20-F 1 d521904d20f.htm 20-F

##### Table of Contents

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 21, 2018

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

☐ | REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017

OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

OR

☐ | SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

Commission File Number: 1-15092

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI A.S.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

TURKCELL

(Translation of Registrant’s Name into English)

Republic of Turkey

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

Turkcell Kucukyali Plaza

Aydinevler Mahallesi Inonu Caddesi No:20 Kucukyali Ofispark

Maltepe

Istanbul, Turkey

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Mr. Zeynel Korhan Bilek

Telephone: +90 212 313 8150

Facsimile: +90 216 504 4058

Turkcell Kucukyali Plaza

Aydinevler Mahallesi Inonu Caddesi No:20 Kucukyali Ofispark

Maltepe

Istanbul, Turkey

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares Ordinary Shares, Nominal Value TRY 1.000* |  | New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange

* | Not for trading on the NYSE, but only in connection with the registration of ADSs representing such ordinary shares pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

Ordinary Shares, Nominal Value TRY 1.000 2,200,000,000

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☐ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large Accelerated Filer ☒ |  | Accelerated Filer ☐ |  | Non-Accelerated Filer ☐ |  |
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards* provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

* | The term ‘‘new or revised financial accounting standard’’ refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☐ |  | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒ |  | Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ITEM 1. |  | IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS |  |  | 2 |
ITEM 2. |  | OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE |  |  | 2 |
ITEM 3. |  | KEY INFORMATION |  |  | 3 |
|  | 3.A SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA |  |  | 3 |
|  | 3.B CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS |  |  | 8 |
|  | 3.C REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS |  |  | 8 |
|  | 3.D RISK FACTORS |  |  | 8 |
ITEM 4. |  | INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY |  |  | 26 |
|  | 4.A HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY |  |  | 26 |
|  | 4.B BUSINESS OVERVIEW |  |  | 27 |
|  | 4.C ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE |  |  | 82 |
|  | 4.D PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT |  |  | 82 |
ITEM 4A. |  | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS |  |  | 84 |
ITEM 5. |  | OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS |  |  | 84 |
|  | 5.A OPERATING RESULTS |  |  | 88 |
|  | 5.B LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES |  |  | 102 |
|  | 5.C RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES, ETC. |  |  | 105 |
|  | 5.D TREND INFORMATION |  |  | 105 |
|  | 5.E OFF-B ALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS |  |  | 107 |
|  | 5.F TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS |  |  | 108 |
|  | 5.G SAFE HARBOR |  |  | 108 |
ITEM 6. |  | DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES |  |  | 108 |
|  | 6.A DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT I. BOARD MEMBERS |  |  | 108 |
|  | 6.B COMPENSATION |  |  | 112 |
|  | 6.C BOARD PRACTICES |  |  | 113 |
|  | 6.D EMPLOYEES |  |  | 115 |
|  | 6.E SHARE OWNERSHIP |  |  | 116 |
ITEM 7. |  | MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS |  |  | 116 |
|  | 7.A MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS |  |  | 116 |
|  | 7.B RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS |  |  | 117 |
|  | 7.C INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL |  |  | 117 |
ITEM 8. |  | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |  | 117 |
|  | 8.A CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |  | 117 |
|  | 8.B SIGNIFICANT CHANGES |  |  | 119 |
ITEM 9. |  | THE OFFER AND LISTING |  |  | 119 |
|  | 9.A OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS |  |  | 119 |
|  | 9.B PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION |  |  | 120 |
|  | 9.C MARKETS |  |  | 120 |
|  | 9.D SELLING SHAREHOLDERS |  |  | 120 |
|  | 9.E DILUTION |  |  | 120 |
|  | 9.F EXPENSES OF THE ISSUE |  |  | 120 |
ITEM 10. |  | ADDITIONAL INFORMATION |  |  | 121 |
|  | 10.A SHARE CAPITAL |  |  | 121 |
|  | 10.B MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION |  |  | 121 |
|  | 10.C MATERIAL CONTRACTS |  |  | 132 |
|  | 10.D EXCHANGE CONTROLS |  |  | 132 |
|  | 10.E TAXATION |  |  | 134 |
|  | 10.F DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS |  |  | 139 |
|  | 10.G STATEMENT BY EXPERTS |  |  | 139 |
|  | 10.H DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY |  |  | 139 |
|  | 10.I SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION |  |  | 140 |
ITEM 11. |  | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK |  |  | 140 |
ITEM 12. |  | DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES |  |  | 143 |
ITEM 13. |  | DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES |  |  | 144 |
ITEM 14. |  | MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS |  |  | 144 |
ITEM 15. |  | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES |  |  | 144 |
ITEM 16. |  |  | 145 |
|  | 16.A AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT |  |  | 145 |
|  | 16.B CODE OF ETHICS |  |  | 145 |

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|  | 16.C PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES |  |  | 145 |
|  | 16.D EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES |  |  | 146 |
|  | 16.E PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS |  |  | 146 |
|  | 16.F CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT |  |  | 146 |
|  | 16.G CORPORATE GOVERNANCE |  |  | 146 |
|  | 16.H MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE |  |  | 150 |
ITEM 17. |  | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |  |  | 151 |
ITEM 18. |  | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |  |  | 151 |
ITEM 19. |  | EXHIBITS |  |  | 151 |

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INTRODUCTION

This is the 2017 annual report for Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell”), a joint stock company organized and existing under the laws of the Republic of Turkey. The “Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”, “Group” and similar terms refer to Turkcell, its predecessors, and its consolidated subsidiaries, except as the context otherwise requires.

Our audited Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017 included in this annual report have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

Certain figures included in this annual report have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, figures shown for the same category presented in different tables may vary slightly, and figures shown as totals in certain tables may not total exactly. In this annual report, references to “TL”, “TRY” and “Turkish Lira” are to the Turkish Lira, and references to “$”, “U.S. Dollars”, “USD”, “U.S. $” and “cents” are to U.S. Dollars and, except as otherwise noted, all interest rates are on a per annum basis. In this annual report, references to “Turkey” or the “Republic” are to the Republic of Turkey.

Statements regarding our market share and total market size in Turkey are based on the Information and Communication Technologies Authority’s (“ICTA”) or operators’ announcements, and statements regarding penetration are based on the Turkish Statistical Institute’s (“TUIK”) announcements pertaining to the Turkish population. Furthermore, statements regarding our 2G coverage are based on the ICTA’s specifications as well as the TUIK’s announcements, and statements regarding our 3G coverage are based on the ICTA’s 3G coverage calculation specifications issued on April 25, 2012. Statements regarding 4.5G coverage and performance are based on our own calculations, pending publication of ICTA specifications.

References to the Information and Communication Technologies Authority or the ICTA include its predecessor entity, the Telecommunications Authority.

We have not independently verified the information in industry publications or market research, although management believes the information contained therein to be reliable. We do not represent that this information is accurate.

The methodology for calculating performance measures such as subscriber numbers, average revenue per user (“ARPU”) and churn rates varies substantially among operators and is not standardized across the telecommunications industry, and reported performance measures thus vary from those that would probably result from the use of a single methodology. In addition, subscriber numbers in the mobile communications sector may be difficult to calculate as a result of individuals having more than one SIM card or SIM cards being removed due to periods of inactivity. The differing methodologies for calculating these performance indicators make it difficult to draw comparisons between these figures for, and to determine the relative market share of, different mobile operators.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section 21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Safe Harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical facts included in this annual report, including, without limitation, certain statements regarding our operations, financial position, and business strategy, may constitute forward-looking statements. In addition, forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may”, “will”, “expect”, “intend”, “estimate”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “continue”, or similar statements.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable at this time, we can give no assurance that such expectations will prove to be correct. Given these uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations are contained in cautionary statements in this

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annual report, including, without limitation, in conjunction with the forward-looking statements listed below, and include, among others, the following:

| • |  | competition from our historic competitors and/or the entrance of new direct and indirect competitors in the market due to new applications and regulatory changes in Turkey with respect to certain technologies;

| • |  | the focusing of our business strategy towards digital services and the execution of this strategy;

| • |  | risks arising from new opportunities we pursue, new business models, new technologies and international activities, particularly as we enter into service areas that are outside of our traditional telecommunications business;

| • |  | regulatory decisions and changes in the regulatory environment;

| • |  | managing changes in our liquidity position and increased indebtedness and finance costs;

| • |  | failure to abide by the requirements of our licenses or applicable regulations, including new requirements regarding personal data protection in Turkey and local-sourcing requirements for the development of our 4.5G license in Turkey;

| • |  | economic and political developments in Turkey and internationally;

| • |  | exposure to certain risks through our interests in associated companies, including due to political instability in Ukraine;

| • |  | foreign exchange rate risks;

| • |  | reduction in cash generated from operations and increased capital needs, which may increase our borrowing requirements, and consequently, our finance costs and exposure to the risks associated with borrowing;

| • |  | our ability to deal with spectrum limitations;

| • |  | zoning limitations related to our Base Transceiver Stations (“BTS”) and potential increase in coverage requirements;

| • |  | potential liability and possible reduced usage of mobile phones as a result of alleged health risks related to BTSs and the use of handsets;

| • |  | our dependence on certain suppliers for network equipment and the provision of data services;

| • |  | Turkcell’s complex ownership structure and ongoing disagreements among our main shareholders;

| • |  | our dependence on certain systems and suppliers for network technology and IT services and our exposure to potential natural disasters, regular or severe IT and network failures, human error, security breaches and other Cybersecurity incidents and IT migration risk;

| • |  | technological changes in the telecommunications market;

| • |  | our dependence on third party providers to help us navigate the regulatory, security and business risks of industries where we traditionally do not compete;

| • |  | our ability to retain key personnel and distributors;

| • |  | legal actions and claims to which we are a party; and

| • |  | inherent limitations of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and other controls.

All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by reference to these cautionary statements.

ITEM 1. | IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not Applicable.

ITEM 2. | OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not Applicable.

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ITEM 3. | KEY INFORMATION

3.A Selected Financial Data

Our audited annual Consolidated Financial Statements including our consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and our consolidated statements of profit and loss, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 (“Annual Consolidated Financial Statements”) included in this annual report have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

Effective from the fourth quarter of 2015, our financial statements have been presented in TRY only, the currency in which we recognize the majority of our revenues and expenses. We no longer present financial statements in USD. This change has allowed us to align our Turkish and US reporting.

The following information should be read in conjunction with “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects”, our audited Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of profit and loss, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this annual report.

The following table presents our selected consolidated statements of income, statement of financial position and cash flows data as of and for each of the years in the five-year period ended December 31, 2017, presented in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB which have been derived from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017 and as of the respective years.

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
|  | (TRY millions, except share data and certain other data) |
Selected Financial Data Prepared in Accordance with IFRS as Issued by the IASB |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated Statement of Income Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues(1) |  |  | 17,632.1 |  |  |  | 14,285.6 |  |  |  | 12,769.4 |  |  |  | 12,043.6 |  |  |  | 11,407.9 |
Cost of revenues(2) |  |  | (11,350.2 | ) |  |  | (9,236.6 | ) |  |  | (7,769.5 | ) |  |  | (7,383.9 | ) |  |  | (7,063.9 | )
Gross profit |  |  | 6,281.9 |  |  |  | 5,049.0 |  |  |  | 4,999.9 |  |  |  | 4,659.7 |  |  |  | 4,344.0 |
Other income |  |  | 74.4 |  |  |  | 78.6 |  |  |  | 44.5 |  |  |  | 58.9 |  |  |  | 35.5 |
Administrative expenses |  |  | (645.2 | ) |  |  | (721.8 | ) |  |  | (625.3 | ) |  |  | (562.7 | ) |  |  | (550.3 | )
Selling and marketing expenses |  |  | (2,005.4 | ) |  |  | (1,910.9 | ) |  |  | (1,901.9 | ) |  |  | (1,974.6 | ) |  |  | (1,843.6 | )
Other expenses |  |  | (773.3 | ) |  |  | (312.8 | ) |  |  | (270.4 | ) |  |  | (135.2 | ) |  |  | (94.4 | )
Operating profit |  |  | 2,932.4 |  |  |  | 2,181.9 |  |  |  | 2,246.8 |  |  |  | 2,046.1 |  |  |  | 1,891.2 |
Finance income |  |  | 1,090.4 |  |  |  | 1,064.8 |  |  |  | 756.1 |  |  |  | 955.4 |  |  |  | 759.9 |
Finance costs |  |  | (1,413.3 | ) |  |  | (1,237.6 | ) |  |  | (799.5 | ) |  |  | (1,247.0 | ) |  |  | (204.6 | )
Net finance/(cost)/income |  |  | (322.9 | ) |  |  | (172.8 | ) |  |  | (43.4 | ) |  |  | (291.6 | ) |  |  | 555.3 |
Monetary gain(3) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 205.1 |  |  |  | 176.9 |
Share of profit of equity accounted investees(4) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | (0.7 | )
Profit before income taxes |  |  | 2,609.5 |  |  |  | 2,009.1 |  |  |  | 2,203.3 |  |  |  | 1,964.0 |  |  |  | 2,622.7 |
Income tax expense |  |  | (571.8 | ) |  |  | (423.2 | ) |  |  | (667.1 | ) |  |  | (730.4 | ) |  |  | (591.4 | )
Profit from continuing operations |  |  | 2,037.8 |  |  |  | 1,586.0 |  |  |  | 1,536.2 |  |  |  | 1,233.6 |  |  |  | 2,031.3 |
Profit/(loss) from discontinued operations(4) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (42.2 | ) |  |  | 367.3 |  |  |  | 202.8 |  |  |  | 298.0 |
Profit for the period |  |  | 2,037.8 |  |  |  | 1,543.8 |  |  |  | 1,903.6 |  |  |  | 1,436.5 |  |  |  | 2,329.3 |
Attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owners of the Company |  |  | 1,979.1 |  |  |  | 1,492.1 |  |  |  | 2,067.7 |  |  |  | 1,864.7 |  |  |  | 2,325.9 |
Non-controlling interest |  |  | 58.6 |  |  |  | 51.7 |  |  |  | (164.1 | ) |  |  | (428.2 | ) |  |  | 3.4 |
Profit for the period |  |  | 2,037.8 |  |  |  | 1,543.8 |  |  |  | 1,903.6 |  |  |  | 1,436.5 |  |  |  | 2,329.3 |
Basic and diluted earnings per share – Total Group(5) |  |  | 0.90 |  |  |  | 0.68 |  |  |  | 0.94 |  |  |  | 0.85 |  |  |  | 1.06 |
Basic and diluted earnings per share – from continuing operations(5) |  |  | 0.90 |  |  |  | 0.70 |  |  |  | 0.77 |  |  |  | 0.76 |  |  |  | 0.92 |

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|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
|  | (TRY millions, except share data and certain other data) |
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Data (at period end) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 4,712.3 |  |  |  | 6,052.4 |  |  |  | 2,918.8 |  |  |  | 9,031.9 |  |  |  | 8,128.9 |
Total assets |  |  | 33,982.5 |  |  |  | 31,600.2 |  |  |  | 26,207.3 |  |  |  | 23,694.2 |  |  |  | 21,284.6 |
Long-term debt(6) |  |  | 8,258.0 |  |  |  | 6,935.1 |  |  |  | 3,487.8 |  |  |  | 1,247.9 |  |  |  | 1,528.5 |
Total debt(7) |  |  | 12,536.1 |  |  |  | 9,781.2 |  |  |  | 4,214.2 |  |  |  | 3,697.7 |  |  |  | 3,332.5 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 18,937.4 |  |  |  | 15,531.8 |  |  |  | 11,788.4 |  |  |  | 6,983.6 |  |  |  | 6,549.5 |
Share capital |  |  | 2,200.0 |  |  |  | 2,200.0 |  |  |  | 2,200.0 |  |  |  | 2,200.0 |  |  |  | 2,200.0 |
Total equity |  |  | 15,045.1 |  |  |  | 16,068.4 |  |  |  | 14,418.9 |  |  |  | 16,710.6 |  |  |  | 14,735.1 |
Weighted average number of shares(8) |  |  | 2,193,184,437 |  |  |  | 2,193,184,437 |  |  |  | 2,200,000,000 |  |  |  | 2,200,000,000 |  |  |  | 2,200,000,000 |
Consolidated Cash Flows Data(9) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash generated by operating activities |  |  | 3,101.3 |  |  |  | 607.1 |  |  |  | 1,901.3 |  |  |  | 1,990.8 |  |  |  | 2,210.6 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (3,304.6 | ) |  |  | (2,976.7 | ) |  |  | (3,563.0 | ) |  |  | (1,378.0 | ) |  |  | (1,084.0 | )
Net cash generated by/ (used in) financing activities |  |  | (1,566.7 | ) |  |  | 4,839.0 |  |  |  | (4,887.4 | ) |  |  | 93.0 |  |  |  | (232.0 | )
Other Financial Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends declared or proposed(10)(11) |  |  | 1,239.5 |  |  |  | 3,000.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 794.0 |  |  |  | 990.0 |
Dividends per share (declared or proposed)(11) |  |  | 0.56 |  |  |  | 1.36 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.36 |  |  |  | 0.45 |
Gross margin(12) |  |  | 36 | % |  |  | 35 | % |  |  | 39 | % |  |  | 39 | % |  |  | 38 | %
Adjusted EBITDA(13) |  |  | 6,228.3 |  |  |  | 4,619.5 |  |  |  | 4,140.5 |  |  |  | 3,761.8 |  |  |  | 3,544.5 |
Capital expenditures |  |  | 4,087.4 |  |  |  | 3,494.4 |  |  |  | 8,536.2 |  |  |  | 2,144.8 |  |  |  | 1,822.3 |

(1) | Total revenues includes telecommunication services, equipment revenues, revenue and commission fees on betting business, call center revenues and revenues from financial services (Note 5).

(2) | Total cost of revenues includes payments for our treasury share (the amount paid to the government under our license) and universal service fund, transmission fees, radio costs, billing costs, depreciation and amortization charges, technical, roaming charges, interconnection fees, cost of goods sold, and personnel expenses for technical personnel related to our technicians and cost of revenues from financial operations (Note 10).

(3) | Hyperinflationary period lasted until 31 December 2005 in Turkey and commenced on January 1, 2011 in Belarus. In the financial statements of subsidiaries operating in Belarus, restatement adjustments have been made to compensate the effect of changes in the general purchasing power of the Belarusian Ruble in accordance with IAS 29. IAS 29 requires that financial statements prepared in the currency of a hyperinflationary economy be stated in terms of the measuring unit current at the balance sheet date. The economy of Belarus was considered to transit out of hyperinflationary status and we determined to cease applying IAS 29 starting from January 1, 2015. Therefore, subsidiaries operating in Belarus have not applied IAS 29 in 2015.

(4) | Following inconclusive negotiations for us to purchase Telia’s stake in Fintur and KCell, we decided to sell our Fintur stake and consequently, Fintur is classified as held for sale and reported as discontinued operations (Note 16).

(5) | 2016 and 2017 EPSs computed over 2,193,184,437 shares.

(6) | Long-term debt consists of long-term loans and borrowings, debt securities issued as well as long-term lease obligations.

(7) | Total debt consists of long-term and short-term loans and borrowings, debt securities issued as well as lease obligations.

(8) | The Company has purchased 6,815,563 shares back with a price range of TRY 8.92 to 9.99 as part of the share buyback decision on July 27, 2016. The transactions amount to TRY 65.6 million. Treasury shares are deducted from Equity (Notes 24 and 25).

(9) | The presentation of statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2015 has been revised in 2016.

(10) | The dividend paid in 2016 related to the years 2010 through 2016. 2017 dividend amount is proposed by Board of Directors on February 15, 2018 and subject to approval at the Annual General Meeting which will be held on March 29, 2018.

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(11) | Dividends per share were computed over 2,200,000,000 shares. The dividends per share were TRY 0.45 and TRY 0.36, TRY 1.36, TRY 0.56 for the years ended 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2017 respectively (equivalent to $0.12, $0.10 and $0.36, $0.15 respectively as of December 31, 2017).

(12) | Gross margin is calculated as gross profit divided by total revenues.

(13) | Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that is defined as the profit of the Company for the period before finance income, finance costs, income tax expense, other income, other expense, monetary gain, profit or loss from discontinued operations and depreciation and amortization. A reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income is presented below.

Non-IFRS measures

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that is defined as the profit of the Company for the period before finance income, finance costs, income tax expense, other income, other expense, monetary gain, profit or loss from discontinued operations, share of profit of equity accounted investees and depreciation and amortization. Our management reviews Adjusted EBITDA as a key indicator each month to monitor our financial performance. Net income is also considered by our management as an indicator for our overall business performance which includes results from our operations, financing and investing activities. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measurement of financial performance under IFRS and should not be construed as a substitute for profit for the period as a measure of performance or cash flow from operations as a measure of liquidity.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA, among other measures, facilitates performance comparisons from period to period and management decision making. It also facilitates performance comparisons from company to company, subject to differences in the way it is calculated by different companies. Adjusted EBITDA as a performance measure eliminates potential differences caused by variations in capital structures (affecting interest expense), tax positions (such as the impact of changes in effective tax rates on periods or companies) and the age and book depreciation and amortization of tangible and intangible assets (affecting relative depreciation and amortization expense). We also present Adjusted EBITDA because we believe it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in evaluating the performance of other mobile operators in the telecommunications industry in Europe, many of which present Adjusted EBITDA when reporting their results.

Nevertheless, Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation from, or as a substitute for analysis of, our results of operations, as reported under IFRS.

Some of these limitations are:

| • |  | it does not reflect our cash expenditures or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

| • |  | it does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

| • |  | it excludes share of profit of equity announced investees and discontinued operations;

| • |  | it does not reflect the interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our debt;

| • |  | it excludes depreciation, amortization and impairments and although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements;

| • |  | it does not reflect other income and expense items which are generally outside the scope of our ordinary operations;

| • |  | it is not adjusted for all non-cash income or expense items that are reflected in our consolidated statement of cash flows; and

| • |  | other companies in our industry may calculate this measure differently from how we do, which may limit its usefulness as a comparative measure.

We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our results under IFRS and using Adjusted EBITDA measures only supplementally. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and the Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this annual report.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA, as calculated using financial data prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, to net profit, which we believe is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB.

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
|  | (Million TRY) |
Profit for the period |  |  | 2,037.8 |  |  |  | 1,543.8 |  |  |  | 1,903.6 |  |  |  | 1,436.5 |  |  |  | 2,329.3 |
Profit or (loss) from discontinued operations |  |  | — |  |  |  | (42.2 | ) |  |  | 367.3 |  |  |  | 202.8 |  |  |  | 298.0 |
Income tax expense |  |  | (571.8 | ) |  |  | (423.2 | ) |  |  | (667.1 | ) |  |  | (730.4 | ) |  |  | (591.4 | )
Consolidated profit before income tax |  |  | 2,609.5 |  |  |  | 2,009.1 |  |  |  | 2,203.3 |  |  |  | 1,964.0 |  |  |  | 2,622.7 |
Share of profit of equity accounted investees |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | (0.7 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | (2,597.0 | ) |  |  | (2,203.3 | ) |  |  | (1,667.8 | ) |  |  | (1,639.4 | ) |  |  | (1,594.4 | )
Other operating income/(expense) |  |  | (698.9 | ) |  |  | (234.2 | ) |  |  | (225.9 | ) |  |  | (76.3 | ) |  |  | (58.9 | )
Monetary gain |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 205.1 |  |  |  | 176.9 |
Finance income/(costs) |  |  | (322.9 | ) |  |  | (172.8 | ) |  |  | (43.4 | ) |  |  | (291.6 | ) |  |  | 555.3 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  |  | 6,228.3 |  |  |  | 4,619.5 |  |  |  | 4,140.5 |  |  |  | 3,761.8 |  |  |  | 3,544.5 |

The following table presents selected operational data:

I. Operating Results

|  | As of and for the year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Industry Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population of Turkey (in millions)(1) |  |  | 80.8 |  |  |  | 79.8 |  |  |  | 78.7 |
Turkcell Data(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of mobile postpaid subscribers at end of period (in millions)(3) |  |  | 18.5 |  |  |  | 17.4 |  |  |  | 16.6 |
Number of mobile M2M subscribers at end of period (in millions) |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 1.9 |
Number of mobile prepaid subscribers at end of period (in millions)(3) |  |  | 15.6 |  |  |  | 15.7 |  |  |  | 17.4 |
Number of fiber subscribers at end of period (in thousands) |  |  | 1,204.3 |  |  |  | 1,043.9 |  |  |  | 899.4 |
Number of ADSL subscribers at end of period (in thousands) |  |  | 921.4 |  |  |  | 818.0 |  |  |  | 620.8 |
Number of IPTV subscribers at end of period (in thousands) |  |  | 505.9 |  |  |  | 359.7 |  |  |  | 223.7 |
Total Turkcell Turkey subscribers at end of period (in millions) |  |  | 36.7 |  |  |  | 35.3 |  |  |  | 35.8 |
Total Turkcell Group subscribers at the end of period (in millions)(4) |  |  | 50.2 |  |  |  | 50.1 |  |  |  | 51.6 |
Mobile average monthly revenue per user (in TRY)(5) |  |  | 29.8 |  |  |  | 26.8 |  |  |  | 24.5 |
Postpaid |  |  | 43.0 |  |  |  | 39.2 |  |  |  | 38.5 |
Postpaid (excluding M2M) |  |  | 48.5 |  |  |  | 44.0 |  |  |  | 42.7 |
Prepaid |  |  | 14.9 |  |  |  | 13.9 |  |  |  | 12.4 |
Fixed Residential average monthly revenue per user (in TRY)(5) |  |  | 53.6 |  |  |  | 51.1 |  |  |  | 48.7 |
Mobile average monthly minutes of use per subscriber(6) |  |  | 347.1 |  |  |  | 323.9 |  |  |  | 296.6 |
Mobile Churn(7) |  |  | 20.5 | % |  |  | 24.6 | % |  |  | 27.3 | %
Fixed Churn(8) |  |  | 19.6 | % |  |  | 18.9 | % |  |  | 16.7 | %
Number of Turkcell employees at end of period |  |  | 3,967 |  |  |  | 3,870 |  |  |  | 3,851 |
Number of employees of consolidated subsidiaries at end of period(9) |  |  | 19,768 |  |  |  | 18,999 |  |  |  | 16,649 |

(1) | The population of Turkey for 2017, 2016, and 2015 is based on TUIK’s announcements.

(2) | For a discussion of how these metrics affect our revenues, please see “Item 5A. Operating Results,—VI. Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2016—a. Revenues”.

(3) | Subscriber numbers do not include subscribers in Ukraine, Belarus, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Germany.

(4) | Subscriber numbers include subscribers in Ukraine, Belarus, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Germany.

(5) | We calculate average revenue per user using the weighted average number of our mobile and fixed subscribers in Turkey during the period.

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(6) | Average monthly minutes of use per subscriber is calculated by dividing the total number of incoming and outgoing airtime minutes of use by the average monthly sum of postpaid and prepaid mobile subscribers in Turkey for the year divided by twelve.

(7) | Churn rate is the percentage calculated by dividing the total number of subscriber disconnections during a certain period by the average number of subscribers for the same period. For these purposes, we define “average number of subscribers” as the number of subscribers at the beginning of the period plus one half of the total number of gross subscribers acquired during the period. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview—V. Churn” for information concerning subscriber disconnection policy and changes in the policy.

(8) | Fixed churn rate represents the rate of subscriber disconnections during a certain period and is calculated by dividing the total number of subscriber disconnections during a certain period by the average number of subscribers for the same period. For these purposes, we define “average number of subscribers” as the number of subscribers at the beginning of the period plus one half of the total number of gross subscribers acquired during the period. Churn refers to our fixed subscribers in Turkey that are both voluntarily and involuntarily disconnected from our network. Fixed churn rate includes switches between Fiber and ADSL.

(9) | See “Item 6.D. Employees” for information concerning our consolidated subsidiaries.

II. Exchange Rate Data

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York does not report, and historically has not reported, a noon buying rate for the Turkish Lira. For the convenience of the reader, this annual report presents translations of certain Turkish Lira amounts into U.S. Dollars at the relevant Turkish Lira exchange rate for purchases of U.S. Dollars at the $/TRY exchange rate announced by the Central Bank of Republic of Turkey (“CBRT”). The assets and liabilities of foreign operations, including goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on acquisition, are translated to TRY from the functional currency of the foreign operation at foreign exchange rates prevailing at the reporting date. The income and expenses of foreign operations are translated to TRY at monthly average exchange rates excluding foreign operations in hyperinflationary economies which are translated to TRY at exchange rates at the reporting date.

The income and expenses of foreign operations in hyperinflationary economies are translated to TRY at the exchange rate at the reporting date. Prior to translating the financial statements of foreign operations in hyperinflationary economies, their financial statements for the current period are restated to account for changes in the general purchasing power of the local currency. The restatement is based on relevant price indices at the reporting date. As stated in the annual monetary and exchange rate policy announcements of the CBRT, which have been published since 2002, the foreign exchange rate is not a policy tool or target; it is determined by the supply and demand conditions in the market. Along with inflation targeting, the CBRT continued to support financial stability and the implementation of the floating exchange rate regime in 2017.

The hyperinflationary period in Turkey ceased by December 31, 2005 and commenced in Belarus on January 1, 2011 and ceased by January 1, 2015. Accordingly, the economy of Belarus was considered to transit out of hyperinflationary status and we determined to cease applying IAS 29 starting from January 1, 2015. The following table sets forth, for the periods and the dates indicated, the CBRT’s buying rates for U.S. Dollars. These rates may differ from the actual rates used in preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements and other information appearing herein. The $/TRY exchange rate on March 13, 2018 was TRY 3.815= $1.00.

|  | 2018(2)(3) |  |  | 2017(2) |  |  | 2016(2) |  |  | 2015(2) |  |  | 2014(2) |  |  | 2013(2) |
High |  |  | 3.816 |  |  |  | 3.959 |  |  |  | 3.534 |  |  |  | 3.060 |  |  |  | 2.367 |  |  |  | 2.160 |
Low |  |  | 3.737 |  |  |  | 3.397 |  |  |  | 2.793 |  |  |  | 2.278 |  |  |  | 2.071 |  |  |  | 1.746 |
Average(1) |  |  | 3.781 |  |  |  | 3.648 |  |  |  | 3.021 |  |  |  | 2.720 |  |  |  | 2.188 |  |  |  | 1.901 |
Period End |  |  | 3.815 |  |  |  | 3.772 |  |  |  | 3.519 |  |  |  | 2.908 |  |  |  | 2.319 |  |  |  | 2.134 |

Source: CBRT

(1) | Calculated based on the average of the daily exchange rates of each month during the relevant period.

(2) | These columns set forth the CBRT’s buying rates for U.S. Dollars expressed in Turkish Lira.

(3) | Through March 13, 2018.

|  | March 2018(1) |  |  | February 2018 |  |  | January 2018 |  |  | December 2017 |  |  | November 2017 |  |  | October 2017 |
High |  |  | 3.816 |  |  |  | 3.812 |  |  |  | 3,815 |  |  |  | 3.939 |  |  |  | 3.959 |  |  |  | 3.817 |
Low |  |  | 3.797 |  |  |  | 3.745 |  |  |  | 3.737 |  |  |  | 3.803 |  |  |  | 3.775 |  |  |  | 3.552 |

Source: CBRT

(1) | Through March 13, 2018.

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No representation is made that Turkish Lira or the U.S. Dollar amounts as presented in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. Dollars or Turkish Lira, as the case may be, at any particular rate. For a discussion of the effects of fluctuating exchange rates on our business, see “Item 5A. Operating Results”.

3.B Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

3.C Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

3.D Risk Factors

The following is a discussion of those risks that we believe are the principal material risks faced by our Company and its subsidiaries. No assurance can be given that risks that we do not believe to be material today will not prove to be material in the future. Consequently, the risks described below should not be considered to be exhaustive.

Competition in the Turkish telecommunications market may adversely affect the growth of our business and our financial condition and the competition that we face may evolve with our business strategy.

The majority of our revenue comes from our operations in Turkey. Competition in this market and regulatory actions, in particular those that limit our ability to respond effectively to competitive pressures, may adversely affect the growth of our business and our financial condition. If the competition intensifies or the market slows or develops in unexpected ways, this could harm our business and financial condition.

In our conventional Turkish telecommunications market, we currently face price competition on telecommunication services from two other operators, Vodafone and Turk Telekom Group. Turk Telekom’s majority shareholder, Oger Telecom, has defaulted on the bank loans it used to finance its stake in Turk Telekom. We cannot predict how this situation will be resolved, but changes in Turk Telekom’s strategy and/or ownership may result, which could have a significant impact on the competitive environment in which we operate.

A key element of our strategy going forward is to offer digital services, including into our convergent offers, and to be the “digital operator”. As a result, we expect to find ourselves increasingly in competition with companies that specialize in the development of internet applications and services (namely “over-the-top”, or “OTT” services). The leading companies in these businesses have the advantage of operating in more lightly regulated environments and are generally global (WhatsApp, Spotify, etc.), while our company today is primarily a Turkey-based telecom company in heavily regulated businesses and with a smaller global footprint. These global players are actively entering the Turkish market, which is likely to increase the competition we face in these businesses and may have a negative impact on our growth capabilities as a digital operator. In addition, newer applications from less well-known developers are constantly being introduced and may disrupt areas of the digital services industry in which we seek to compete. These established and newer applications and services make use of the internet as a substitute for some of our more traditional services, such as messaging and voice. Reduced demand for these telecommunications services has had an adverse impact on our revenues. Furthermore, other “traditional” operators in Turkey might also move towards such services, thereby increasing competition in the local market. For example, Vodafone is already engaged in partnerships for this purpose, including with Spotify in Turkey.

Another obstacle to our growth as a “digital operator” is that certain apps offered by our competitors are already embedded in the phones of our customers, which increases their accessibility in comparison with our apps. For example, the Apple Music app, which is a competitor of our fizy app, is embedded into iPhones and is thus significantly more accessible.

In our conventional telecommunications business, in the past, Turkey’s principal telecommunications regulator, the ICTA, has interfered with our ability to price our services and respond to competitive pressures.

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Regulatory actions such as the ICTA’s regulations on our retail pricing and maximum retail prices were a significant factor in shaping the development of the Turkish market and in our ability to respond to changes in the market. Regulatory actions have often favored our competitors, such as interconnection rates which have been set asymmetrically and have facilitated increased competition. Although the ICTA’s maximum and minimum retail price regulations have been lifted, it is possible that the ICTA may act to regulate other areas of our business, including converged offers including digital services, and we cannot predict the impact that such regulation would have on our ability to execute our strategy and on our competitive position. Furthermore, sub-brand initiatives of the existing competitors, and new licenses and authorizations issued by the regulator such as Fixed Telephony Service (“FTS”) and Mobile Virtual Network Operator (“MVNO”) licenses have made it easier and/or more attractive for new direct and indirect competitors to enter the market. In addition, global retail players may enter the online retail market in Turkey, which in turn may increase the level of competition and hence, have a negative impact on our sales through Turkcell stores and/or our online sales channel.

In some businesses, we are dependent on our competitors for certain services that we provide. For example, we are reselling xDSL from the incumbent operator Turk Telekom and we are dependent on their sales service in this business. Therefore, any delay or negligence of Turk Telekom could result in dissatisfaction of our customers and lead to churn of our xDSL subscribers.

Competition in the market may also be adversely affected by changes in a number of other areas that are not specific to telecommunications, such as taxes (in particular taxes on our services and on mobile devices), increases in interest rates, depreciation of the Turkish Lira against the U.S. Dollar or Euro, macroeconomic developments and changes in consumer behavior, which could in turn adversely affect our financial results and the development of our business.

Our growth strategy is partly dependent on new investment opportunities, which could affect our business and financial condition, and the return on our investments cannot be guaranteed.

In addition to growing our existing business, our strategy for growth involves selectively seeking and evaluating new investment opportunities and participating in those meeting our criteria. We may pursue inorganic growth opportunities, principally in Turkey and in countries or ventures in which we are already present, in order to leverage our experience and technological base in mobile or fixed telecommunications and/or services. We may also pursue opportunities which include alliances, such as MVNOs, management service agreements and marketing partnerships. In accordance with our convergence strategy, the opportunities that we pursue in some markets, including Turkey, may include services that would be adjacent or complementary to services that we already offer in such markets.

In addition, we may provide services in related areas and also consider investing or increasing our investments in business areas outside of the scope of our core business. Examples of opportunities that we are currently considering or investing in outside of our traditional telecommunications activities include the following:

| • |  | We have announced our participation in a consortium that has committed to manufacture smart vehicles in Turkey in the coming years. Turkcell is expected to act as the technology partner in the consortium. The level of our financial commitment has not yet been determined, but it may be significant. This is a new business for us, in which we will face new risks. Considering that there is still no fixed plan regarding the type of vehicle or date for the launching of the prototype, such risks are difficult to measure and predict at this early stage, but will involve financial and development risks, risks related to the structure and shared control of the consortium and other risks.

| • |  | As part of our digital operator strategy, we are seeking to offer our digital services outside of Turkey to other operators through our Dutch subsidiary Lifecell Ventures Cooperatif U.A., which offers digital communications, entertainment and transactional applications under a revenue-sharing model. We cannot ensure the commercial success or profitability of this business. The success of this strategy to export our digital applications to countries outside of Turkey will depend on our ability to compete against global and local players in these markets, as well as the local competitive environment, consumer trends and preferences and market conditions, all of which may be different from the Turkish market.

| • |  | We have entered the energy business, through Turkcell Enerji Cozumleri ve Elektrik Satis Ticaret Anonim Sirketi (“Turkcell Enerji”), which will engage in electricity trading, wholesale sales and retail sales and has obtained an electricity supply license from the Turkish Energy Market Regulatory

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| Authority (“EMRA”). Through this business we will face various risks that are new to us, including that of a new regulatory regime and the risk of not being able to buy electricity at a reasonable cost in comparison to the cost at which we may agree to sell it. The cost of electricity is significantly affected by exchange rates (imported resources (natural gas and coal) account for more than 50% of electricity production in Turkey), the available supply of natural gas and regulatory actions. We expect that profit margins in this business will be lower than in our telecommunications businesses. Turkcell Enerji is also evaluating new opportunities in solar energy production (primarily for our own use and for sale) which, if successful, might bring in additional operational, financial, regulatory and other risks.

| • |  | We may put in a bid in a government project called “Fatih” (an acronym for the words in Turkish for Movement to Increase Opportunities and Technology) to integrate state-of-the-art computer technology into Turkey’s public education system up to 10 years at a committed price per student that the Ministry of Education is to pay. The size of our commitment will largely depend on the result of the tender and may, in any case, be substantial.

