest in several other types of investments including equity securities, which primarily consist of our interests in a variety of broadly diversified exchange traded funds and are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in income. Residential mortgage loans held for sale consist of residential mortgage loans, which we purchase with the intention of reselling through whole loan sales or securitizations and have elected to measure at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in income. Short-term investments are also carried at fair value and consist of money market instruments, certificates of deposit and highly liquid, interest-bearing instruments with an original maturity of 12 months or less at the time of purchase. Amortization of premium and accretion of discount are calculated principally using the interest method over the term of the investment. Realized gains and losses on investments are recognized using the specific identification method. See Notes 5 and 6 for further discussion on investments. We recognize an impairment as a loss for fixed-maturities available for sale on the consolidated statements of operations if: (i) we intend to sell the impaired security; (ii) it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the impaired security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis; or (iii) the present value of cash flows we expect to collect is less than the amortized cost basis of a security. In those instances, we record an impairment loss through earnings that varies depending on specific circumstances. If a sale is likely, the full amount of the impairment is recognized as a loss in the consolidated statements of operations. Otherwise, unrealized losses on securities are separated into: (i) the portion of loss that represents the credit loss and (ii) the portion that is due to other factors. In evaluating whether a decline in value for other securities relates to an existing credit loss, we consider several factors, including, but not limited to, the following: ▪ the extent to which the amortized cost basis is greater than fair value; ▪ reasons for the decline in value (e.g., adverse conditions related to industry or geographic area, changes in financial condition to the issuers or underlying loan obligors); ▪ any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency; ▪ the failure of the issuer to make a scheduled payment; ▪ the financial position, access to capital and near-term prospects of the issuer, including the current and future impact of any specific events; and ▪ our best estimate of the present value of cash flows expected to be collected. If a credit loss is determined to exist, the impairment amount is calculated as the difference between the amortized cost and the present value of future expected cash flows, limited to the difference between the carrying amount (i.e., fair value) and amortized cost. This credit loss impairment is included in net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments in the consolidated statements of operations, with an offset to an allowance for credit losses. Subsequent changes (favorable and unfavorable) in expected credit losses are recognized immediately in net income as a credit loss impairment or a reversal of credit loss impairment.
Derivative Assets and Liabilities | Derivative Assets and Liabilities Our derivative assets and liabilities include the fair value of forward mortgage loan purchase commitments, which are treated as derivatives for financial reporting purposes, as well as hedging instruments used to manage interest rate risk related to our investments in residential mortgage loans held for sale. These derivative instruments are not designated as accounting hedging instruments; therefore, changes in fair value are recorded in our consolidated statements of operations. Our derivative assets and liabilities also include embedded derivatives related to our XOL Program. See Note 5 for additional information.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments Our estimated fair value measurements are intended to reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on the best information available. Assumptions include the risks inherent in a particular valuation technique (such as a pricing model) and the risks inherent in the inputs to the model. Changes in economic conditions and capital market conditions, including but not limited to, credit spread changes, benchmark interest rate changes, market volatility and changes in the value of underlying collateral, could cause actual results to differ materially from our estimated fair value measurements. We define fair value as the current amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In accordance with GAAP, which establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy, we disclose fair value measurements based on the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level I measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level III measurements). The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are defined below:
Level I | — | Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
Level II | — | Prices or valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities; and
Level III | — | Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. Level III inputs are used to measure fair value only to the extent that observable inputs are not available.
For markets in which inputs are not observable or are limited, we use significant judgment and assumptions that a typical market participant would use to evaluate the market price of an asset or liability. Given the level of judgment necessary, another market participant may derive a materially different estimate of fair value. These assets and liabilities are classified in Level III of our fair value hierarchy. Available for sale securities, trading securities, equity securities, residential mortgage loans held for sale and certain other assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value as described in Note 5. All changes in fair value of trading securities, equity securities, residential mortgage loans held for sale and certain other assets and liabilities are included in our consolidated statements of operations.
