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Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
8. Income Taxes

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Act reduced the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018. At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had not completed our accounting for the tax effects of enactment of the Act; however, in certain cases, as described below, we made reasonable estimates of the effects and recorded provisional amounts. We will continue to make and refine our calculations as additional analysis is completed. We recognized an income tax benefit of $242 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 associated with the revaluation of our net deferred tax liability. Our provisional estimate of the one-time transition tax resulted in no additional tax expense. Our provisional estimate on Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”), Foreign Derived Intangible Income (“FDII”), Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax (“BEAT”), and IRC Section 163(j) interest limitation do not impact our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The accounting for the tax effects of the Act will be completed in 2018 as provided by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s SAB No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company utilized the discrete-period method to compute its interim tax provision due to significant variations in the relationship between income tax expense and pre-tax accounting loss. For the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company estimated and recorded tax based on a full year effective tax rate.

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 was (4.8)% and 9.8%, respectively. The change in effective tax rate was due primarily to the decrease in the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% in 2017 to 21% in 2018. In addition, the Company established valuation allowances on deferred tax assets for losses and tax credits generated in each year, which, when applied to losses resulted in lower effective tax rates than the U.S. statutory rate.