We are working towards establishing a joint infrastructure company between Turkcell Superonline and Vodafone Net that would deploy fiber infrastructure in Turkey. We envisage that Turksat, a satellite and cable TV operator in Turkey, may also be involved in the joint infrastructure company subject to obtaining necessary permits. A local internet service provider (ISP) has also declared its intention to take part in the infrastructure company although it has not made a final decision. We may also enter into discussions with other Turkish ISPs with respect to their participation in the joint agreement. While the goal of our participation in this venture would be to reduce our capital expenditures as compared to standalone development efforts, initial startup costs may be significant and we may be required to commit in advance to make expenditures at times that we might otherwise choose not to. If we fail to obtain necessary permits for this venture, we may have to terminate these discussions. The regulatory hurdles associated with the establishment of the joint infrastructure company are likely to be significant, and the sharing of infrastructure may have an impact on the way we market fiber services. In this regard, no decision has yet been taken regarding the contribution of our existing fiber infrastructure to the proposed joint infrastructure company. Furthermore, we will face development risk and risks related to the structure and shared control of the consortium. In addition, our competitors may take counter actions that may ultimately reduce the competitiveness of this joint infrastructure company.

New investments may not achieve expected returns or returns that are in line with those of our core business in Turkey, which may cause high value erosion. In many of the markets and businesses in which we have invested, may invest or may increase our investment, it may take several years and significant expenditures to achieve desired profitability, if at all. As part of our strategy as an integrated player offering multiple telecommunications services, we may consider acquiring fixed operators in certain of the markets in which we operate. Any such acquisition would increase our exposure to the risks associated with these countries and these types of businesses. If we become a minority shareholder in an investment, we might encounter difficulties in protecting our shareholder rights. In addition, if an asset in which we have invested does not provide the expected returns, we may need to make further investment or we may consider disposal at a sale price that may be below carrying value or liquidation.

Regulatory decisions and changes in the regulatory environment could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We are subject to a significant range of legislative and regulatory requirements, both in Turkey and internationally. Compliance with new and existing laws and regulations has had, and is likely to continue to have, a significant impact on the ways in which we do business. This may include but is not limited to the impact on our ability to set our pricing and offer new and existing services, including converged services, on customer use of our services, the way we handle, process and store customer data, the terms of our subscriber contracts, the way we can communicate with customers, including in particular our ability to contact subscribers with new converged offers, and our ability to obtain and maintain licenses. Furthermore, the laws, regulations, regulatory orders and licenses under which we operate are subject to interpretation and enforcement by regulators with which we are not always in agreement. Complying with regulations may be costly, and failure to comply may lead to significant penalties, criminal prosecution, adverse publicity and the loss of licenses in the affected line of business or country and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and cause significant reputational and brand damage with customers, investors and regulators. Furthermore, our licenses generally have specified terms and renewal is not assured. For more information on regulation and how it may impact our business, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Regulation of the Turkish Telecommunications Industry”.

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Pricing is one of the areas in which we are subject to regulation. In the recent past, ICTA and Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications of Turkey (the “Turkish Ministry”) regulations and actions relating to our voice, SMS, data and value added services have negatively affected our pricing and our ability to design and launch campaigns and offers. These regulations have now been lifted and the regulatory burden has consequently been significantly reduced. However, interconnection rates are still set by the ICTA, and, there is a possibility that further regulatory actions will adversely affect our business and financial condition. In addition, the ICTA has determined and may in the future determine that we are an operator with significant market power and as a result impose certain constraints on us, while imposing less stringent ones on other mobile and fixed telecommunications operators in the market, both of which may adversely affect our business and financial condition. For more information, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Regulation of the Turkish Telecommunications Industry”.

The ICTA has introduced new regulations or changes to regulations in a number of areas that could affect our business, including the following:

| • |  | Customer reimbursements are now more highly regulated, which will increase our liability and place a higher administrative burden on our company. For example, reimbursements must now take place in under a month (unless another period is set forth by a decision of the ICTA), and we may face penalties should we fail to meet this requirement.

| • |  | Following a recent ICTA decision, the “fair use policy” will be removed from the fixed and mobile broadband market as of December 31, 2018, which may increase customer traffic, in particular as a result of increases in demand for videos and OTT app use. This may have a negative effect on our cost structure, as we may be required to provide additional service and incur additional access costs which cannot be fully charged.

| • |  | The ICTA has taken decisions in the fiber market that have favored the incumbent Turk Telekom, in particular until recently exempting the fiber market from market analysis. The ICTA recently determined that Turk Telekom has Significant Market Power. However, Turk Telekom may appeal this classification and any resulting regulatory actions, and we cannot ensure that such actions will be sufficient to cure market imbalances.

| • |  | The ICTA has extended its “double opt-in rule”, requiring consumers to submit two approvals before purchasing value added services, from game and music services to all value added services that are purchased via SMS. This makes it more difficult to purchase our services and which may adversely affect our services revenue.

We have recently restructured our sales channel and renovated all Turkcell stores and have centralized the supply of products sold in our stores over a single platform that we control to ensure the level of quality and consistency of product lines. Regulatory approvals are critical for the implementation of this restructuring, and thus achieving the projected competitive advantages of this plan. If we fail to obtain the necessary approval, we may have to change our strategy and lose the projected competitive advantages of this plan.

Taxation and charges are also areas in which we are subject to specific regulations. We are for example subject to a Special Communication Tax, which has recently been set at 7.5% across all product lines, and transceiver and receiver unit surcharge payments have now been set at 5% of monthly net sales starting in January 2018. We cannot rule out the possibility of further increases in tax rates or new taxes and charges, including on mobile devices, data, and services. Such taxes have affected, and could continue to adversely affect, consumer demand for products and services and our results of operations.

We are increasingly involved in providing financial services to our customers. As a result of the establishment of our consumer finance company, our participation finance company, and our planned insurance agency company, as well as our existing operations in payment and e-money services, we are subject to a variety of banking and finance laws and regulations (the principal regulators include the BRSA and the Insurance Directorate under Undersecretariat of the Treasury), and pursuant to our focus on services such as TV and music, we are subject to broadcasting and copyright laws and regulations. In 2017, Turkcell Enerji, which we fully own indirectly, has obtained an electricity supply license from EMRA for the purpose of electricity energy trading and wholesale and retail electricity sales. This company is subject to laws and regulations governing the electricity market in Turkey. These regulations are different from those that we currently encounter in our core communications business in Turkey and we will need to obtain and develop the expertise required to comply with these laws and regulations, which may be costly. As we enter new businesses, such as the automotive industry, we will also be exposed to the regulatory regimes and decisions specific to those businesses.

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Given that we process personal data, in particular of our customers, we are subject to the recent Law on The Protection of Personal Data and the regulations of the Personal Data Protection Authority. Companies subject to such law and regulations have been given a two year period, ending April 2018, to take all the necessary actions to be in compliance with the law and its regulations. Such law and regulations are new and have many ramifications and require significant changes to our systems. Should we fail to properly implement and comply with this law, we might face administrative fines of up to TRY 1,000,000 per event, depending on the nature of the failure(s), as well as other regulatory actions by the Personal Data Protection Authority.

Furthermore, we are subject to various laws and regulations relating to unethical business practices, including bribery and corruption, and international sanctions. The failure by our officers, employees, agents, suppliers and business partners to comply with such laws or rules, in particular the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, as well as any failure in the policies and procedures that we put in place in order to monitor conduct and prevent non-compliance, anywhere in the world where we conduct business, could result in criminal prosecution, penalties, withdrawal of licenses and significant damage to our reputation. One of our key suppliers, Ericsson, has been the subject of corruption allegations and investigations, including in respect of its Turkish operations. Although we have not to our knowledge been implicated, no assurance can be given that these allegations and investigations will not touch our Group. Any violation of laws or regulations in these areas may impact our future revenue, depending on the legislation concerned and the nature of the breach.

Any instability in the political environment and/or downturn in the economy, as well as volatile international markets and events and the threat of terrorism, in Turkey and/or internationally may have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

With a substantial portion of our revenues, assets and business derived from and located in Turkey, and denominated in Turkish Lira, adverse developments in the Turkish economy are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. The performance of the Turkish economy may be affected by global, regional and domestic economic and political developments.

Turkey’s political stability has temporarily been marred by coup attempt against government in power. Turkey held its inaugural presidential election on August 10, 2014 based on the constitutional changes implemented following the referendum held on October 21, 2007. Recep Tayyip Erdogan, leader of the ruling AKP, won the election in the first round with 51.8% of the vote. On July 15, 2016, a coup d’état was attempted in Turkey against state institutions, including, but not limited to, the Turkish government by a faction within the army with ties to the Gulen movement that, in May 2016, was officially designated by the Turkish government as a terrorist organization (“FETO”). On July 20, 2016, the Turkish government declared a three-month state of emergency in the country, entitling it to exercise additional powers aimed at restoring stability across the country. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey extended the state of emergency five times subsequently. The latest extension was approved on January 18, 2018, which extended the state of emergency for an additional three-month period. There can be no guarantee that the state of emergency will not be extended again. The state of emergency entitles the Turkish government to exercise additional powers including changes in policies and laws.

The political and social environments in Turkey, as well as its market stability and foreign relations, have been impacted by the coup attempt and also by ongoing conflict in Syria. On April 16, 2017, a majority of Turkish voters approved a referendum amending certain articles of the Turkish Constitution. The amendments expand the powers of the president to create an executive presidency and are expected to be implemented gradually by November 2019, the expected date for the next general and presidential election. Given the fact of this upcoming election, there can be no assurance that the political uncertainty will disappear. The failure of the government to devise or implement appropriate social and economic reform agenda, may individually or in the aggregate adversely affect the Turkish economy and, in turn, our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Following the coup attempt, on July 21, 2016, the Turkish Capital Markets Board (the “CMB”) under its Communiqué on Share Buy-backs decided to temporarily remove the limits that are applicable to public companies’ acquisition of their own shares (especially the limit restricting buy-backs up to 10% of the share capital) and authorized Turkish public companies to initiate stock repurchases, even in the absence of shareholder approval. Public companies that do not currently have any share buy-back programs can acquire their own shares from the stock exchange without being subject to any limit under the Communiqué provided that they publicly disclose any such trade. No end date has been set for this temporary regime. Our company with its board resolution dated July 27, 2016, has chosen to take advantage of this authorization and set aside a maximum fund amount (TRY 150 million) for buy-backs of both shares and bonds and has purchased 6,815,563 shares in a price range of TRY 8.92 to 9.99 from September 2016 through March 10, 2017 at a cost of TRY 65.6 million. On

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January 30, 2017 our board increased the maximum fund amount to TRY 300 million for share buy-back, including our ADRs traded on the NYSE, and bond buy-back, allowing management to buy, sell and/or redeem these securities within the maximum fund amount. In this context, in 2016 we purchased a nominal amount of USD18 million of our Eurobond (amounting to approximately TRY 57 million). In 2017, we sold the total nominal amount back to the market. This is a temporary regime that the CMB may discontinue at any time. In the event of a discontinuation of this policy, our management will not be able to react, at its sole discretion and immediately, to volatility in the market for shares.

More generally, in our view, among the biggest threats to the global economy, including Turkey, in 2018 are the sustainability of economic growth and the sustainability of current low energy prices, which have generally benefitted the Turkish economy and the country’s current account deficit. The effect of prolonged low energy prices on commodity exporter countries in the region such as Russia, Saudi Arabia and Iran may negatively affect terms of trade between these countries and Turkey. Other potential threats to the Turkish economy is the ongoing normalization of U.S. monetary policy along with higher inflation and interest rates under the new U.S. administration, fragile growth outlook in Turkey’s key export destinations, the Eurozone, and geopolitical risks stemming from instability in Iraq, Syria, Iran, Georgia, Cyprus, Egypt, Tunisia, Israel, Armenia and Russia, the impact of this on Turkish foreign relations, including with the United States, as well as increasing uncertainty regarding the political outlook in Ukraine and in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) regions. Furthermore, Turkish Army is dedicated to fight against terrorist groups inside Turkey, Syria and Northern Iraq, notably the People’s Congress of Kurdistan (known as the PKK), and also extremist terrorist groups like ISIS in neighboring countries. Turkey’s Afrin operation against ISIS,YPG/PYD/PKK, which started in January 2018, can impose higher risks on budget deficit if the operation lasts longer than anticipated.

Although the Turkish Government’s medium-term program envisages growth of 5.5% in 2018, such outlook may be affected by increased geo-political uncertainties and a weakening in consumer confidence. A series of factors, among which TRY depreciation, robust domestic demand and high energy prices, have led to a rise in headline inflation to 11.9% in December 2017, which is the highest level since December 2003. The budget deficit rose to 1.6% of the GDP in December 2017, and is expected to widen as a result of increased government spending to sustain strong economic activity, and Turkey’s current account deficit has increased in recent periods as well. Geopolitical and domestic political factors, such as the military intervention in Syria and the run-up to the November 2019 presidential elections, are other sources of uncertainty and impose further risks on the country’s economy, and could further increase the pressure on the Turkish Lira and interest rates. Also, Standard & Poor’s credit rating for Turkey has stood at BB with negative outlook since 2017, while Moody’s credit rating was recently downgraded to Ba2, with a stable outlook. Furthermore, after the failed July 2016 military coup the government guaranteed more than TRY 200 billion ($52.2 billion) worth of low-cost loans to boost credit growth and stimulate the economy. Expectations are that this program may be reduced, which would be likely to have an adverse effect on the economy and banking sector. Should the Turkish economy experience a contraction or develop in unexpected ways, this may have an adverse impact on our operations and financial results.

There can be no assurance that the political and more importantly geopolitical situation within Turkey or its neighboring countries will not deteriorate. The rise of protectionism and the threat to globalization is likely to impact political and economic affairs. These, coupled with rising geopolitical risks, might deter politicians from implementing economic programs, may individually or in the aggregate adversely affect the Turkish economy and, in turn, our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We hold interests in several companies that may expose us to various economic, business, political, social, financial, liquidity, regulatory and legal risks and may not provide the benefits that we expect, and our pursuit of acquisition opportunities may increase these risks.

Our investments in subsidiaries and associated companies within Turkey and internationally has and is likely to continue to expose us to economic, political, social, financial, regulatory, currency devaluation and legal risks. These risks have affected and could adversely affect our result of operations and the carrying value of assets in our financial statements.

Through our subsidiaries in Turkey and internationally, we engage in businesses outside of the scope of our core mobile business. These other businesses are subject to risks that are in some respects different from those of our mobile business. We will need to obtain the expertise required to compete and operate in these new businesses, which may be costly. No assurance may be given that we will succeed and that we will not incur losses that could adversely affect our business and financial condition. For example, several of our subsidiaries are providing financial services including, for instance, providing credit, payment intermediation and bill payment services, which are different from those in our traditional telecommunications activities and increase

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our exposure to certain risks that are common to both. Providing financing and financial services to our customers exposes us to liquidity and market risk, credit risk, fraud risk and cyber-attack risks, in particular with respect to credit cards and personal information that we process and hold. This includes through the expansion of our mobile payment business, Paycell, in Turkey, Ukraine and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. We have also created a consumer finance company Turkcell Finansman A.S. (“Financell”), which manages the high working capital requirements and bad debt expenses arising from the high demand in the Turkish market for “bundled” offers featuring both communications services and a communications device, particularly a smartphone. This company commenced operations in 2016. Loans outstanding at December 31, 2017 totaled TRY 4.2 billion, and this amount is expected to grow throughout 2018. Our credit default risk may increase particularly as the credit portfolio increases, or in the event that our lending criteria fail to preserve the quality of our assets, and/or in the event of economic activity slowdown in Turkey and in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, where we also offer consumer financing. The foregoing may lead to losses and eventual tightening of lending criteria, which in turn may cause a reduction of the loan portfolio, which is likely to affect our profitability. Furthermore, the demand for consumer loans might be negatively affected by financial conditions, particularly interest rates and currency. The Turkish financial sector, including banks, financial leasing and factoring companies, payments and e-money institutions and consumer financing companies, is regulated by the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (“BRSA”). The BRSA may enact changes in regulations regarding consumer finance activities, which might restrict part of our consumer finance business. These restrictions may include a number of installment limits or prohibition on financing of specific goods or services. More generally, the consumer finance sector is rapidly evolving and no assurance can be given that we will be able to adapt to market trends and that new competitors will not emerge. If this were the case, we may not be able to realize the synergies that we expect from our consumer finance business.

Turkcell Group has investments in emerging markets including Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Ukraine and has activities that involve other emerging markets. Legal systems, institutions, commercial practices and economies in emerging markets tend to be relatively underdeveloped and some may also suffer from relatively high rates of fraud and corruption. Were we to be affected by corruption, we could incur significant penalties under applicable anti-corruption legislation, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act as well as reputational harm. Turkcell Group also retains relevant risks with regards to is divested businesses.

In some countries, we hold our investments with another shareholder or local government and in some cases we are a non-controlling shareholder. Should there be a disagreement between us and other shareholders, no assurance can be given that we will be able to take the course of action we believe is appropriate. In these cases, we may consider exiting, or alternatively increasing our investment in order to take control, which may be costly. Furthermore, some of the countries in which we have businesses, and the companies and individuals that we come into contact with, may be the target of E.U., U.S. and international sanctions, as has occurred in Crimea. There can be no assurance that political, legal, economic, social or other actions or developments in these countries or involving such companies and individuals will not have an adverse impact on our investments and businesses in these countries. Investors may be reticent to invest in a company doing business in such countries or other countries that may be at risk due to the political instability. These factors could have an adverse effect on the demand for and the price of our shares.In this regard, we have and are likely to continue to experience issues in some of our Turkish and international businesses that adversely affect our Company. Recent issues include the following:

| • |  | Our operations in Ukraine are adversely affected by the ongoing conflict with Russia, political instability, civil unrest and economic problems in that country. Due to the ongoing crisis in the Crimea region following its annexation by the Russian Federation, we were eventually obliged to discontinue services there in the fourth quarter of 2014. We completely wrote-off our assets in the Crimea region, while retaining our license and frequency rights. We are currently evaluating our options with respect to the disposal of lifecell’s assets in Crimea and the actions that we may take may raise challenges with respect to compliance with lifecell’s license requirements. Furthermore, the current military and political crisis in the Eastern part (mainly in Donetsk and Luhansk, otherwise referred to as the ATO zone) with Russia remains unresolved and could lead us to evaluate our options in the Eastern region. In 2017, we recorded an impairment of assets in this zone of $3 million. The ongoing crisis may further adversely affect the Ukrainian economy and our results of operations in Ukraine and/or the value and security of our assets and operations there. We are unable to predict the likely course or duration of these events, or the extent of the adverse impact that they have had and are likely to have on the telecommunications market dynamics and composition, our investment in Ukraine and our operations there.

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| • |  | In Ukraine, the local currency, the Ukrainian Hryvnia (“UAH”), depreciated against the U.S. Dollar by 13.3% in 2016 and by 3.2% in 2017 according to National Bank of Ukraine. The UAH appreciated by 7.6% against U.S. Dollar as of March 13, 2018 as compared to closing rates on December 31, 2017. The National Bank of Ukraine, among other measures, continues to impose certain restrictions on the processing of client payments by banks and on the purchase of foreign currency on the inter-bank market. Although the country experienced GDP growth in 2016 and 2107, the IMF recently indicated that it would require approval of legislation on anticorruption, privatization and the increase in gas prices, as agreed in April 2017. The country remains subject to further currency devaluation risk, continuing instability as noted above, a large current account deficit, high external funding needs and tight liquidity conditions. The National Bank of Ukraine is expected to keep its tight monetary stance due to a sharp increase in inflation to 13.7% in 2017 from 12.4% in 2016. As of December 31, 2017, our debt balance related to lifecell was UAH 3.9 billion (equivalent to TRY 520.9 million). lifecell’s foreign currency revenues were 7.3% of its total revenues and its foreign currency operational expenses were estimated at 15.6% of its total revenues as of December 31, 2017.

| • |  | Our development strategy in Ukraine in 2015 was marked by our acquisition of the 44.96% in lifecell that we did not own, with a view to strengthening our regional position, a restructuring of lifecell’s balance sheet, and the acquisition of a 3G license at a cost of UAH 3,355 million (equivalent to TRY 376 million as of March 19, 2015) paid in 2015. In May 2015, lifecell made payment of UAH 350 million (equivalent to TRY 40 million as of May 8, 2015) and UAH 7 million (equivalent to TRY 1 million as of May 12, 2015) for the first installment of conversion of spectrum from military use. In April 2017, lifecell has made payment of UAH 299 million (equivalent to TRY 40 million as of April 28, 2017) for the second installment of conversion and committed UAH 218 million (equivalent to TRY 29 million as of December 31, 2017) for the third installment of the conversion. These increases in our investment have further increased our country and currency risk exposure.

The 4G license process was recently conducted in two phases. Accordingly, lifecell was awarded with 15 MHz spectrum in the 2600 band and 15 MHz spectrum in the 1800 band on January 31, 2018 and on March 6, 2018, respectively, at a total cost of UAH 1,704 million (equivalent to TRY 252.3 million as of March 13, 2018). Significant deployment costs will need to be incurred in 2018. Our success in obtaining a 4G license has increased our exposure to Ukraine and there is no assurance that we will monetize this investment.

In another development, there is a possibility that the Mobile Number Portability (“MNP”) may be launched in Ukraine in 2018. The implementation of MNP may lead to a high churn of subscribers between operators. In some cases, MNP has been more disadvantageous for the third player in the market.

A decrease in the Mobile Termination Rates (“MTR”) rate from UAH 0.23 to UAH 0.15 was implemented from January 1, 2017. This MTR decrease could adversely affect our revenue in Ukraine.

| • |  | Apart from these economic and political risks, our operations in Ukraine could also expose us to operational, competitive, regulatory and legal risks, all of which may prevent us from delivering our strategic targets. These risks have affected and could adversely affect our result of operations.

| • |  | Although the Belarusian economy returned to growth in 2017 following two years of recession, and continued growth is expected for 2018, the economic situation remains fragile.

The country still remains vulnerable to global shocks which may trigger renewed weakness in the country’s ability to service its external debt and further depreciation of the local currency, the Belarusian Ruble (“BYN”), which could in turn lead to a further reduction in the value of our investment in this country. We also believe that there is a risk of an increase in inflation in particular as a result of monetary easing by the Central Bank. According to the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus the BYN depreciated against the U.S. Dollar by 5.5% in 2016 and further depreciated in 2017 by 0.7%. The BYN appreciated by 0.8% as of March 13, 2018 as compared to the closing rate on December 31, 2017. Devaluation risks still remain, as limited currency reserves, high debt repayments and the current account deficit coupled with the close ties to the Russian economy put the recent BYN stabilization at risk and creates inflationary and devaluation pressure. Belarus has suffered from hyperinflation in the past and may again in the future.

In line with our strategic priority of improving our balance sheet structure, debt of Belarusian Telecom was restructured in 2015. As part of the restructuring, Belarusian Telecom’s total existing intra-group loans were converted into subordinated loans, provided directly by Turkcell. As of December 31, 2017, Belarusian Telecom’s debt was BYN 2.3 million (equivalent to TRY 4.4 million as of December 31, 2017) owed to financial institutions and a EUR 612 million (equivalent to TRY 2,764 million as of December 31, 2017) subordinated loan owed to Turkcell.

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| • |  | In Belarus, as the third operator in the market, we face regulatory and operational difficulties and no assurance can be given that the situation will change in our favor in the future. These risks have affected and could adversely affect our result of operations.

| • |  | There are ongoing political discussions regarding the reunification of Cyprus, which may bring growth opportunities for our subsidiary, Kibris Mobile Telekomunikasyon Limited, but may also lead to risks including unfavorable changes in applicable regulations, an increase in competition, an increase in capex requirements and loss of revenues. A 4G tender might be held in 2018 which could require additional investments, including in fiber, which would in addition require us to obtain permits that we have no certainty of receiving and without which we would have difficulty operating a 4G network profitably. The recent introduction of mobile number portability might increase the competition in the market.

| • |  | We hold a 41.45% stake in Fintur, which has operations in Kazakhstan and Moldova, and Telia Company holds the remainder, although it has announced an intention to exit. In this regard, Fintur, through its 99.99% subsidiary Gurtel Telekomunikasyon Yatirim ve Dis Ticaret A.S on January 25, 2018 signed a binding agreement with Silknet JSC of Georgia, to transfer its shareholding in Geocell LLC and on March 20, 2018 the transaction closed. On March 5, 2018, an agreement to sell Fintur’s stake in Azercell was entered into and the divestiture was completed on the same day.

Following inconclusive negotiations for us to purchase Telia’s stake in Fintur and KCell, we decided to sell our Fintur stake and, Fintur was classified as an asset held for sale in our financial statements and reported as discontinued operations. No assurance can be given however that we will successfully or completely exit on commercially viable terms, or that we will not pursue another course of action. Should there be a disagreement between us and the other shareholder (Telia Company or a successor) in the future, no assurance can be given that we will be able to take the course of action that we believe appropriate, including with respect to operational and strategic matters.

| • |  | In Azerbaijan, a disagreement with the licensing authority may have significant adverse effects on our sports betting license there through Azerinteltek. Legal actions may be taken before national and international judicial authorities by our Company in case the agreement between Azerinteltek and Azeridmanservis is unilaterally terminated and/or authorization of Azerinteltek in Azerbaijan is withdrawn.

| • |  | Inteltek’s sports betting licence in Turkey is to expire in August 2018. Failure to renew its licence could lead to a halt in its core operations. Furthermore, unlicensed illegal betting issues both in Turkey and in Azerbaijan have an adverse impact on our business, by impeding our revenues and creating unfair competition, and we believe that this will remain a risk to our business. Moreover, Inteltek has entered into the new business of gaming which may not generate an acceptable return on investment.

| • |  | Corruption is an area of significant concern in emerging markets. We are subject to laws such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which prohibit corrupt payments to governmental officials or certain payments or remunerations to customers. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in significant fines and penalties, criminal sanctions against us, companies in which we invested, and our and their officers and employees and could adversely affect our business in affected countries. Such violations or allegations of violations may also adversely affect our reputation, our revenue or our overall financial performance. There can be no assurance that acts of corruption will not occur or be alleged in respect of any of our activities or those of our current or past affiliates. In this regard, allegations have previously been made regarding improper payments relating to the operations of Kcell, a 51% subsidiary of Fintur, our joint venture with Telia. With respect to the Fintur companies, through our representation on the Fintur board, we remain vigilant about such allegations, however there can be no assurance that new allegations will not arise. In September 2017, Telia Company settled enforcement actions with the U.S., Dutch, and Swedish authorities that did not involve Fintur or its subsidiaries. We understand that, as a result of that settlement, there are currently no pending investigations involving Fintur or its subsidiaries.

Our international and Turkish subsidiaries may not benefit us in the way we expect for the reasons cited above, as well as other reasons, including general macroeconomic conditions, poor management and legal, regulatory or political obstacles. For many of these subsidiaries, we do not expect to achieve desired levels of profitability in the near or mid-term, and we may be required to record impairments. We may also in response to such conditions consider increasing, restructuring or exiting certain of our investments. In addition to the foregoing, the new Turkish Commercial Code and related legislation may require us to provide new capital or other financial support to certain of our controlled subsidiaries, which may divert resources from other needs.

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Furthermore, in addition to investing in our international operations, we also engage in business through roaming agreements in a number of countries. In international markets in which duopoly markets exist, such as the United Arab Emirates, Tunisia or the Maldives, operators tend to increase their roaming prices despite the overall trend of declining roaming prices in the world, which could increase our roaming costs. The terms on which we enter into roaming agreements may change over time, adversely affecting our ability to sustain or enter into such agreements on commercially viable terms.

Foreign exchange rate risks could affect the Turkish macroeconomic environment and could significantly affect our results of operation and financial position in future periods if hedging tools are not available.

We are exposed to foreign exchange rate risks because our income, expenses, assets and liabilities are denominated in a number of different currencies, primarily Turkish Lira, U.S. Dollars, Euros, Ukrainian Hryvnia, Belarusian Rubles and Azerbaijani Manat. Fluctuations of Turkish Lira, Ukrainian Hryvnia, Belarusian Rubles, Azerbaijani Manat, Kazakhstan Tenge and Moldovan Leu, versus U.S. Dollars and Euros, have had and may have an unfavorable impact on us. In particular, a substantial majority of our equipment expenditures are currently, and are expected to continue to be, denominated in U.S. Dollars and Euros, while the revenues generated by our activities are denominated in local currencies, in particular the Turkish Lira, Ukrainian Hryvnia, Belarusian Ruble, Azerbaijani Manat and Euro. As of December 31, 2017, our total debt was TRY 12,536.1 million. The debt balance of our companies operating in Turkey was TRY 12,010.8 million, of which TRY 4,756.1 million ($1,260.9 million) was denominated in U.S. Dollars and TRY 5,628.4 million (EUR 1,246.5 million) in Euro. The debt balance of lifecell was TRY 520.9 million, denominated in UAH. Meanwhile, Belarusian Telecom had a debt balance of TRY 4.4 million, denominated in BYN.

In addition, we are exposed to currency mismatches with respect to certain capital expenditures and off-balance sheet obligations, in particular our obligations in respect of universal service for the installation of infrastructure in uncovered areas of Turkey, a service that we have contracted to provide for an amount in TRY, but which requires expenditures in foreign currencies. Also, the financing of infrastructure investments, license fee payments and any other potential investment opportunities could lead to an increase in our U.S. dollar and/or Euro debt, further increasing our currency exposure. See “Item 8. Financial Information” and Note 33 to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 18. Financial Statements” of this annual report on Form 20-F. Devaluations that are not matched by adjustments in our tariffs have had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on our results of operations and our liquidity. See “Item 4B. Business Overview—II Tariffs”. We are also exposed to currency exchange rates on the prices of the smart phones that we rely on for the promotion of our digital and data services. Depreciation in the value of the TRY makes smartphones that are procured in hard currencies more expensive for our customers, thus potentially reducing new sales of such devices and curbing the market for the services.

According to the CBRT, the TRY depreciated by 7.2% against the U.S. Dollar and 21.7% against the Euro in 2017, driven mainly by exacerbated macroeconomic conditions and geopolitical uncertainty as well as international developments such as increased U.S. rates, policy normalization signals from the European Central Bank and rate hikes from the Federal Reserve. To date in 2018, through March 13, the TRY has depreciated a further 2.2% against the U.S. Dollar and 5.3% against the Euro according to the CBRT. Our currency hedging strategy includes derivative transactions and accumulating hard currency by using Turkish Lira cash from our operations. In addition, we have been further diversifying our currency exposure by entering into agreements with our vendors in local currencies, particularly in Chinese Renminbi. While we are currently able to hedge our principal TRY exposure to the U.S. Dollar and the Euro on commercially reasonable terms, no assurance can be given that we will continue to be able to do so under all circumstances in the future. In several of the other countries in which we have businesses, in particular Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, there are no or few tools to hedge foreign exchange rate risks effectively due to restricted and undeveloped financial markets in these countries.

Reduction in cash generated from operations and increased capital needs may increase our borrowing requirements, which may increase our financing costs and our exposure to the risks associated with borrowing.

We continue to experience challenging macroeconomic, regulatory and competitive conditions in our markets that may reduce cash generated from operations, and we may continue to face increased capital needs, in particular to finance our technological expansion. In the previous three years, this included the payment of the Ukrainian 3G license fee and the buyout of SCM’s interest in lifecell/Euroasia and the debt restructuring of

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lifecell and Belarusian Telecom, the payment of the Turkish 4.5G license fee and related capital expenditures in Turkey, and the establishment of a consumer finance company. Furthermore, in 2017, we paid TRY 3 billion dividend and made capital expenditures and loan repayments, which significantly reduced our available cash. Looking ahead, we expect to continue to experience significant cash outflows from new licenses and network roll-out, continuing fiber development and a potential dividend payment. The ongoing disputes among our shareholders may also have an impact on our liquidity position, to the extent that it may affect dividend payments. In the past, as a result of such disputes, dividends were not paid for several years and then the resulting backlog was eventually paid in a short period of time. In addition, an increase in the volume of assigned contracted receivables has resulted in and may continue to result in higher working capital requirements if we fail to successfully run our consumer finance company. These pressures have in the past reduced, and may continue to reduce, our liquidity. Reduced liquidity may lead to an increase in our borrowing requirements. Our borrowings may expose us to foreign exchange rate risk, interest rate risk and possibly to increases in our total interest expense, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. We enter into derivative transactions and hold hard currency to manage the risk with respect to the Turkish Lira. However, derivative transactions might have costs and may not fully cover all of our risks. Furthermore, no assurance can be given that we will continue to have access to financing on terms that are satisfactory to us or at all. In addition, no assurance can be given that unexpected cash outflows will not be required that could further erode liquidity and increase borrowing requirements.

As of December 31, 2017, our total debt was TRY 12,536.1 million. TRY 4,144.0 million of our debt portfolio consisted of financing obligations paying interest at fixed rates. The remainder of our debt portfolio pays interest at floating rates, which has been favorable in the current interest rate environment, but would expose us to increased costs if rates increase further. In 2015, we obtained financing lines of around $2.9 billion (partly in U.S. Dollars and in Euro) for the refinancing needs of the Company and our subsidiaries and to fund infrastructure investments and any other potential investment opportunities, which has significantly increased our indebtedness. Of this amount, we issued a 10-year Eurobond with an aggregate principal amount of $500 million and utilized $500 million and EUR 445 million under our 5-year club loan agreement with five international banks and utilized EUR 500 million in 2015 and EUR 60 million in 2017 under our loan agreement with China Development Bank. In 2016 and 2017, we also borrowed to finance the growing business of our consumer finance company and to finance the working capital requirements of our operations in Ukraine. We are likely to continue borrowing to finance our infrastructure investments, consumer finance company, loan repayments and any other potential investment opportunities.

In 2015, we received investment grade ratings from Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch Ratings and sustained these in 2016 and 2017, although in 2017 Moody’s and S&P changed the outlook on our ratings to negative from stable. On March 9, 2018, Moody’s downgraded our rating by one notch, which corresponds to non-investment grade, and revised the outlook to stable as a reflection of its downgrade of Turkey’s sovereign ratings. The remaining investment grade ratings may not be sustained as Turkey’s credit has been downgraded to below investment grade by Fitch and S&P. Furthermore a decrease in our free cash flow, an increase in our net debt position or more generally a change in financial policies and projections, a material increase in investment and acquisition plans or shareholder returns and an increase in corporate governance issues could also result in a credit rating downgrade.

Some of our borrowing agreements contain cross default clauses which could trigger an event of default under such agreements in the event of a default by a group company under its own borrowing agreements.

We are subject to a variety of risks with respect to our Base Transceiver Stations (“BTSs”) performance.

Spectrum limitations and frequency costs may adversely affect our ability to provide services to our subscribers and the cost to us of providing such services.

Our spectrum licenses have specified terms and are subject to renewal upon a payment of a fee, but renewal is not assured. The loss of, or failure to renew, our licenses could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Those licenses have also specified radio spectrum. The spectrum is a continuous range of frequencies within which the waves have certain specific characteristics. The number of subscribers that can be accommodated on a mobile network is constrained by the limited amount of spectrum allocated to the operator of the network and is also affected by subscriber usage patterns and network infrastructure. After the IMT Advanced (known commercially as “4.5G”) auction held on August 26, 2015 in Turkey we have 2x10 MHz of

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FDD spectrum in 800 MHz band, 2x12.4 MHz of FDD spectrum in 900 MHz band, 2x30 MHz of FDD spectrum in 2100 MHz band, 10 MHz of TDD spectrum in 2100 MHz band, 2x29.8 MHz of FDD spectrum in 1800 MHz band, 2x25 MHz of FDD spectrum in 2600 MHz band and 10 MHz of TDD spectrum in 2600 band.

As our subscriber base and their demand for mobile services and data grow and as we offer a greater number of services, we will require additional capacity. We may face capacity problems, which may in turn lead to deterioration in our network’s quality and may negatively impact our operational results.

We have been awarded a license allowing us to deploy an IMT advanced network (“4.5G”) in Turkey in October 2015. There are certain coverage and local production obligations imposed by the tender. Potential increase in coverage requirements or failure to abide by the requirements of our licenses or applicable regulations may have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We have achieved a major step forward in the development of telecommunications in Turkey with the deployment of 4.5G networks in 2016. Our 4.5G build-out requires significant financial investments and there can be no assurance that we will be able to meet all of the 4.5G license terms and conditions. The cost of the 4.5G license as well as the capital expenditure required in connection with our 4.5G build-out is significant. Furthermore, the license agreement contains certain terms that may weigh on the profitability of this investment and may have an adverse effect on our 4.5G investment plans in the future. These include terms regarding minimum required use of domestic equipment and procurement from local small and medium sized enterprises in meeting infrastructure obligations, an active network sharing obligation for a portion of the population, high coverage obligations for roads and railroads and significant taxes and spectrum usage fees, which will increase as the number of frequencies used increases. With respect to the domestic procurement requirement, there is not enough research and development, product development and production capacity in the domestic market to meet the license requirements and thus it has not been possible to comply. We have asked ICTA to waive this requirement initially for 2015-2016 and later for 2016-2017. In addition to the above obligations, we must ensure that our network equipment suppliers employ a certain number of engineers and local researchers in their local R&D centers. Although efforts have been made, we do not believe that compliance has been achieved. No assurance can be given that ICTA will not find us to be in breach of our license as a result of the foregoing. More generally, demand for 4.5G services may also not be at the level we expect, such that the return on investment we make in connection with 4.5G may not meet our expectations. Any of the foregoing factors could harm our competitive position and our profitability.

In addition, if we fail to obtain additional frequencies in the future at a reasonable cost, the competitive coverage advantage of our Company may be adversely impacted. The cost of obtaining new frequencies has increased significantly in recent years and is expected to continue to increase. This has had and is likely to continue to have an adverse impact on our cost of providing competitive coverage and also on our results of operations.

Consistent with the nature of terminal technology development, traffic on the 2G network is expected to shift to the 3G network and, once fully deployed, to the 4.5G network. However, terminal penetration is the key factor in providing the expected shift in traffic. Penetration may stay low or our subscribers may choose to stay on the 2G or 3G network for reasons such as the 2G network’s lower battery power consumption. In addition, coverage will depend on the full deployment of the 4.5G network, compared to the coverage level of the 2G and 3G networks.