Restricted Cash | Restricted Cash Included in our restricted cash balances as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, were cash funds held in trusts for the benefit of certain counterparties, primarily as security for the payment and performance of the Company’s obligations.
Accounts and Notes Receivable | Accounts and Notes Receivable Accounts and notes receivable primarily consist of accrued premiums receivable, amounts billed and due from our customers for services performed, and certain receivables related to our reinsurance transactions. Accounts and notes receivable are carried at their estimated collectible amounts, net of any allowance for doubtful accounts, and are periodically evaluated for collectability based on past payment history and current economic conditions. See “Revenue Recognition—Mortgage Insurance” below for information on our deferred premiums and Note 8 for details on our reinsurance agreements. Revenue recognized related to services made available to customers and billed is reflected in accounts and notes receivable. Accounts and notes receivable include $5 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, related to services revenue contracts. Revenue recognized related to services performed and not yet billed is recorded in unbilled receivables and reflected in other assets. Deferred revenue, which represents advance payments received from customers in advance of revenue recognition, is immaterial for all periods presented. We have no material bad-debt expense.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes We provide for income taxes in accordance with the provisions of the accounting standard regarding accounting for income taxes. As required under this standard, our deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are recognized under the balance sheet method, which recognizes the future tax effect of temporary differences between the amounts recorded in our consolidated financial statements and the tax bases of these amounts. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income in the periods in which the deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability is expected to be realized or settled. In regard to accumulated other comprehensive income, the Company’s policy for releasing disproportionate income tax effects is to release the effects as individual items are sold. Our policy for the recognition of interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions is to record such items as a component of our income tax provision. We are required to establish a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that all or some portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. At each balance sheet date, we assess our need for a valuation allowance. Our assessment is based on all available evidence, both positive and negative. This requires management to exercise judgment and make assumptions regarding whether our deferred tax assets will be realized in future periods. See Note 10 for further discussion on income taxes.
Reserve for Losses and LAE | Reserve for Losses and LAE Mortgage Insurance We establish reserves to provide for losses and LAE on our mortgage insurance policies, which include the estimated costs of settling claims, in accordance with the accounting standard regarding accounting and reporting by insurance enterprises (ASC 944). Although this standard specifically excludes mortgage insurance from its guidance relating to the reserve for losses, because there is no specific guidance for mortgage insurance, we establish reserves for mortgage insurance as described below, using the guidance contained in this standard supplemented with other accounting guidance. In our Mortgage Insurance business, the default and claim cycle begins with the receipt of a default notice from the loan servicer. Case reserves for losses are established upon receipt of notification from servicers that a borrower has missed two monthly payments, which is when we consider a loan to be in default for financial statement and internal tracking purposes. We also establish reserves for associated LAE, consisting of the estimated cost of the claims administration process, including legal and other fees and expenses associated with administering the claims process. We do not establish reserves for loans that are in default if we believe that we will not be liable for the payment of a claim with respect to that default. We generally do not establish loss reserves for expected future claims on insured mortgages that are not in default. See “Reserve for Premium Deficiency” below for an exception to these general principles. With respect to loans that are in default, considerable judgment is exercised as to the adequacy of reserve levels. We use an actuarial projection methodology referred to as a “roll rate” analysis that uses historical claim frequency information to determine the projected ultimate Default to Claim Rates based on the Stage of Default and Time in Default as well as the date that a loan goes into default. The Default to Claim Rate also includes our estimates with respect to expected Loss Mitigation Activities, which have the effect of reducing our Default to Claim Rates. After estimating the Default to Claim Rate, we estimate Claim Severity by applying observed severity rates for past paid claims within cohorts based on both Time in Default and estimated borrower equity, as adjusted to account for anticipated differences and risks in future results compared to past trends, including potential declines in estimated borrower equity. These severity estimates are then applied to individual loan coverage amounts to determine reserves. Rescissions, Claim Denials and Claim Curtailments may occur for various reasons, including, without limitation, underwriting negligence, fraudulent applications and appraisals, breach of representations and warranties and inadequate documentation, primarily related to our insurance written in years prior to and including 2008. For our Loss Mitigation Activities, we incorporate a process referred to as a claims rebuttal process by which the insured or servicer