Employee Benefit Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Change in Benefit Obligation, Plan Assets and Funded Status of Defined Benefit Pension Plans

The change in benefit obligation, plan assets and the funded status of the defined benefit pension plans in the United States, United Kingdom, Norway, Germany and the Netherlands and defined postretirement plans in the United States, using a measurement date of December 31, 2017 and 2016, is as follows (in millions):


	Pension benefits						Postretirement benefits
At year end	2017			2016			2017			2016
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	622		$	703		$	92		$	90
Service cost		1			5			—			—
Interest cost		20			25			3			3
Actuarial loss (gain)		6			42			(17	)		(29	)
Benefits paid		(31	)		(30	)		(14	)		(16	)
Participants contributions		—			—			2			2
Exchange rate loss (gain)		30			(37	)		—			—
Acquisitions (disposals)		—			2			—			—
Curtailments		—			(17	)		(4	)		—
Settlements		(15	)		(71	)		—			—
Other		—			—			—			42

Benefit obligation at end of year	$	633		$	622		$	62		$	92

Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	543		$	601		$	—		$	—
Actual return		57			60			—			—
Benefits paid		(31	)		(30	)		(14	)		(16	)
Company contributions		11			16			12			14
Participants contributions		—			—			2			2
Exchange rate gain (loss)		24			(34	)		—			—
Settlements		(15	)		(71	)		—			—
Acquisitions (disposals)		—			1			—			—
Other		(1	)		—			—			—

Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	588		$	543		$	—		$	—

Funded status	$	(45	)	$	(79	)	$	(62	)	$	(92	)

Accumulated benefit obligation at end of year	$	630		$	617

Assumption Rates Used for Benefit Obligations

The assumption rates used for benefit obligations are as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2017	2016
Discount rate:
United States plan	3.00% - 3.60%	3.10% - 4.00%
International plans	1.80% - 2.40%	1.80% - 2.80%

Salary increase:
United States plan	N/A	N/A
International plans	1.80% - 3.30%	1.80% - 3.50%

Assumption Rates Used for Net Periodic Benefit Costs

The assumption rates used for net periodic benefit costs are as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Discount rate:
United States plan		3.10% - 4.00%		3.20% - 4.20%		3.70% - 4.20%
International plans		1.80% - 2.80%		2.20% - 3.70%		2.20% - 3.70%

Salary increase:
United States plan		N/A		N/A		N/A
International plans		1.80% - 3.50%		2.00% - 4.20%		2.00% - 4.20%

Expected return on assets:
United States plan		5.60%		5.60%		5.50%
International plans		1.80% - 3.00%		1.80% - 3.00%		2.30% - 5.12%

Plan's Assets Carried at Fair Value

The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the Plan’s assets carried at fair value (in millions):


	Fair Value Measurements
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
December 31, 2016:

Equity securities	$	181	$	—	$	181	$	—
Bonds		262		—		262		—
Other (insurance contracts)		100		—		47		53

Total Fair Value Measurements	$	543	$	—	$	490	$	53

December 31, 2017:

Equity securities	$	161	$	—	$	161	$	—
Bonds		284		—		284		—
Other (insurance contracts)		143		—		82		61

Total Fair Value Measurements	$	588	$	—	$	527	$	61

Summary of Changes in Fair Value of Plan's Level Three Assets

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the Plan’s Level 3 assets (in millions):


	Level 3 Plan Assets
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	99

Actual return on plan assets still held at reporting date		5
Purchases, sales and settlements		(50	)
Currency translation adjustments		(1	)

Balance at December 31, 2016	$	53

Actual return on plan assets still held at reporting date		2
Purchases, sales and settlements		(1	)
Currency translation adjustments		7

Balance at December 31, 2017	$	61