There are alleged health risks and zoning limitations related to our BTS may adversely affect our ability to provide services at certain areas. The fiber business is also affected by local limitations.

We are aware of allegations that there may be health risks associated with the effects of electromagnetic signals from BTS and from mobile handsets. While we believe that there is currently no substantiated link between exposure to electromagnetic signals at the level transmitted by our BTS and mobile handsets and long term damage to health, the actual or perceived health risks of mobile communications devices could adversely affect us through a reduction in subscribers, reduced usage per subscriber, increased difficulty in the leasing and acquisition of site locations for base stations and exposure to potential liability. Furthermore, we may not be able to obtain insurance with respect to such liability on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

In recent years, legal proceedings have been brought against mobile operators seeking the removal of base station sites for health reasons. In addition, the Turkish Supreme Court overruled the decisions of some local

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courts, finding that a base station in question could have negative effects on human health over the long term. If the number of those cases increases or if new regulations were to result, these could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial results. Such legal proceedings may make it more difficult for us to establish and maintain such sites. Furthermore, there are conflicting and confusing reports in the media about the health effects of BTS. These reports have even caused local residents in certain regions to form large protests in strong objection to the BTS sites. Such obstacles have made it increasingly difficult to build new BTS sites and maintain our existing sites. The ICTA has issued an updated regulation which further tightened electromagnetic field limits. This may negatively impact network quality and increase our capital expenditures.

There are zoning limitations related to our BTS that require operators to obtain construction permits and certificates, which may be costly and may have an adverse effect on our operating results. Zoning law in Turkey requires mobile operators to obtain certifications for all existing and new BTS, which may result in significant compliance costs and/or closing of BTS for which certification cannot be obtained, negatively impacting our financial condition. An exception to this requirement for base stations was rescinded by a court decision. As a result of this situation, some municipalities take actions to suspend the construction of BTS or order their demolition. The Planned Areas Zoning Regulation was published in the Official Gazette dated July 7, 2017 and its effective date is October 1, 2017. The necessity of obtaining a building permission certificate and a construction permits document, which is not possible in practice, has been abolished by the new regulation. However, there remains some uncertainty regarding the provisions on building aesthetics and silhouette, permits of the flat owners and the project implementation. Any difficulty in maintaining or building BTS due to health concerns and our inability to obtain the required permission and certificates, may negatively impact the quality of our network, including our ability to expand and upgrade it, and affect our operational performance.

In 2012, metropolitan municipalities were authorized to consider the requirements of city and building aesthetics and electronic communication services when certifying BTS sites. Municipalities regulate the choice of operators’ BTS locations, and if we do not have, or are unable to obtain, a site selection certificate in our preferred location, we may have to move our BTS to another less desirable location. In addition, the Site Selection Certificate Regulation entered into force in January 2018, according to which the site selection certificate and fee was set at TRY 2,400, applicable only to BTS sites established after December 2012. Such regulation is likely to lead to additional operational costs, and the certificate processes for implementation of sites may delay the permit process.

Our fiber business must excavate to lay new cables and repair existing cables, and there is an obligation to get permission for excavations from authorized municipalities or institutions. In some areas, excavations may have to be stopped due to the high cost of tariffs requested from municipalities. Our investment plans may be affected due to excavations being banned during certain seasons within the administrative boundaries of municipalities. In some cases, we could face the risk that, although we get the approval of the Turkish Ministry institutions subordinate to the Turkish Ministry do not recognize these approvals and do not give permission to excavate. In addition, a new law has increased the number of metropolitan municipalities and in some cases, the size of their territory was increased, which may have the effect of increasing our coverage obligations and the number of BTS required to meet them. Furthermore, right of way conflicts with major municipalities to establish fiber optics infrastructure may affect our ability to provide services and to maintain operational excellence. Related regulatory actions in the future are likely to increase our costs and affect results of operations, in many cases, adversely.

We are dependent on a small number of suppliers for network equipment, information systems and handsets and for the provision of data and services. We also rely on a small number of distributors. The failure of any of our counterparty such as suppliers or distributors may have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Like all telecommunications network operators, we purchase our communications network equipment, from a limited number of major suppliers. Our business is dependent on a small number of critical suppliers in areas such as network infrastructure, information systems and handsets and distribution. Further, we have worked with only two distributors in Turkey since 2015 which creates an inherent concentration risk. Any financial difficulty or failure of any of our suppliers and/ or our distributors in terms of timing and quality may adversely affect our business and financial condition. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain equipment from one or more alternative suppliers on a timely basis in the event that any current supplier for any reason, including that the technological requirements for our increasingly advanced infrastructure are too complex, is unable or unwilling to satisfy our demands. Our competitive position could also be adversely affected if our suppliers fell

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behind technological developments compared to the suppliers of our competitors. Adverse economic conditions have negatively affected and may continue to affect our domestic and international suppliers, leading to a contraction in their business, which in turn may lead to a decrease in the quality of the services that they render to us and adversely affect timely delivery of such services, negatively impacting our business and operations. In addition, our existing license agreements or new regulations may require us to purchase network equipment from specified suppliers or meet certain specifications regarding our existing suppliers. Equipment from these suppliers may not always be compatible with our existing equipment or the supplier may fail to integrate it, and our employees may not be familiar with the technical specifications and maintenance requirements of equipment from these suppliers. Furthermore, if our suppliers fail to meet the requirements, we may end up violating the terms of our license agreements. These factors could also have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Turkcell’s complex ownership structure and ongoing disagreements among our main shareholders have adversely impacted and may continue to impact decision-making on important matters. These ongoing disputes may lead to further regulatory or legal actions, and affect the ownership and control of our company.

Our principal shareholder is Turkcell Holding A.S., which holds 51% of Turkcell’s shares as of March 13, 2018, based on the Company’s share book. Sonera Holding BV sold 13.07 % of our shares to the market in two tranches (May 10 and September 21, 2017) which led to an increase of 48.95% in our publicly held shares.

Turkcell Holding A.S. is 52.91% owned by Cukurova Telecom Holdings Limited and 47.09% by Telia Sonera Finland Ojy. Cukurova Telecom Holdings Limited is 51% owned by Cukurova Finance International Limited and 49% by Alfa Telecom Turkey Limited. According to public filings (a Schedule 13D filed in November 2009), Alfa and Telia Company entered into an agreement regarding a possible consolidation of their holdings in Turkcell into a new company. In a Schedule 13D filed on December 16, 2014, Alfa has deleted references to this agreement.

Cukurova and Alfa are involved in a long-running dispute regarding, in summary, amounts due by Cukurova to Alfa and Alfa’s claim to take ownership of Cukurova’s indirect 13.8% interest in our Company in settlement of such amounts. In 2014, as a result of a court decision, Cukurova paid Alfa $1.6 billion to release this claim. Cukurova has been provided loan financing amounting to $1.6 billion by the Turkish state-owned Ziraat Bank for which an indirect 13.8% interest in our Company has been provided as collateral. According to the latest publicly available information, Alfa and Cukurova remain in a stalemate over a right given to Alfa to buy Cukurova’s stake and rights of Cukurova to either buy Alfa’s stake or sell its own stake to Alfa. This dispute and other disputes have effectively blocked shareholder decision-making on important corporate matters, and could have an adverse effect on the ability of our management to execute business decisions and take other actions. We cannot predict how the resolution of this dispute will affect our Company, whether other disputes will be resolved and whether our shareholders will be able to achieve agreement on matters regarding the operation of our Company.

The shareholding structure and the ongoing disputes have adversely affected our company in a number of ways and present a number of risks, including in particular:

| • |  | Our Articles of Association contain quorum and majority requirements, at various levels, for shareholder meetings and decisions. Failure to achieve a quorum or the required majority vote can block decisions that require shareholder approval. Prior to our shareholders’ meeting held in 2015, we have had difficulty convening shareholder meetings and numerous items submitted to our shareholders have not been approved, including the distribution of dividends, the approval of our dividend policy, the election of independent board members, the release of directors for actions taken and the approval of financial statements. In 2012, 2013 and 2014, due to lack of quorum, the annual general assemblies could not convene on time. A general assembly was eventually convened on March 26, 2015. The annual general assembly meeting for 2016 convened on May 25, 2017 but did not approve all items submitted to it. Our Board of Directors has decided to call the Annual General Assembly Meeting of our Company for 2017 to convene on March 29, 2018.

| • |  | A number of corporate governance requirements were enacted under Turkish regulations by the CMB with mandatory effect from June 30, 2012.

We were unable to comply with some of these requirements because of a lack of consensus among our main shareholders, including a requirement that one-third of our Board members and that all of our Audit Committee members be “independent”.

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Under the Capital Markets Law, the CMB has the power to take action against the Company, our Board members and our main shareholders in respect of the various governance issues that have arisen or to amend the Articles of Association without general assembly approval. Under such powers, the CMB directly appointed all of the current members of our Board. The CMB appointed members’ terms of office will last until new appointments are made in accordance with applicable legislation, which may as in the past include by CMB appointment.

An “Investor Compensation Center” (“ICC”) was formed in 2013 by the CMB under the 2013 Capital Markets Law. Under the Capital Markets Law that deals with the duties and responsibilities of the CMB, it is stipulated that the ICC may use the rights vested on the general assembly in public companies whose ordinary general meetings of two consecutive financial years could not be made within statutory deadlines and whose board members have been nominated partly or wholly by the CMB. The Regulation on the Investor Compensation Center was published in the Official Gazette with no further details on how this right shall be exercised by the ICC. The form and scope of such actions are not clearly defined and we are not aware of any precedents, thus were we to find ourselves in this situation in the future, we may not be able to predict what actions the ICC might eventually take, if any.

No assurance may be given regarding the impact of past or future CMB actions, future ICC actions, or any future legal actions against our Company, on the overall company strategy, convening of our general assembly or the distribution of dividends.

Compliance with our home country governance rules is an important element of our compliance with the listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). Failure to comply with such rules could jeopardize the continued listing and trading of our ADRs on the NYSE.

For so long as our main shareholders are in dispute and/or unable to achieve consensus, we are likely to continue to experience difficulties obtaining corporate decisions, including with respect to the matters discussed above, and we may have difficulty obtaining decisions regarding our business and operations. This situation may also lead to further regulatory and legal actions being taken in respect of our Company, the nature and effects of which we cannot predict. Ongoing disputes among the shareholders may affect the ownership and control of our shares, the demand for and price of our shares and our ability to manage our business, and no assurance can be given that the interests of these shareholders will be aligned with those of our other shareholders.

We face risks related to our dependence on network and IT systems and the products and services we provide through third party suppliers as well as our exposure to technological changes in the communications market, including industries where we traditionally do not compete.

We are dependent on certain systems and suppliers for information technology (“IT”) and network technology (“NT”) services, and also carry a significant inventory, and our business continuity is at risk due to our exposure to potential natural disasters, sabotages, regular or severe IT and network failures, human error, security breaches and other cyber security incidents and IT migration risk, any of which could have an adverse effect on our operations, damage our reputation and affect our relationships with our customers and result in a fine under the Law on the Protection of Personal Data.

We are heavily dependent on IT and NT systems, suppliers of IT and NT services and our IT and NT employees for the continuity of our business and we are continually upgrading and converting our IT and NT systems. Although we devote significant resources to the development and improvement of IT and NT and of security, backup and continuity systems, we could still experience IT and network failures and outages due to system deficiencies, human error, natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods, unsuccessful migration to alternative or improved IT and NT systems, or other factors including but not limited to unintentional third party interruptions. These factors also put at risk the substantial inventory that we hold which, if damaged, could adversely affect business continuity and our results of operations.

Mobile networks are migrating towards internet protocol (“IP”) technology to transport information. These networks open up the possibility for IP-based services. However, once these services are introduced into the IP domain, the mobile network may be harmed by potential attacks. The threats on the mobile network can originate from external sources, such as the public internet, or internal sources, such as terminals connected to our mobile network. Despite the systems and infrastructure which we have put in place to address these security concerns, we could encounter successful attacks on our infrastructure, which could have an adverse effect on our operations, damage our reputation and affect our relationships with our customers.

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Our IT and NT services are exposed to hacking, sabotage and other cyber security threats, and terrorist or other destructive acts, any of which could have an adverse effect on our operations, damage our reputation and affect our relationships with our customers, result in a fine under the Law on the Protection of Personal Data and lawsuits from affected customers

Our commercial success is heavily dependent upon the security and continuity of our services. Our networks and systems are constantly exposed to a variety of different cyber threats and we have experienced an increased number of sabotage incidents, as well as attempted cyber-attacks of varying degrees of sophistication by unauthorized parties attempting to obtain access to our computer systems and networks. We believe that no such attacks have succeeded in obtaining access to our critical systems, although in practice such attacks may develop over long periods of time during which they can remain undetected. Based on our Cyber Defense Center practices, we have experienced many privilege theft and escalation attempts which have been stopped before causing any harm to our services and products. Also, many phishing and malware activities were detected and stopped, which aimed at taking control over our clients and servers. So far, none of these attacks are regarded as material incidents. In June 2017, an incident took place (the Petya attack) which impacted many public entities and companies, including our subsidiary lifecell in Ukraine, resulting in a loss of data (although minimal and not sensitive).A successful hack could disrupt our network and our ability to provide services and/or could result in, for example, unauthorized access to, misuse, loss, or destruction of our data or systems and theft of sensitive or confidential data, including personal information of our employees and customers, and theft of services and/or funds. In the event of such breaches, we could be exposed to claims and liability, litigation, and regulatory action and fines, notably under the Turkish Law on the Protection of Personal Data, as well as the loss of existing or potential customers, damage to our reputation, and financial loss. In addition, the cost and operational consequences of responding to breaches and implementing remediation measures could be significant.

Although we closely follow general technological trends in communications and technology, we may be unable to adapt to rapid technological changes in communications and information technology, which could result in higher capital expenditures and a greater possibility of commercial failure.

Rapid technological changes in communications and information technology are redefining the markets in which we operate and the products and services we offer, shortening product life cycles and facilitating the convergence of various segments, including in our core mobile communications businesses. If we fail to anticipate, invest in and implement new technologies with the levels of service and prices that customers demand or to respond effectively to technological changes, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, such new technologies require significant capital expenditures and it is impossible to predict with any certainty whether the technology selected by us will be the most economical, efficient or capable of attracting customer usage, or whether such technologies will be developed according to anticipated schedules, will perform according to expectations or will achieve commercial acceptance. Although we are following general technological trends in communications and technology, there can be no assurance that we will be able to develop new products and services that will enable us to compete efficiently.

We have become active in providing products and services for industries other than telecommunications, many of which are developed and/or maintained by third party providers. Our reliance on these third party providers to help us navigate the regulatory, security and business risks of industries where we traditionally do not compete adversely affects our business.

The operation of our business depends, in part, upon the successful deployment of continually-evolving products and services, including for applications in industries other than telecommunications, such as TV, music, energy, mobile financial services, mobile education solutions, authentication solutions, data center services and entertainment and community services. We are reliant upon third party providers to help us navigate risks relating to security, regulations and business in the industries where we do not traditionally compete. Changes in such industries may impair our partners’ business and/or negatively impact the content we are developing, such as for entertainment, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Our business, consolidated financial results and/or operational performance could be adversely affected unless we retain our key personnel, our partners and their employees.

Our performance depends, to a significant extent, on the abilities and continued service of our key personnel. Competition for qualified telecommunications and technology personnel in Turkey and elsewhere is intense, in particular in the area of cyber-security. In addition, we depend on our dealers, distributors and their

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employees for the growth and maintenance of our customer base. The loss of the services or loyalty of key personnel could adversely affect our business and financial condition and could lead to breaches of confidentiality, particularly if a number of such persons were to join a competitor.

In 2015 and 2016, our Company made organizational changes, including changes to our management team, to our structure and business strategy and further changes may be made. No assurance can be given that the changes being implemented will achieve their objectives, or that they will not have an adverse effect on our business or lead to retention issues among our key personnel.

We are involved in various claims and legal actions arising in connection with our business, which could have a material effect on our financial condition.

We are subject to investigations and regular audits by governmental authorities in Turkey, including the Competition Board, the ICTA, tax authorities and certain other parties, and governmental authorities in other countries in which we have operations. We are currently involved in various claims and legal actions with such authorities. We have set aside provisions for certain of our ongoing disputes based on applicable accounting standards. However, no assurance can be given that the provisions we set aside will be sufficient to cover our actual losses under these matters, and that new disputes will not arise under which we would face additional liabilities and reputational risk. For a more detailed discussion of disputes that we presently believe to be significant, see “Item 8. Financial Information” and Note 36 to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 18. Financial Statements” of this annual report on Form 20-F.

We face a risk of tax audits and claims in many different areas that are subject to taxation, such as corporate tax, value added taxes and others. Such audits and claims have led to significant tax assessments and penalties in the past and may again in the future. In addition, changes in tax laws and non-tax regulations may lead to the growth of our tax burden and may, as a result, materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Disputes related to taxation have been particularly significant and major penalties have resulted. Current tax disputes include the following:

| • |  | We have had ongoing disputes regarding the application of the Turkish Special Communication Tax to prepaid card sales made by our distributors over numerous years. Under a recent “tax amnesty” law, we have settled disputes for 2008 to 2012. Currently, we are under investigation on the same matter for the years 2013 and 2014 and, based on the estimated payment including interest in case of restructuring the SCT for the year 2013 under the tax amnesty law (which we believe should apply), the Company accrued a provision in 2017 of TRY 25 million for FY 2013. We may face investigations in respect of later years through the end of 2017, and there is a risk that we may incur a SCT and penalties as a result of such investigations. We are hopeful that we will not face the same issues for periods after 2017, as the Ministry of Finance has regulated the controversial issue through Communiqués enacted on January 1, 2018, with which we believe we have complied. However, no assurance can be given that similar issues will not arise in this area of taxation or others, and that we will not incur penalties.

We are also under investigation with respect to the application of SCT on our bundle package pricing mechanism and content applications for the years 2015 and 2016 and cannot predict the outcome or application to other years.

| • |  | Under our licenses (2G and 3G) and Authorization Certificate (4.5G) as part of our license, we pay a monthly treasury share equal to 15% of our gross revenue subject to some exemptions. We are currently subject to ongoing audits in this are, for periods through 2017, and the Turkish Treasury may change its opinions based on interpretations of treasury share calculations. Therefore, unanticipated treasury share liabilities and fines may also be levied. We have also had several long running disputes with the Turkish Treasury regarding claims for payments of additional treasury share and allegations of deficient treasury share and contribution share payments and penalties imposed within the context of our 2G and 3G Concession Agreements.

| • |  | We are also involved in several disputes regarding administrative fines imposed by the ICTA, warnings established by ICTA, and ICTA’s additional radio utilization and usage fee requests made after ICTA’s investigations on number of subscribers and radio utilization and usage fees regarding the years 2004 to 2014.

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Under the Turkish “tax amnesty” law, we have settled the Treasury share and ICTA disputes described above. The settlement amount including interest on installments, is TRY 600.8 million payable in 2018. No assurance can be given that further disputes will not arise.

| • |  | Under the Ministry of Customs and Trade investigation with regard to value added services, subscription contracts and device campaigns, we received an administrative fine amounting to TRY 116.2 million. We filed a lawsuit for a stay of execution and cancellation of the penalty. The administrative penalty decision was withdrawn and the related audit reopened. It is currently ongoing. No assurance can be given that significant penalties will not again be imposed and that further disputes will not arise.

For a more detailed discussion of our disputes that we presently believe to be significant, see Note 36 to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 18. Financial Statements” of this annual report on Form 20-F.

Although we maintain and regularly review our internal control over financial reporting, there are inherent limitations on the effectiveness of our controls, particularly as our Company grows and enters into new businesses.

We maintain and regularly review internal control over our financial reporting. However, internal control over financial reporting has inherent limitations and there is no assurance that a system of internal control over financial reporting, including one determined to be effective, will prevent or detect all misstatements on a timely basis. A control system, no matter how well-designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance regarding financial statement preparation and presentation. This risk is exacerbated by our rapid growth into new activities, which creates additional challenges in identifying risks and designing and implementing systems to control them. Furthermore, we operate in a decentralized structure in which most compliance functions are managed at the level of our operating companies rather than at the parent company level, which can further complicate the process of identifying risks and designing and implementing systems.

Our systems may not always allow us to detect and prevent fraud or other misconduct by our employees, representatives, agents, suppliers, dealers or other third parties. We may be exposed to fraud or other misconduct committed by our employees, representatives, agents, suppliers, dealers or other third parties that could subject us to litigation, financial losses and sanctions imposed by governmental authorities, as well as affect our reputation. Such misconduct could include misappropriating funds, conducting transactions that are outside of authorized limits, engaging in misrepresentation or fraudulent, deceptive or otherwise improper activities, including in return for any type of benefits or gains or otherwise not complying with applicable laws or our internal policies and procedures.

Our latest review as of December 31, 2017, similar to last year, has revealed certain deficiencies in our controls, although none that we believe constitute “material weaknesses”. Our controls have in the past suffered from deficiencies and no assurance can be given that others will not emerge in the future. A failure to detect or correct deficiencies and weaknesses in a timely manner could have an adverse effect on the accuracy of our financial reporting and on our operations and may also cause financial losses.

Implementation of new accounting standards may have a significant impact on the presentation of certain elements of our financial statements, making year on year comparisons more difficult.

We are in the process of adopting several new accounting standards under IFRS that will significantly impact the way we account for certain items going forward and that will significantly impact the ability of investors to compare our past financial statements to our future financial statements. Among these new accounting standards we note in particular the following:

| • |  | The Company has adopted the IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers standard beginning on January 1, 2018, the mandatory application date. As there are still many open interpretation items, and regulatory guidance and precedents on the application of IFRS 15 is limited, it cannot be assured that future interpretations by and guidance of competent authorities will not affect the Company’s application of IFRS 15. The Group plans to adopt the new standard on the required effective date using the modified retrospective method which requires the recognition of the cumulative effect of initially applying IFRS 15, as of January 1, 2018, to retained earnings and not restate prior years. During 2017, the Group performed a detailed assessment of IFRS 15.

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| • |  | IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, which has been effective since January 1, 2018, brings new requirements that will have incremental effects on financial asset portfolios of financial institutions and corporates over classification, measurement and impairment calculations. The new standard presents three separate approaches for measuring and recognizing expected credit losses, including the general approach, the simplified approach and the credit adjusted approach. Financial institutions, such as Financell, will be calculating 12 month expected credit loss or lifetime expected credit loss, whereas corporates, such as Turkcell and Superonline, will calculate provisions in accordance with the simplified approach for receivables (subscribers, trade receivables and other financial assets). The standard anticipates a new expected credit loss model for loss provision calculation, according to which loss provision will be calculated for financial assets at day zero. The Group will take advantage of the exemption allowing it not to restate comparative information for prior periods with respect to classification and measurement (including impairment) changes. Differences in the carrying amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities resulting from the adoption of IFRS 9 will generally be recognized in retained earnings and reserves as of January 1, 2018.

| • |  | IFRS 16 Leases, which will be effective from January 1, 2019, will replace IAS 17 Leases, and will require lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for all leases unless the lease term is 12 months or less, or the underlying asset has a low value. Although we are still in the process of measuring the implications of this standard, we expect it will impact our financial statements in many ways, namely by creating an increase in total assets as leased assets which are, under current standards, accounted for off balance sheet (classified as operating leases under IAS 17), will now be recognized on balance sheet. Also, due to the fact that liabilities relating to existing operating leases will now be recognized, it is possible that there will be an increase in debt due. For a more detailed discussion of new accounting standards, see Note 2 (Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies) to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 18. Financial Statements” of this annual report on Form 20-F.

ITEM 4. | INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

4.A History and Development of the Company

Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell”), a joint stock company organized and existing under the laws of the Republic of Turkey, was formed in 1993 and commenced operations in 1994. Our principal shareholder is Turkcell Holding A.S., which holds 51.00% of Turkcell’s shares based on the Company’s share book. Based on publicly-available information, we believe that Turkcell Holding A.S. is 52.91% owned by Cukurova Telecom Holdings Limited and 47.09% by Telia Sonera Finland Oyj. Based on publicly-available information, we believe that Cukurova Telecom Holdings Limited is 51% owned by Cukurova Finance International Limited and 49% by Alfa Telecom Turkey Limited.

The address of our principal office is Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S., Turkcell Kucukyali Plaza, Aydinevler Mahallesi Inonu Caddesi No:20 Kucukyali Ofispark, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey. Our telephone number is +90 (212) 313 10 00. Our website address is www.turkcell.com.tr. In July 2000, we completed our initial public offering with the listing of our ordinary shares on the Borsa Istanbul and our ADSs on NYSE.

We operate under a 25-year GSM license granted in April 1998, a 20-year 3G license granted in April 2009 and a 13-year 4.5G license effective until April 30, 2029.

Our GSM license was granted in April 1998. Under our license, we pay the Undersecretariat of the Treasury (the “Turkish Treasury”) a monthly treasury share equal to 15% of our gross revenue. Of such fee, 10% is paid to the Turkish Ministry for a universal service fund. We also operate under interconnection agreements with other operators that allow us to connect our networks with those operators to enable the transmission of calls to and from our GSM system.

In early 2009, we were granted a 20-year type A 3G license, which provides the widest frequency band and we signed the related 3G license agreement on April 30, 2009. The 3G license agreement has similar provisions to the aforementioned 2G license agreement.

In 2013, we won an auction held by the Turkish Ministry related to universal service, which requires installing sufficient infrastructure to uncovered areas with a population of less than 500 and the operation of the service for three years. This contract was recently renewed until December 31, 2018 and to add mobile broadband services to the existing infrastructure providing GSM services under Universal Service Law and to operate the new and existing networks together.

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In the 4.5G auction held on August 26, 2015, we were awarded a total frequency band of technology agnostic 172.4 MHz, the largest amount of spectrum of any operator, for EUR 1,623.5 million (excluding VAT and interest payable on the installments). We commenced offering 4.5G services from April 1, 2016. The 4.5G license is effective for 13 years until April 30, 2029. The total fee was paid in four installments, where the last installment amounting TRY 1,535 million (originally EUR 413.8 million, converted by the buying exchange rate on January 2, 2017 announced by CBRT) was paid in April 2017.

Following the 4.5G auction, we have a total frequency bandwidth of 234.4 MHz which has increased our spectrum share of the total bandwidth of the market to 43%. We acquired twice the bandwidth acquired by Vodafone while paying the same amount in terms of price per MHz, and 56% more bandwidth than Turk Telekom (formerly known as Avea) while paying only 9% more per MHz. Moreover, we paid the lowest per subscriber price for 1 MHz in the auction at EUR 0.28 per subscriber, compared to EUR 0.44 and EUR 0.52 paid by Vodafone and Turk Telekom, respectively. The new spectrum acquired, including the widest frequency bands on 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz, along with a strong network deployment has enabled us to provide the fastest 4.5G speeds of 1 Gbps through carrier aggregation combinations and availability of advanced user devices supporting new features. This allows customers to access mobile services at a speed comparable to fiber broadband.

Following the 4.5G launch, Turkcell focused on providing innovative and pioneering digital services; which differentiates its offerings from the competition. We develop and manage digital services and solutions to address the diverse needs of both consumers and corporate customers, thereby enriching their lives. Thus, Turkcell now defines itself as a digital operator.

In 2017, we had total revenues of TRY 17,632.1 million and we reported net income of TRY 1,979.1 million (excluding non-controlling interest). Excluding the effect of payments made to settle tax disputes, net income would have been TRY 2,479 million (excluding non-controlling interest). For the year ended December 31, 2017, we spent TRY 4,087.4 million on capital expenditures including non-operational items and our 4.5G license fee, compared to TRY 3,494.4 million and TRY 8,536.2 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively. Capital expenditures in 2015 and 2016 related mainly to our 4.5G license and the GSM and fixed-line networks of the Company, Superonline and lifecell in Ukraine.

Our subscriber base has grown substantially since we began operations in 1994. At year-end 1994, we had 63,500 subscribers. By year-end 2017, that number had grown to 50.2 million for the Group.

In addition to our operations in Turkey, we have various international operations. For more information, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—International and Domestic Subsidiaries”.

4.B Business Overview

Since 2015, Turkcell Turkey has positioned itself as a converged player in the total telecommunications market and since 2016 the Company’s new strategic vision has been to be “the digital operator”. We have shifted to an organizational structure with the aim of increasing efficiency and simplifying our business processes, as well as strengthening our position as a provider of converged communications and digital services. We have already integrated our marketing efforts and sales channel, and developed an internal company performance monitoring platform and have established customer services as a key focus area.

We provide high-quality mobile and fixed voice, data and digital services over our advanced network and have developed what we believe to be the premier mobile service provider in Turkey by differentiating ourselves from our competitors. We maintain our strong position in the market due to our customer-oriented approach, as well as our ability to quickly provide diverse solutions to meet our customers’ communication and digital needs throughout the day.

We have differentiated our network through its quality and speed of service, and have extensive spectrum rights covering 43% of the total spectrum available, extensive 3G coverage (covering over 97% of the population of Turkey) and the broadest 4.5G license of any operator in terms of spectrum allocation. We have also focused on building out an advanced fiber network to support our mobile and fixed offerings (including broadband and television), through our 40,238 km fiber network, which reached 79 cities in Turkey as of December 31, 2017.

We had 50.2 million subscribers in Turkey, Ukraine, Belarus, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Germany as of December 31, 2017. In Turkey we had 36.7 million total mobile, fixed and IPTV subscribers.

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Effective from 2015, we have changed our reportable segments in order to align the segments with our convergence strategy. Following this change, our business is divided into two main reportable segments: Turkcell Turkey and Turkcell International.

| • |  | Turkcell Turkey. Our Turkish telecommunications business represents the largest share of our business, accounting for 87.6% of our revenues and 89.8% of our Adjusted EBITDA in 2017. During the first half of 2015 we realigned our strategy in Turkey to focus on developing innovative and integrated telecommunications solutions for consumer, corporate and wholesale customers in Turkey by leveraging our leading brand, extensive customer base, technological capabilities and strong distribution channels. We have invested in what we believe to be the most advanced mobile and fiber networks in Turkey and have the broadest 4.5G spectrum in Turkey, which we expect will provide us with a competitive advantage by allowing us to provide high quality and speedy service to our customers, as well as providing digital services. Revenues from data and services and solutions have been growing rapidly, with an aggregate growth of 51% in 2017.

| • |  | Turkcell International. Turkcell International accounted for 6.1% of our Group revenues in 2017. We have telecommunications operations in a number of emerging market geographies that we believe are complementary to our operations in Turkey and the potential to export our business model. These geographies include Ukraine (which accounted for 3.9% of our revenues in 2017), Belarus (which accounted for 1.2% of our revenues in 2017) and the Turkish Republic of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (which accounted for 0.9% of our revenues in 2017) and Germany.

| • |  | All other segments. Mainly comprised of our consumer financing services, information and entertainment services in Turkey and Azerbaijan and call center revenues. This segment accounted for 6.7% of our revenues in 2017, of which 0.4% is attributable to intersegment eliminations.

We have a strong track record of profitable operations with total revenues for 2017 of TRY 17,632.1 million Adjusted EBITDA in 2017 of TRY 6,228.3 million and net income in 2017 of TRY 1,979.1 million (excluding non-controlling interests). We have achieved these results while continuing to invest in our network to support our strategy of offering innovative solutions, with capital expenditures for 2017 of TRY 4,087.4 million.

We are the only company listed on both the NYSE and the Borsa Istanbul, and had a market capitalization of TRY 9.0 billion as of December 31, 2017, making us the 5th most valuable publicly traded company in Turkey at that time.

I. Industry

a. Overview

GSM, one of the digital standards for mobile communications, was developed in 1987 to facilitate unification and integration of mobile communications worldwide.

Since Turkcell was founded in 1994, mobile technology has evolved from GSM (2G) to UMTS/HSPA+ (3G) to LTE/LTE-Advanced (4G/4.5G), providing new capabilities and extensive improvements in customer experience. 2G was originally intended to carry voice, with some limited data and messaging capabilities whereas the focus in 3G shifted more to data, along with simultaneous voice and data capability. 4G has brought fully IP-based architecture where everything is considered data. Turkcell currently has all of these technologies in its mobile networks to serve customers who use and depend on them based on their subscription profiles and terminal types. With the advent of 4G/4.5G technologies it has become possible to introduce more sophisticated services utilizing lower latency and higher data speeds.

Our Company has also branched out in to the development of fixed line networks, including fiber-optics connecting directly to the home, creating a fiber-to-the-home (“FTTH”) network.

b. The Turkish Telecommunications Market

We believe that the Turkish telecommunications market has growth potential due to favorable demographics, including a relatively young population and lower penetration levels compared to Western Europe and other developed markets.

According to a TUIK announcement, the estimated median age of the Turkish population is 31.7, which is lower than elsewhere in Western Europe, and the majority of the population lives in urban areas. There were 80.8 million people living in Turkey as of December 31, 2017.

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There are currently three major operators in the telecommunications sector in Turkey, Turkcell Turkey, Vodafone Telekomunikasyon A.S. (“Vodafone”) and Turk Telekomunikasyon A.S. (“Turk Telekom” and together with its mobile segment (formerly known as Avea) and TTNET, “Turk Telekom Group”). In 2017, the total revenue of the Turkish mobile and fixed markets was TRY 42.6 billion compared to TRY 36.7 billion in 2016, according to the operators’ announcements (for the calculation of total market revenues, non-group call centers and financial services revenues are added to Turkcell Turkey’s reported revenue and Turk Telekom’s construction revenue is excluded).

Vodafone entered the Turkish mobile market by acquiring Telsim on May 24, 2006 from the Savings Deposit Insurance Fund (“SDIF”). Turk Telekom Group is 55% owned by Oger Telecom.

II. Strategy

Our vision is to become “the digital operator” through the digital services we offer in Turkey and elsewhere.

Our journey began almost three years ago, and today we see our company as “the digital operator”, being an experience provider, rather than a network operator. In line with our vision, while offering our customers voice, SMS and raw data packages, we seek to expand customer engagement from traditional communication to a wide range of digital activities which we believe will enrich their lives. This is enabled by our significant mobile and fixed network capabilities, which provides the seamless connectivity required for the penetration of our digital services.

Today, we measure our success in terms of the number of minutes that we take up in our customers’ lives, as well as the amount of data used. With our digital apps and solutions, we have the possibility to be present during most of the 1440 minutes that make up their days.

Our confidence in the relevance of our digital operator model has resulted in the launch of a brand based entirely on data and digital services: Lifecell. Lifecell marks another first for our digital operator strategy through its offers that seek to meet all communication and digital needs through mobile data and digital services. With these offers, our customers can make calls via BiP, listen to music via fizy, enjoy viewing through TV+, and search through Yaani with a dedicated data quota. Lifecell also enables us to acquire new customers with higher ARPU.

As a digital operator, we aim to help other content and service providers enjoy a more secure, smoother interaction with their customers in the digital space. In order to do this, we have launched our e-commerce platform. End users can securely login via mobile connection, or “fast entry” as we call it at Turkcell. As customers make transactions for digital content, they can benefit from secure payment opportunities provided by Turkcell’s Paycell and even use credit for their technological needs (such as smartphones and tablets) from our consumer finance company, where available. Through our consumer finance company, Financell, we offer various financing options for our customers in order to increase the accessibility of the latest technological devices. We pursue this strategy with a view to integrating our digital services into their lives through such smart devices. As such, we provide our customers not only with the digital services and solutions they can enjoy during the 1440 minutes of their days; but also the financing options to facilitate the purchase of these smart devices needed to access such services.

Based on our success as a digital operator in the Turkish market, we also seek to put these transformations into motion in our international subsidiaries, with the aim of improving the performance of those subsidiaries and increasing their revenue contribution to the Group. After the restructuring of debt at both lifecell (known as Astelit at the time) and Belarusian Telecom in 2015, we believe we have positioned these businesses for profitable growth. Since 2016, our Ukrainian operations have offered their services under the new brand “lifecell”. Under the new brand identity and with ongoing investments in 3G+ infrastructure and services, lifecell seeks to become Ukraine’s top data operator. The successful 4G tender results in the first quarter of 2018 also confirm our commitment in Ukraine. Meanwhile in Belarus, we launched our LTE services on beCloud’s infrastructure in August 2016, and we believe will contribute to our growth in that market.

III. Customer Segmentation and Services

a. Customer Segmentation

In Turkey, we have a total of 36.7 million subscribers including 34.1 million mobile subscribers, 2.1 million fixed broadband subscribers and 506 thousand IPTV subscribers. We have 2.2 million total TV users, including OTT TV only customers.

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As part of our increased focus on customers, we take a number of actions designed to increase customer loyalty, and such loyalty actions are designed in line with the targeted segments’ lifestyles, needs, priorities, and expectations.

The aims of the segmentation are to:

| • |  | increase the loyalty of existing Turkcell customers;

| • |  | ensure behavioral and emotional brand loyalty;

| • |  | ensure a seamless series of positive brand experience throughout all customer touch points; and

| • |  | attract new customers.

Turkcell Turkey divides its customers into three main categories:

Consumer Category

In the consumer category, we manage our mobile customers either under the mass segment or under one of our two large sub-segments, youth and premium. In line with our goal of being a digital operator, we seek to create value for our customers by bundling Turkcell digital services such as BiP, fizy, Upcall, TV+, Yaani and lifebox in multiplay propositions.

This year we have launched a new digital brand “Lifecell”. With the increased role of OTTservices in the new communications landscape, Lifecell embraces the opportunity of by delivering its own OTT services with a tariff model that is focused on digital services, thus encouraging its customers to explore every aspect of communication and entertainment on the internet. Lifecell’s motto: All is possible with internet, all you need is Lifecell.

Fixed consumer customers are consolidated under a single segment (residential) and managed under the consumer category along with mobile consumers. By positioning the residential segment under the consumer category, we aim to enhance convergence between mobile and fixed businesses. Under the residential segment, we have our fiber internet customers, who use our own fiber infrastructure, and our DSL customers, to whom Turkcell is a reseller.

Corporate Category

The Corporate category for our mobile and fixed customers comprises our Small Office/Home Office customers, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises customers and our Enterprise customers. We provide differentiated mobile communication offers for each of these customer types, as well as campaigns and co-branded activities with selected companies from other sectors to create added value for targeted segments.