of loans may challenge our decisions. Our estimate of future Loss Mitigation Activities incorporates our estimates of the likely outcomes of our claims rebuttal process based on historical practices. Estimating our case reserve for losses involves significant reliance upon assumptions and estimates with regard to the likelihood, magnitude and timing of each potential loss. The models, assumptions and estimates we use to establish loss reserves may not prove to be accurate, especially in the event of an extended economic downturn or a period of market volatility and economic uncertainty. These assumptions require management to use considerable judgment in estimating the rate at which these loans will result in claims and the amount of claims we expect to pay. As such, there is uncertainty around our reserve estimate. Title Insurance We establish reserves for estimated future claims payments on our title insurance policies at the time the related policy revenue is recorded. Our Title insurance reserve for losses and LAE comprises estimates of both known claims and incurred but unreported claims expected to be paid in the future for policies issued as of the balance sheet date. We provide for losses associated with these policies based upon our historical experience and other factors. However, by their nature, title claims can often be complex, vary greatly in dollar amounts, vary in number due to economic and market conditions such as an increase in mortgage foreclosures, and involve uncertainties as to ultimate exposure. Due to the length of time over which claim payments are made and regularly occurring changes in underlying economic and market conditions, these estimates are subject to variability.
Reserve for Premium Deficiency | Reserve for Premium Deficiency Insurance enterprises are required to establish a premium deficiency reserve if the net present value of the expected future losses and expenses for a particular product line exceeds the net present value of expected future premiums and existing reserves for that product line. We reassess our expectations for premiums, losses and expenses for our Mortgage Insurance business at least quarterly and update our premium deficiency analyses accordingly. For our Mortgage Insurance business, we group our mortgage insurance products into two categories: first-lien and second-lien mortgage loans. We did not require a first-lien or second-lien premium deficiency reserve as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition Mortgage Insurance Premiums on mortgage insurance products are written on a recurring basis, either as monthly or annual premiums, or on a multi-year basis as a single premium. Monthly premiums written are earned as coverage is provided each month. For certain monthly policies where the billing is deferred for the first month’s coverage period, currently to the end of the policy, we record a net premium receivable representing the present value of such deferred premiums that we estimate will be collected at that future date. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, this net premium receivable was $38 million and $36 million, respectively, representing the present values of $83 million and $81 million, respectively, in contractual deferred monthly premiums, after adjustments for the estimated collectability and timing of future billing. We recognize changes in this receivable based on changes in the estimated amount and timing of such collections, including as a result of changes in observed trends as well as our periodic review of our servicing guide and our operations and collections practices. Given the difference between the present value of the net premium receivable recorded and the contractual premiums due, such changes to the preceding factors could have a material effect on our results of operations in future periods if any changes are implemented. Annual premiums written are initially recorded as unearned premiums and amortized on a monthly, straight-line basis. Single premiums written are initially recorded as unearned premiums and earned over time based on the anticipated claim payment pattern, which includes historical industry experience and is updated periodically. When we rescind insurance coverage on a loan, we refund all premiums received in connection with such coverage. When insurance coverage on a loan is canceled due to claim payment, we refund all premiums received since the date of delinquency. When insurance coverage is canceled for a reason other than Rescission or claim payment, all premium that is nonrefundable is immediately earned. Premium revenue is recognized net of our accrual for estimated premium refunds due to Rescissions, claim payments or other factors. With respect to our reinsurance transactions, ceded premiums written on an annual or multi-year basis are initially set up as prepaid reinsurance and are amortized in a manner consistent with the recognition of income on direct premiums. Title Insurance and Related Services Title insurance premiums are recognized as revenue upon closing and completion of the real estate transaction. Premiums generally are calculated with reference to the policy amount. Premiums are charged to customers based on rates predetermined in coordination with each state’s respective Department of Insurance. Such regulations vary from state to state. Premium revenues from agency title operations are primarily comprised of premiums recognized upon title order and completion of real estate transaction closing. Other title-related fees and income are closely related to title insurance premiums and are primarily associated with managing the closing of real estate transactions. As such, revenue is primarily recognized upon closing of the real estate transaction or completion and billing of services. We offer title services that include tax and title data services; centralized recording services; document retrieval; default curative title services; deed reports; property reports and other real estate or title-related activities. Expenses typically associated with premiums include third-party agent commissions and premium taxes.
