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Employee Benefit Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Retirement Benefits [Abstract] |
Employee Benefit Plans | 10. Employee Benefit Plans We have benefit plans covering substantially all our employees. Defined-contribution retirement plans cover most of the U.S. and Canadian employees, and benefits are generally based on employee deferrals and matching on those employee contributions. We also have defined contribution plans in Norway and the United Kingdom. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, expenses for defined-contribution retirement plans were $84 million, $67 million, and $34 million, respectively, and all funding is current. In 2021, NOV announced and filed for the defined benefit plan in the United States to be settled. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company completed the termination of the plan, resulting in excess plan assets being returned to the Company and an immaterial recognition of non-cash, pre-tax charges from accumulated other comprehensive loss to selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statement of income. In the third quarter of 2022, the Company offered a new benefit plan providing retiree medical coverage in the United States, and as of December 31, 2023, approximately 9,000 employees are eligible for this coverage. In addition, approximately 1,200 U.S. retirees and/or spouses participate in plans that provide post-retirement healthcare and/or life insurance benefits. Net periodic benefit income (cost) for our Defined Benefit pension plans aggregated $(2) million, $1 million, and $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The change in benefit obligation, plan assets and the funded status of the defined benefit pension plans in the United States, United Kingdom, Norway, Germany and the Netherlands and defined postretirement plans in the United States, using a measurement date of December 31, 2023 and 2022, is as follows (in millions):
|  | Pension benefits |  |  | Postretirement benefits |
At year end |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year |  | $ | 382 |  |  | $ | 594 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 34 |
Service cost |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |
Interest cost |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |
Actuarial loss (gain) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (135 | ) |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (5 | )
Benefits paid |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (8 | )
Exchange rate loss (gain) |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Plan amendments |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27 |
Settlements |  |  | (184 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Special Termination Benefits |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |
Benefit obligation at end of year |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 382 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 50 |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year |  | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | 571 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Actual return |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (105 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Benefits paid |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (8 | )
Company contributions |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 8 |
Exchange rate gain (loss) |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Settlements |  |  | (184 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  | $ | 180 |  |  | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Funded status |  | $ | (26 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | (50 | )
Accumulated benefit obligation at end of year |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 381 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities associated with the funded status of the defined benefit pension plans are included in the balances of accrued liabilities and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Defined Benefit Pension Plans Assumed long-term rates of return on plan assets, discount rates and rates of compensation increases vary for the different plans according to the local economic conditions. The assumption rates used for benefit obligations are as follows:
|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Discount rate: |  |  |  |
United States plan |  | 5.50% - 5.60% |  | 4.74% - 5.20%
International plans |  | 3.20% - 4.50% |  | 3.30% - 4.80%
Salary increase: |  |  |  |
United States plan |  | N/A |  | N/A
International plans |  | 2.50% - 3.75% |  | 2.50% - 3.75%
The assumption rates used for net periodic benefit costs are as follows:
|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Discount rate: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States plan |  | 4.74% - 5.20% |  | 1.80% - 2.20% |  | 1.20% - 2.40%
International plans |  | 3.30% - 4.80% |  | 1.00% - 1.90% |  | 0.70% - 1.80%
Salary increase: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States plan |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
International plans |  | 2.50% - 3.75% |  | 2.50% - 3.40% |  | 1.75% - 2.90%
Expected return on assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States plan |  | 4.74% |  | 1.84% |  | 3.90%
International plans |  | 3.20% - 4.90% |  | 1.00% - 4.00% |  | 0.80% - 3.40%
In determining the overall expected long-term rate of return for plan assets, the Company takes into consideration the historical experience as well as future expectations of the asset mix involved. As different investments yield different returns, each asset category is reviewed individually and then weighted for significance in relation to the total portfolio. The majority of our plans have projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets. The Company expects to pay future benefit amounts on its pension plans of approximately $12 million for each of the next five years and aggregate payments of $128 million. Plan Assets The Company and its investment advisers collaboratively reviewed market opportunities using historic and statistical data, as well as the actuarial valuation reports for the plans, to ensure that the levels of acceptable return and risk are well-defined and monitored. Currently, the Company’s management believes that there are no significant concentrations of risk associated with plan assets. Our pension investment strategy worldwide prohibits a direct investment in our own stock. The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the plan’s assets carried at fair value (in millions):
|  | Fair Value Measurements |
|  | Total |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |
Bonds |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | — |
Other (insurance contracts) |  |  | 298 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 236 |  |  |  | 62 |
Total Fair Value Measurements |  | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | 62 |
December 31, 2023: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Bonds |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | — |
Other (insurance contracts) |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 65 |
Total Fair Value Measurements |  | $ | 180 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 65 |
Level 3 inputs are unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity). Level 3 inputs include management’s own judgement about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk). The return on assets for Level 3 plan assets are immaterial for all periods presented.

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