Wholesale Category

Our wholesale segment focuses on managing wholesale voice, data and roaming services with the national licensed operators, international operators and network-centric business owners such as data centers and content providers.

For roaming services, the wholesale segment strives to achieve the best international coverage for customers to have continuous communication wherever they travel and to enable all visitors to enjoy the service quality of Turkcell.

For wholesale data and voice services, our main strategy is to become the regional junction point in an increasingly digitally hyper-connected world, and while promoting our infrastructure in the international market, we are focusing on growing as a preferred wholesale partner of local operators in the domestic market as well.

a. Services

We provide high quality mobile and fixed voice, data, TV and digital services to our subscribers throughout Turkey. We provide a range of traditional telecommunication and digital services to our customers, enabling them to call, text, search, stream music and watch videos and roam abroad. We provide these services through our network of over 57,000 base stations in Turkey. Our mobile subscribers can choose between our postpaid and prepaid services. Currently, postpaid subscribers sign a subscription contract and receive monthly bills for services. Prepaid subscribers must purchase a starter pack, which consists of a simcard with a balance of TRY 35

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or monthly usage allowance with 1000 minutes, 1000 SMS and 6 GB of data, together with a one-time 3GB additional data quota, while the top-up (TRY refill) cards or usage allowance (package refill) cards (both physical and digital) can be purchased in amounts ranging from TRY 20 to TRY 180. As of December 31, 2017, we had 15.6 million prepaid subscribers and 18.5 million postpaid subscribers, compared to approximately 15.7 million prepaid subscribers and 17.4 million postpaid subscribers as of December 31, 2016.

We provide a range of fixed services in Turkey including voice, broadband and digital services to consumers and a wider range of services to our corporate customers, including cloud services and traffic carrying. We provide these services through a combination of our own fiber infrastructure and leased copper ADSL lines. As of December 31, 2017, we had approximately 2.1 million fixed line customers of which approximately 1.2 million were fiber and 921 thousand were ADSL customers. We cover 3.1 million homes with our fiber infrastructure.

(i) Voice Services

Voice services are the main services that we provide to our customers. Voice services consist of high quality mobile communication services on a prepaid and postpaid basis and fixed voice services for consumers and corporate customers.

(ii) Broadband

Our broadband services consist of mobile broadband, fiber to the home/building and ADSL.

We commercially launched 3G simultaneously in 81 city centers and major cities in Turkey at the end of July 2009 and reached 97.94% population coverage as of December 31, 2017. Similarly, we launched our LTE (4.5G) network simultaneously in 81 city centers in Turkey on April 1, 2016.

The launch of 4.5G, provides increased network abilities and data speeds, and brings various new opportunities to Turkcell’s product range such as lifestyle accessories (such as smart watches and fitness trackers), gaming PCs, consumer health and entertainment categories. We believe that this will contribute to a more connected life for our customers and an increase in overall internet usage. Smartphones, which combine the features of a mobile phone with those of other popular digital mobile devices (e.g. personal digital assistants, media players, GPS navigation, digital camera) and have an open operating system (e.g. Windows Mobile, Android, iOS) allowing access to the Internet and running a variety of third-party and owned software applications, are an important component of the growth of our mobile broadband and digital services businesses. Smartphone penetration on our network reached 72% by the end of 2017, up from a 64% penetration at the end of 2016. To increase penetration of our 4.5G services, we launch 4.5G enabled smartphone campaigns throughout the year. As of December 31, 2017, subscribers who have signed up for 4.5G on our network have increased to 30 million, up from 23 million as of December 31, 2016. This represents 87% 4.5G subscriber penetration. In most cases, Turkcell is acting as an agent on behalf of its dealers to provide handsets, although the Company is increasingly selling handsets itself as a principal. The table below shows the number of smartphones in our network and smartphone penetration for the periods indicated:

|  | 2009 |  |  | 2010 |  |  | 2011 |  |  | 2012 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |
Number of smartphones in our network (millions) |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 6.2 |  |  |  | 9.6 |  |  |  | 12.7 |  |  |  | 16.1 |  |  |  | 19.2 |  |  |  | 22.1 |
Penetration(1) |  |  | 3 | % |  |  | 6 | % |  |  | 12 | % |  |  | 19 | % |  |  | 30 | % |  |  | 40 | % |  |  | 52 | % |  |  | 64 | % |  |  | 72 | %

(1) | Smartphone penetration is calculated as the ending number of smartphone subscribers (excluding smartphone subscribers with deactivated status) divided by the ending number of Turkcell mobile voice subscribers (excluding Turkcell subscribers with deactivated status). Since the national launch of 4.5G in April 2016, the share of 4.5G enabled devices in the network increased to 68% corresponding to 15.0 million, up from 10.5 million a year ago.

A wide variety of data offers are made available as part of our voice and terminal bundled campaigns, where terminals are sold by dealers, to increase LTE available device penetration, create a unique terminal experience and enhance the broadband internet experience. Since February 2014, selling smartphones through credit cards with installment plans has been banned in Turkey. Turkcell initiated Turkcell Finance Company (“Financell”), which enables customers to buy devices with installment plans, where Turkcell Finance Company gives credit to consumers in terms of 1 to 48 months. Distributors, dealers, Financell and Turkcell offer joint campaigns to the subscribers, which may include the sale of devices by the dealer and a communication service to be provided by

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us. In addition, we are increasingly selling handsets ourselves as a principal. Avariety of devices are offered through these campaigns, such as smartphones, LTE available modems and tablets and some complimentary products such as accessorizes, accessories, game consoles, headsets and virtual reality sets. Throughout 2017, we maintained our position as leader of handset campaigns through our dealer channel and we delivered attractive joint campaigns with “top of the class” models of brands in high demand such as Samsung, Apple, and some local handset manufacturers such as Vestel and General Mobile. We have also offered Turkcell-branded T series smartphones and a tablet with Android operating systems since 2010. We believe this contributes to increased smartphone penetration and data usage and further builds customer loyalty by offering a technologically advanced product at a competitive price.We launched the latest version of our T-series smartphone, the T80 in June 2017 and our first 4.5G enabled T-series tablet was launched in April 2017. Both devices have sold more than 100 thousand units in Turkey.

When we sell goods or services as a principal, income and payments to suppliers are reported on a gross basis in revenue and operating costs, respectively. If we sell goods or services as an agent, revenue and payments to suppliers are recorded in revenue on a net basis, representing the margin earned.

We offer fixed broadband internet packages to our residential customers. We also offer internet, voice and TV bundles, where we benefit from the use of our own fiber. We need the incumbent’s network to provide services outside our own fiber infrastructure, and in these circumstances we differentiate our offering with our customer services. Therefore, outside of our own fiber infrastructure we are only able to offer double-play packages with broadband and voice to our customers. We do not offer IPTV service on DSL because our TV technology is IP based and has a multicast structure, and for technical reasons DSL infrastructure cannot support this kind of service. We emphasize our “no hidden prices” value proposition with our broadband products by not charging our customers for activation, modem or installation services separately, and by offering high-speed fiber broadband at attractive prices.

(iii) Digital Services and Solutions

Our portfolio of digital services is a key element of our strategy to be “the digital operator”. By providing a wide range of digital services, we can enable users to remain connected wherever they are via their mobile devices and we become increasingly relevant to our customers. From digital communications services to media and entertainment services, we respond to the diverse needs of subscribers to provide them with a more connected life. We aim to increase customer engagement from basic communication to potentially all digital activities. We focus on the value that we create throughout the day for them with our services. In addition to the traditional telecommunications services, we continued to develop digital services that enrich the lives of our customers. We believe that this digital services portfolio gives us the potential to have a significant presence in our customers’ daily lives.

In this regard, we have begun to monitor our customers’ digital services usage behavior. Digital Cockpit, or internal monitoring tool, enables users to personalize their experience, identify trends, set up alerts in case of variance and compare results, all the while accessing the platform from the device of their choice and even using Amazon’s Alexa as an interaction interface. Moreover, with this tool, our management team can monitor critical metrics related to sales, network operations, marketing campaigns and human resources in real-time which enhances overall efficiency.

After the 4.5G launch and due to our digital services strategy, one of our main targets is to increase mobile and fixed multi-play customers. “Mobile triple play” refers to mobile customers who use voice, data and at least one of our strategic digital services, and as of December 31, 2017, our mobile triple play ratio reached 55.8%, up from 41.8% a year ago. As of December 31, 2017, triple play revenue share in mobile revenue increased to 73%, from 58% a year ago. On average, a mobile triple play customer generates 2.9 times the ARPU of a single play customer and has 20% less churn. On the fixed side, the “multi-play with TV” ratio stands for the customers who prefer our fixed services and our IPTV service. As of December 31, 2017, the multi-play with TV ratio increased to 44.4%, from 35.9% year over year.

Digital Services

Turkcell seeks to differentiate itself by providing innovative and pioneering solutions in collaboration with its strong solution providers and various partnerships.

Turkcell is focused on developing and managing digital services and solutions to address the diverse needs of both consumers and corporate customers, thereby enriching their lives. These services are designed around enhancing the communication experience of our customers via better call management and messaging services,

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enriching their “on the go” experience by using mobile technologies, especially in the areas of information and entertainment (i.e. television, communication, education, music and sports) and enabling our customers to access information according to their needs and providing e-commerce services such as secure login and mobile payment services.

Turkcell has numerous active in-house developed mobile applications which can be downloaded from app markets (App Store, Play Store, etc.) available for both iOS and Android platforms. These applications are all-access, as they are available for any user regardless of their choice of mobile operator. Some of these digital services are owned and managed through Lifecell Ventures, a 100% subsidiary of Turkcell incorporated in the Netherlands. These apps are created by our in-house mobile application development team, comprised of approximately 1,000 engineers dedicated to developing and sustaining superior digital services experience.

Among others, below are the strategic digital services on which we focus (in no particular order):

| • |  | BiP is an Integrated IP-based communication platform;

| • |  | TV+ enables subscribers to watch live television channels and on-demand video content on their mobile devices and through the IPTV platform;

| • |  | fizy is a digital music platform to stream and download music, listen to radio and watch video and live concerts;

| • |  | lifebox is a personal cloud service that facilitates data storage;

| • |  | Dergilik is a digital publishing platform which enables access to popular magazines and newspapers published in Turkey;

| • |  | Yaani is a search engine application, designed to understand the unique syntax of Turkish;

| • |  | My Account is an application for our customers to track their bills and usage, change their settings and make transactions and purchases;

| • |  | Goals on Your Mobile (Goller Cepte) allows fans to follow their team and be updated on a wide variety of categories such as game scores and player transfers;

| • |  | Turkcell Academy provides digital learning contents and services in various categories such as technology, innovation, personal development, marketing, leadership and certificate programs;

| • |  | UpCall is a call management service, which only Turkcell subscribers can use; it enables users to identify the caller ID, reach unknown numbers and block spam calls.

Integrated IP-Based Communication Platform (BiP)

BiP is available for all operators’ subscribers on iOS and Android platforms through App Store and Play Store and has been downloaded 17.6 million times in 192 countries as of December 31, 2017. The application supports eleven languages including Turkish, English, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian Spanish, Arabic, Azerbaijani, German, Farsi, and Romanian. As of December 31, 2017, BiP has 4.5 million monthly active users. In 2017 on average around 71 million messages are sent daily.

The most important features of Turkcell’s IP-based communication platform BiP includes:

| • |  | Instant messaging, sending photos, videos, audios and documents;

| • |  | Group messaging with multiple people;

| • |  | High quality VoIP, video call, group video call up to 6 people;

| • |  | Entertaining content: Creating and sharing internet memes, a wide range of emojis;

| • |  | Disappearing messages in the pre-defined time;

| • |  | Communicating with non-BiP users via SMS; and

| • |  | Sharing location.

BiP Discover section provides also a connected life experience as a marketplace that consists of various entertainment and information services. Discover section offers two way communications between users and services. BiP Discover serves more than 100 different services—including top Turkish banks, TV Shows, celebrities, content providers and customer services—with 12 million followers. In 2017, BiP also started to offer games and has 2 million unique visitors.

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Similar to the product offered in Turkey, BiP in Ukraine, includes voice and video call features in addition to messaging capabilities. lifecell subscribers also benefit from free data while using BiP.

TV+

Turkcell’s multi-screen TV platform TV+, launched in October 2014, delivers an enhanced television viewing experience to its subscribers anywhere, any time with more than 150 channels. Its unique features as compared to other platforms include the abilities to pause and rewind live streams, record to cloud and the capability to switch between four screens. As of December 31, 2017 TV+ reached 2.2 million subscribers, 506 thousand of which were IPTV users, and customers who have downloaded Turkcell TV applications reached 6.3 million to date. TV+ offers the Ultra HD supported 4K content box and 4K content on IPTV platform. Within the scope of the strategy consisting of appearing on every screen, we deployed TV+, which we offer in our costumers’ homes on Apple TV, Android TV, and Smart TV applications.

fizy

Turkcell’s digital music service fizy enables its users, through the application and the desktop version, to access a number of songs, videos, live concerts and radio channels with high quality sound on a monthly subscription fee that also includes data available for this service free of charge. Users can discover new music with the “Weekly Discovery List” feature, and have the flexibility to listen to their favorite songs offline. As of December 31, 2017 fizy has been downloaded 14.2 million times to date and has 2.0 million monthly active users. In 2017, 14 concerts were broadcasted live on fizy. Fizy is also available in Ukraine.

lifebox

Turkcell’s personal cloud service, lifebox is the first local storage service in Turkey and globally provides all users the ability to store their photos, documents, and videos in one secure, convenient and personal space with auto syncing abilities, and to share them easily. Everyone who downloads and logs into the lifebox application is given a 5GB of storage space free of charge. Since 2017, lifebox now comes with a phone book synchronizing feature. As of December 31, 2017 lifebox was downloaded 6.3 million times and has 1.4 million monthly active users, and on average 39 files are uploaded per user per day.

Dergilik (Digital Publishing)

Our digital publishing app, Dergilik gives users access to more than 400 popular magazines and 75 newspapers published in Turkey. All magazines and newspapers available on Dergilik can also be downloaded and read on a monthly subscription fee. The Dergilik service is enhanced with auto-download, favorite pages and magazines features. Dergilik users can also reach websites of magazines and newspapers free of data charge. As at the end of December 2017, Dergilik was downloaded by 4.2 million customers and reached 7.0 million monthly active users, including users who utilized the Dergilik magazines and newspapers via browser.

Yaani

Yaani is Turkey’s search engine and browser, providing a fast, secure and stable browsing experience combined with a unique set of features through the Yaani Browser. Yaani is available for both iOS and Android and was created based on Turkey’s specific user patterns and can access local content first, making each search relevant. With Yaani, Turkcell adds Turkey to the list of countries to have their own search engines.

By using Yaani, users can have a personalized browsing experience where they can access everything that matters to them in one place: “Search for the information you want”, “Surf the Web”, “Check the local news”, “Search for local restaurants”, “Check the local weather”, “Enjoy your favorite music via fizy” by the help of shortcut buttons. As such, Yaani is integrated with other relevant Turkcell digital services. Yaani had reached more than 3.5 million downloads and 1.2 million active users as of February 2018.

Goals on Your Mobile (Goller Cepte)

Goals on Your Mobile is a sports application designed for the four top soccer clubs’ and live score fans. It provides instant super league goal videos, betting analysis and the latest news. It is also a social application where people can come together in a forum. The app was downloaded 4.5 million times and has 1.0 million active users as of December 31, 2017. The service offers new features such as multiplayer games and an in-depth betting analysis since the first quarter of 2017.

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Turkcell Academy

Turkcell launched the Turkcell Academy service in 2014. Enriched with Turkcell’s technology and training know-how and content partnerships with top institutions worldwide, Turkcell Academy provides an access to a digital and innovative world. Turkcell believes that accessible knowledge with mobility will offer equal opportunities in education and empower people.

Turkcell Academy offers services for consumers and corporates. As the consumer service, Turkcell Academy has a website and mobile application that provide digital learning contents and services in various categories such as technology, innovation, personal development, marketing, leadership, certificate programs.

Regarding the corporate service, the Learning Management System (LMS) of Turkcell Academy enables to easily prepare trainings, courses, exams and questionnaires. User management on the LMS is easy-to-use and the platform also allows detailed training-tracking and reporting. Besides these advantages of Turkcell Academy LMS as a training tool; it is also a highly developed evaluation tool with its capabilities of simultaneously reporting the responses.

Turkcell Academy mobile application has been downloaded by 2 million customers and about 2 million learning videos have been watched on Turkcell Academy by the end of 2017.

Turkcell Academy also launched “Hello Hope”, a mobile application which aims at facilitating the lives’ of Syrian refugees in Turkey, as a corporate social responsibility project in September 2016. Previously recognized by the GSMA for best use of mobile technology in humanitarian and emergency situations, “Hello Hope” received another award from the World Summit for Information Society (WSIS), led by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the UN body for the telecommunications industry in 2017. Additionally, “Hello Hope” was selected among globally inspirational projects by the UNESCO-Pearson Initiative for Literacy. The mobile app reached more than 700 thousand downloads as of the end of 2017.

My Account

One of our priorities as Turkcell is to drive customer loyalty through the digital platform. Within the scope of this strategy, we have invested in our digital self-service channels. The primary channel is our mobile application called “My Account” with which we provide our customers the ability to track their bills, usage and settings and execute transactions and purchases. Our engagement activities combined with these offerings brought over 25.4 million downloads and 17.3 million monthly active users in 2017. As of December 31, 2017 My Account users has 40% more ARPU and less churn with regards the non-users. Our customer satisfaction and effort scores also indicate that we offer a simple and user friendly experience and make our customers’ lives easier. In 2017, we also used My Account app as the platform to offer a well-appreciated marketing campaign “Shake & Win”, which has delivered 225 million gifts, where 28% of these gifts granted to customers were TV+, fizy, Dergilik, lifebox, BiP and Paycell. This has become a substantive medium for Turkcell subscribers to meet with and experience digital services.

UpCall

UpCall is an application enriching and facilitating our customers’ calling experience with many different features it offers. When a call is received from a number that is not saved in the phonebook, the caller ID can be seen on the screen while the phone rings. The UpCall application also has a smart search feature that enables the access to the number of an unknown person or place through number query with name; the access to the identity of the owner of an unknown number; as well as the initiation of a group call with a single click. As of December 31, 2017, UpCall was downloaded 2.0 million times and had 837 thousand active users.

Smart Places & Business Applications

Business Applications provides corporate customers with a competitive advantage by providing non-core industrial solutions. Fleet management, employee tracking, push-to-talk services, smart faxing services, cloud based Saas products, digital invoicing solutions, energy monitoring services and new generation cash register solutions are available to streamline customer processes and provide operational efficiency through new revenue streaming channels, better customer reach and experience.

With the rise of the enterprise applications market as well as improvements in mobile internet, cloud services and mobile devices, businesses have been undergoing a strategically important process of digital and mobile transformation. Turkcell continues to be a strategic business partner to companies in all industries for transformation projects that aim to render all processes manageable via mobile devices anytime and anywhere.

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In addition to a network that is superior and stronger than ever with 4.5G technology, Turkcell offers companies M2M, digital services and business app solutions that enable real time data exchange with an end-to-end approach.

Turkcell also aims to meet corporate customers’ network and infrastructure management needs via access, data center and cloud infrastructure solutions combined with managed services capabilities in order to reduce operating expenses and increase productivity.

Mobile transformation, network management and IT outsourcing projects provide a significant opportunity for business growth and expansion, especially in the large enterprise market. Turkcell takes pride in being the strategic partner to more than 100 companies and public institutions in such projects where it implemented technology, communications and systems integration services via its professional services organization.

Turkcell Smart Enablers Services

Turkcell Smart Enablers is a network of mobile-based and innovative technological services that offers companies the opportunity to know their customers better, reach the right customer in the right place, and increase security measures. These services are provided through a web service (API) that is easy to integrate into a company’s existing systems. Eighteen services have been launched within this service group.

As of the end of 2017, more than 400 companies evaluate their business processes and provide new technological services to their customers by using Turkcell Smart Enablers web services (APIs).

Big Data Services

Turkcell offers analytic services to companies to help them understand the sector dynamics with sector based analysis, get to know their customer base by providing demographic and behavioral analysis or competitor analysis to help them support their marketing strategy with data. Companies could also benefit from Turkcell’s user based data through cloud as an input to their business analytics processes or also get predictive services through cloud to help them reduce churn ratio, target the right customer for the right offer or find the right people to advertise for new customer acquisition.

Turkcell Smart Map

The Turkcell Smart Map service, which the first sevice of its type in Turkey, makes it possible for companies target specific customers to analyze data on a large-scale basis. Turkcell Smart Map operates on a website on which Turkcell’s corporate customers can analyze Turkcell’s mobile activity concentration at a point and time where an activity is being planned, or analyze where their own customers are concentrated at a specific time of day. Through this application, companies may have access to important data that will help them conduct marketing activities, develop growth strategies, and decide on new investment and design campaigns.

Location Based Services

Corporate customers can monitor and manage their sales forces and fleets with Ekip Mobil (“Team Mobile”). Team Mobile is a management console that allows customers to view their field teams/vehicles on a map, define alarms for specific regions and create direct communication channels to the field. Team Mobile can be used on any mobile device and comes at a minimal investment cost for the companies.

Authentication Services

One Time Password is widely used by corporate customers for two-factor authentication controls on transactions. The service allows corporate customers to send a single-use password via SMS to consumers when providing authentication on transactions. It is widely used for online banking processes and login transactions.

Mobile Signature, which was launched in February 2007, enables mobile subscribers to sign electronic documents and transactions with a legally-accepted digital signature using GSM SIM cards. Mobile signature subscribers can easily verify their personal identity in a digital environment and complete transactions remotely, without needing to be physically present.

Mobile Connect is a secure universal log-in solution which allows consumers to securely access a wide array of digital services and website using their mobile phone account for authentication. It is powered by GSMA

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and launched in December 2015 by Turkcell. Simply by matching the user to their mobile phone, Mobile Connect allows them to log-in to websites and applications quickly without the need to remember passwords and usernames. Mobile Connect is safe and secure where no personal information is shared without permission.

Cloud Services

Turkcell offers a wide range of cloud solutions for its corporate customers. These services range from collocation solutions, to infrastructure (virtual server, virtual data center), backup, disaster recovery and security services. In 2017, Turkcell managed over 4,000 virtual servers and protected more than 4 Petabyte of data for its corporate customers. As of December 31 2017, our datacenters are based across six locations in Turkey on approximately 20,000 square meters of white capacity.

In 2016, to meet Turkey’s digital data management need, we built the nation’s largest Tier 3 Designed data center in Gebze, which has a closed area of 33 thousand square meters with 10 thousand square meters of white space, 30 MVA power capacity meeting the highest standards. Gebze Data Center (the DC), which has Turkcell Superonline’s powerful fiber network through 5 connection points and infrastructure, provides above 99.9% availability with its 7/24 surveillance/security/mechanical /electrical and network operations. With its seismic ground isolation against earthquakes of magnitude 9, the DC protects customer data with Turkcell know-how offering nonstop service and cost efficiency at the same time. In addition to Turkcell’s powerful technology, the DC offers work areas, including private and shared rental offices. Also, the DC has international standards of ISO 27001, 22301, 10002, 20000, 50001 and Leed Gold energy efficiency and it is the only Data Center in Turkey to receive prestigious Uptime Tier III Operations Certification.

Turkcell offers cloud based applications from its data centers. Apart from the basic hosting and e-mail solutions, Turkcell offers cloud based (aaS) productivity applications such as videoconferencing and fax which enable corporate customers to send and receive fax digitally from anywhere.

Machine to Machine (“M2M”) and Internet of Things (“IoT”)

Since 2009, Turkcell has focused on its M2M/IoT business, whose principal markets in Turkey are car telematics, team tracking, fleet management, POS terminals, security alarms, smart metering, mobile health management, smart agriculture and sales force automation applications. Turkcell launched Turkey’s first M2M Platform in March 2012. With the M2M Platform, customers can manage their devices more effectively. As of December 31, 2017, the number of M2M subscribers increased to 2.3 million compared to 2.0 million as of December 31, 2016. Turkcell will keep to pioneer on this business line with the release of services on upcoming new technologies such as consumer IoT, NB-IoT (NarrowBand-Internet of Things) and Industry 4.0 applications. After new application enablement platform integration is completed, Turkcell will launch new end to end solutions on IoT verticals.

Corporate Messaging & Mobile Marketing

Increase in smartphone and tablet penetration has resulted in higher data usage, more space to be creative and the need for more interactive marketing tools in order to be engaged with customers. As the use of mobile devices increases, mobile marketing has become a necessary part of every brand’s marketing strategy.

Turkcell utilizes mobile marketing and advertising channels to create additional value for its customers. In 2016 and 2017, many companies sought to expand and reach their customers through corporate messaging products, differentiating themselves from the competition. We believe that our customers have created fast and efficient solutions to their marketing needs by using of our bulk messaging and stand apart from the competition by enriching their messages in terms of visual aspects with rich content messages, a corporate messaging service that enhances the customer’s ability to send visual messages and by reaching their customers at the right place, at the right time with our location-based SMS services. These companies were also able to collect customer feedback by conducting satisfaction surveys using our Instant Response suite. Companies could also target Turkcell customers for new customer acquisition by providing exclusive offers to Turkcell subscribers and Turkcell communicates this offer through targeted or location based bulk SMS.

Turkcell utilizes mobile marketing and advertising channels to create additional value for customers.

Management Information Systems

We started the digital hospital period by launching “City Hospitals” projects in cooperation with Ronesans Health Investment. City Hospitals comes into service along with the “Management of Information Systems” built

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by Turkcell. Yozgat City Hospital, the first City Hospital in Turkey and Adana City Hospital, the largest city hospital opened up to this date were built by Turkcell “information systems management” together with the service. We signed also Elazig and Bursa Hospitals contracts in 2017.

e-commerce platform

As the usage of digital services increases, our customers tend to need a secure authentication and payment system for the products and services they access online. Responding to this need, we have established an e-commerce model in order to complement our own digital services, and to provide solutions for our corporate partners in Turkey’s rapidly growing electronic commerce market. Internet users can securely login to digital services with the GSMA-enabled Mobile Connect technology, a GSM-based and easy-to-use authentication process. Users can shop online and use easy and safe payment methods provided by Paycell and Financell.

In October 2017, Turkcell announced that we would extend this model, initially launched on the Piri, a travel application, and the Turkcell Academy mobile application, with a view to include the travel site Fulltrip, and the digital TV platform BluTV. We aim to contribute to the expansion of Turkey’s e-commerce market by spreading this model to our future corporate partners in the upcoming periods.

See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” for a discussion of the regulatory changes affecting our digital services & solutions.

(iv) Wholesale

(i) International Roaming

Our coverage extends to many countries around the world through our roaming agreements. As of December 31, 2017, we believe we have further enhanced our position as a leading mobile operator of international roaming services in Turkey by expanding our partnership in 211 destinations throughout the world, pursuant to commercial roaming agreements with 579 operators.

Since July 2002, we have provided roaming services for prepaid subscribers of foreign mobile operators visiting Turkey. We were the first operator to provide such a service in Turkey. This service, called Passive Customized Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic (“passive CAMEL”), can only be enabled if both operators have installed the passive CAMEL system on their networks. As of December 31, 2017, we offered prepaid roaming to the prepaid subscribers of 355 operators from 159 destinations.

Since October 2004, we have offered roaming services for Turkcell prepaid subscribers traveling abroad. This service, called Active Customized Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic (“active CAMEL”), can only be enabled if both operators have installed the active CAMEL system on their networks. As of December 31, 2017, we offered prepaid roaming to Turkcell prepaid subscribers through 416 operators in 180 destinations.

Since October 2002, we have offered GPRS roaming. As of December 31, 2017, we made it possible for our subscribers to access the internet and reach their email accounts while passing through 199 destinations serviced our 497 GPRS roaming partners.

As of December 31, 2017, our subscribers can send SMS to more than 752 mobile operators located in 209 destinations, including North America and China. With a view to balance international SMS traffic, we have 89 International SMS Interworking Agreements in place.

Since December 2005, our subscribers have been able to send and receive MMS to and from subscribers of foreign operators. As of December 31, 2017, our subscribers were able to send MMS to 390 mobile operators in 142 destinations.

On July 30, 2009, we became the first operator in Turkey to launch 3G roaming services in many different locations around the world. As of December 31, 2017, our subscribers enjoyed high speed mobile internet connections with 406 operators in 182 destinations.

On January 20, 2015, we launched LTE roaming services for our subscribers in many different locations around the world. As of December 31, 2017, our subscribers experienced LTE roaming experience with 149 operators in 85 destinations.

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On April 1, 2016, we launched LTE roaming services for visitor subscribers from many different countries. As of December 31, 2017, subscribers of 133 operators from 72 different locations experienced LTE roaming services on the Turkcell network.

We have entered into direct international roaming agreements with GSM operators around the world, including in Cuba, Iran, Sudan, Libya and Syria. These arrangements have been entered into in the ordinary course of business and on arm’s-length terms that we believe to be in line with industry standards. Under the roaming arrangements in the listed countries, our net revenues for roaming on our Turkish network totaled less than TRY 4.0 million in 2017 while our net expense for our subscribers roaming on the networks of operators in the listed countries was less than TRY 2.2 million. In terms of revenue generation, we do not believe that our roaming arrangements with operators in Cuba, Iran, Sudan, Libya and Syria are material. For additional details regarding our international roaming agreements with Syria, please refer to “Item 4.B Disclosure Pursuant to Section 219 of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (ITRA)”.

(ii) Wholesale Voice

Turkcell and Superonline Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell Superonline”) together supply wholesale voice service by establishing interconnection agreements with fixed line and mobile operators and international carriers.

As of December 31, 2017, Turkcell Superonline had interconnection agreements with more than eighty national and international carriers. Turkcell has interconnection agreements with Turk Telekom, Vodafone, Avea (mobile section of Turk Telekom) and other Fixed Telephony Service Operators and via these agreements, parties connect their networks to enable the transmission of calls to and from their mobile communications system. As of December 31, 2017, Turkcell had interconnection agreement with 80 fixed line and mobile operators and carriers.

For Turkcell, current interconnection rates are based on the ICTA’s decision on MTRs and Fixed Termination Rates (“FTR”s). ICTA designated Turkcell as an operator having significant market power in the mobile access and call origination markets. Due to this designation, Turkcell is obliged to provide access and call origination service to MVNOs and directory service providers. As of December 31, 2017, Turkcell had agreements with 11 Directory Service Providers. Commercial negotiations in view of reaching agreements with MVNOs are ongoing. For more information, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Regulation of the Turkish Telecommunications Industry”.

(iii) Wholesale Data

Our vision on wholesale data is to become a preferred regional player in a digitally hyper-connected world. To do this, we have developed a robust infrastructure which includes 11 border crossings from Turkey to other jurisdictions. Five border crossings are towards Europe where we offer various options to connect with important European cities through protected and completely separate routes. Six of the border crossings are towards the East, where we offer capacity services to the Caucasus and Caspian region as well to the Middle East.

In accordance with our strategy, Turkcell Superonline is also establishing and executing a domestic wholesale business strategy to provide wholesale products such as bit stream access via its FTTx fiber coverage, infrastructure services, backbone transmission, Ethernet, IP transit capacities, cyber security and VPN services to operators, service providers and data center companies in the domestic market in Turkey.

Turkcell Superonline is leading the localization strategy for Turkey’s data and internet traffic by developing partnerships with internet exchange platforms, Tier-1 operators, global/local content and cloud service providers to enable direct access to all networks and also commercializing internet traffic.

Turkcell Superonline, that aims to transform the Silk Road into the Fiber Road, and has been taking important steps to develop Istanbul as the world’s newest Internet base due to its geostrategic location. Accordingly, the company provides a bridge between east and west, which supplies a continuous connection with partnerships with the Tier-1 operators and strategic partners between Asia, the Middle East and Europe, such as RCN. Today, we provide telecom services to more than 70 international operators including Tier-1 companies. As of December 31, 2017, we have the capacity to carry 4.5 Tbps of international traffic.

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II. Tariffs

Our charges for voice, messaging, data and digital services consist mainly of bundles and also monthly fees, usage prices, and volume discount schemes and options under various tariff schemes.

We have various segmented tariff plans for mobile that target specific subscriber groups (postpaid or prepaid, corporate or consumer). A majority of our customers choose all-inclusive packages which include minutes to Turkcell, intra-company calls (for the corporate segment) and all national calls, data, SMS and most of our digital services. Turkcell also offers all-inclusive packages with annual fixed-price plans that include price discounts and/or extra minutes.

Turkcell’s fixed offers are based on speed, quota and fair usage. The tariffs are designed upon the composition of the different needs of different customers. Turkcell’s own fiber infrastructure lets fiber offers with high speed up to 1000 Mbps, usually bundled with TV products. In February 2018, we launched a fiber offer with significantly higher speed of 10,000Mbps, which is provided on the demand of a customer. ADSL offers up to 16 Mbps and has voice bundled tariffs. Since 2016, VDSL is offered to our customers using DSL products, with higher speeds up to 100 Mbps.

Turkcell’s strategy is focused on providing high quality service and creating value rather than competing on prices. Accordingly, Turkcell aims to offer the best network quality to its customers, and also to be a leader in digital services. Better user experience and differentiated offers provide Turkcell with the flexibility to price its tariffs based on cost and investments and to apply an inflationary pricing policy.

(i) Consumer Tariffs and Loyalty Programs

We mainly offer bundled packages including voice, data, SMS and various digital services. We focus on providing a leading mobile experience in Turkey, and in order to meet customer needs we offer a large portfolio of tariffs. Our tariffs are becoming more data based and enriched with digital services in order to meet customer demand.

We have various tariff bundled smart device campaigns offered jointly by our dealer channel in which minutes, SMS and data and digital services can be bundled with smart devices, which are expected to lead to higher mobile broadband and services usage.

Today, more and more customers need reliable, consistent and uninterrupted internet connectivity both for mobile and fixed networks. At Turkcell, we focus on providing the best customer experience in all channels supported by competitive offers and an extensive network. We initiated our convergence program with two products for consumer and corporate segments, which include fixed broadband (fiber or DSL) and mobile broadband launched in December 2015. Furthermore, in April 2016, we launched the first converged bundle offer in Turkey, which includes mobile and fixed products in a single bill. In November 2016, we took another step forward and added TV to a converged bundle which brings together mobile, fixed and TV products in a single bill. In 2017, we have continued providing the best service and fastest speed with 4.5G offers in mobile. As one of the leading mobile operators in Turkey, in September 2017, we launched a new digital sub-brand, Lifecell. The needs of our mobile consumers are changing as they tend to consume more data and OTT services. Accordingly, we have introduced Lifecell with a unique proposition, claiming that “all is possible with internet”. Within the packages of new tariffs that we offer with the Lifecell brand, instead of traditional telecommunication services (i.e. minutes or SMS) our customers can meet their voice and video calls and instant messaging needs via BiP; listen to music on fizy, and watch movies on TV+; store large quantities of data in the lifebox application, search through Yaani with unlimited data and also obtain 24/7 customer service support via BiP.

In fixed broadband products (fiber and DSL internet) we have various tariffs for different internet speeds and quota. We offer 25 Mbps to 1000 Mbps internet speed in the fiber internet which we serve through our own infrastructure. In 2018, we have launched our fiber internet offer with 10Gbps speed which is currently not offered by our competitors in Turkey. The campaign prices are valid for a 24-month commitment and we generally acquire customers for a 24-month commitment. Also, we offer IPTV service TV+ on our fiber infrastructure and in 2017 we continued marketing our TV+ bundle offers. Our fixed voice product is bundled with our fixed data product. We also have tablet and desk phone campaigns in which the terminals are offered jointly by dealers, bundled with Turkcell Superonline fixed data products.

Turkcell intends to provide advantageous price schemes to consumer and corporate customers when abroad. With a customer-oriented focus, Turkcell offers products to subscribers with high- and low-roaming usage. All

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Turkcell postpaid customers can enjoy “Roam Like Home” offer automatically which enables them to use their domestic tariff while abroad by paying a daily fee.

We have three loyalty programs which are called Platinum, GNC, and SIM.

Platinum is a loyalty program for subscribers with the Platinum tariff. The “Platinum App” provides gifts such as plane tickets to travel all around the world or cinema tickets, attractive co-branding offers with various brands, car park services at shopping malls, free transportation to the airport and more.

GNC is a loyalty program for the youth segment. “GNC App” provides free cinema tickets, co-branding offers with clothing, transporting and food brands.

SIM is the first and only digital platform in Turkey that is specific to women. It is an application that can be used by both Turkcell and non-Turkcell subscribers. SIM provides all information from a single source that women generally need in their daily lives. SIM videos are data free and this enables a better customer experience. Also, women can find many special offers from different brands on this digital platform.

Further, we have been conducting a campaign called “Shake & Win”, which can be deemed a loyalty program through our online self-service channel My Account, to extend gifts such as free one month subscriptions to TV+ or Fizy, free BiP packages or a free daily or weekly data quota. This campaign has not only helped to increase data usage, but also enabled Turkcell customers to become familiar with our digital services. Further, this campaign has contributed to customer retention by increasing their loyalty.

(ii) Corporate Tariffs and Loyalty Programs

We offer a variety of bundle packages including voice, data, SMS, company on-net and/or flat minutes and value added services to meet our corporate customers’ communication needs. We also offer various joint terminal campaigns in which voice, SMS and data packages can be bundled with different terminals. In addition, we provide various mobile data packages in order to meet different customer needs. These packages include shared data packages, URL-based packages, VINN Wi-Fi offers and tablet bundled campaigns.

At the beginning of 2017, we enriched the “Artisans packages” contents with digital services such as TV+, fizy, BiP, lifebox and Dergilik. In May 2017, we added our corporate solution product “BiP Faks” to the Artisan package so that they can send faxes using only their mobile phones. We also offer converged fix and mobile packages on a single bill with the Legend Artisans package. Thereby we not only responded to the needs of our customers, but we also believe that we differentiated ourselves from our competitors through the products and services we offer. In September 2017 we launched fully digital Lifecell packages also for our corporate customers.

In addition to mobile tariffs, we also address and provide solutions to our corporate customers different telecommunication needs with the Total Telecom Solutions Provider (“TTSP”) approach. We provide TTSP products such as VOIP, MPLS/VPN, data center, cloud, and mobile and fixed bundle offers to our customers from a single source. Moreover, we established our data centers in Gebze and Ankara, which are operational since the second half of 2016. Our corporate customers benefit from the services provided by our data centers which include co-location, cloud and security services.