Other Services | Other Products and Services We recognize revenue representing the transfer of services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for those services, which are recognized as the performance obligations are satisfied. Due to the transactional nature of our business, our services revenue may fluctuate from period to period as transactions are commenced or completed. Our services and related revenue recognition considerations are primarily as follows: Real Estate Services. We provide real estate services, including asset management and valuation services. Asset management services include management of the entire REO disposition process and services such as diligence and underwriting that serve the single-family rental asset class. In certain instances, fees are received at the time that an asset is assigned to Radian for management. These fees are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized over time based on progress to date and the availability to customers. In addition, we offer a web-based asset management workflow solution to assist in managing REO assets, rental properties, due diligence for bulk acquisitions of multiple properties, loss mitigation efforts and short sales. For valuation services, we leverage technology and a quality control process to deliver real estate valuation products and services to our customers, which include: appraisal review products; hybrid/ancillary appraisal products; automated valuation products; interactive valuation products; and broker price opinions. Each service qualifies as a separate performance obligation for which revenue is recognized as the service is performed and made available to the client. Mortgage Services. We provide third-party contract underwriting solutions to our mortgage customers. Generally, revenue is recognized when contract underwriting results are made available to the customer or when other related services are completed.
Cost of Services | Cost of Services Cost of services consists primarily of costs paid for employee compensation and related payroll benefits, as well as corresponding travel and related expenses, incurred in providing such services to clients.
Leases | Leases We determine if an arrangement includes a lease at inception, and if it does, we recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability. Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and are recognized net of any payments made or received from the lessor. Lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments and are based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the net present value of lease payments, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Lease and non-lease components are generally not accounted for separately. Our lease agreements primarily relate to operating leases for office space we use in our operations. Certain of our leases include renewal options and/or termination options that we did not consider in the determination of the right-of-use asset or the lease liability as we did not believe it was reasonably certain that we would exercise such options. We assess our various asset groups, which include right-of-use assets, for changes in grouping and for potential impairment when certain events occur or when there are changes in circumstances, including potential alternative uses. If circumstances require a change in asset groupings or a right-of-use asset to be tested for possible impairment, and the carrying value of the right-of-use asset is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. See Note 13 for additional information on our leases.
Reinsurance | Reinsurance We cede insurance risk through the use of reinsurance contracts and follow reinsurance accounting for those transactions where significant risk is transferred. Loss reserves and unearned premiums are established before consideration is given to amounts related to our reinsurance agreements. In accordance with the terms of the QSR Program, rather than making a cash payment or transferring investments for ceded premiums written, Radian Guaranty holds the related amounts to collateralize the reinsurers’ obligations and has established a corresponding funds withheld liability. Any loss recoveries and any potential profit commission to Radian Guaranty will be realized from this account. The reinsurers’ share of earned premiums is paid from this account on a quarterly basis. For our Single Premium QSR Program, this liability also includes an interest credit on funds withheld, which is recorded as ceded premiums at a rate specified in the agreement and, depending on experience under the contract, may be paid to either Radian Guaranty or the reinsurers. The ceding commission earned for premiums ceded pursuant to this transaction is attributable to other underwriting costs (including any related deferred policy acquisition costs). The unamortized portion of the ceding commission in excess of our related acquisition cost is reflected in other liabilities. Ceded premiums written are recorded on the balance sheet as prepaid reinsurance premiums and amortized to ceded premiums earned in a manner consistent with the recognition of income on direct premiums. See Note 8 for further discussion of our reinsurance transactions.