For corporate customers, Turkcell Superonline provides internet services over its fiber-optic infrastructure with the latest transport technology and DSL infrastructure of the incumbent fixed operator. We have “fixed internet” offers and “fixed internet and VoIP” bundle offers. We have various tariffs for different internet speeds and quotas. In March 2017, we launched converged mobile and fixed products on a single bill. We also offer fixed internet and exclusive tablet or smartphone bundles jointly to increase revenue and customer loyalty.

We have two loyalty programs which are called “Win at Work” and Platinum Business. Launched in March 2010 for our corporate customers. Win at Work, the first loyalty program focused on the B2B segment, offers advantages to our corporate customers, providing them with cost advantages on their non-GSM costs. With this program, Turkcell’s corporate customers get discounts in several areas. Also, this program is the first corporate converged loyalty program, providing discounts for corporate fixed customers as well as corporate mobile customers. My Account app is also enabled for corporate customers seeking to benefit from various campaigns. Platinum Business is a loyalty program for both corporate and consumer subscribers with the Platinum tariff plan, providing attractive co-branding offers with various brands such as discounts on sea taxi services in Istanbul, gift cinema tickets, car park services in shopping malls, free airport transportation and free shuttle services to several ski holiday destinations.

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(iii) Wholesale Tariffs

In 2017 ensuring the necessary wholesale roaming cost basis to be able to support the new roaming consumer and corporate tariffs and propositions “Roam Like Home” was one of the main focuses of the Wholesale Roaming Agreements.

Based on Turkcell’s roaming agreements, Turkcell hosts subscribers of foreign operators on its network. When a subscriber of a foreign operator makes a call using Turkcell’s network, that subscriber’s operator pays us our inter-operator tariff (“IOT”) for the specific call type. IOT is a wholesale tariff applied between mobile operators with roaming agreements.

Interconnection rates in Turkey are based on the ICTA’s decision on the interconnection tariffs for Turkcell, Vodafone, Avea, Turk Telekom and Fixed Telephony Service Operators.

With respect to data sales, Turkcell intends to provide competitive prices to promote Istanbul as a regional hub for peering and IP transit services and international capacities, as well as to support domestic wholesale market through its robust network with feasible commercial conditions.

III. Churn

Mobile churn rate is the percentage of disconnected subscribers calculated by dividing the total number of subscriber disconnections during a period by the average number of subscribers for the same period. For these purposes, we define “average number of subscribers” as the number of subscribers at the beginning of the period plus one half of the total number of gross subscribers acquired during the period. Churn refers to subscribers that are both voluntarily and involuntarily disconnected from our network. Under our disconnection process, postpaid subscribers who do not pay their bills are disconnected and included in churn upon the commencement of a legal process to disconnect them, which commences approximately 180 days from the due date of the unpaid bill. Pending disconnection, non-paying subscribers are suspended from service (but are still considered subscribers) and receive a suspension warning, which in some cases results in payment and reinstatement of service. Prepaid subscribers who do not provide the necessary payment for a period of 270 days are disconnected (this was changed in 2010 from 210 days). Under our churn policy, prepaid subscribers are disconnected from the system if they do not top-up above TRY10 during a twelve month period.

In the fourth quarter of 2015, 379 thousand subscriptions, and in the first quarter of 2016, 196 thousand subscriptions which were not topped-up within the stipulated period were disconnected. In the first quarter of 2017, our mobile churn policy was extended from the regulatory minimum in Turkey of 9 months to 12 months, except with regard to prepaid customers who last topped up before March of each year, which will be disconnected by year-end at the latest. Prior periods have not been restated to reflect the change in churn policy. The mobile churn rate for 2017 disclosed in this document have been positively impacted by this change, in part due to the fact that we have been successful in reactivating certain subscriptions during the additional 3 month extension. We believe that following this revision, the seasonality effect in churn rate, which is caused by periodic subscriber acquisition, has been reduced to a great extent.

In 2017, the mobile churn rate decreased to 20.5% from 24.6% in 2016, primarily due to successful retention campaigns such as Shake & Win and our digital services.

We have what we believe to be an adequate allowance for doubtful receivables in our Consolidated Financial Statements for non-payments and disconnections amounting to TRY 778.4 million and TRY 974.5 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The churn rate for the fixed broadband products is calculated in the same way as the churn rate for the mobile products (except in fixed broadband, customers that change infrastructure from fiber to DSL or vice versa counted in churn rate). Fixed broadband subscribers who do not pay their bills are disconnected in 15-62 days according to the financial risk segments of the customers. The legal process commences approximately 104 days from the due date of the unpaid bill. The fixed churn rate increased to 19.6% in 2017 from 18.9% in 2016.

IV. Seasonality

The Turkish mobile communications market is affected by seasonal peaks and troughs. Historically, the effects of seasonality on mobile communications usage has positively influenced our results in the second and

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third quarters of the fiscal year and negatively influenced our results in the first and fourth quarters of the fiscal year. Recently, however these seasonality effects have been less significant. Local and religious holidays in Turkey generally affect our operational results.

The Turkish fixed broadband market is also affected by seasonal peaks and troughs. Historically, the effects of seasonality on fixed broadband usage have negatively influenced our results in the third quarter of the fiscal year. This is mainly due to summer holidays when both usage and acquisition numbers decrease and churn increases due to residents moving.

V. Mobile and Fixed Network

a. Coverage

Statements regarding our 2G coverage are based on the ICTA’s specifications as well as the TUIK’s announcements regarding the population, and statements regarding our 3G coverage are based on the ICTA’s 3G coverage calculation specifications issued on April 25, 2015. Statements regarding 4.5G coverage and performance are based on our own calculations, pending publication of ICTA specifications.

Our mobile communications network is designed to provide high-quality coverage to the majority of Turkey’s population throughout the areas in which they live, work and travel. As of December 31, 2017, Turkcell covered 92.54% of Turkey and 99.61% of its population, including 100% of cities with a population of 1,000 or more. Coverage also includes a substantial part of the Mediterranean and Aegean coastline, and during 2015, we enhanced coverage in low-populated areas (populations of less than 1,000 people) as well. In terms of 2G, we have significantly exceeded the minimum coverage requirements of our license.

We have also expanded our mobile communications network to add capacity to existing service areas and to offer service to new areas, including the improvement of existing urban, suburban and intercity road coverage. In 2017, we continued to expand our coverage and further enhanced capacity in populated areas. Within the scope of the Turkish Ministry’s Rural Coverage Project as part of universal services which we started in August 2013, infrastructure covering 1,796 settlements with populations of less than 500 has been installed as of the end of 2017, with network sharing technology, which enables all operators to use the same BTS, BSC and IP Transmission lines. Due to our success of implementing and operating universal services network the contract was renewed until December 31, 2018. According to the renewed contract, we are responsible for adding mobile broadband services to the existing infrastructure providing GSM services and operating the new broadband network together with the existing 2G network under the Universal Service Law.

We commercially launched 3G simultaneously in 81 provinces and major cities in Turkey in July 2009. As of December 31, 2017, we covered 97.94% of Turkey’s population. As a result of the amendment to the Law for Metropolitan Municipalities, the number of metropolitan municipalities increased and the borders of some municipalities were extended. After this amendment, the ICTA increased our coverage obligations, defined in our concession agreement by its decision, based on this amendment. We filed a lawsuit for a stay of execution and the cancellation of this aforementioned decision. The Council of State granted a motion for the stay of execution of ICTA’s aforementioned decision. The ICTA objected to this decision. The objection was also rejected in favor of Turkcell. The case is still pending.

Benefiting from higher-quality communications provided by the widest spectrum in 3G, Turkcell will continue to offer seamless communications services to its customers with what we believe to be the most extensive coverage amongst its competitors.

In 2017, we continued to develop and improve the coverage and capacity of our network. In urban areas, we increased both coverage and capacity by placing network infrastructure in commercial sites such as shopping malls, business complexes and entertainment centers. We became the first mobile operator extending 3G coverage to all of the districts in Turkey. We have been using 3G Small Cells (such as Femto, pico and micro) which are solutions to further enhance our coverage in places where signal penetration problems exist due to thick concrete walls, coated glass windows, basement floors, etc. 3G Repeaters have been used to serve the same purpose.

Following the IMT-Advanced (“4.5G”) tender held on August 26, 2015, Turkcell acquired 10 MHz from the 800 MHz frequency band and an additional 1.4 MHz of 900 MHz frequency band and additional 10 MHz of 2100 MHz frequency band. We use these frequency bands that provide high signal penetration in order to provide IMT coverage and enhance 3G coverage as well as capacity.

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Our fixed communications network is designed to provide high capacity and high-quality service to consumer and corporate customers. Moreover, we believe that it is very well designed and implemented to provide capacity to our mobile network. Our fixed network has capabilities to carry large volumes of data and internet traffic inside the country and is also connected to national and international telecom operators.

As of December 31, 2017 our fiber network reached 40,238 kilometers and connects 79 of 81 cities in Turkey. In 19 cities we have fiber to the home (“FTTH”) network and homepass, which means the number of premises that are connected to our fiber network has reached nearly 3.1 million. We also provide enterprise Wi-Fi services.

In the fixed access network we have two main network structures called fiber to the building (“FTTB”) and fiber to home (“FTTH”). In FTTB network, we are installing switches to access our subscribers. In FTTH networks, we are installing Gigabit Passive Optical Network (“GPON”) and 10-Gigabit-capable symmetric passive optical network (“XGS-PON”) equipment which is the latest access network technology for residential and business subscribers. These network structures enable Turkcell to offer triple play services (High speed internet, TV, Voice over IP). The fixed access network also provides bandwidth requirement for mobile sites with Metro Ethernet services.

b. Quality of Service

The ICTA published a “Regulation on Quality of Service in the Electronic Communications Sector” on September 12, 2010, effective as of December 31, 2011 (see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Regulation of the Turkish Telecommunications Industry” for further details). The Turkcell network is currently above the standards set by the statement by ICTA. Typically, “Call Drop” was one of the major Quality of Service figures that we focused on during 2017.

Dropped calls are calls that are terminated involuntarily and are measured by using the ratio of total dropped calls during the most congested hour of network traffic during the relevant time period to the traffic intensity in that congested hour. Using such industry standard for dropped calls, our dropped call rate for our 2G network has further decreased below 0.42%.

Turkcell also provides high quality services through its 3G network. In a short time, we have succeeded in reducing the 3G dropped call rate below the 2G network. Our dropped call rate for our 3G network is below 0.25%. The rate of service quality is being enhanced continuously due to extensive network optimization and investments in our 2G and 3G network to improve the quality and capacity of the network. According to statistics gathered from the vendors, Turkcell has one of the best 2G and 3G dropped call rates compared to other networks in the world. As Turkcell has built one of the most robust LTE networks globally, in terms of VoLTE performance Turkcell has already obtained a low drop rate in VoLTE, which is below 0.35%.

We have started to offload data traffic by increasing the percentage of small cells in the network for improving customer satisfaction. We also focused on Special Distributed Antenna Solutions and customization of parameter settings in major stadiums to maximize the capacity of our 2G/3G Access Network. Together with Turkcell Superonline, we have also implemented Wi-Fi offload integrated with the Turkcell 3G and 4.5G networks to further enhance the customer experience.

We are the only operator in Turkey that can increase its carrier number up to eight carriers, allocated to mobile communications in the long term, by having the widest frequency spectrum in Turkey. We are using this capability to increase our capacity to provide superior services to a larger number of subscribers and improve coverage. In 2017, we continued to increase the number of carriers with the advantage of large spectrum assets and support four carrier aggregation in our current 4.5G network. We believe we have sufficient bandwidth to serve our current and projected short-term subscriber base and we currently meet the capacity requirements of both our 2G and 3G subscribers.

Turkcell has been awarded the ISO 9001 certificate since 1999 and renews its ISO 9001 certification every three years in the fields of design, installation, operation, sales, after sales services of global mobile communications within Turkcell functions. The latest certification Turkcell was awarded is the ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System Certificate in 2016 which is valid until September 15, 2018. In addition, Turkcell received the ISO/IEC 20000-1:2005 IT Service Management System Certificate in January 2011. As the first telecommunications company to receive the ISO 20000-1:2005 certificate in Turkey, Turkcell has promoted the adoption of an integrated process approach to effectively deliver managed services to meet business requirements.

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On the fixed network side, we monitor traffic utilization in our access network continuously to prevent any saturation and upgrade the capacity as soon as possible. Turkcell modifies and redesigns the network topology to meet the future requirements which allows us to improve our quality of service performance.

The optical transmission network relying on Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (“DWDM”) systems with Automatically Switching Optical Network (“ASON”), Optical Transport Network (“OTN”) and traditional Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (“SDH”) using protection mechanisms benefit alternative fiber routes wherever available. This increases the capabilities of re-routing in the event of service interruption. Thus, the delivered point to point services provides an experience up to 99.999% availability figures; a level of quality defining the transmission network as upper level “carrier-class” network.

c. Network Evolution

(i) Radio Network

We launched the LTE Advanced network (also known as 4.5G in Turkey) on April 1, 2016 after extensive trials and preparations. On the launch day, millions of our customers were able to switch to our new 4.5G network seamlessly in one hour, reflecting our operational capacity. We have deployed 4.5G in all 81 provinces, including all counties. We have also upgraded our in-building systems (such as those in venues and shopping malls) so as to enhance the 4.5G user experience of our customers indoors.

With the 172.4 MHz spectrum acquired in the 2015 auction, Turkcell spectrum holdings reached 234.4 MHz, corresponding to 43% of total spectrum assets acquired by the mobile operators in Turkey. Leveraging the advantage of large spectrum assets and by a significant investment into the network infrastructure, our 4.5G network has widely supported 375 Mbps downlink speeds in the very first day and reached 1 Gbps peak downlink speeds today. Three Carrier Aggregation (3CA) (an LTE Advanced technology) has enabled us to provide very high downlink speeds to our customers. We have been continuously exploring new ways to enhance our customers’ experience by activating new technologies currently available. We have activated 256QAM downlink technology in the entire network. For the uplink, we have switched on 64QAM technology to increase peak uplink speeds by 50% to 75 Mbps in the entire 4.5G network. In 2017, we have integrated 4x4 Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (“MIMO”) feature into the network to increase peak downlink speeds by as much as two-fold. Thanks to our advance planning and network deployment strategy, our 4.5G network infrastructure has been ready to support 4x4 MIMO from day one and therefore its activation was accomplished swiftly via software. Our 4.5G network is the fastest in Turkey, according to independent speed tests, and we also believe that it has become one of the most advanced and fastest mobile networks in the world. This has been proven by reports from certain independent organizations (such as in the Ookla Speedtest report dated December 2017) that refers to Turkcell as having by far the fastest 4.5G network in Turkey compared to other networks. In the future, as technology and its ecosystem evolve to new heights, we expect to introduce newer capabilities such as Four/Five Carrier Aggregation (5CA/6CA) and Uplink Two Carrier Aggregation (UL 2CA) by utilizing our large spectrum assets to support higher-order carrier aggregation options. We think ongoing network upgrades will also pave the way to an easy migration to the next generation technology. Turkcell is currently using the latest and most advanced products available from its infrastructure vendors.

For voice services, Voice over LTE (VoLTE) has been supported from day one to provide voice services over our 4.5G network. In 2017, we activated EVS (Enhanced Voice Services) on our VoLTE voice service to further enhance the voice quality and thus became one of the few mobile operators in the world supporting this high-end feature. The applicable regulations provide that our 2G network must remain active until 2023; however most of our voice traffic is already carried by our 3G network, which has enabled us to gradually decrease our 2G network without affecting our customers. With a larger terminal support base, we expect that voice services will be migrated to the 4.5G network from legacy 3G/2G networks.

In order to provide a solution for VPN over the wireless technologies like 4.5G, we have announced the Mobile VPN offer to our corporate customers. With this solution, corporates are able to connect to the internet cloud over a wireless interface using 4.5G technology, without sacrificing their service quality requirements. This is a fast and flexible solution for connections between their branch offices and headquarters.

We have also focused on TV and video services utilizing much higher download speeds provided by the 4.5G network. We are closely following LTE Broadcast (eMBMS) technology, which namely enables a reduction in traffic usage demand, and have performed live demonstrations of this technology.

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We have launched a “Wireless to the Home” service called SUPERBOX, which offers wireless high-speed internet access for customers who do not have fiber connectivity. The required equipment is included in the subscription plan and uses LTE Advanced network as a backhaul to provide internet connectivity in customers’ premises.

Through our ongoing investment in LTE Advanced infrastructure, we became the first operator in Turkey to support NB-IoT, which is required for new generation innovative applications on LTE Advanced networks. Use of this technology is now available on request across our whole LTE footprint. Thanks to this new technology made possible by Turkcell’s LTE Advanced network, machines communicate faster and more effectively, which we believe increases life quality in cities. Furthermore, through our Cat-M network support which enables fleet management, asset tracking and smart metering, and which few operators in the world have access to, we are able to provide higher data transfer throughput and have more mobility for machine to machine communications.

Offering a unique experience to our customers with our strong 4.5G infrastructure, we continue our efforts to prepare our network for 5G, which we believe is the technology of the future in the sector. We have tested the Massive MIMO technology (both for frequency division duplex (“FDD”) and time division duplex (“TDD”)), which is being developed to meet high speed experience in dense areas. These collective activities help to maximize spectral efficiency, further enhance network capacity and improve overall user experience. We believe that Turkcell will have a significant advantage over its competitors with Massive MIMO, in addition to having the widest spectrum in Turkey.

While we have been investing into new technologies, we also have been upgrading our 3G/2G networks to improve the user experience of our customers who continue to be served by the legacy networks. By conducting modernization projects, we have achieved an energy efficiency improvement of about 30% on our 3G/2G networks. The equipment modernization also enables us to use multiple technologies (LTE, UMTS and GSM) in a mixed mode configuration on the same hardware units located at the sites, providing smaller footprints for the installations along with other benefits. It is also important to note that since the traffic volumes on the 3G network are still on the rise, we have been using newly acquired 2x10 MHz spectrum on 2100 MHz band as 5th and 6th carriers for additional capacity.

Although the 900 MHz band is still being primarily used for GSM900, we have been rolling out UMTS900 to provide coverage layer for voice calls redirected from the 4.5G network via the technique called CS Fallback (CSFB). This has been possible by some previous projects such as Thin Layer Project for GSM 900, by which we have extracted enough spectral capacity to partially re-farm the 900 MHz band for UMTS. UMTS900 has also strengthened our 3G indoor coverage compared to the existing UMTS2100 layer. As a next step, we plan to introduce a second UMTS900 carrier, which will utilize 900 MHz band more efficiently and generate additional capacity.

Furthermore, we have been closely cooperating with our network vendors for long term prospects through projects that enable Turkcell to deploy the latest technologies even before their availability on the market. This puts Turkcell at the forefront of the technology race and allows for the evaluating of the new technology benefits in the development phase, and then their timely deployment following their commercial availability.

Turkcell continues to give extensive support to the projects involving local products. We cooperate with local companies regarding base stations, antennas, transports and infrastructure solutions. ULAK Project, which is an initiative taken by Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (UDI), aims to design and develop national software and hardware components for an LTE-Advanced communication system and enhance Turkey’s self-sufficiency in this area. Since the signature of the agreement between UDI and Turkcell in March 2014, we have been supporting the project, which is on developing base stations domestically, with our engineering expertise. We contributed to the product development by transferring mobile operations experience and providing a test environment. The goal of Turkcell in this project is to contribute to the positioning of 4.5G base stations manufactured locally as a competitive product, not only in Turkey but also in the region and beyond.

In the scope of the next generation technology, known as 5G, Turkcell has been participating in technology organizations such as NGMN and GSMA by joining projects and programs to follow the latest developments and shape its strategies for the future accordingly. In this context, Turkcell has been selected by NGMN to trial the 5G prototypes in the field as a part of NGMN 5G test and trial activities. Turkcell has also signed agreements with vendors (Ericsson, Huawei, Aselsan) to collaborate in the research & development and work on various use case options. Our cooperation with Ericsson in the 15GHz band enabled us to achieve a speed of 24.7Gbps in Turkey’s first 5G test. In 2017, in a similar 5G preparation test conducted in collaboration with Huawei, we

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successfully showcased record-breaking 70 Gbps speeds. In addition to technology organizations and vendors, Turkcell has been doing some research activities with universities and research centers. 5G Research and Development related MoU has been signed with some major universities in Turkey. There are several applications for 5G-PPP (The 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership) European Commission projects together with some European partners that perform important activities on the 5G development. Recently we have joined 5G-PPP and 3GPP (The 3rd Generation Partnership Project) as a member to increase our participation in activities that will assist in our seamless transition to 5G in the coming years.

Regarding our 3G and 2G networks, we have supported up to 63.3 Mbps speeds using 3C-HSDPA (3 Carrier High Speed Downlink Packet Access) technology for downloads and 11.5 Mbps using DC-HSUPA (Dual Carrier High Speed Uplink Packet Access) technology for uploads in our 3G network since early 2015. These technologies globally had their first commercial network activations by Turkcell. For GSM, although shrinking in traffic load and capacity, up to 300 Kbps download speeds are supported with EDGE technology for users having legacy terminals or in rural areas where GSM-only coverage exists.

(ii) Transmission Network

Turkcell is the first operator in Turkey to start deploying All-IP NodeBs throughout its network. We are not only expanding our 3G network but also migrating legacy TDM-GSM sites to IP through the deployment of Abis over IP technologies. Thus, we currently have an All-IP mobile backhaul of more than 57,000 BTSs, Node-Bs and eNodeBs that provides resiliency, ease of operation and operational expense advantages. In addition, we have also invested in topology redundancy projects due to our IP/MPLS backhaul for better service availability. Backhaul bandwidth capacities were increased for wide coverage up to 450Mbps 4.5G applications and the Microwave Radio Link network was modernized for Native Ethernet and Adaptive Modulation support to increase availability and reduce outages due to severe rain conditions. Usage of fiber connectivity is moving further from High-RAN aggregation points towards Low-RAN aggregation points. Furthermore, fiber to mobile site applications have been started for 4.5G readiness of sites with very high traffic. Due to higher bandwidth requirements of the 4.5G users, we are migrating from SDH based leased lines to DWDM or dark fiber multi-Gigabit Ethernet links on the high traffic aggregation points.

(iii) Core Network

The whole Turkcell Core Network is currently composed of IP based layered structure Next Generation Network (“NGN”) nodes, supporting all mobile standards, including 2G/3G/4.5G. By using a Geographical Redundant Pool (GRP) structure, we get (i) full redundant MSC-Ss, (ii) redundant physical interfaces to MGWs, (iii) CAPEX efficiency, and (iv) improvements in radio network KPIs. By implementing IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) based VoLTE (Voice Over LTE) and SRVCC (VoLTE Voice Continuity to 2G/3G), all subscribers can use seamless HDVOICE technology.

We have deployed and continue to develop our all IP Mobile Broadband GPRS network to provide the high speed and reliability to meet the demand of our businesses and consumers. 2G/3G/4.5G data services are given from our converged core network, which is designed to support all mobile broadband.

(iv) Fixed Network

Our fiber optic network provides up to 1000 Mbps high speed internet service in 19 cities across Turkey. We also provide superior triple play service experience to our subscribers. We are installing and investing in EDGE technology access equipment in our network. We believe that with this strategy Turkcell will be ready to offer future customer experiences. In February 2018, we began to offer 10Gbps high speed internet as an on-demand service.

We are providing end-to-end Wi-Fi services for our Enterprise customers, which enables their guests to access WiFi. The Enterprise Wi-Fi service includes installation with authentication services, and further provides the necessary interface.

Turkcell is the first company in the world that has realized a commercial application of colorless and directionless ASON on a live traffic carrying network. Turkcell also introduced coherent 100G technology in the backbone along with optical ASON in the early stages at the end of 2012 and early 2013. In 2016, Turkcell also tested for 1 Tbps per wavelength using super channels on existing DWDM networks successfully.

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Fixed networks provide backhaul that not only connects the signal towers to the telecom network, but also allows for enough bandwidth to support operations in 4.5G. This is creating an environment in which optical cabling and fiber to Ethernet media converters are among the most important parts of a mobile network. As a result, fiber will remain an integral part of telecom networks.

(v) Services and Platforms

We have an intelligent network and other service platforms enabling our services and we also provide secure and controlled access to the network for the content and service providers to provide messaging and data services. This infrastructure is being improved to open up more capabilities on the network for the application and content providers. New infrastructure also contains a portal where subscribers buy services, receive promotions and enroll for campaigns easily.

d. Network Operations

We have primarily employed experienced internal personnel for network engineering and other design activities while employing suppliers for our network infrastructure and as our partners in product/service development. Our suppliers install the base station cell site equipment and switches on a turn-key basis, while subcontractors employed by our suppliers perform the actual site preparation.

e. Network Maintenance

We have entered into several system service agreements. Under these agreements, our mobile and fixed communications network, including hardware repair and replacement, software and system support services, consultation services and emergency services are serviced by local providers. Our subcontractors perform corrective and preventative maintenance on our mobile and fixed communications network in the field, although providers repair all the network equipment. We have regional operation units with qualified Turkcell staff that operate and maintain our network in Turkey.

In addition, the Turkcell Network Operation Center located in Istanbul monitors our entire network 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and ensures that necessary maintenance is performed in response to any problems.

f. Site Leasing

If a new coverage area is identified, our technical staff determines the optimal base station location and the required coverage characteristics. The area is then surveyed to identify BTS sites. In urban areas, typical sites are building faces and rooftops. In rural areas, masts and towers are usually constructed. Our technical staff also identifies the best means of connecting the base station to the network. Once a preferred site has been identified and the exact equipment configuration for that site determined, we start the process of site leasing and obtaining necessary regulatory permits. Site leasing processes and construction of the masts or towers is performed by our wholly owned subsidiary, Global Tower. We lease or buy the land and provide site management services (yearly rental payments, contract renewals, rework permits) through Global Tower. We manage all these processes for technical demands also for Turkcell Superonline and Global Tower.

g. Business Continuity Management (“BCM”)

Turkcell Business Continuity Management identifies potential threats, their impact and provides a framework for building resilience with the ability to create an effective response that safeguards the interests of our key stakeholders, their reputation, brand and value-creating activities. We established the Business Continuity Management System (“BCMS”) to implement, operate, monitor, review, maintain and improve the business continuity.

Turkcell BCMS is assisted by the coordinators and business continuity virtual team. Regular BCM training and awareness programs are carried out throughout the organization. The effectiveness of BCMS is monitored every year through internal/external audits, and integrated exercises, the results of which are reviewed in management review meetings. In 2017, we exercised and tested our business continuity plans, communication and warning procedures to ensure that they are consistent with the business continuity objectives.

Turkcell’s BCM will be able to cover the majority of Turkcell’s operations through potential environmental events and natural disasters. Our aim is to ensure the continuity of the voice call, messaging, data/internet and

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societal security services for Turkcell, availability of fixed voice call services, data/internet, hosting services, data centers and societal security services for Turkcell Superonline, provision of site acquisition and contract management services for infrastructure requirements of mobile operators, TV/Radio broadcasters and technical infrastructure suppliers and installation, testing, commissioning, operation and maintenance of tower, in building, roof top infrastructure/Sites for Global Tower at acceptable predefined levels following disruptive incidents. Business continuity plans are prepared by taking into consideration the customer’s expectations, company policies and legal obligations. They are regularly exercised to guarantee the operation of time-sensitive business activities in case of business disruptions. We are continuously improving our business continuity capacity in accordance with the “ISO 22301 Societal Security, Business Continuity Management System” international while preserving our image as a reputable and solid integrated service provider.

h. Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”)

Turkcell’s Enterprise Risk Management team is responsible for coordinating the process of identifying, assessing and overseeing actions by management and the company’s business units to manage the risks that may affect the business objectives of the company. ERM supplies an information platform to management regarding the risks which may have an effect on the decision making process. Turkcell ERM aims to develop an approach of integrating risk management with the core management processes as well as enterprise risk culture. While doing this, Turkcell uses an ERM framework which is compatible with the COSO ERM framework and the ISO 31000 Standard. Based on the ERM procedures, risks are identified and evaluated in terms of impact and likelihood. Risk responses and controls are developed and the whole process is monitored.

Turkcell’s ERM team is the owner of an enterprise risk database. A range of management tools are used for risk identification and evaluation such as workshops, brainstorming sessions, risk reporting from divisions’ risk contacts, in-depth interviews with the management team and research reports while coordinating the process of identifying and assessing risks. The risk database is monitored by the ERM team and critical risks are reported to the Early Detection of Risk Committee bi-monthly.

VI. Sales and Marketing

We design our sales and marketing strategy around subscriber needs and expectations. We try to ensure the loyalty of our subscribers by providing offers, campaigns and our advanced service delivery platforms.

a. Sales Channel

We support our sales efforts through one of the largest retail telecommunications distribution networks in Turkey, with 1,404 branded stores, many with prime locations, as well as approximately 6,000 semi-branded dealers as of December 31, 2017. Our two exclusive distributors provide our products and services as well as consumer technologies (such as handsets, tablets, notebooks, IoT devices and accessories) and aftersales services for this wide network of dealers, while 7 exclusive Turkcell distribution centers focus solely on semi-branded dealers. We also have a door-to-door sales force and home technology management team, which makes approximately 100,000 connected home technology transaction per month. This provides us an important channel to distribute our integrated solutions directly into the homes of Turkish consumers. We also operate a dedicated corporate direct sales team of more than 450 personnel who can offer tailored solutions to their respective segments.

Our nationwide distribution channel is an important asset that helps us differentiate ourselves from our competitors and achieve our sales targets. Our strong and extensive distribution network consists of distributors, Turkcell Distribution Centers (“TDC”), Corporate Solution Centers, semi-branded dealers and Turkcell Branded Stores (Turkcell Plus & Turkcell) as well as points of sale for scratch cards and prepaid airtime, including digital channels, ATMs and Point of Sales (POSs). We sell postpaid and prepaid services, fixed and mobile solutions and value-added services to subscribers through our distribution network. The number of branded and semi-branded dealers totaled 7,383 sales points as of December 31, 2017.

As of December 31, 2017, we finalized the transformation of our 1,404 branded stores and created a more customer and experience focused environment. We believe that our stores lead the market with their user-friendly atmosphere, new products and service-dedicated employees. With the idea of expressing the Turkcell brand in new ways, we developed a coherent look and feel across all stores and have expanded the experience spots in the stores using a number of digital screens which will be used for different purposes such as brand collaborations, launches, promotions, direct communications with customers and online shopping. In addition to digital screens,

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there will be around 45,000 live smart devices in total. In line with our digital strategy, through the integration of those digital tools, usage of digital signing and digital labels, there will be no need for printed materials and stores will be environmentally friendly. Our customers are now able to experience not only new generation technologies and smart phones in our transformed stores, but also Turkcell services (applications) such as TV+, Fizy, Dergilik and Lifebox.

Our non-branded dealer network provides us with a high penetration of Turkcell products and services in Turkey. Our 7 TDC’s are aimed at enhancing our distribution effectiveness in the non-branded channel and ensure the timely and efficient distribution of Turkcell products and merchandising materials. They also facilitate the Turkcell brand and offer awareness in this competitive channel.

Alternative sales channels are re-designed under four main branches: Call center, Online Channel, which includes the company’s web site and the My Account app, Non-Telco Sales and Turkcell Flagship Store.

We offer our customers a fast and safe access to our products and services 24/7 via Call Center, our web site (www.turkcell.com.tr) and the My Account app. The Company’s web site has been serving as a sales channel since 2012. Besides Turkcell’s digitalized products and services, we provide services for many categories, including smart phones, tablets, computers, mobile accessories and home technologies. In 2017, we become one of the largest electronic and mobile e-commerce platforms in Turkey with more than 35 million visitors per month. Another channel is our Non-telco channel (which consists of ATMs, Call Centers, internet branches of banks and chain stores) where we provide our customers with the opportunity to access Turkcell’s products easily and quickly. We also proactively reach our customers and satisfy their needs easily and safely when they need our products and services through our Telesales channel. Further, we also serve through our flagship store in Istanbul.

All dealers are compensated based on the number of new subscribers they sign up and the level of such subscribers’ usage, as well as additional incentives based on their performance.

Sales Management develops strong relationships with and promotes brand loyalty among dealers through a variety of support and incentive programs. Training programs aim to educate dealers’ personnel on the technical aspects of our products and services, as well as sales techniques to increase sales and enhance customer relations. Our specialized sales employees, who are obliged to obtain a certificate to be eligible to work in the stores, serve around 200 million visitors annually. The certification program for our employees is quite extensive and involves different stages. The program has begun in April 2016 and has been widened with the inclusion of online assessments. The program has been created with a view to improve employee experience and to make Turkcell an attractive work place. The technological development projects, coupled with merchandising services, point-of-purchase (POP) materials and channel specific campaigns, helps to support the sales efforts in all of our sales channels.

Corporate clients are managed in four different segments: Public Accounts, Strategic Accounts, Major Accounts, Small and Medium Sized Businesses Accounts. The first three segments’ customers are directly contacted by Turkcell’s Account Managers, while dealers and telesales teams manage the Small and Medium Sized Business segment.

The corporate segment services consist of four basic categories:

| • |  | Mobile Telecom

| • |  | Fixed Telecom

| • |  | Data Center and Cloud

| • |  | Information Technologies

Within Turkcell’s sales teams, along with Telecom Services, Mobile Product and Solution Specialists, Fixed Product and Solution Specialists, Corporate Data Network, DC Cloud, Cyber Security Specialists and Professional Services teams specialized in IT solutions cater to the corporate clients. In 2017, vertical solution teams were formed to develop vertical solutions for eleven sectors including banking, retail, manufacturing, energy, local government, tourism, healthcare, education, IT/media, defense and logistics. These teams aim to create cross industry solutions to serve the digital transformation of Turkcell’s corporate clients.

Turkcell also provides turnkey mobile and digital transformation and IT outsourcing projects for large corporations with the contribution of solution partners.

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b. Advertising

Turkcell has been on an exciting transformational journey towards becoming one of the world’s leading digital operators since 2015. We have worked tirelessly to evolve into a digital services-focused experience provider and enrich our customers’ lives with our digital services. Leveraging our network capabilities and the power of our 4.5G network, our services combine the best of the OTT world with the strongest capabilities of a converged telecom services operator, thus reaching what we believe to be higher standards of quality and customer experience.

Following the launch of 4.5G in Turkey in 2016, users began to increasingly rely on the Internet to meet their communication needs. This has encouraged us to create our new brand Lifecell which includes the tariffs that provide all communication and digital needs entirely through mobile data and digital services. We aim to expand this innovative business model globally with the collaboration of our affiliates.

We base our communication efforts on three pillars that underlie our digital operator strategy. The first pillar comprises our four key assets that we believe ensure our position as the market leader: our integrated mobile and fixed communication technologies, the social responsibility projects that we undertake throughout the year, our brand perception; and the “firsts” we have marked in the Turkish market. The second pillar involves customer conversations which spring from various products and services that target diverse needs of specifically identified customer segments. The third pillar includes our digital services that connect our customers with what the digital world has to offer.

c. Customer and Experience Management

The key part of our customer and experience management strategy is to provide basic and premium services through several channels by thinking and acting in a customer-focused manner in line with market trends and Turkcell’s mobile and fixed solutions. Our goal is to maintain a continuous relationship with our customers through fostering a high level of customer satisfaction. We continuously ask our customers how satisfied they are with the service they receive and for any suggestions through near real-time mobile surveys. We aim to achieve operational excellence throughout all customer touch points for every customer segment by continuously improving and simplifying processes and services. Customer feedback is the major input for Turkcell’s continuous process and journey improvement efforts.

With respect to provision of customer services we mainly work with our subsidiary Global Bilgi Pazarlama Danisma ve Cagri Servisi Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell Global Bilgi”). Turkcell Global Bilgi offers 24/7 contact center services at several sites and manages approximately 150 million contacts annually. Turkcell’s customer service strategies for contact centers are implemented by Turkcell Global Bilgi. We audit their operations along with monitoring whether customer services and customer satisfaction programs are executed in line with Turkcell’s customer strategies. Turkcell Global Bilgi’s success has been affirmed by a number of domestic and international awards in 2017. We also offer customer services at face-to-face communication centers all around Turkey which are in a huge transformation process in order to meet our customers’ technological needs and demands.

We have prioritized the “digitalization” of our customers. Accordingly, we have invested in our online self-service channels and aim for the migration of our customers on those channel. The primary online channel is our mobile application “My Account” which was downloaded 25.5 million times and had 17.3 million monthly active users as of fourth quarter 2017. The app enables our customers to track their bills, usage and settings, change tariffs and make top-ups to their plans and pay bills. Within the scope of convergence, both mobile and fixed customers can use “My Account”. In 2017, we have also enhanced our Omni channel activities like scheduling appointments for Turkcell stores, tracking requests and viewing SMS that are sent to/received from Turkcell. Additionally, our customers can contact us via online chat available on our main website or through My Account. We also use online chat applications to reach our customers proactively when they are stuck on our website or need assistance while buying a product. For corporate customers, account managers are assigned for an exclusive service. An account manager serves as the single point of contact and provides proper solutions in response to customer needs. While managing our corporate customers through four sales segments, we also support our customers through e-mails, calls and dedicated back offices under the umbrella of our contact center. We have corporate customer representatives to support direct requests from our public accounts, strategic and major enterprises and/or to support indirect requests received through our account managers. In addition, for small-medium businesses, we aim to meet faster and higher quality service standards by providing online solutions to satisfy the demands of our sales teams regarding their customers’ demands with our “Field Support

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Desk”. Moreover, we have developed a mobile application called “My Company” for corporate customers, which helps them to manage all their GSM lines online. Our corporate customers can experience the convenience and speed of doing self-service transactions for all lines by using this application. In 2017, 120 thousand companies preferred digital platforms for a total of 40 million transactions.

Turkcell has been awarded the ISO 10002 certificate since 2011 and continuously renews its ISO 10002 certification every year in the scope of design, installation, operation, sales, and after-sales services of global mobile communications within Turkcell Functions. The latest certification is ISO 10002: 2004 Quality Management-Customer Satisfaction-Complaints Handling Certificate, which was awarded in 2017.

VII. International and Domestic Subsidiaries

A component of our strategy is to grow or improve our business in our home market and in the international markets where we are already present. Continued strong operations in the countries in which we are currently present is important for us. We believe these operations offer growth opportunities and will provide additional value to us in the future.

While continued improvement of our current operations is a key priority, we will seek and evaluate the opportunities of being a digital operator by offering our portfolio of digital and financial services, both in Turkey and in international markets, and increasing their number of users.

Ukraine—lifecell

We acquired our interest in our subsidiary lifecell LLC (“lifecell”, formerly known as “LLC Astelit” or “Astelit”) on April 2, 2004, by purchasing the entire share capital of Astelit’s parent, CJSC Digital Cellular Communications (“DCC”), from its shareholders.

On July 10, 2015, we completed the acquisition of SCM’s 44.96% stake in our Netherlands-based subsidiary Euroasia Telecommunications Holding B.V, which owns 100% of LLC Astelit and which merged with Lifecell Ventures Cooperatief U.A. in December 2016. The terms of the acquisition required a payment of $100 million as consideration for the acquisition, the payment of Astelit’s debts obtained through and with guarantee of SCM Group, the termination of all guarantee agreements to which SCM Group is party and the release of SCM Group in this regard. In accordance with IFRS 10 “Consolidated Financial Statements”, the acquisition of the remaining 44.96% in Astelit for a total consideration of $100 million was considered an equity transaction and the deficit representing the difference between the non-controlling interests was derecognized and the consideration paid for the acquisition of shares amounting to TRY 929 million was deducted from retained earnings in July 2015.

Following the acquisition of the 44.96% interest in Euroasia from SCM, Astelit’s borrowings obtained from and with the guarantee of SCM Group was repaid in July 2015. The Group converted a material portion of Astelit’s borrowings to equity and restructured Astelit’s remaining borrowings in order to mitigate the foreign exchange risks associated with borrowings denominated in foreign currency. Astelit’s capital was increased by $686 million (equivalent to TRY 1,995 million as of December 31, 2015) and Astelit obtained $66 million (equivalent to TRY 192 million as of December 31, 2015) subordinated loan directly from the Company in the third quarter of 2015. As of 31 December, 2017, the company utilized loans fully denominated in local currency of UAH 3.9 billion (equivalent to TRY 529 million as of December 31, 2017) under the guarantee of Turkcell.

After ten years of successful history in the industry, on January 15, 2016 Astelit announced a new stage of its development which started with large-scale rebranding into “lifecell”, and in connection therewith changed its legal name to “lifecell LLC” on February 2, 2016. Under the new brand identity and with ongoing investments in 3G+ and 4G infrastructure and services, lifecell will continue its presence in the market, seeking to become Ukraine’s top data operator and usher in new possibilities in the country’s telecommunications landscape.

As of December 31, 2017, lifecell had 11.1 million registered subscribers. The majority of such subscribers were prepaid subscribers. lifecell’s three-month active subscribers reached 8.0 million as of December 31, 2017.

The company has been known in the market as one of the most dynamic and innovative ever since lifecell was the first to introduce a number of new technologies and products that had previously been unavailable to Ukrainian subscribers. The company is highly motivated to keep its innovation leadership in marketing and sales. There are 176 lifecell branded shops in 83 cities of Ukraine as of December 31, 2017. There are 84 “facelifted”

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and 83 rebranded shops whereas 9 shops in the process of facelifting and 4 shops in the process of rebranding as of December 31, 2017. In addition, customers can order lifecell services in 46 branded sales points and 31,512 other GSM and non-GSM sales points throughout Ukraine. As of December 31, 2017, lifecell provided roaming services in 202 countries via 539 roaming partners.

As of December 31, 2017, lifecell provide services in all cities in Ukraine (excluding Crimea) with a population of more than 2,000 inhabitants and in total more than 28,871 settlements nationally, and all principal intercity highways and roads. This corresponds to a coverage of approximately 98.95% of the population of Ukraine or 94.65% geographical coverage with 10,438 base stations. lifecell stopped recording revenues from Crimea starting from the end of September 2014 and impaired its assets in that region. Furthermore, in 2016 the operator has also ceased services and lost its revenue stream on the uncontrolled territories of Luhansk region and since February 2017 lifecell is unable to provide mobile services and stopped recording revenue on the uncontrolled part of the Donetsk region. The company impaired its assets in the uncontrolled part of Donetsk and Luhansk region in Q4 2017. Cumulative capital expenditure for the development of lifecell’s coverage amounted to $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2017.

The Ukrainian telecommunications market is regulated by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (main state policy), the State Service of Special Communication Administration (“SSSC”) (technical policy aspects) and by the National Commission for the State Regulation of Communications and Informatization (“NCCIR”) controlled by the President of Ukraine and which carries out general telecommunication market regulation and inspection.

lifecell is dedicated to further development of innovations in the market. NCCIR held the 3G license tender on February 23, 2015. lifecell submitted a bid of UAH 3,355 million (equivalent to TRY 376 million as of March 19, 2015) and was awarded the first lot, which is the 1920-1935 / 2110-2125 MHz frequency band. In May 2015 lifecell has made payments of UAH 350 million (equivalent to TRY 46 million as of May 8, 2015) and UAH 7 million (equivalent to TRY 1 million as of May 12, 2015) for the first installment of conversion of spectrum from military use. In April 2017, lifecell had made payment of UAH 299 million (equivalent to TRY 40 million and of April 28, 2017) for the second installment of conversion and committed UAH 218 million (equivalent to TRY 29 million as of December 31, 2017) for the third installment of the conversion.

After winning the tender, lifecell launched 3G services on June 4, 2015, becoming the first operator to offer a 3G+ network in Ukraine and as of December 31, 2017 3G+ from lifecell is available in more than 6,600 towns and settlements in Ukraine and in more than 1,770 Ukrainian towns and settlements lifecell is the only operator providing the third generation network services. As of December 2017, lifecell has the widest 3G geographical coverage over the country. In February 2017, the company became the 3G speed leader according to the OOKLA speed test. 3G+ services on the lifecell network can be used by 32 million Ukrainians as of December 31, 2017. As of December 2017, lifecell is a leader of smartphone penetration with 67% on its high-speed 3G+ network in the Ukrainian telecommunication market.

lifecell is ready for the implementation of 4G LTE technology in Ukraine, which is planned in 2018. In November 2017, lifecell, together with Ericsson, conducted a public speed-test demonstration to present the fastest 4G connection up to 453.89 Mbps. On January 31, 2018 and March 6, 2018, lifecell was awarded 4G licenses for 15 years, at a cost of UAH 909 million (equivalent to TRY 122 million as of December 31, 2017), and UAH 795 million (equivalent to TRY 107 million as of December 31, 2017) million for the 15 MHz frequency band each, the latter of which will be paid in April 2018.

In December 2016, lifecell signed Letters of Declaration on cooperation in the framework of the development of 5G in Ukraine with Huawei Ukraine and Ericsson, becoming the first in the Ukrainian telecom market to declare its intention to develop 5G in Ukraine.

In line with the Turkcell Group’s digital services strategy, in 2017 the company launched a number of unique digital services. lifecell was the first mobile operator to launch the cloud application “lifebox”, the Ukrainian radio application “fizy”, the Ukrainian online magazines application “lifecell Magazines”, the sports dedicated application “LifeSport” offering no data consuming packages for video, social networks and digital communication. All these digital services are also available for the users of other telecom operators. In response to the need of the Ukrainian market for cardless and cashless payment services, lifecell introduced its online money transfer tool available online.

lifecell is continuously focused on company security (tools, processes, people) and investment in security infrastructure. In January 2017, lifecell’s Corporate Security Department developed Emergency Notification System (“ENS”). ENS is a cloud-based solution serving as a tool for instant emergency alerts and mass notification of a certain target audiences via voice messages, SMS and e-mail. The solution was applied by

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lifecell during the massive global cyber-attack on the June 27, 2017. The so-called Petya malware affected major companies and critical infrastructure in the country. However, it did not have a major impact on lifecell’s business continuity due to immediate reaction of the company’s security team and real-time alerts sent to the lifecell employees. In September 2017, the company signed a Memorandum for cooperating with the Department of Cyber police of the National Police of Ukraine and granted the cyber-police with the license for ENS, which helps the Ukrainian government in creating an environment that is resistant to IT security attacks and coordinate the actions of people in case of emergency.

In 2016 NCCIR approved an MTR decrease from UAH 0.23 to UAH 0.15 per minute starting from January 1, 2017. A further decrease of MTR rates with asymmetry implementation, reflecting operators cost, is hoped for in the coming years. This will stimulate competition in the Ukrainian market and will bring down competitive barriers, bringing freedom for subscribers.

The MNP Procedure and Technical Requirements have been prepared by the SSSC with the involvement of operators and adopted by state authorities. Tender for an MNP solution provider occurred on January 25, 2016. MNP was not launched in 2016 because the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine (AMCU) annulled the result of the UCRF’s initial MNP tender. There were several claims to the court and in 2017 lawsuits are still in process. In 2017 the NCCIR adopted a new Registration Procedure which allows remote ways of identification and will facilitate “donor-led approach”, where the registration is provided by donor within the MNP Procedure. The Registration Procedure shall come into force 9 months after publishing the date. Overall, the MNP introduction, which is expected to create a more competitive and transparent telecommunication market in Ukraine, is postponed to end of 2018.

In April 2016, lifecell LLC sold 811 towers to a subsidiary of Turkcell in Ukraine, Ukrtower LLC, and signed a tower lease agreement which allows lifecell to leaseback these assets.

As of August 2017, Paycell LLC has been incorporated as a subsidiary of lifecell LLC in order to operate as a financial institution and perform loan granting, leasing, money transfer and e-money services. Licenses for leasing and loan granting has been obtained as of October 2017 and other licenses are expected to be completed throughout 2018.

Belarusian Telecom

On July 29, 2008, Beltel Telekomunikasyon Hizmetleri A.S. (“Beltel”) signed a share purchase agreement to acquire an 80% stake in CJSC “Belarusian Telecommunication Network” (“Belarusian Telecom”), which provides services using GSM and UMTS technologies, for a consideration of $500 million. On August 26, 2008, control of Belarusian Telecom was acquired from Belarus’ State Committee on Property and $300 million of the total consideration was paid. An additional $100 million was paid in December 2009 and another $100 million was paid in December 2010. An additional payment of $100 million will be made to the seller when Belarusian Telecom records a full-year positive net income for the first time. For more information, see Note 26 (Other non-current liabilities) to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

At December 31, 2017, Belarusian Telecom had 1.6 million registered subscribers, the majority of which were prepaid, Belarusian Telecom’s three-month active subscribers reached 1.3 million as of December 31, 2017 from 1.2 million as of December 31, 2016. Belarusian Telecom had 142 branded and 371 non-branded sales points and the sales from online store continuously increases with the growing customer demand through online channels.

At December 31, 2017, Belarusian Telecom operated 2G and 3G services in all cities with a population of more than 10,000, and provided 2G services on all principal intercity highways and roads of Republic of Belarus, which corresponds to coverage of approximately 99.96% of the entire population of Belarus, or 99.7% geographical coverage. Belarus Telecom has also launched 4G service in August 2016 on LTE infrastructure established by beCloud and provides 4G services throughout the country in 100 cities, towns or settlements as of December 31, 2017. In Belarus, the only LTE license is owned by JLLC Belarusian Cloud Technologies (“beCloud”) at current and beCloud is the only infrastructure provider for LTE services. Availability of 4G services to our customers has improved the quality of data services and customer experience in using data services. Belarusian Telecom’s data subscribers reached 725 thousand as of December 31, 2017, from 639 thousands as of December 31, 2016.

In line with our strategic priority of improving our balance sheet structure, we have restructured debt of Belarusian Telecom in 2015. As part of the restructuring, Belarusian Telecom’s total existing intra-group loans

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were converted into a subordinated loan, provided directly by Turkcell. Following the restructuring, Belarusian Telecom’s debt is EUR 612 million subordinated loan (equivalent to TRY 2.8 billion as of December 31, 2017) owed to Turkcell as of December 31, 2017.

As of February 1, 2012, Mobile Number Portability was launched with a donor-initiated mechanism where subscribers who want to port their numbers had to apply to their existing operator, which was in favor of the dominant market players. In April 2014, the mobile number portability procedure was revised to a recipient-initiated mechanism. Popularity of the mobile number portability service has increased with the revision of the procedure. Belarusian Telecom is the leader of Mobile Number Portability in Belarus in terms of number of port-in subscribers’ count.

In Belarus, lack of pricing regulations in the wholesale and retail markets to prevent dominant operators’ abusive pricing practices continued to have an adverse impact on our business.

Kuzey Kibris Turkcell

Kibris Mobile Telekomunikasyon Limited (“Kuzey Kibris Turkcell”, “Kibris Telecom”), a 100% owned subsidiary of Turkcell, was established in 1999 in the Turkish Republic of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. As of December 31, 2017, Kuzey Kibris Turkcell had 0.5 million registered subscribers.

On April 27, 2007, Kuzey Kibris Turkcell signed a license agreement for the installation and operation of a digital, cellular and mobile telecommunication system with the Ministry of Communications and Public Works of the Turkish Republic of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The license agreement became effective on August 1, 2007 and replaced the previous GSM-Mobile Telephony System Agreement dated March 25, 1999, which was based on revenue-sharing terms. The new license agreement granted a GSM 900, GSM 1800 and IMT 2000/UMTS license, for GSM 900 and GSM 1800 frequencies, while the usage of IMT 2000/UMTS frequency bands was subject to the fulfillment of certain conditions. The license agreement is valid for 18 years from the date of signing. The license fee was $30 million including VAT and financed by Kuzey Kibris Turkcell through internal and external funds.

On March 14, 2008, Kuzey Kibris Turkcell was awarded a 3G infrastructure license at a cost of $10 million including VAT, which was paid at the end of March 2008.

In the third quarter of 2010, Kuzey Kibris Turkcell completed and began operating the radio transmission (airlink) project providing direct international voice and data connection to the mainland.

In 2012, Kuzey Kibris Turkcell acquired Internet Service Provider and Infrastructure establishment and operation licenses. Kuzey Kibris Turkcell applied for a right of way to major municipalities and the Ministry of Transportation in order to establish a national fiber optic infrastructure. On January 24, 2014, a protocol between Kuzey Kibris Turkcell and the Ministry of Transportation was signed for the right of way for highway sides. In the fourth quarter of 2017, Lifecell Digital Ltd. has been incorporated in order to operate as an Internet Service Provider company and offer converged telecom services. Total fiber optic infrastructure implementation is at 69 kilometers by the end of 2017.

The National Regulatory Authority started to decrease mobile termination rates gradually in July 2014 over a year; with around 71% decline in total, reducing the rates from TRY 0.10 to TRY 0.03.

The Ministry of Transportation reduced the call charges 41% for off-net calls as of January 1, 2015. These price regulations had a substantial adverse effect on our business. According to the requirements of Electronic Communications Law, prepaid lines were registered. In addition, technical infrastructure was completed for IMEI registrations. The registration of IMEI numbers continue to be registered since early 2016.

At the end of 2016, for the first time in the communication industry, Turkcell Group and the Turkish Republic of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus launched the new digital brand of lifecell, which provides all its services through internet based digital services. As of December 31, 2017 lifecell subscribers have 47% more ARPU and 1/3 less churn when compared to other subscribers.

As of January 22, 2018 mobile number portability (“MNP”) has become effective in Turkish Republic of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

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Turkcell Europe

Turkcell Europe GmbH (“Turkcell Europe”) was founded by Turkcell in 2010 as a mobile virtual network provider (MVNO) providing service over the T-Mobile (Deutsche Telekom AG) network. Headquartered in Cologne, Germany, Turkcell Europe commenced activity in March 2011.

Until the end of 2014, Turkcell Europe continued its operation as a MVNO and offered Turkcell’s service quality across both Germany and Turkey. In order to increase the efficiency of our operations in Germany, we made changes to the business model in 2014 from a “wholesale traffic purchase” agreement to a “marketing partnership”. The Marketing Partnership agreement between Turkcell Europe and a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom was signed on August 27, 2014 which involved the transfer of Turkcell Europe subscribers and operations to Deutsche Telekom’s subsidiary as of January 15, 2015. As of December 31, 2017, Turkcell Europe had 0.3 million registered subscribers.

Upon the renewal of the Marketing Partnership Agreement on January 15, 2018, Turkcell and Deutsche Telekom have agreed to rebrand Turkcell Europe into the “lifecell” brand. Going forward Turkcell aims to offer its competitive digital services such as the messaging platform “BIP”, music and video platform “fizy”, digital publishing platform “Dergilik” and IP TV service “TV+” in the German market.

Financell B.V.

Financell B.V. was incorporated under the laws of The Netherlands and has its registered address in The Netherlands in 2007. Financell borrowed funds from third party lenders with or without a Turkcell guarantee to fund other Turkcell subsidiaries. Due to other available options for funding the subsidiaries, the Board of Directors of Turkcell resolved to liquidate Financell B.V. on December 21, 2016 and liquidation process is in progress.

Turkcell Global Bilgi

On October 1, 1999, Global Bilgi Pazarlama Danisma ve Cagri Servisi Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell Global Bilgi”) was established in order to provide telemarketing, telesales, and call center services, particularly for Turkcell Group. In 2005, Turkcell Global Bilgi completed its transition from call center to contact center as Turkcell Global Bilgi started to manage customer contacts at every channel. Since then, in addition to providing services to Turkcell, Turkcell Global Bilgi started offering customer care services to companies in finance, retail, energy, public sector and the airline industry. In 2016, Turkcell Global Bilgi announced its presence as a “Customer Experience Solution Center”. By completing its business model transition from Customer Care to Customer Experience, Turkcell Global Bilgi started to analyze customer experiences deeper and gained a vast experience. As of August 4, 2017 Turkcell Global Bilgi has obtained an R&D center certificate from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Industry. As of December 31, 2017, Turkcell Global Bilgi employed 12,169 employees, of whom approximately 62% provide us with customer care and retention services, around 32% serve customers of other clients and while the remainder works as administrative personnel. Turkcell owns 100% of Turkcell Global Bilgi.

Turkcell Global Bilgi owns a 100% share of Global Bilgi LLC since 2008, which operates in Ukraine and provides telemarketing, telesales and call center services.

Inteltek

Inteltek Internet Teknoloji Yatirim ve Danismanlik Ticaret A.S. (“Inteltek”) offers information and entertainment services. Turkcell holds 55% of Inteltek through its wholly owned subsidiary Turktell Bilisim Servisleri A.S. (“Turktell”), while Intralot S.A. Integrated Lottery System and Services, a Greek company, holds 20% and Intralot Iberia Holdings S.A., a Spanish company, holds 25%.

Inteltek’s business is currently operated under a contract entered into on August 29, 2008 with Spor Toto Teskilat Baskanligi (“Spor Toto”). The current contract is based on specific Turkish legislation relating to gaming enacted in 2008 and was entered into following numerous legal challenges to prior contracts. Under the current contract, Inteltek runs the sport betting business, iddaa, for a period of 10 years, effective as of March 1, 2009 and superseding a prior agreement. No assurance can be given that we will be able to renew this agreement on acceptable terms when it expires, on August 29, 2018. Under this contract, Inteltek guaranteed a TRY 1,500 million turnover for the first year of the contract and has given similar guarantees for future years where

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the guaranteed turnover for the following years has been computed using producer price indices. Inteltek pays the guaranteed turnover difference (after deducting commission income) to Spor Toto if actual turnover is below guaranteed turnover. To date, actual turnover has exceeded that amount. In addition to the foregoing, Inteltek signed a mobile betting dealer agreement with Spor Toto on January 12, 2010, which gives it the right to operate 1,000 mobile terminals.

In the context of evaluating investment opportunities in neighboring countries, Azerinteltek Closed Joint Stock Company (“Azerinteltek”) was incorporated on January 19, 2010 in Azerbaijan and is 51% owned by Inteltek. Azerinteltek received authorization from the Ministry of Youth and Sport of the Republic of Azerbaijan and signed the Agreement with Azeridmanservis Limited Liability Company set under the Ministry of Youth and Sport of the Republic of Azerbaijan to organize, operate, manage and develop the fixed-odds and parimutuel sports betting business in Azerbaijan for a period of 10 years. Azerinteltek started its operations, with the brand name “Topaz”, on January 18, 2011 and reached 478 agents as of December 31, 2017. Since January 1, 2013, Azerinteltek was authorized for the sales of lottery tickets as a main distributor by Azerloterya. We are in a disagreement with the licensing authority which may have consequential adverse effects on our sports betting license in Azerbaijan which may result in the termination of the agreement between Azerinteltek and Azeridmanservis unilaterally and/or withdrawal of the authorization of Azerinteltek in Azerbaijan.

Inteltek is the domestic market leader and is ranked among the most prominent operators in the international entertainment sector. Inteltek intends to continue to explore business opportunities both in Turkey and abroad in information and entertainment, or adjacent businesses including gaming. Inteltek aims to provide services in the social gaming market. Inteltek has already stepped into the gaming industry with the game platform developed on the application Turkcell BiP, www.playcell.com for kids and teenagers and www.gamecell.com for adults.

Turkcell Superonline

Superonline Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell Superonline”) has a Fixed Telephony Services authorization, which allows the company to provide call origination and termination for consumers and corporations, as well as wholesale voice carrying services. It also has authorization to provide satellite communication services, infrastructure operating services, internet services and wired broadcasting services, and mobile virtual network operating services. Currently, the company carries the majority of Turkcell’s traffic, previously carried by Turk Telekom (the incumbent operator). Turkcell Superonline was founded in 2009 through the merger of our subsidiary Tellcom with the Superonline business acquired from the Cukurova Group.

Established to be an innovative telecom service operator and with its extensive international connectivity, Turkcell Superonline offers its international and national clients wholesale voice termination, international leased data lines, internet access, telehouse and infrastructure services. Furthermore, Turkcell Superonline is in the retail broadband market, bringing fiber optics to residences. Turkcell Superonline provides fast communication technology with its own fiber optic infrastructure in Turkey and provides telecommunication solutions to individuals and corporations in the areas of voice, data and TV.

Turkcell Superonline is a telecom operator providing fixed network communication solutions to telecom operators, corporations and households in the areas of data, voice and video. Bringing one of the world’s fastest internet services to Turkey through cooperation with major international operators, we carry on investing in order to transform the “Silk Road” into a “Fiber Road” by expanding our own infrastructure across Turkey with a fiber network stretching to every corner of the country. We believe that the group synergy arising from being a 100% subsidiary of Turkcell Group, along with our top quality services and our stated goals above sets Turkcell Superonline as a worthy candidate to become “the most preferred service provider of choice”.

We believe that Turkcell Superonline differentiates itself through its steadfast commitment to the quality of after-sale services. Turkcell Superonline supplies corporations with industry-leading service-level agreements utilizing its professional technical support personnel and highly qualified team of consultants. Turkcell Superonline has been awarded the ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System Certificate from Bureau Veritas. Turkcell Superonline aims to become one of the “leading innovative telecommunications operators” in Turkey and it intends to continue to seize opportunities in the internet and telecommunications markets.

Turkcell Superonline won the tenders of BOTAS, Turkey’s state-owned pipeline company, and TEIAS, Turkey’s state owned electric power transmission company, for the indefeasible right to use the capacity of the fiber optic cables already installed by BOTAS for 15 years in 2009 and TEIAS for 15 years in 2017 including the

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right to install additional fiber optic cables and the right to use the capacity of these fiber optic cables during the same period. These transactions have been both considered as a finance lease as the lease term is for the major part of the remaining useful life of the fiber optic cables already installed by BOTAS and Turkcell Superonline made a significant investment during the initial period of the lease agreement which is an indicator that the transaction is a finance lease. The recognized cost of the indefeasible right of use as of December 31, 2017 is TRY 112.6 million (December 31, 2016: TRY 46.0 million).

Turkcell Superonline began to provide 1000 Mbps service to homes in May 2011 for the first time in Turkey in line with the Turkcell Group’s strategy to provide state-of-the-art technology for its customers with top-quality service. Turkcell Superonline has rendered Turkey as one of the first five countries in the world where a 1000 Mbps connection is provided to homes thanks to this service option. Turkcell Superonline is the fiber market leader and had 1.2 million fiber customers as of December 31, 2017. As of February 2018, Turkcell Superoline started to offer 10 Gbps connections on demand basis.

On March 7, 2013, Turkcell Superonline signed a share purchase agreement to acquire a 100% stake in Deksarnet Telekomunikasyon A.S. (“Deksarnet”) which is an affiliate of Vestel Elektronik San. ve Tic. A.S. Group. In July 2013, the control over Deksarnet was acquired from Vestel Elektronik San. ve Tic. A.S. Group for a consideration of TRY 3.4 million. Turkcell Superonline and Deksarnet merged on December 3, 2013.

On January 31, 2014, Turkcell Superonline signed a share purchase agreement to acquire a 100% stake in Metronet Iletisim Teknoloji A.S. (“Metronet”). In April 2014, the control over Metronet was acquired from Es Mali Yatirim ve Danismanlik A.S. for a consideration of TRY 27 million. Turkcell Superonline and Metronet merged on July 4, 2014. With this acquisition, Turkcell Superonline’s fiber in-city coverage increased to 14 cities, up from the 12 at the time.

Turkcell Superonline merged with Turkcell Interaktif Dijital Platform Icerik Hizmetleri A.S. on December 28, 2016 (“Turkcell Interaktif”). Following the merger, Turkcell Interaktif was deregistered from Istanbul Trade Registry.

As of December 31, 2017, Turkcell Superonline has 40,238 km of fiber backbone covering 79 major cities in Turkey and has 11 border crossings. Turkcell Superonline has fiber in-city coverage in 19 cities and increased its homepasses to around 3.1 million as of December 31, 2017 from around 2.7 million a year ago. We have five border crossings to Europe, offering various diversity options to important European cities through protected and completely diverse routes. With our stable fiber infrastructure and six border crossings to the East, we offer capacity services through Middle-East, CIS and Asia. Our next generation network designed over this strong infrastructure enables us to deliver high quality solutions to telecom operators, multinational and national private corporations and the governmental institutions.

Turkcell Superonline is building and putting into motion its domestic wholesale business strategy as well providing wholesale products such as bit stream access via its FTTx fiber coverage, infrastructure services, backbone transmission, Ethernet, IP transit capacities, cyber security and VPN services to operators, service providers and datacenter companies in the Turkish domestic market.

Turkcell Superonline is leading the localization strategy for Turkey’s data and internet traffic by developing partnerships with internet exchange platforms, Tier-1 operators, global/local content and cloud service providers to enable direct access to all networks and also commercializing the internet traffic. Turkcell Superonline aims to continue to invest in and expand its own fiber optic network and further utilize the group synergy created with Turkcell. The Company intends to continue to take advantage of business opportunities within the broadband industry in 2018.

On December 18, 2017, the Turkcell Board of Directors approved the issuance of management agreement based lease certificates (wakala sukuk) in accordance with capital markets legislation by Turkcell Superonline through an asset leasing company in the domestic market, for an amount of up to TRY 300 million, up to 12-month tenor, on various dates and at various amounts without public offering, as private placement and/or to be sold to institutional investors. On January 19, 2018, application for the approval of issue documents of the lease certificates has been made to the Capital Markets Board. The Capital Markets Board has approved the application on March 1, 2018. Turkcell Superonline plans to issue its debut lease certificates during the first half of the year and may continue issuances depending on the market conditions.

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Global Tower

Kule Hizmet ve İsletmecilik A.S., (“Global Tower”) was established in 2006 as a 100% subsidiary of Turkcell and commenced its operations in 2007 to provide infrastructure management by leasing places on towers to private and public entities and institutions. It is the first and only tower company in Turkey and fifth largest tower company in Europe. In addition to Turkey, it has operations in Ukraine, Belarus and the Turkish Republic of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Today, it serves not only Mobile Network Operators (“MNO”) but also broadcasting, ISPs, energy, public institutions and other related industries. Its 100% owned subsidiary in Ukraine, UkrTower LLC, was founded in 2009 and its 100% owned subsidiary in Belarus, Beltower LLC, was founded in 2016.

Global Tower operates a unique portfolio of more than 10,000 towers, 8,000 of which are located in Turkey. Global Tower owns more than 1,000 towers in Ukraine and operates more than 800 towers in Belarus, as well as 115 towers in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus with right of use, through agreements with the tower owners to sublease them to third parties though revenue share agreements. An assessment process for a potential sale and lease-back arrangement relating to the remaining towers in Belarus is currently ongoing. Global Tower also provides service over 100 mobile towers. Global Tower provides fast and high-quality service to its customers in collaboration with its business partners.

In Turkey, Global Tower manages the processes of renting, maintaining and installing towers in 11 structured regions with its 5 solution partnerships. With this structure, the distance between any two service points in Turkey is less than 90 km.

Global Tower helps customers expand their network, peer-to-peer telecommunications and it provides broadcasting field infrastructure solutions, turnkey setup services and professional operation-maintenance services. With its project management, field rental, construction works, telecommunications equipment setup and ready-for use field delivery solutions, it helps private and public institutions reach more customers.

Global Tower’s wide service range consists of:

| • |  | Shared infrastructure services in tower/rooftop/in house fields

| • |  | TV-Radio infrastructure solutions

| • |  | E2E and wind power infrastructure solutions

| • |  | M2M / Scada / Telemetry Infrastructure Solutions

| • |  | GSM-R Solutions

| • |  | Mini Data Centre Infrastructure Solutions

| • |  | Mobile Tower Solutions

| • |  | Acclimatized System Room Solutions

| • |  | Energy infrastructure solutions

| • |  | Hybrid Systems Solutions (Solar / Wind)

| • |  | Infrastructure Maintenance and Operation Services

| • |  | Field Acquisition and Contract Management Services

Beltower, which is 100% subsidiary of Global Tower has been established in Belarus and a right of use agreement has been signed with Belarusian Telecom.

In accordance with the “end to end solutions” vision for its customers, Global Tower evaluates opportunities in new business segments like solar energy production and satellite services.

The Turkcell Board of Directors decided to initiate an initial public offering (“IPO”) of Global Tower’s shares in June 2016. However, due to adverse macroeconomic conditions in the markets, the IPO has been postponed. We are evaluating the IPO option for the coming periods in case the macro economic conditions become favorable.

Turkcell Teknoloji

Turkcell Teknoloji Arastirma ve Gelistirme A.S (“Turkcell Teknoloji”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Turkcell, commenced operations in 2007 in the TUBITAK Marmara Research Center Technological Free

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Zone in Kocaeli, Turkey. In 2015, Turkcell Teknoloji consolidated its operations in Kucukyali Technology Plaza, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey. Turkcell Teknoloji’s new R&D center employs more than 700 researchers (excluding part-time employees) who have been accredited by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Industry. Turkcell Teknoloji’s established team of experts develops a wide range of convenient and reliable solutions with innovative roadmaps. Through integrated intelligence and high-performance core capabilities, (Big Data Analytics, SIM, Network, IoT), Turkcell Teknoloji’s comprehensive portfolio addresses the following domains: SIM asset and services management, location-based services, new generation value-added services, roaming solutions, big data processing, business intelligence applications, CRM solutions, sales force solutions, network management, mobile finance, terminal applications, cloud solutions, mobile marketing, internet of things (IOT), revenue management solutions and campaign management solutions, music and entertainment services, Over-The Top (OTT) solutions, and IP TV services.

Turkcell Teknoloji has continued to export technology and software to CIS, Europe, Middle East and Africa. The Turkcell Teknoloji Campaign Management System is deployed and used in five countries and Roaming Solutions are used in 10 countries. In 2017, Turkcell continued to expand its customer base, which are spread out in 13 countries, and looked for the new opportunities to implement its product catalogue with newly added products.

To ensure a permanent competitive edge and value for its solutions, Turkcell Teknoloji cooperates with a wide network of national and international R&D companies, universities and research centers and plays an active role in international R&D programs. With the goal of being Turkey’s leading R&D and innovation base, Turkcell Teknoloji demonstrates the value it attached to innovation with its increasing number of patents each year. In 2017, the Turkcell Teknoloji R&D Center submitted over 353 new national and 24 international patent applications. As of December 31, 2017, Turkcell Teknoloji has 1,141 national and 103 international patents applications and 312 granted patents. Turkcell Teknoloji’s IPR performance is among the top three in Turkey and it has over 37 TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) supported projects, of which 15 are currently running.

Turkcell Finansman A.S.

Turkcell Finansman A.S. (“Financell”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Turkcell, was established on October 22, 2015 with the approval of the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (“BRSA” the financial institutions regulator in Turkey) in order to provide financial solutions to its customers such as consumer loans. The company has commenced operations in February 2016 after receiving BRSA’s operational permission and was rebranded as Financell in 2017.

Financell was launched nationwide in March 2016 in order to provide effective financing solutions to its customers with a prudent risk management. To ensure a permanent competitive edge and value for its solutions, Financell cooperates with a wide network of Turkcell point-of-sales.

In order to finance its operations other than by way of bank loans, Financell issued its first debt security, a 174-day commercial paper with a nominal amount of TRY 250 million in December 2016 and on February 27, 2017, Financell issued a 179-day commercial paper amounting TRY 150 million. Fitch Ratings has assigned Financell ‘BB+’ Foreign and Local Currency Long-Term Issuer Default Ratings (IDRs) and ‘AA(tur)’ National Long-Term Rating. In order to diversify its borrowing portfolio, Financell also resorts to other funding alternatives. In April and August 2017, Aktif Yatirim Bankasi A.S. issued TRY 200 million Asset-Backed Securities (“ABS”) where Financell was the originator and the user of funds.

Financell reached 3.1 million of customers as of December 2017. As of year-end 2017, TRY 4.2 billion of consumer loans had been granted. Financell has expanded its services in 2017 into insurance and bundled insurance products with consumer loans through a revenue sharing agreement with BNP Paribas Cardif.

In September 2017, Financell has started handset financing operations in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The business is expected to grow throughout 2018, by offering financing options of smart devices.

Turkcell Odeme ve Elektronik Para Hizmetleri A.S.

Turkcell Odeme ve Elektronik Para Hizmetleri A.S. (“Paycell” or “Turkcell Odeme”) became operational as of March 2015 to create a convenient payment solution for users and to offer them a streamlined shopping experience under “Paycell” brand.

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In August 2016 Paycell has acquired a Payment Service Provider License from the BRSA and became the first MNO subsidiary having this license in Turkey. With its new brand Paycell, Turkcell has expanded its merchant network and reached over 2,000 merchants by implementing easy and secure payment methods to new areas such as mobile app stores, restaurant chains, parking lots, transportation services, physical goods and airport fast track services.

After it was awarded an electronic money payments licence in July 2017, Paycell has launched digital money, prepaid card and utility bill payments though Paycell application and various Turkcell shops. In December 2017 VISA has confirmed Paycell’s membership. As of December 31, 2017 1.2 million credit cards are registered at Paycell. Throughout 2018, the business is expected to grow at an accelerating rate and add on other features of peer to peer money transfer, expanded merchant integrations and increasing penetration of Paycell prepaid cards.

Paycell took its first step toward globalization in October 2017 by launching direct carrier billing services in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The business is expected to grow throughout 2018 with addition of other Paycell products. In 2018, Paycell plans to launch e-money services in Ukraine, allowing Ukrainian customers to make digital payments. After Ukraine, Paycell plans to grow into other international markets offering Turkcell’s high-end digital solutions worldwide.

As of December 31, 2017, Paycell had 5 million users and the Paycell app was downloaded 405 thousand times.

Lifecell Ventures

Lifecell Ventures Cooperatief U.A. (formerly named Beltur Cooperatief U.A., “Lifecell Ventures”) is a 100% subsidiary of Turkcell and it is incorporated in the Netherlands.

In line with Turkcell Group’s strategic priority being “The Digital Operator” and spreading over-the-top (“OTT”) products and services both in international and domestic markets, Lifecell Ventures is responsible for delivering our OTT services to the global markets and expanding Turkcell Group’s footprint by launching new offerings, accelerating the company’s owned OTT activities, growing current services and making strategic alliances. Lifecell Ventures uses technology to provide a brand new digital experience to consumers worldwide and enable telecom operators to compete effectively by offering digital communications, entertainment, music, TV, transactional and e-commerce applications as well as cloud solutions. Lifecell Ventures has the ambition to contribute in taking telecoms to the “next level”, which is a more digital service focus rather than being an infrastructure company.

Lifecell Ventures, which is extending Turkcell’s digital footprint to global markets, sold its first digital service (lifebox) to Moldcell of Moldova in the last quarter of 2017.

Turkcell Satis ve Dagitim Hizmetleri A.S.

Turkcell Satis ve Dagitim Hizmetleri AS (“Turkcell Satis”) offers unique experience to their customers and sell telecommunication and IT products through flagship and also provide wide variety of products via website www.turkcell.com.tr. In 2016, Turkcell Satis started to sell equipment to other entities as corporate sales. In addition, since Turkcell Satis is experienced in the sector, it also acts as an intermediary between producer and distributors to support the determination of products, pricing, amount to be sold, sales support components and management of their inventory.

Turkcell Enerji

Turkcell Enerji Cozumleri ve Elektrik Satis Ticaret A.S. (“Turkcell Enerji”), a 100% owned subsidiary of Turkcell, was established on February 20, 2017 with the vision of being a leader the transformation of energy markets in Turkey through digitalized, decentralized and decarbonized solutions. Turkcell Enerji will supply electricity to eligible residential, commercial and industrial customers in Turkey.

Turkcell Enerji owns an electricity supply licence, issued by the Energy Market Regulatory Board (EMRA), on May 11, 2017, for a period of 20 years, which is valid until May 11, 2037. This enables the company to trade electricity and/or electrical capacity.

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Assets Held for Sale

Fintur

Turkcell holds a 41.45% stake in Fintur Holdings B.V (“Fintur”), which holds interests in mobile operations in Kazakhstan and Moldova as of March 13, 2018.

Telia Company A.B. (“Telia Company”), which is one of our major shareholders and also our partner in Fintur through a 58.55% stake, announced on September 17, 2015 that it had initiated a process in relation to its Eurasian assets with the ultimate aim of a complete exit. In line with the growth strategy in the region at the time, and as the minority shareholder in Fintur (which includes assets in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova at that time), on February 26, 2016, Turkcell submitted a binding offer for the remaining 58.55% stake of Sonera Holding B.V. (“Sonera Holding”) in Fintur that Turkcell does not own and Telia Company’s 24% direct stake in Kcell operating in Kazakhstan. However, the negotiations were inconclusive and we decided to sell our Fintur stake. Fintur was classified as held for sale and reported as discontinued operations in October 2016.