Variable Interest Entities | Variable Interest Entities VIEs include corporations, trusts or partnerships in which: (i) the entity has insufficient equity at risk to allow it to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or (ii) at-risk equity holders, as a group, do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. We may enter into contracts with VIEs in connection with our reinsurance programs for our Mortgage Insurance business and securitizations in connection with our mortgage conduit activities. In accordance with GAAP, we perform an evaluation to determine whether we are required to consolidate the VIE’s assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements, based on whether we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the variable interest holder that is determined to have the controlling financial interest as a result of having both: (i) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits from the VIE that potentially could be significant to the VIE. We review governing contracts, formation documents and any other contractual arrangements for relevant terms to determine the activities that have the most significant impact on the VIE’s economic performance and which party is the primary beneficiary. We continuously analyze entities in which we hold variable interests, including when there is a reconsideration event, to determine whether such entities are VIEs and whether such potential VIEs should be consolidated or deconsolidated. We have concluded that the trusts that hold our securitized residential mortgage loans are each considered to be a collateralized financing entity (“CFE”). A CFE is a VIE with no more than nominal equity that holds financial assets and issues beneficial interests in those assets, for which the issued beneficial interests have contractual recourse only to the related assets of the CFE. The accounting guidance that addresses VIEs allows us to elect to measure both the financial assets and financial liabilities of a CFE using the more observable of the fair value of the financial assets and the fair value of the financial liabilities of a CFE. The net equity in an entity accounted for under the CFE election effectively represents the fair value of the retained interests that we hold in the entity. We have determined the inputs to the fair value measurement of the financial liabilities of these VIEs to be more observable than those of the financial assets and, as a result, have used the fair value of the financial liabilities of these VIEs to measure the fair value of the financial assets of these VIEs. See Note 5 for more information on the fair value of our consolidated VIE assets and liabilities. See Note 7 for additional information regarding our involvement with VIEs associated with our mortgage conduit securitizations and Note 8 for additional information regarding our involvement with VIEs associated with our reinsurance transactions.
Goodwill and Other Acquired Intangible Assets, Net | Goodwill and Other Acquired Intangible Assets, Net Goodwill is an asset representing the estimated future economic benefits arising from the assets we have acquired that were not individually identified and separately recognized. Goodwill is deemed to have an indefinite useful life and is subject to review for impairment annually, or more frequently whenever circumstances indicate potential impairment at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit represents a business for which discrete financial information is available. We generally perform our annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of each year, comparing the carrying value of the reporting unit as of the prior quarter to its estimated fair value. An impairment charge is recognized for any excess of the reporting unit’s carrying amount over the reporting unit’s estimated fair value, up to the full amount of the goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. As a result of our updated financial forecast and annual goodwill impairment assessment both completed in the fourth quarter of 2023, we recorded a full impairment of the outstanding goodwill balance at that time of $10 million. As a result of this impairment, there was no remaining goodwill balance at December 31, 2024 or 2023. All of our other acquired intangible assets have now been fully amortized and, as such, there was no remaining other acquired intangible asset balance at December 31, 2024 or 2023.
Property and Equipment, Net | Property and Equipment, Net We capitalize certain costs associated with the development of internal-use software and the purchase of property and equipment. Software, property and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Amortization and depreciation are calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the respective assets and commence during the month of our placement of the assets into use. The estimated useful life used to calculate the amortization of internal-use software is generally seven years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset improved or the remaining term of the lease. The estimated useful life used to calculate the depreciation of furniture and equipment is generally three years. Depreciation and amortization expe nse associated with property and equipment was $18 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $15 million for both the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The following is a summary of the gross and net carrying amounts and accumulated amortization / depreciation (including impairment) of our property and equipment as of the periods indicated.