As part of this process, on January 26, 2018, Fintur, through its 99.99% subsidiary Gurtel Telekomunikasyon Yatirim ve Dis Ticaret A.S. (“Gurtel”), has signed a binding agreement with Silknet JSC (“Silknet”), a joint stock company organized under the laws of Georgia, to transfer its 100% total shareholding in Geocell LLC, a limited liability company organized under the laws of Georgia for USD 153 million. The transaction was closed on March 20, 2018 following the receipt of regulatory approvals. On March 5, 2018 Fintur, has transferred its 51.3% total shareholding in Azertel Telekomunikasyon Yatirim Dis Ticaret A.S (“Azertel”) to Azerbaijan International Telecom LLC (“Azintelecom”), a fully state owned company by the Republic of Azerbaijan, at the price of Euro 221.7 million. The signing of definitive agreement, the transfer of shares to Azintelecom and the transfer of proceeds to Fintur were completed simultaneously. These transactions have no impact on the financial statements since Fintur is classified as “assets held for sale” in our financials.

VIII. Potential Investments

Our efforts to selectively seek and evaluate new investment opportunities continue. Our strategy for growth involves selectively seeking and evaluating new investment opportunities and participating in those meeting our criteria. We may pursue inorganic growth opportunities both in Turkey and in countries where we are already present with a controlling stake in order to be able to leverage our experience and technological base. We may also pursue opportunities which include alliances, such as MVNOs, management service agreements and marketing partnerships, and may be in the area of mobile or fixed telecommunications and services.

We will evaluate the opportunities of being a digital operator by enriching the portfolio of digital products and financial services in certain international markets and increasing the users for our digital services and products.

On November 2, 2017 Turkcell signed the Joint Initiative Group Cooperation protocol with the intention to participate as a potential contributor in “Turkey’s Automobile Project”. Under this protocol, the signing parties will determine the framework of the activities to meet requirements of the project for designing, developing, manufacturing a car and establishing sales and distribution network, while a local company to own the intellectual and industrial property rights of this car will be established. Turkcell continues its efforts towards developing smart transportation systems, leveraging on its high quality communication network and strong engineering and software capabilities embedded within its organization. We believe that we will make an important contribution to Turkey’s Automobile Project as a technology partner with our knowhow and competencies. Following the signing of the protocol, the capital, shareholding and management structure of the company to be established will be determined in the upcoming periods, subject to outcomes of the technological and financial analysis which are being conducted.

IX. Disclosure Pursuant to Section 219 of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (ITRA)

Based on our information and the information provided to us by our affiliates, as of the date of this annual report, we believe that certain of our business activities in Iran in 2016 and in 2017, and the business activities of certain of our affiliates, are subject to disclosure pursuant to ITRA Section 219.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, Turkcell, Belarusian Telecom and lifecell had international roaming relationships with the following companies in Iran and Syria: MTN Irancell, Taliya Iran, KIFZO and

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Rightel and Syriatel and MTN Syria. During the year ended December 31, 2017, Turkcell, Belarusian Telecom and lifecell had gross revenues of TRY 130,459 attributable to these agreements. Turkcell has developed an OTT product called “BiP” which is available for download online for free. The Company believes that there have been downloads from within Iran, which have generated no revenue or profits. For details regarding the risks we face with regard to our business in Iran, please refer to “Item 3.D—Risk Factors—Any instability in the political environment and/or downturn in the economy, as well as volatile international markets and events and the threat of terrorism, in Turkey and/or internationally may have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.”

Turkcell has voice interconnection agreements with Tadbir Ertebatat-E-Sigma (“Sigma LLC”). During the year ended December 31, 2017, gross revenues attributable to these agreements were TRY 26.1 million, and net losses of TRY 9.5 million.

Turkcell Superonline provided Transit IP and leased line services through network interface agreements with Telecom Infrastructure Company of Iran (“TIC”). During the year ended December 31, 2017, gross revenues attributable to these agreements were TRY 1.2 million. Furthermore, Turkcell Superonline has a business relationship with Teleka Maedeh Co. (“Telecom Idea”) based in Iran. For the years 2016 and 2017 the services received from this company generated no revenues.

We have made enquiries of our major shareholders regarding activities in Iran and Syria. TeliaSonera has also informed us that TeliaSonera Region Europe has bilateral roaming agreements with MCI Iran, TCI Mobile Company of Iran, MTN Irancell, KIFZO, Rightel Iran and MTN Syria, Syriatel. During the year ended December 31, 2017, TeliaSonera Region Europe had gross revenues from these relationships that were reported to us of EUR 9,782.

Furthermore, Telia Carrier AB of Sweden exchanges international telephony traffic with the TIC of Iran via ports located outside of Iran pursuant to a license issued by the Office of Foreign Asset Control, U.S. Department of Treasury. During the year ended December 31, 2017, gross revenues and net profits attributable to these business relationships were EUR 50,000 and EUR 40,000, respectively. Furthermore, Telia Carrier AB of Sweden receives international telephony traffic from the Syrian Telecommunications Establishment via an interconnection point outside of Syria. During the year ended December 31, 2017, gross revenues and net profits attributable to this business relationship were €33,000 and €30,000, respectively.

TeliaSonera has also informed us that Kcell and Ucell revenues under roaming agreements in Iran and Syria in 2017 with the following GSM operators: Mobile Company of Iran (MCI), MTN Irancell, Taliya Iran, Rightel, MTN Syria and Syriatel. During the year ended December 31, 2017, revenue and net profits reported to us by these companies were of $12,878 and $725, respectively.

Although it is difficult to do with a reasonable degree of certainty, we have concluded that our Iranian business partners described in this section may be owned or controlled indirectly by the Government of Iran. However, to our knowledge, none of the services provided by Turkcell and our affiliates in Iran described in this section have been used by the Government of Iran to commit serious human rights abuses against the people of Iran. Furthermore, we understand that the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control has issued a general license authorizing U.S. persons to engage in certain of the activities described in this section. We, and our affiliates, intend to continue the activities described in this section in 2018.

X. Regulation of the Turkish Telecommunications Industry

a. Overview

All telecommunications activity in Turkey is regulated by the ICTA. The Electronic Communications Law No. 5809 (the “Electronic Communications Law”), which came into force on November 10, 2008, is the principal law governing telecommunications activity in Turkey. The Electronic Communications Law was published to correspond to the rapidly-evolving Turkish telecommunications industry, and all secondary regulations have been updated to be in accordance with this law. The duties of the ICTA, which may be exercised in a manner that is adverse to our operations and our financial results, include those described below.

b. ICTA

The ICTA has the authority to grant licenses and set fees in the electronic telecommunications industry.

According to Article 8 of the Electronic Communications Law, electronic communications services are rendered and/or established (as in the case of an electronic communications network or infrastructure) and

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operated following the authorization made by the ICTA. Authorization is granted either through notification made in accordance with the principles and procedures determined by the ICTA, in cases where scarce resource allocation is not necessary, or by the granting of usage rights, in cases where scarce resource allocation is necessary (allocation of frequency, satellite position, etc.). Under the Electronic Communications Law, usage rights may be granted for up to 25 years; however, there is no clause relating to the term of notification. According to the Electronic Communications Law, the principles and procedures relating to the notification and granting of usage rights is determined by the ICTA through secondary regulations.

According to the Electronic Communications Law, usage rights can only be restricted where the resources are required to be operated by a limited number of operators and for the purpose of ensuring the effective and efficient use of the scarce resources. In cases where the quantity of rights of use is limited, Article 9-6(a) of the Electronic Communications Law allows the Turkish Ministry to determine the criteria, such as (i) the authorization policy regarding electronic communications services which cover the assignment of satellite position and frequency band on a national scale and which need to be operated by a limited number of operators, (ii) the starting date of the service, (iii) the duration of the authorization and the number of operators to serve. While the criteria are determined by the Turkish Ministry, the authorization is still granted by the ICTA.

Under Article 51 of the Electronic Communications Law, the ICTA was authorized to determine the principles and procedures related to the process of personal data and protection of privacy and has published “Regulations on the Protection of Privacy and Processing of Personal Data”. With its decision rendered on April 9, 2014 and published in the Official Gazette on July 26, 2014, the Turkish Constitutional Court decided that Article 51 of the Electronic Communications Law is a violation of Article 20(3) of the Constitution, which stipulates data protection as a constitutional measure and that the measures should be regulated by the laws and therefore annulled the aforementioned provision (Article 51). The Article 51 of the Electronic Communications Law, which was repealed by Turkish Constitutional Court, was amended and came into force on April 15, 2015. In the amended Article 51, the main principles of recording and sharing subscribers’ personal data are defined in general and ICTA is authorized again to determine the procedures and principles related to the process of personal data and protection of privacy; however such regulation has not yet come into force.

The Electronic Communications Law establishes legal principles and broad policy lines that the ICTA must follow, some of which are stated below:

| • |  | Creation and protection of a free and efficient competitive environment.

| • |  | Protection of consumer rights and interests.

| • |  | Protection of the objectives of development plans and Government programs as well as the strategies and policies set by the Turkish Ministry.

| • |  | Promotion of implementations that ensure that everyone can benefit from electronic communications networks and services.

| • |  | Ensuring non-discrimination among subscribers, users and operators under fair conditions.

| • |  | Ensuring the conformity of electronic communications systems to international norms.

| • |  | Protection of information safety and communication confidentiality.

The Electronic Communications Law also specifies general rules and principles relating to interconnection between operators. Agreements for interconnection are publicly available, but precautions are taken by the ICTA to protect commercial secrets of the parties.

The law entitled Universal Services and Amending Some Laws, Law No. 5369, determines the procedures and principles governing the provision and execution of universal service and the procedures and the rules relating to the fulfillment of universal services in the electronic communications sector, a universal public service that is financially difficult for operators to provide (and performance of a universal service obligation in the electronic communications sector). In accordance with Law No. 5369, the scope of universal services is determined periodically by the Council of Ministers, which will not exceed three years.

The legislation designates the following as universal services: fixed-line telephony services, public pay telephones, telephone directory services to be provided in printed or electronic environments, emergency call services, internet services, passenger services to residential areas where access is provided by sea and sea communication and sailing safety communication services.

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This law mandates that designated operators must provide universal services and the General Directorate of Communication can demand that operators provide universal services on a national and/or geographical basis. Turk Telekomunikasyon A.S. and the GSM operators are currently designated as universal services providers.

The Council of Ministers Decision No. 2011/1880, which was published in the Official Gazette numbered 27984 and dated July 4, 2011 allowed the use of the universal service fund to extend the mobile GSM network coverage listed in the annex of the decision to uncovered areas with a population of 500 or less. On February 13, 2013, we were appointed as universal service provider after a tender process and the related contract was signed on February 20, 2013. Under the aforementioned contract, Turkcell duly carried out its undertakings for installing sufficient infrastructure to cover 1,799 rural locations and the investment and operating expenses are compensated by the universal service fund of the Turkish Ministry. This contract was recently renewed until December 31, 2018 and to add mobile broadband services to the existing infrastructure providing GSM services under Universal Service Law and to operate the new and existing networks together.

The Electronic Communications Law also specifies general rules and principles relating to tariffs. Pursuant to the Electronic Communications Law, operators may freely determine the tariffs they apply in compliance with the relevant legislation and the ICTA arrangements. In the event of determination of the significant market power of the operator, the ICTA may determine the method of the approval, tracking and auditing of the tariffs. It may also determine the lower and upper limit of the tariffs and principles and procedures of the application of the same.

The Electronic Communications Law provides basic guidelines for the tariffs and pricing and thus leaves the detailed rules and enforcement to the ICTA. According to the law:

(1) The tariff may be determined as one or more subscription fees, fixed fees, call charges, line rentals, and similar fee items.

(2) Tariffs to be imposed in return for providing any kind of electronic communications services shall be subject to the following provisions:

(a) Operators shall freely determine the tariffs under their possession, provided that they comply with the regulations of the ICTA and the relevant legislation.

(b) If an operator is designated as having significant market power in the relevant market, the ICTA shall be entitled to determine the procedures regarding the approval, monitoring and supervision of tariffs as well as the highest and lowest limits of the tariffs and the procedures and principles for the implementation thereof.

(c) If an operator is designated as having significant market power in the relevant market, the ICTA shall be entitled to make the necessary arrangements to prevent anti-competitive tariffs such as price squeezing and predatory pricing and to supervise the implementation thereof.

(3) Procedures and principles pertaining to the implementation of this article, submission of tariffs to the ICTA and publishing and announcing them to the public shall be determined by the ICTA.

According to this regulation, the ICTA may intervene in the structure of our tariffs or may impose certain criteria relating to the revision of our tariffs. Pursuant to its decision in 2005, the ICTA designated Turkcell as having “Significant Market Power (SMP)” in the “Mobile Access Call Origination Market” while all three operators were designated as having Significant Market Power in “Mobile Call Termination Market”. As a result of the significant market power designation in the “Mobile Access and Call Origination Market”, our Company was obliged to provide access and call origination services to other operators such as MVNOs and Directory Services Operators on a cost-based basis, while competitors can set their prices freely on commercial basis. However, upon the renewal of related market analysis; following an ICTA Decision dated April 12, 2017 and numbered 2017/DK-SRD/124, it has been decided that an ex ante regulation is no longer needed for Mobile Access Call Origination Market and that Turkcell’s SMP designation will be removed as of April 12, 2018 unless otherwise stated. Upon the renewal of Mobile Call Termination Market analysis, by ICTA Decision dated April 19, 2017 and numbered 2017/DK-SRD/131, it has been decided that SMS and MMS termination services will no longer be regulated as of April 19, 2018 unless otherwise stated.

In addition to the duties and authorities stated above, the Law Regarding the Establishment of ICTA has been amended and ICTA has been given the authority to apply a conciliation procedure for the receivables

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including administrative sanctions (except for the receivables that are intermediated for collection and the penalty requirement for the treasury share) and the debts of ICTA. According to this provision, it is possible to settle on a part of the disputed amount and to waive the primary or secondary claims and the settled matters cannot be made the subject of a lawsuit or a complaint.

Telegraph and Telephone Law has also been amended and it has been regulated that in the event that the treasury share is not paid in full in the given period, ICTA has the right to impose a penalty in the amount of one full amount of the incomplete or unpaid treasury share.

c. Regulation on Quality of Service in the Electronic Communications Sector

The Regulation on Quality of Service in the Electronic Communications Sector, effective since December 31, 2011 is applicable to all operators that provide service to end users and sets out the procedures and principles to control the conformity of the services of operators. Mobile telephone operators are required to meet new service quality requirements and submit a report based on these requirements every three months to the ICTA. Additional requirements for service quality must be fulfilled. If the operators fail to reach these requirements more than once, this may result in the imposition of penalties. The results of quality measurements can also be made publicly available on the website of the ICTA for a period of one month, stating that the operator has failed to comply with the service quality requirements.

d. Regulation on Administrative Fines, Sanctions and Precautions in the Electronic Communications Sector

According to the Regulation on Administrative Fines, Sanctions and Precautions to be imposed on operators, effective as of February 15, 2014, the ICTA retains the right to impose fines in the event an operator submits incorrect or misleading documents or fails to submit documents as requested by the ICTA; does not submit such documents in a timely manner; does not permit inspection or audits to be made by the ICTA; uses unpermitted equipment or equipment not complying with standards or alters technical features of equipment; or does not pay fees arising from its use of licenses and frequencies; does not meet the regulations regarding numbering, number portability, access and interconnection, end-user tariffs, consumer rights, data protection, national security and public order, service quality and such or does not comply with the provisions of license agreements, telecommunications licenses and general authorizations or the legislation. The ICTA is authorized to impose sanctions and precautions as well as administrative fines.

e. Regulation on Authorization regarding the Electronic Communications Sector

In 2009, the ICTA published the “Regulation on Authorization regarding the Electronic Communications Sector” (“Authorization Regulation”), which determines the principles and procedures for the authorization of the companies that seek to provide electronic communication services and/or to install or operate electronic communications networks or infrastructure. In 2016, there have been major amendments to aforementioned Regulation. According to the amendments:

(1) The operators authorized with the limited usage right authorization may sell devices, make installations, carry out maintenance or give consultation if it’s related to or necessary for its field of activity. As a result of this amendment, Turkcell will be able to sell devices in relation with electronic communication services.

(2) The companies which apply to ICTA to be authorized should have paid the minimum amount of paid capital set by ICTA. The operators authorized before the amendment of the Regulation are also liable to meet this condition. According to ICTA decision dated March 31, 2016 and numbered 2016/DK-YED/195, the operators authorized to provide Public Access Mobile Radio Service should have minimum paid capital amounting to TRY 250,000 and the operators granted with other authorization types should have minimum paid capital amounting to TRY 1,000,000.

(3) All operators should have the consent of ICTA before the transfer, acquisition or any other transaction regarding 10% or more of their shares. The operators authorized with limited usage right should also notify ICTA within two months at the latest in case of a transfer, acquisition or any other transaction of their shares up to 10%.

(4) The operators should provide free call center services, which was not an obligation in the former Regulation.

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(5) The operators should keep the traffic data of their customers for two years, which was set at one year in the former Regulation.

(6) In case of an amendment to the documents regarding the employees of the operators (including employee list) which are submitted previously to ICTA, the operators are liable to notify ICTA of the amendments.

(7) ICTA is entitled to decline the applications of authorization and inspect the operators to confirm the accuracy of the information and documents submitted during the application of authorization.

In addition to the amendments of the abovementioned Regulation, the ICTA decision on Procedures and Principles Regarding the Usage of Caller Line Identification (CLI) has been published and the liabilities of the operators have been increased.

f. Regulation on Mobile Number Portability (“MNP”)

Pursuant to Article 32 of the Electronic Communications Law, operators are required to supply operator number portability.

MNP allows subscribers to keep their existing telephone number when changing their telephone operator, their physical location or current service plan. These regulations became operational in the fourth quarter of 2008. Since we believe the MNP regulations conflict with our rights under our license agreement, without due compensation, we filed a lawsuit in 2007 for the cancellation of the MNP regulation. While we do not object to the substance of mobile number portability, we do, however, believe that our rights under our license agreement should remain protected or, if they are violated, we should be justly compensated. The Court rejected the case in June 2009 and we appealed the decision. The Plenary Session of the Chambers for Administrative Cases approved the court decision. We applied for the correction of the decision. The Court rejected the Company’s request of the correction of the decision. The Company made an individual application before the Constitutional Court, against the respective decision. In 2009, the ICTA issued a new Regulation on MNP, abolishing the 2007 regulation and amended some Articles of this Regulation in November 2015. For new subscriptions, subscribers of mobile operators cannot port out to another operator in the first three months if the line has not been transferred to another subscriber.

g. Regulation on Security of Electronic Communications

In 2008, the ICTA published the “Regulation on Security of Electronic Communication”, which determines the principles and procedures for precautions to be taken by the operators for eliminating or derogating the risks caused by threads or weaknesses of (i) the physical area of the operators, data, hardware/software security and reliability, and (ii) sustaining the reliability of human resources. In accordance with the regulation, our Company is required to comply with TS ISO/IEC 27001 or ISO/IEC 27001 standards. Turkcell was the first mobile operator in Turkey to receive the ISO/IEC 27001:2005 certification for its Network Operations function in 2008 covering all operations throughout Turkey. In 2011, Turkcell’s IT function was also certified for ISO/IEC 27001:2005 and Turkcell’s ISO/IEC 27001:2005 scope became one of the largest among telecommunication operators in Europe. In 2015, the Information and Communications Technology and Network departments successfully passed ISO 27001:2013 audits and were deemed to be in compliance with ISO 27001:2013 version. By having an ISO/IEC 27001:2013 certificate covering telecom infrastructure operations, Turkcell fulfills its regulatory obligations and offers its customers the benefits of an internationally-recognized secure management of operations and services. In July 2014, the ICTA repealed the above regulation and published the “Regulation on Security of Network and Information in Electronic Communication Sector” which requires the Company to set up and maintain a specialized team to detect, prevent and report all cyber events and work in coordination with the National Computer Emergency Response Center, in addition to the abovementioned obligations.

h. Turkish Competition Law and the Competition Authority

In 1997, the Competition Law (No. 4054) established a Competition Board. The Competition Board consists of seven members who are appointed for a term of six years and one-third of the Board members are renewed every two years. It is an autonomous authority with administrative and financial independence established to ensure effective competition in markets for goods and services.

The Competition Board can carry out investigations, evaluate requests for exemptions, monitor the market, assess mergers and acquisitions, submit views to the Ministry of Industry and Trade and perform other tasks

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stipulated by the Competition Law. The ICTA can apply to the Competition Board if it determines that agreements regarding access, network interconnection and roaming violate the Competition Law.

Any person or legal entity may file a complaint with the Competition Board. The Competition Board can take necessary measures to prevent violations and may impose fines on those who are liable for such prohibited practices. The Competition Board may impose fines of up to 10% of the annual gross income of the operators, which is constituted by the end of the previous financial year and determined by the Competition Board. The ICTA and the Competition Board entered into a Protocol on Cooperation in 2002, followed by a new Protocol in 2011. The original Protocol established a framework whereby the ICTA and the Competition Board can cooperate on legal actions and policies regarding measures, regulations and inspections that affect competition conditions and competition in the telecommunications sector. The new Protocol regulates the mechanisms to improve cooperation between the ICTA and the Competition Board.

i. The Principles on the Applications Regarding the Anticompetitive Acts In Electronic Communications Sector

One of the principles that the ICTA must follow is the creation and protection of a free and efficient competitive environment. The Electronic Communications Law specifies that the ICTA is authorized to set rules (that do not contradict the Turkish Competition Law) to prevent anticompetitive acts, to investigate the operators as officio or upon a claim and to take necessary measures against the anticompetitive actions. Considering that the applications regarding the anticompetitive acts are made by different methods and are based upon a variety of documents, the ICTA published “the Principles on the Applications Regarding the Anticompetitive Acts in Electronic Communications Sector” on December 20, 2017 in order to clarify these points.

j. Regulation on the Establishment of Metropolitan Municipalities in Fourteen Provinces and of Twenty-Seven Districts and Amending Certain Laws and Decree Laws

The Law No. 6360 on the “Establishment of Metropolitan Municipalities in Fourteen Provinces and of Twenty-Seven Districts and Amending Certain Laws and Decree Laws” was published in the Official Gazette on December 6, 2012 and enacted on March 30, 2014 through municipal elections. The Law, increasing the number of metropolitan cities from 16 to 30, dissolves the legal entity of villages and special provincial administrations in cities where there are metropolitan municipalities. By the amendment of the Law for Metropolitan Municipalities, the number of metropolitan municipalities increased and the borders of some metropolitan municipalities were extended. After this amendment, the ICTA increased our coverage obligations, defined in our concession agreement, by its decision, based on this law amendment which requires us to make material capital expenditures. We filed a lawsuit for the stay of execution and cancellation of the ICTA’s aforementioned decision. The Council of State granted a motion for the stay of execution of ICTA’s aforementioned decision. The ICTA objected to this decision. The objection was also rejected in favor of Turkcell. The case is still pending. Since then the ICTA has been working on a new regulation aligned with the law no. 6360.

k. Regulation on Base Station Implementation in Electronic Communication Sector

In 2012, according to Law no 6360 and Municipality Law No 5393, the Metropolitan Municipalities were authorized to give site selection certificate to the BTS considering the requirements of city and building aesthetics and electronic communication services. The Site Selection Certificate Regulation was published in the Official Gazette dated January 27, 2018, numbered 30314, and entered into force on the date of its publication. According to this regulation, the Site Selection Certificate and the TRY 2,400 per station fee will only apply to the BTSs established after December 6, 2012.

l. Zoning Law and Construction Certificate Requirement of Base Stations

The Supreme Court of Appeals rescinded the regulation regarding the base stations exemption from obtaining construction permits on October 1, 2009. The existing zoning law in Turkey requires mobile operators to obtain construction certificates for all existing and new base stations, resulting in the shutdown of some stations for which certification cannot be obtained. In Turkey, nearly half of the premises were built illegally without any permission. As a result, some municipalities started taking legal action such as affixing seals to suspend the construction or demolition orders against base stations, negatively affecting our coverage, quality of service and customer experience. We have also taken legal action requesting nullity of those acts. In addition, studies for altering zoning laws regarding procedures for building certifications are being prioritized.

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The Planned Areas Zoning Regulation was published in the Official Gazette dated July 3, 2017 and became effective as of October 1, 2017. The necessity of obtaining a building permission certificate and a construction permit, which is not possible in practice, has thereby been abolished. This regulation authorizes the establishment of a BTS without a construction license process, provided that necessary precautions and approval of ICTA are taken, and provides a special BTS installation procedure. The following requirements must be met for BTS to be established on private land and in buildings:

| • |  | The Site Selection Certificate should be received prior to the establishment of the BTS

| • |  | Operators must undertake the technical responsibility the installation

| • |  | The consent of flat owners should be obtained prior to the establishment of a BTS

| • |  | A static report for the BTS installation should be obtained by operators

| • |  | The appearance of the BTS should not negatively affect the aesthetics, appearance and silhouette of the buildings

| • |  | The size of the antenna should not exceed 1.55 meters on roof-top sites.

m. Regulation on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

In May 2012, the Regulation related to Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment was published in the Official Gazette and became effective. Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment regulations may impose some obligations on our Company and increase our operational costs.

n. Regulation on the Internet

Law no. 5651 for the Regulation of Web Content has been revised by Law no. 6518, which became effective on February 19, 2014. The new law required that all internet access providers, which include all mobile and fixed network operators as well as all internet service providers, would form a Union of Internet Access Providers (“UAP”) within three months, which was established. After the establishment of the UAP, if any internet service provider or any operator giving internet services fails to become a member of the UAP, it shall also be fined with an amount equal to one percent of the previous year’s revenues.

In addition, the new law raises the existing fines for not removing content as requested by the court. The law also introduces URL-based blocking of websites which requires new capital as well as operating expenditures for all internet access providers.

o. GSM Licensing in Turkey

The terms of license agreements are governed by the Authorization Regulation, and it provides that the ICTA approve the transfer of licenses to third parties, ensure continuation of services in the event of cancellation of a license and approve the investment plans submitted by licensees.

A GSM license is subject to the ICTA’s right to suspend or terminate operations under the license on the grounds of security, public benefit, and national defense or to comply with the law. However, suspension or takeover of facilities under these circumstances is subject to the payment of compensation to the operator. The ICTA can also inspect such licensee and nullify its license if the licensee has materially failed to comply with the terms of its license. The ICTA may also terminate licenses in cases of gross negligence or non-payment of the authorization fee.

The licensee is responsible for installing telecommunications equipment in conformance with international signalization systems and numbering plans. Furthermore, the licensee is obligated to make the necessary investments to offer the licensed service, including the design of the service, the making of financial investments and the installation and operation of the facility required for the service. Licensees are allowed to determine the prices for services, subject to the regulations of the ICTA. Upon the expiry of a license, including termination, the facilities and immovables of the licensee, in operating condition, will be transferred by the licensee in accordance with the license agreement.

p. Our GSM License Agreement

General

Since April 1998, we have operated under a 25-year GSM license for which we paid an upfront license fee of $500 million. In 2002, we signed a renewed license agreement for our GSM license which provides that

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a monthly payment of 15% over our gross revenue paid to the Turkish Treasury shall be subject to the legal interest rate. If such payments are not duly paid twice in any given year, a penalty in an amount equal to triple the last monthly payment shall be payable to the Turkish Treasury. However, as a result of the aforementioned amendments made to the Telegraph and Telephone Law, it has been provided that in the event that the treasury share is not paid in full in the given period, the ICTA has the right to impose a penalty in the amount of one full amount of the incomplete or unpaid treasury share. The process of the amendment of the licence agreement in accordance with said Law is ongoing and the licence agreement is expected to be amended by the ICTA. In addition, we must pay annual contributions in an amount equal to 0.35% of our gross revenue to the ICTA’s expenses. After the tender relating to the allocation of additional GSM 900 frequency bands, made by the ICTA in June 2008, the license agreement was amended to include the additional frequency band and was signed by Turkcell and the ICTA in February 2009, which made small additional changes in the articles of the license agreement entitled performance bond and allocated frequency bands and then it was signed again in February 2016 with small amendments.

Terms and Conditions

Under the license agreement, we hold a licensed concession to provide telecommunications services in accordance with GSM-PAN European Mobile Telephone System standards in the 900 MHz frequency band. Our license covers 55 channels and allocates telephone numbers between the 530 and 539 area codes in the national numbering plan. Our license also permits us to establish customer service centers, sign contracts with subscribers and market our services to subscribers. Our license was issued with an effective date of April 27, 1998, for an initial term of 25 years. At the end of the initial term, we can renew our license, subject to the approval of the ICTA, provided that we apply between 24 months and 6 months before the end of our license. Our license is not exclusive and is not transferable without the approval of the ICTA.

We paid a license fee of $500 million to the Turkish Treasury upon effectiveness of our license. On an ongoing basis, we must pay 15% of our gross revenue, defined as of March 2006 to exclude interest charges for late collections from subscribers and indirect taxes such as 18% VAT, as well as other expenses and the accrued amounts that are recorded for reporting purposes to the Turkish Treasury. We are required to pay 10% of our existing monthly treasury share to the Turkish Ministry as a universal service fund contribution. Since 2005, we are required to pay 90% of the treasury share to the Turkish Treasury and 10% to the Turkish Ministry as a universal service fund contribution. As of January 1, 2018, all of our treasury share will be paid to the ICTA, which will then transfer it to the Turkish Treasury and the Turkish Ministry as detailed above. The calculation method for the Treasury Share has also been revised and the following will consequently not be considered in calculation of the Treasury Share: overdue interests which are accrued to the subscribers for any unpaid balance, accrual amounts for the purpose of reporting, amounts for the purpose of correction accounting records which occur in the same year due to errors (such as customer information, type of business, amount, price).

Furthermore, under the Authorization Regulation, all kinds of share transfers, acquisitions and actions of the operators which are authorized by a Concession Agreement must be communicated to the ICTA, and such share transfers, acquisitions and actions shall be made with the written approval of the ICTA if they result in a change of control component of such operators. The “control component” is defined as “the rights that allow for applying a decisive effect on an enterprise, either separately or jointly, de facto or legally”.

Our license subjects us to a number of conditions. It may be revoked in the event that we fail to meet any of these conditions.

Coverage

Our license requires that we meet coverage and technical criteria. We must attain geographical coverage of 50% of the population of Turkey (living in cities or towns of 10,000 or more inhabitants) within three years of our license’s effective date and at least 90% of the population of Turkey (living in cities or towns of 10,000 or more inhabitants) within five years of the effective date of our license. This coverage requirement excludes coverage met through national roaming and installation sharing arrangements with other GSM systems and operators. Upon the request of the ICTA, we may also be required, throughout the term of our license, to cover at most two additional areas each year. Except in the event of force majeure, we must pay a late performance penalty of 0.2% of the investment in the related coverage area per day for any delay of more than six months in fulfilling a coverage area obligation. As of today, we have met and surpassed all coverage obligations.

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Service Offerings

Our license requires that we provide services that, in addition to general GSM phone services, include free emergency calls and technical assistance for customers, free call forwarding to police and other public emergency services, receiver-optional short messages, video text access, fax capability, calling and connected number identification and restrictions, call forwarding, call waiting, call hold, multi-party and three-party conference calls, billing information, and the barring of a range of outgoing and incoming calls.

Service Quality

Generally, we must meet all the technical standards of the GSM Association as determined and updated by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute and Secretariat of the GSM Association. Moreover, we must meet the standards that the ICTA imposes under “Regulation on Quality of Service in the Electronic Communications Sector”.

Tariffs

The license agreement regulates our ability to determine our tariff for GSM services. The license agreement provides that, after consultation with us and consideration of tariffs applied abroad for similar services, the ICTA sets the initial maximum tariffs in Turkish Lira and U.S. Dollars. Thereafter, our license provides that the maximum tariffs shall be adjusted at least every six months. The license agreement provides a formula for adjusting the existing maximum tariffs. For the adjustment of the maximum tariffs established in Turkish Lira, the formula is: the Turkish Consumer Price Index announced by the Ministry of Industry and Trade for Turkey minus 3% of the Turkish Consumer Price Index announced by the Ministry of Industry and Trade. For the maximum tariffs established in U.S. Dollars, the same method is applied to the USA Consumer Price All Item Index Numbers.

The standard tariffs and the maximum tariffs set by the ICTA have been established in Turkish Lira and the ICTA’s schedule of standard tariffs and maximum rates are premised on the TRY/$ Exchange Rate in effect on the date they were approved by the ICTA. Although we believe the tariff structure in our license will, in most instances, permit adjustments designed to offset devaluations of the Turkish Lira against the U.S. Dollar, any such devaluation that we are unable to offset will require us to use a larger portion of our revenue to service our non-Turkish Lira foreign currency obligations. Additionally, in the event that the ICTA were to establish maximum tariffs at levels below those that would enable us to adjust our rates to offset devaluations, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations and/or liquidity. However, with a decision rendered in March 2016, ICTA decided that Turkcell has no obligation of applying the maximum tariffs set by ICTA in 2015. We believe that, pursuant to our license agreement, we can determine our tariffs freely, provided that they remain within the framework of the prohibition of cross subsidy and the principles of reasonable profit and being cost based. However, under Article 13 of the Electronic Communications Law, in the event of determination of the significant market power of the operator, the ICTA may determine the lower and upper limit of the tariffs and principles and procedures of the application of the same. Based on such Article, the ICTA may take a similar decision which will have an effect on our future tariffs. With respect to our retail tariffs, following a board resolution dated March 25, 2009, the ICTA set a lower limit solely for Turkcell’s on-net retail tariffs. In the following years our minimum on-net price level was changed several times by the ICTA, and was set at TRY 0.0073 for SMS and TRY 0.0428 for voice for the first two quarters of 2016. However, pursuant to a decision rendered on August 16, 2016, the ICTA removed the regulation on lower limit on on-net retail prices and campaigns. These pricing regulations were valid on each and every single voice tariff and campaign, whereas we were obliged to maintain our minimum on-net SMS rate on network base. The table below shows the on-net prices and MTR rates until August 16, 2016:

TRY |  | Before July 1, 2013 |  |  | July 1, 2013 – August 16, 2016 |  |  | Change % |
Minimum on-net voice price |  |  | 0.0313 |  |  |  | 0.0428 |  |  |  | 37 | %
Minimum on-net SMS price |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0073 |  |  |  | — |
Voice MTR |  |  | 0.0313 |  |  |  | 0.0250 |  |  |  | (20 | %)
SMS MTR |  |  | 0.0170 |  |  |  | 0.0043 |  |  |  | (75 | %)

The maximum tariffs set by the ICTA may constitute the highest rates we may charge for the services included in these customized service packages. Generally, the maximum tariffs set by the ICTA for particular services are set higher than the standard tariffs determined by the ICTA for those services. Pursuant to a board decision dated September 28, 2015, price caps for voice were set at 0.4625 TRY/min for voice and TRY 0.332

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for SMS. Such caps were in force at the beginning of 2016, until a decision rendered in March 10, 2016 by ICTA annulled the maximum tariffs set by ICTA in 2015.

The ICTA has in the past intervened and may again intervene with the charging period, impacting the prices we charge for our tariffs.

Relationship with the ICTA

The license agreement creates a mechanism for an ongoing relationship between us and the ICTA. The ICTA and Turkcell coordinate their activities through a License Coordination Committee (“the Committee”), which is responsible for ensuring the proper and coordinated operation of the GSM network, assisting in the resolution of disputes under the license agreement and facilitating the exchange of information between the parties.

License Suspension and Termination

The ICTA may suspend our operations for a limited or an unlimited period if necessary for the purpose of public security or national defense, including war and general mobilization. During suspension, the ICTA may operate our business, but we are entitled to any revenues collected during such suspension, and our license term will be extended by the period of any suspension.

Our license may be terminated under our license agreement upon a bankruptcy ruling that is not reversed or dismissed within 90 days, upon our failure to perform our obligations under the license agreement if such failure is not cured within 90 days, if we operate outside the allocated frequency ranges and fail to terminate such operations within 90 days or if we fail to pay our treasury fee.

In the event of termination, we must deliver the entire GSM system to the ICTA.

If our license is terminated for our failure to perform our obligations under our license, the performance guarantee given by us in an amount equal to 1% of the license fee may be called. The license agreement makes no provision for the payment of consideration to us for delivery of the system on such termination.

In the event of a termination of our license, our right to use allocated frequencies and to operate the GSM system ceases. Upon the expiration of the license agreement, initially scheduled to occur in 2023, without renewal, we must transfer to the ICTA, or an institution designated by the ICTA, without consideration, the network management center, the gateway exchanges, and the central subscription system, which are the central management units of the GSM network. We may apply to the ICTA between 24 and six months before the end of the 25-year license term for the renewal of the license. The ICTA may renew the license, taking into account the legislation then currently in effect.

Applicable Law and Dispute Resolution

Under our license agreement, any dispute arising from scope, implementation and termination of the agreement shall be brought before the License Coordination Committee. If the dispute is not settled within 30 days before the License Coordination Committee, it shall be referred to the parties. If the dispute is not resolved by the parties within 15 days, then it shall be settled by an arbitral tribunal in accordance with ICC Rules. The governing law of any arbitration is Turkish law and any such arbitration shall be conducted in English. Disputes relating to national security or public policy shall not be subject to arbitration proceedings.

q. Authorization of 3G License

In 2008, the ICTA conducted a tender process to grant four separate licenses to provide IMT 2000/UMTS services and infrastructure. We were granted the A-type license, which provides the widest frequency band, at a consideration of EUR 358 million (excluding VAT). We signed the license agreement relating to 3G authorization on April 30, 2009 and then the agreement was renewed and resigned in February 2016 with small amendments which do not change the core of the service. The license agreement has a term of 20 years.

The 3G License Agreement has provisions that are generally similar to those contained in our license agreement relating to 2G. However, with respect to dispute resolution, while our 2G license provides for arbitration for the settlement of disputes, under the 3G License Agreement, disputes arising between the parties shall ultimately be settled by the Council of State of the Republic of Turkey.

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With the 3G License Agreement, we were obliged to meet certain coverage obligations. We are required to cover the population within the borders of all metropolitan municipalities within three years and all cities and municipalities within six years. We are also obliged to cover every region with a population over 5,000 within eight years and population larger than 1,000 within 10 years. Following the amendment of the Law for Metropolitan Municipalities, the number of metropolitan municipalities increased and the borders of some metropolitan municipalities were extended. After this amendment, the ICTA increased our coverage obligations, defined in our concession agreement, by its decision, based on this law amendment. We filed a lawsuit for the stay of execution and the cancellation of this decision. The Council of State accepted our stay of execution request. ICTA objected to this decision. Objection was also rejected in favor of Turkcell. The case is still pending.