Property and equipment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
(In thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization / Depreciation |  |  | Net Carrying Amount |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization / Depreciation |  |  | Net Carrying Amount |
Internal-use software |  | $ | 155,605 |  |  | $ | (135,144 | ) |  | $ | 20,461 |  |  | $ | 163,408 |  |  | $ | (110,845 | ) |  | $ | 52,563 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 39,472 |  |  |  | (35,747 | ) |  |  | 3,725 |  |  |  | 39,339 |  |  |  | (32,182 | ) |  |  | 7,157 |
Furniture and equipment |  |  | 73,403 |  |  |  | (69,952 | ) |  |  | 3,451 |  |  |  | 71,881 |  |  |  | (67,779 | ) |  |  | 4,102 |
Total |  | $ | 268,480 |  |  | $ | (240,843 | ) |  | $ | 27,637 |  |  | $ | 274,628 |  |  | $ | (210,806 | ) |  | $ | 63,822 |
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs | Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Incremental, direct costs associated with the successful acquisition of mortgage insurance policies, consisting of compensation, premium tax and other policy issuance and underwriting expenses, are initially deferred and reported as deferred policy acquisition costs. Consistent with industry accounting practice, amortization of these costs for each underwriting year is recognized in proportion to estimated gross profits over the estimated life of the policies. Estimated gross profits are composed of earned premium, interest income, losses and LAE. Estimates of expected gross profit, including the Persistency Rate and loss development assumptions for each underwriting year used as a basis for amortization, are evaluated quarterly and the total amortization recorded to date is adjusted by a charge or credit to our consolidated statements of operations if actual experience or other evidence suggests that previous estimates should be revised. Considerable judgment is used in evaluating these estimates and the assumptions on which they are based. The use of different assumptions may have a significant effect on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs. Ceding commissions received under our reinsurance arrangements related to these costs are also deferred and accounted for using similar assumptions. See Note 8 for additional information.
Earnings Per Share | Earnings Per Share Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, while diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the sum of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and the weighted-average number of dilutive potential common shares. Dilutive potential common shares relate primarily to our share-based compensation arrangements. In computing diluted net income per share, we use the treasury stock method, which is computed by assuming the issuance of common stock for the potential dilution of our unvested RSUs. For all calculations, the determination of whether potential common shares are dilutive or anti-dilutive is based on net income.
Share-Based Compensation | Share-Based Compensation The cost related to share-based equity instruments is measured based on the grant-date fair value at the date of issuance, which for RSU awards is primarily determined by our common stock price on the date of grant. For share-based awards with performance conditions related to our own operations, the expense recognized is dependent on the probability of the performance measure being achieved. Compensation cost is generally recognized over the periods that an employee provides service in exchange for the award. Any forfeitures of awards are recognized as they occur. See Note 17 for further information.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements Accounting Standards Adopted During 2024 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting—Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This update enhances disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant reportable segment expenses under ASC 280. This update is applicable to all public entities and is effective for fiscal years starting after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal periods commencing after December 15, 2024. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively for all periods presented in the financial statements. The retrospective adoption of this update in December 2024 did not have a material impact on our disclosures. See Note 4 for additional required disclosures. Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes—Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, an update which enhances income tax disclosures. This guidance requires disaggregated information about an entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. This update is applicable to all public entities and is effective for fiscal years starting after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively; however, retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact the new accounting guidance will have on our disclosures. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This update requires enhanced disclosures of certain costs and expenses in the notes to the financial statements. This update is applicable to all public entities and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively; however, retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact the new accounting guidance will have on our disclosures.

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