With the 3G License Agreement, as opposed to the 2G License Agreement, the Company assumed an obligation related to its electronic communications network investments, such as the obligation to provide at least 40% of its electronic communications investments from suppliers that have a Research and Development Center in Turkey and the obligation to provide at least 10% of its electronic communications investments from suppliers that are Small and Medium Size Enterprises (“SME”) established in Turkey.

According to the Authorization Regulation, breaches by operators resulting in the termination of the GSM concession agreement for any reason shall also result in the termination of the operator’s concession agreement signed for IMT-2000/UMTS service. Also, if the GSM concession agreement is not renewed at the end of its natural expiration, the ICTA may continue to allow the utilization of the needed infrastructure by IMT-2000/UMTS services on terms and conditions to be set by the ICTA itself.

The statutes, rules and regulations applicable to our activities and our 2G and 3G licenses are generally new, subject to change, in some cases, incomplete, and have been subject to limited governmental interpretation. Precedents for and experience with business and telecommunications regulations in Turkey are generally limited. In addition, there have been several changes to the relevant legal regime in recent years. There can be no assurance that the law or legal system will not change further or be interpreted in a manner that could materially and adversely affect our operations.

r. Authorization of 4.5G License

In the IMT- Advanced (“4.5G”) tender held on August 26, 2015, to grant spectrum usage for 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz (FDD,TDD) and 2600 MHz (FDD, TDD), the Company purchased a total of 172.4 MHz, the broadest 4.5G (IMT) spectrum allocation of any operator in Turkey (including widest frequency bands on 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz and 2600 MHz) for EUR 1,623.5 million (excluding VAT and interest payable on the installments).

The tender gave equal opportunity to the operators in the low frequency bands utilized for coverage while enabled competition in higher frequency bands mainly used for capacity. The Company has reached a total frequency bandwidth of 234.4 MHz and our ownership in total bandwidth in the market increased to 43% (234.4 MHz / 549.2 MHz) with the new frequencies acquired. The operators will be able to utilize the new spectrum in a technology neutral way.

The ICTA granted Turkcell’s 4.5G License on October 27, 2015. The 4.5G License is effective for 13 years until April 30, 2029. According to the License, Turkcell started to provide 4.5G services from April 1, 2016.

The 4.5G License Agreement has provisions that are generally similar to those contained in our license agreement relating to 2G and 3G. According to the IMT License Commitments Document, the Company;

(a) must achieve population coverage of 95% of the population of Turkey and coverage of 90% of the population within the borders of all cities and all city districts within eight years,

(b) must cover 99% of highways, high speed railroads and tunnels with lengths more than one kilometers within eight years, 95% of double roads within six years and 90% of conventional railroads within ten years, and

(c) is obliged to share actively with other mobile operators, any new 3G or 4.5G site which it will decide to build within settlement areas with population of less than 10.000 and highways, double roads, tunnels, high speed railroads and conventional railroads, from the effective date of the License granted to the Company.

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While building its infrastructure for 4.5G networks, Turkcell is required to purchase up to 45% of its network related hardware (i.e. base stations, switches, routers and as such) and software from local suppliers, and purchase up to 40% of the network equipment and software from vendors with local research and development centers. The local network related hardware purchase requirement is defined in three periods: 30% for first year, 40% for second year and 45% for the third and following years. Reporting on these requirements should be made to the ICTA on a yearly basis. In case of a projection of a failure to meet the requirement for locally produced hardware and software due to the lack of sufficient local supply and other relevant conditions, the Company shall file an application to the ICTA 6 months before the due date, and request an easing or removal of the obligation. Based on the law, we applied for the removal of the obligation for the first two 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 periods.

s. Licenses and Authorizations of our Subsidiaries

In addition to the foregoing, our majority owned subsidiary, Belarusian Telecom, and wholly owned subsidiaries lifecell and Kibris Telekom hold GSM licenses in Belarus, Ukraine and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, respectively, and all of them have obtained 3G licenses. If lifecell, Belarusian Telecom and Kibris Telekom fail to comply with the terms and conditions of their license agreements, they may incur significant penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our strategy for international expansion and our business and results of operations. In addition, our subsidiaries Global Tower, Turkcell Superonline, Inteltek, Azerinteltek, Turkcell Enerji, Paycell and Financell have licenses to perform their business. Failure to comply with the terms of such licenses may lead to significant penalties and adversely affect their, as well as our, results of operations.

Ukraine License Agreement

As of December 31, 2017 lifecell owns twelve activity licenses, for GSM 900, GSM 1800, a technology neutral license issued for 3G, one license for international and long-distance calls and eight PSTN licenses for eight regions in Ukraine. As of December 31, 2017, lifecell owned 28 frequency use licenses for IMT-2000 (UMTS), GSM 900, GSM 1800, CDMA 800, Wi-Fi and microwave Radiorelay and Broadband Radio Access, which are regional and national. 3G activity and frequency licenses were issued in March 2015, reissued due to the company name change, and are valid for 15 years. Additionally, lifecell holds a specific number range—three NDC codes for mobile networks, sixteen permissions on a number resource for short numbers, eleven permissions on a number resource for SS-7 codes (7 regional and 4 international), one permission on a number resource for Mobile Network Code and nine permissions on a number resource for local ranges for PSTN licenses two permissions on a service codes for alternative routing selection for international and long-distance fixed telephony and one permission on a code for global telecommunication service “800”.

According to the licenses, lifecell must adhere to state sanitary regulations to ensure that the equipment used does not injure the population by means of harmful electromagnetic emissions. Licenses require lifecell to inform authorities of the start/end of operations within four months and changes in the incorporation address within 30 days. Also, lifecell must present all the required documents for inspection by the NCCIR by their request. The NCCIR may suspend the operations of lifecell for a limited or an unlimited period if necessary due to the expiration of the licenses, upon mutual consent, or in the case of a violation of the terms regarding the use of radio frequencies. If such a violation is determined, the Ukrainian Telecommunications Authority will notify lifecell of the violations and will set the deadline for recovery. If the deadline is not met, the licenses may be terminated.

Belarus License Agreement

Belarusian Telecom owns a license, issued on August 28, 2008, for a period of 10 years, which was valid till August 28, 2018. However, in accordance with the Edict of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated November 26, 2015, numbered 475, the license is now issued without limitation of the period of validity. Starting from March 1, 2016 the license is valid from the date of the licensing authority’s decision on its issue and for an unlimited period. Under the terms of its license, Belarusian Telecom has been provided with additional time by the license authority to fulfill all 2G signal coverage requirements regarding the settlements until the end of 2018. As of December, 2017, the number of uncovered settlements is 657 out of a total of 22,552 settlements.

Turkcell Superonline Authorizations

Turkcell Superonline was authorized as a Fixed Telephony Service Provider as of November 19, 2004, Infrastructure Provider as of March 6, 2006, Internet Service Provider as of February 15, 2005, Satellite

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Communication Service Provider as of March 24, 2009, Cable Broadcast Service Provider as of November 23, 2009, Mobile Virtual Network Operator as of July 14, 2015.

The Authorization By-Law for Telecommunication Services and Infrastructure published in the Official Gazette on August 26, 2004 was abrogated with the By-Law on Authorization for Electronic Communications Sector dated May 28, 2009. According to this abrogation, Turkcell Superonline’s “Authorization” on Infrastructure Operating Service, Internet Service Provision and Satellite Communication Service have been changed to “Authority” on Infrastructure Operating Service, Internet Service Provision, Satellite Communication Service and Cable Broadcast Service. Turkcell Superonline’s “License” on Long Distance Telephony Services License has been changed to “Authorizations” relevant to the Fixed Telephony Services. Aforementioned Public Access Mobile Radio Service Provider Authorization of Turkcell Superonline was annulled as of December 31, 2015.

In accordance with the new legislation issued by the ICTA, the term of the infrastructure operator authorization of Turkcell Superonline has become indefinite. As a result, Turkcell Superonline revised the expected useful lives of related fixed network equipment from 15 years to 25 years.

Turkcell Superonline was authorized as a Platform Operator and Infrastructure Operator, according to the Radio and Television Supreme Council’s decision numbered 24, dated March 26, 2014. Such authorizations have been provided by the Radio and Television Supreme Council, according to the rules of the Media Law and also the Radio and Television Supreme Council By-Law on Broadcasting via Cable Networks. In accordance with the Media Law and its regulations, the Platform Operator Authorization and Infrastructure Operator Authorization are provided annually. Within the scope of the Platform Operator Authorization and Infrastructure Operator Authorization, Turkcell Superonline has the right to operate the platform and infrastructure of TV services.

t. Access and Interconnection Regulation

The Access and Interconnection Regulation (the “Regulation”) became effective when it was issued by the ICTA on September 8, 2009 and abolished the Access and Interconnection Regulation which was published on May 23, 2003. The Regulation sets forth the rights and obligations of the operators relating to access and interconnection and establishes rules and procedures pertaining to their performance of such obligations. The Regulation primarily sets forth applicable principles, details of access and interconnection obligations, financial provisions, and policies and procedures regarding negotiations and contracts for access and interconnection.

The Regulation is driven largely by the goal of improving the competitive environment and ensuring that users benefit from electronic communications services and infrastructure at a reasonable cost. Under the Electronic Communications Law, the ICTA may compel a telecommunications operator to accept another operator’s request for access to and use of its network. All telecommunications operators in Turkey may be required to provide access to other operators. The operators who are compelled to provide access to other operators may be obliged to provide service and information on the same terms and qualifications provided to their shareholders, subsidiaries, and affiliates by the ICTA.

In accordance with Article 7 of the aforementioned Electronic Communications Law, the ICTA may determine the operators that have significant market power in the relevant market as a result of market analysis. After determination of the operators who have significant market power, the ICTA may impose additional liabilities for such operators in order to protect the competitive environment. On December 15, 2005, the ICTA designated Turkcell, Vodafone, and Avea as “operators holding significant market power” in the “GSM Mobile Call Termination Services Market” and designated Turkcell individually as an “operator holding significant market power” in the “Access to GSM Mobile Networks and Call Originating Markets”. According to the new Regulation published in the Official Gazette dated September 1, 2009, numbered 27336, unless otherwise agreed, any decisions taken by the ICTA in the years 2005 and 2006 relating to market analysis were valid and effective until the end of calendar year 2009. Pursuant to its decision dated December 8, 2009, the ICTA designated Turkcell individually as an operator holding significant market power in the “Access to Mobile Networks and Call Originating Markets” and designated Turkcell, Vodafone and Avea as operators holding significant market power in the “Mobile Call Termination Market”. Based on the market analysis of the ICTA for the 2012-2015 term, all three operators were declared as operators holding significant market power in the “Mobile Call Termination Market” and Turkcell is once again recognized as the only operator holding significant power in “Access to GSM Mobile Networks and Call Originating Markets”. As explained above, renewal of market analysis for both markets was expected to be finalized in 2016. However, public consultation documents were released at the end of 2016; and mobile market analyses were finalized in April 2017.

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As a result of the significant market power designation in the “GSM Mobile Call Termination Services Market”, our company, as well as Avea and Vodafone, is required to provide interconnection services on a cost basis. Consequently, according to the Electronic Telecommunications Law, the ICTA may oblige such operators to provide access and to submit their reference offers for access and interconnection to the ICTA for review, and may require amendments to the offers. Operators are obliged to make the amendments requested by the ICTA in a prescribed manner and within a prescribed period. In addition, the operators are obliged to publish their reference offers for access and interconnection, which have been approved by the ICTA, and to provide access under the conditions specified in their reference offers and interconnection, which have been approved by the ICTA. Please refer to the Interconnection table under the caption “Interconnection Rates—Turkcell, Vodafone, Avea and Turk Telekom” below for the approved interconnection rates. In September 2011, the ICTA decided that national and international mobile terminating call rates should be differentiated. As a result of this, the ICTA decided that operators could start to set their own rates liberally for international mobile terminating calls. As of August 2012, Turkcell has started to set its own mobile termination rates for international calls.

In 2014, SMP operators did not provide any reference offers due to the fact that the ICTA rearranged the current reference offers by itself aiming to make the reference offers aligned. With a board resolution dated October 2014, reference offers for interconnection operations were announced for Avea, Vodafone and Turkcell. The ICTA has also set the MMS termination rate for all operators that were not previously regulated. We were not obliged to prepare new reference offers for interconnection operations in 2015. The ICTA has published market analysis and is currently working on the interconnection reference. These interconnection reference offers are expected to come into force in 2018. In addition to that, since the ICTA has decided the deregulation of the Mobile Access Market as of April 2018, if the ICTA does not decide differently by then, Turkcell will no longer be obliged to prepare and publish an access reference offer.

u. Regulation on Co-Location and Facility Sharing

The ICTA has required operators to share certain facilities with other operators under certain conditions specified in the Electronic Communications Law and to provide co-location on their premises for the equipment of other operators at a reasonable price.

Under the Regulation, operators holding significant market power are required to provide access and services to all operators on equal terms. Operators with significant market power are also required to perform unbundling of their services, which means that they have to provide separate service of, and access to, transmission, switching, and operation interfaces. Furthermore, the ICTA may establish rules applicable to the division of the costs of facilities among parties.

The ICTA published a Communiqué concerning “Co-Location and Facility Sharing” on December 2, 2010 (which abolished the Regulation published on December 31, 2003). According to the new Communiqué, the ICTA should determine operators to be co-location incumbent if operators do not enable co-location or there’s a dispute against competition or end-users. Similarly, the ICTA could set tariffs if the tariffs for co-layout are not determined on a cost basis.

The Communiqué defines the criteria for operators who are incumbents for facility sharing and also states the items which must be considered for determining the Facility Sharing prices.

Subsequently, the provisions that regulate the ICTA approval of the examination fee determined by the Co-Location and Facility Sharing incumbent have been removed, opening up the Co-Location and Facility Sharing process to negotiation. In addition, the Facility Sharing incumbent’s right to allocate a facility for its own network and investment plans has been reduced to 25% of the facility.

The ICTA published a regulation concerning “Cellular System Antenna Facility Design, Set Up and Sharing” on March 18, 2011 (which abolished the Regulation published on April 16, 2008). The regulation frames antenna facilities design, set up and sharing to enable base station facility usage by multiple operators. The emission points will not be determined by operators, therefore operators will have to work cellular planning together. Operators must share every base station facility regardless of tower or building-top distinction. Antenna facilities must be set up in certain capacity that at least one more operator can benefit. Some incentives, such as exemptions on some certification fees, will be given if sharing occurs on existing or new sites. Finally, when antenna facility set up and sharing requests are evaluated, if the owner of the facility refuses the request, the requesting operator will be informed of the reason for the refusal. This way, negotiation between parties is supported and ICTA involvement is kept at a minimum level. On December 6, 2016, the ICTA repealed the

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above regulation and replaced it with “The Regulation on the Procedures and Principles of Sharing of Cellular System Antenna Installations and Radio Access Networks” came into force. According to this Regulation;

| • |  | The number of sharing types has increased. The terms and conditions of sharing at highways, railways and within tunnels is now a separate section.

| • |  | In regions where the population is lower than 10,000, if an operator is unable to use the antenna installations built by another operator before the IMT licensing, the operator must notify the ICTA about the situation and the ICTA may let the operator build a new antenna installation. This operator is obliged to make an installation facilitating the sharing by all types with at least two other operators. The operator cannot turn down any sharing requests involving installations set up after IMT licensing in motorways, high speed and very high speed railways, dual carriage highways, tunnels and conventional railways, except for indoor installations.

| • |  | In regions where the population is higher than 10,000 at the time of application to the Authority to build a new installation, provided that operator(s) are present and offer the new comer at least three of the possible share types, no wireless usage fee will be charged for the following year. If the antenna installation concerns towers exclusively, type 2 sharings (e.g. tower and direct sharings) will suffice. This rule will apply until December 31, 2023.

| • |  | In regions where the population is lower than 10,000, except indoor installations, new antenna installations which were established between the date of the IMT authorization and the issue date of this Regulation, all settlements and motorways, high speed and very high speed railways, dual carriage highways, tunnels and conventional railways must be brought in line with the conditions set by this Regulation.

In the 4.5G Authorization Document, in provinces with a population of less than 10,000 and at sites to cover highways, double roads and railroads, any new 3G or 4.5G site to be built must be shared actively by all operators within this region. In the 4.5G Authorization Document, usage of locally-produced equipment in network was obliged, with rates up to 45%. Yet if the lack of such equipment or absence in the demand for production of such equipment is proved by mobile operators, and appealed before the end of reporting period, the ICTA may ease the conditions of the obligation or completely remove the obligation specifically for the related period. We informed the ICTA that we support any local R&D and P&D, as long as it complies with international technical and financial standards and can be sustainable. However, the 4.5G Authorization Document does not provide details on the compliance with international standards. The ICTA may oblige operators to buy and use the locally produced products, independent of the quality standards, if a local vendor produces sufficient equipment to support the mobile operators’ demands. This may cause technical problems in our network. Should such technical problems occur, it could negatively affect our quality of service, leading to increased costs for the 4.5G infrastructure roll-out and could negatively affect our customer experience.

v. Regulation on Consumer Rights in the Electronic Communications Sector

The ICTA published a “Regulation on Consumer Rights in the Electronic Communications Sector” on July 28, 2010 (which abolished the Regulation published on December 22, 2004) and made some changes to such regulation on June 20, 2013. This regulation introduces some radical changes to the electronic communications sector. With this regulation, the ICTA determined new procedures/changes regarding: the process and timing of churn steps, the obligation of operators to keep subscribers informed of services, including, but not limited to, informing customers about amendments of the campaigns and tariffs, the consumer complaints solution mechanism, billing processes and safe internet. On October 28, 2017 the ICTA published the new “Regulation on Consumer Rights in the Electronic Communications Sector” which will come into force in April 2018 except two provisions that already came into force immediately at the date of the publication. This new regulation mainly preserves the provisions of the former regulation. One of the main differences arising from the new regulation is that the subscription agreements can be drawn up electronically within the principles to be set by the ICTA.

In addition, the ICTA may restrict the conditions under which certain mobile internet and services are provided by third parties. Moreover, the ICTA published a board decision regarding Safe Internet on August 22, 2011, and the service is now offered to subscribers free of charge. Operators must provide Safe Internet Service to subscribers, who request this service, as two separate profiles, the child profile and the family profile, each of which can restrict subscribers from accessing certain internet addresses and content. The subscribers can easily change their profiles or opt-out from the Safe Internet Service.

On the other hand, the ICTA set forth the reimbursement process arising from its decisions by publishing on November 11, 2017 “The Procedures and Principles to be Applied to the Reimbursement of the Subscribers”

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which will come into force on June 30, 2018. In addition, “the Procedures and Principles Regarding the Services with Limited Amount of Use and the Applications of Upper Limits of Receipts” that was published on August 19, 2016 came into force on December 1, 2017. The notifications regarding the services with limited amount of use and the applications of upper limits of receipts used to be regulated by separate documents. But with the aforementioned Procedures and Principals, the means, the timing and the content of the notifications regarding the services with limited amount of use and the upper limits of receipts has been consolidated under a regulation. The ICTA’s regulation of these activities could have an adverse effect on our mobile telecommunications business and we may be fined if we do not comply. Furthermore, our compliance with the ICTA’s regulations may increase the costs of doing business and could negatively impact our financial results.

w. Regulation on Data Privacy in Electronic Communications Sector

Under Article 51 of the Electronic Communications Law, the ICTA is authorized to determine the principles and procedures related to the process of personal data and protection of privacy. In this manner, ICTA had published “Regulations on the Protection of Privacy and Processing of Personal Data”. With its decision rendered on April 9, 2014 and published in the Official Gazette on July 26, 2014, the Turkish Constitutional Court decided that Article 51 of the Electronic Communications Law is a violation of Article 20(3) of the Constitution, which stipulates data protection as a constitutional measure and that the measures should be regulated by the laws and therefore annulled the aforementioned provision (Article 51). The Article 51 of the Electronic Communications Law, which was repealed by Turkish Constitutional Court, was amended and came into force on April 15, 2015. In the amended Article 51, the main principles of recording and sharing subscribers’ personal data are defined in general. In addition to that, ICTA is also authorized again to determine the procedures and principles related to the process of personal data and protection of privacy. A public consultation regarding the draft regulation has been collected by the ICTA, however such regulation has not been published so far.

Compliance with this regulation will involve operational expenses and may make it harder to process the customer data and provide segmented offers to our customers. Furthermore, non-compliance with this Regulation may result in the imposition of monetary fines, which could have a negative impact on our financial condition and reputation.

x. Law on the Protection of Personal Data

Turkey, as a part of its legislative reforms to align with the EU legislations, has adopted an extensive data protection regime. The Law on the Protection of Personal Data (the “Law”), which came into force on April 7, 2016, regulates personal data of real persons and its protection, process and transfers.

The Law introduced several obligations for processing and transferring the personal data including fair and lawful processing, protection of personal data, consent requirement, providing notice of processing, and registration with the Data Protection Authority (the “DPA”). According to the Law, the DPA is authorized to impose sanctions and precautions as well as administrative fines which are determined in the Law.

The Law also determines the rights of the person whose data is processed, such as the right to apply to the Data Controller to learn whether the personal data has been processed, to learn if it is being used properly according to the purpose of the processing, to know the third parties to which the personal data is transferred in the country or abroad, to request the personal data to be erased or destroyed and the third parties to be notified of that.

As per Article 16 of the Law, the Regulation on the Registry of Data Controllers specifying procedures and principles regarding the Registry of Data was published on December 30, 2017 and came into force on January 1, 2018. Pursuant to this Regulation, data controllers are obliged to register with the registry prior to processing personal data and the exemptions from the registration requirement shall be determined by the Board of Protection of Personal Data (as of the date that the Regulation came into force, the registry system is not in service and the exemptions from the registration requirement are not determined yet); the data controllers that are not established in Turkey have the responsibility to register with the registry via their representative that they will assign and data controllers are obliged to prepare a personal data processing inventory that includes the purposes for processing personal data, data categories, subject groups of the data, the maximum retention period of the data and measures taken regarding the data security.

In addition to the aforementioned regulation, on October 28, 2017 the Regulation Regarding the Deletion, Destruction and the Anonymization was published and came into force on January 1, 2018. The objective of the

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Regulation is to set forth procedures and principles regarding the deletion, destruction or anonymization of personal data processed wholly or partly by automatic means and otherwise by automatic means which form part of a data recording system. The Regulation applies only to data controllers.

It must be indicated that data processing activities of electronic communications providers had already been regulated under the electronic communications legislation and the regulation introduced by the Law has similarities with the regulations in the electronic communication legislation which Turkcell and Superonline had been doing their best to comply with. Turkcell and Superonline are currently working in order to evaluate compliance with the Law and the regulations stated above and to begin remedial actions if any issues revealed. Such remedial actions, if required, may imply costs and may also hinder the way in which we presently access and use such data.

y. Regulation on Electronic Commerce

Law No. 6563 on the Regulation of Electronic Commerce published in the Official Gazette on November 5, 2014, amended Article 50 of the Electronic Communications Law, providing that without the prior consent of the subscribers, unsolicited electronic communications for the purposes of direct marketing or messages with adult content is prohibited. An “opt-in” mechanism has been adopted for electronic messages; however, this provision does not apply retroactively to the databases which were established by taking the data subjects’ consent before the Law No. 6563 on Regulation of Electronic Commerce entered into force on May 1, 2015.

The Electronic Commerce Law and “Commercial Communications And Commercial Electronic Messages Regulation” published in accordance with this law exclude the messages that are sent to subscribers and users of the operators about their own products and services and these messages are regulated in “The Principles And The Procedures Regarding The Communication With The Purposes Of Advertising And Marketing” which was published by the ICTA on July 9, 2015. According to this legislation, these messages are also subject to the prior consent of the subscribers and users. Violation of this legislation may result in an administrative fine.

Some of the companies that previously used Turkcell’s permission database in high volumes may shift to global social media channels which may not be subject to government regulation. Law No. 6563 on the Regulation of Electronic Commerce will not only affect the permission database business of Turkcell, but also bulk SMS business. More companies may prefer to use the bulk SMS enablers that operate abroad because those enablers are not subject to regulation by the Turkish government.

Additionally, the new regulation may have a negative impact on Turkcell’s corporate business as a whole because the permission database and bulk SMS services are among Turkcell’s most effective services for acquiring corporate subscribers.

z. Registered Email Service Regulation

Registered Electronic Mail Service was started in July 2012. Mobile operators cannot provide registered electronic mail service; however, the service may create a new mobile business area with new bundled mobile products, which are able to service our subscribers.

aa. Turk Telekom, Vodafone and Avea Interconnection Agreements

(i) General

We have interconnection agreements with Turk Telekom, Vodafone, Avea and Fixed Telephony Service Operators whereby they allow us to connect our networks with theirs to enable the transmission of calls to and from our mobile communications system.

The interconnection agreements establish understandings between the parties relating to various key operational areas, including call traffic management, and the agreements contemplate that we and the other parties will agree on the contents of various manuals setting forth additional specifications concerning matters that are not specifically covered in the interconnection agreement, such as quality and performance standards and other technical, operational and procedural aspects of interconnection.

The interconnection agreements specify that the parties shall comply with relevant international standards, including standards adopted by the GSM Memorandum of Understanding, the Telecommunications Standards

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Bureau of the International Telecommunications Union, and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. In the absence of applicable international standards, the interconnection agreements provide that the parties will establish written standards to govern their relationship.

The interconnection agreements outline the applicable interconnection principles and provide the technical basis and rationale for technical specifications and manuals to be agreed to by the parties.

In addition, the parties agree to provide the other party with information that is necessary to enable the performance of their interconnection obligations, the provision of services, or the utilization of equipment and/or buildings as contemplated in the interconnection agreement.

We had ongoing disputes with Vodafone and Turk Telekom over these agreements and with the ICTA regarding its decision related to these agreements. On December 30, 2015, Turkcell Group and Turk Telekom Group reached an agreement to mutually settle the ongoing lawsuits, enforcement procedures and disputes between Turkcell companies including Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri AS, Superonline Iletisim Hizmetleri AS, Kule Hizmet ve Isletmecilik AS and Turk Telekom Group companies including Turk Telekomunikasyon AS, Avea Iletisim Hizmetleri AS and TTNet AS. In this regard, we made a payment of TRY 225 million to Turk Telekom Group which is the net of rights, receivables and claims of both parties (excluding VAT and special communication tax, including all other tax and financial obligations and interest) on January 14, 2016.

(ii) Interconnection Rates—Turkcell, Vodafone, Avea and Turk Telekom

In accordance with the relevant articles of the Electronic Communications Law and subsequent Access and Interconnection Ordinance, the ICTA regulated both fixed and mobile interconnection rates. In previous years, the interconnection rates have substantially decreased with the interventions of the ICTA.

Current interconnection rates are based on the ICTA’s decision on the Interconnection Tariffs issued in April and June 2013. New interconnection rates were published in October 2014 and remain in force with no change in existing rates. However, the Authority published MMS interconnection rates for the first time. Interconnection rates of SMS and MMS services may be deregulated by April 2018 unless the ICTA decides differently. The evolution of interconnection rates for voice calls between Turkcell, Vodafone, Avea, Turk Telekom and Alternative Fixed Line Operators is summarized in the table below.

|  | VOICE (TRY Kurus) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | TURK TELEKOM |  |  | Alternative Fixed Line Operators |
|  | TURKCELL |  |  | VODAFONE |  |  | AVEA |  |  | Local |  |  | Single |  |  | Double |  |
01/10/2004 |  |  | 15.60 |  |  |  | 15.60 |  |  |  | 15.60 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.10 |  |  |  | 5.90 |  |  |  |  |
01/01/2005 |  |  | 14.80 |  |  |  | 14.80 |  |  |  | 14.80 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.40 |  |  |  | 5.10 |  |  |  |  |
01/10/2005 |  |  | 14.00 |  |  |  | 14.00 |  |  |  | 14.00 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.00 |  |  |  | 3.70 |  |  |  |  |
01/01/2007 |  |  | 14.00 |  |  |  | 15.20 |  |  |  | 17.50 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.00 |  |  |  | 3.70 |  |  |  |  |
01/03/2007 |  |  | 13.60 |  |  |  | 14.50 |  |  |  | 16.70 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.89 |  |  |  | 3.00 |  |  |  |  |
01/04/2008 |  |  | 9.10 |  |  |  | 9.50 |  |  |  | 11.20 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.71 |  |  |  | 2.70 |  |  |  |  |
01/05/2009 |  |  | 6.55 |  |  |  | 6.75 |  |  |  | 7.75 |  |  |  | 1.39 |  |  |  | 1.71 |  |  |  | 2.70 |  |  |  |  |
01/04/2010 |  |  | 3.13 |  |  |  | 3.23 |  |  |  | 3.70 |  |  |  | 1.39 |  |  |  | 1.71 |  |  |  | 2.24 |  |  |  | 3.2 |
01/07/2013 |  |  | 2.50 |  |  |  | 2.58 |  |  |  | 2.96 |  |  |  | 1.39 |  |  |  | 1.71 |  |  |  | 2.24 |  |  |  | 3.2 |
31/10/2014 |  |  | 2.50 |  |  |  | 2.58 |  |  |  | 2.96 |  |  |  | 1.39 |  |  |  | 1.71 |  |  |  | 2.24 |  |  |  | 3.2 |

* | In September 2011, the ICTA amended its Regulation on mobile termination rates by removing the restriction on the rates applicable to calls originating from international operators. After reaching commercial agreements with Turk Telekom and alternative fixed-line carriers, we began to charge higher termination rates for international calls effective August 1, 2012.

Effective from July 2013, Turkcell is paid TRY 0.0043 per SMS for SMS termination in its network. Respective rates for Vodafone are TRY 0.0043 per SMS and for Avea TRY 0.0047.

|  | SMS (TRY Kurus) |
|  | TURKCELL |  |  | VODAFONE |  |  | AVEA |  |  | TURK TELEKOM |
01/04/2010 |  |  | 1.70 |  |  |  | 1.73 |  |  |  | 1.87 |  |  |  | 1.70 |
01/07/2013 |  |  | 0.43 |  |  |  | 0.43 |  |  |  | 0.47 |  |  |  | 1.70 |
31/10/2014 |  |  | 0.43 |  |  |  | 0.43 |  |  |  | 0.47 |  |  |  | 1.70 |

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|  | MMS (TRY Kurus) |
|  | TURKCELL |  |  | VODAFONE |  |  | AVEA |
31/10/2014 |  |  | 0.86 |  |  |  | 0.86 |  |  |  | 0.94 |

Effective from October 2014, Turkcell is paid TRY 0.0086 per MMS for MMS termination on its network. Respective rates for Vodafone are TRY 0.0086 per SMS and for Avea TRY 0.0094.

A new decision regarding mobile termination rates is expected in 2018 since ICTA has been working on a cost model to determine the current termination costs of operators. On the other hand by ICTA Decision dated 19 April 2017 and numbered 2017/DK-SRD/131, it has been decided that SMS and MMS termination services (and rates) will no longer be regulated as of 19 April 2018 unless otherwise stated.

bb. Agreements Concluded with the Fixed Telecommunication Services Operators

(i) Interconnection/Call Termination Agreements

Turkcell, as an “operator holding significant market power”, entered into interconnection/call termination agreements with fixed telecommunication service operators that applied to Turkcell for an agreement. Interconnection rates are regulated by the ICTA. Turkcell pays fixed-line operators TRY 0.0320 per minute and fixed-line operators pay Turkcell TRY 0.0250 per minute for national voice call traffic.

(ii) International Transit Traffic Services Agreements

Turkcell entered into International Traffic Carrying Services Agreements with operators who applied to Turkcell for an agreement. Under these Agreements, we may carry calls to these operators’ switches for onward transmission to their destinations and these operators should provide the termination of these calls on the relevant network. These operators charge us at various prices identified within the scope of the agreement for the calls directed to numerous networks around the globe. The operators may modify their rates upon a fifteen day advanced written notice and such rates will become applicable upon our approval.

(iii) SMS Termination Agreements

During 2011, Turkcell entered into SMS Termination Agreements with alternative operators who applied to Turkcell for an agreement. In accordance with the ICTA regulations on SMS Termination Rates in Turkcell’s network, Fixed Telephony Service Operators pay Turkcell TRY 0.0043 per SMS.

cc. MVNO Services

The ICTA designated Turkcell as the operator having significant market power in the mobile access and call origination markets, which had implications such as mandatory MVNO access and cost-oriented call origination and termination rates. However, by ICTA Decision dated April 12, 2017 and discussed above in XII. b., it has been decided that an ex-ante regulation is no longer needed for Mobile Access Call Origination Market and that Turkcell’s SMP designation will be lifted off as of April 12, 2018 unless otherwise stated.

Highly competitive market conditions and heavy tax burdens have discouraged potential MVNOs from entering the market for years. Nevertheless, commercial negotiations with certain MVNO candidates are in progress and we expect to see some MVNO presence in the market in the coming years.

dd. Agreements Concluded with Directory Service Providers

Turkcell entered into agreements relating to the provision of directory services with 11 Directory Service Providers, which are licensed to provide directory services by the ICTA. These agreements determine the principles and procedures related to the access of companies to the Turkcell database, the provision of directory services to the subscribers and the clearing procedure of the parties. Such agreements are valid and binding for a term of one year. However, if neither party notifies the other party one month before the expiration of the agreement of its request to terminate, the agreement will automatically be renewed for another one-year term.

ee. Agreements Concluded with Operators Licensed to Provide Satellite Services

We have executed agreements with Globalstar Avrasya Uydu Ses ve Data Iletisim A.S. and Teknomobil Uydu Haberlesme A.S., operators licensed to provide satellite services. The scope of such agreements is the interconnection between the networks of the parties and the determination of the principles and procedures of the methods of network operation and clearance.

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ff. Prospective Legislation and Regulations

The Electronic Communications Law provides that current telecommunications legislation shall be revised and amended. The revision and amending processes are still ongoing. However, during this period, all regulations and communiqués that were effective prior to the publication of the Electronic Communications Law will still be valid and binding, on the condition that they are not contrary to the provisions of the Electronic Communications Law.

4.C Organizational Structure

The following chart lists each of our key subsidiaries (including our ownership interest in Fintur) and our proportionate direct and indirect ownership interest as of March 13, 2018:

(1) | On February 20, 2017, Turkcell Enerji Cozumleri ve Elektrik Satis Ticaret A.S. was been incorporated under the laws of Republic of Turkey to carry out activities of electricity energy trade, wholesale and retail electricity sale.

(2) | On February 20, 2017, the legal title of the company Turkcell Odeme Hizmetleri A.S. was changed to Turkcell Odeme ve Elektronik Para Hizmetleri A.S.

(3) | On August 3, 2017, Limited Liability Company Paycell was incorporated under the laws of the Ukraine.

(4) | On December 14, 2017, Lifecell Digital Limited was incorporated under the laws of the Turkish Republic of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

(5) | On February 16, 2018, Turkcell Ozel Finansman A.S. was incorporated under the laws of Republic of Turkey.

On January 31, 2018 Board of Directors has approved the incorporation of a company which will engage in insurance agency activities. This company will be a subsidiary of Financell and will have a capital of TRY 300,000.

Fintur was classified as asset held for sale and reported as discontinued operations as of October 2016. As disclosed under the Fintur section, Fintur transferred its 100% share in Geocell to Silknet and 51.3% total shareholding in Azertel to Azintelecom in the first quarter of 2018.

For information on the country of incorporation of our key subsidiaries, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview”.

4.D Property, Plant and Equipment

As of December 31, 2017, we operated 77 facilities including network data centers, of which 55 were located in Turkey, the rest in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Belarus, Ukraine and Azerbaijan.

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We have our own and leased buildings in Istanbul, including our headquarters, mobile switching centers, network data centers, customer service offices and warehouses. Our buildings in Turkey and outside of Turkey are used for the purposes of administration, sales and other service centers as well marketing and operation of mobile switching centers and network data centers.

In September 2015, our headquarters moved to Kucukyali from Beyoglu bringing internal functions and group companies Turkcell Technology and Turkcell Superonline and Global Tower together in Istanbul, generating operational efficiencies.

As of December 31, 2017 we also had 150 owned and 1,167 leased vehicles, used for operational purposes and provided as benefits to some of our employees.

a. Core Network Infrastructure

Our core network consists of three site Geographically Redundant Next Generation Home Location Register Home Subscriber Server (“NG HLR”/“HSS”), a combined Number Portability Switch Relay Function (“SRF”) and Number Portability Database and Signal Transfer Point (“STP”), Diameter Routing Agent (DRA). The Core Network is common for 2G, 3G, 4.5G radio networks and carries voice over IP, with combined Mobile Switch Centers/Visitor Location Registers (“MSC/VLR”), Media Gateways (“MGW”), Charging Control Node (“CCN”) and Virtual Private Network (“VPN”).

We have an IMS based VoLTE (Voice over LTE) network. We are planning to converge Core Voice and IMS Networks. With convergence of the networks, the telco based fixed and mobile services and (OTT based) application services will be given easier and faster.

Our core packet switching network combined of SGSNs/MME’s (Serving GPRS Support Node, Mobility Management Entity) and GGSNs/SGW/PGWs (Gateway GPRS Support Node, Serving and PDN Gateway) providing GPRS/EDGE, and HSPA/HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access) capability for mobile packet traffic and also Policy and Charging Rules Function (“PCRF”) for subscriber policies. In addition, we already deployed Data Optimization equipment for customer experience.

We have switches in Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Adana, Bursa, Diyarbakir, Erzurum, Gaziantep, Hatay, Kayseri, Kocaeli, Malatya, Mersin, Mugla, Samsun, Trabzon, and Van.

In addition, we own switch buildings in different cities in Turkey, such as Istanbul (Mahmutbey, Kartal, Maltepe), Mugla, Izmit, Diyarbakir, and Erzurum. Switch buildings are where the network switching equipment, such as MSC, MGW, BSC and RNC, is located.

b. Access Network Infrastructure

Our Access Network consists of Base Station Controllers (“BSC”) and Radio Network Controllers (“RNC”) at Network Data Centers (“NDC”) and BTS, Node-Bs and eNode-Bs located on rooftops or towers. Since 2014, we have been calling our OMCs (Operation Maintenance Centers) as NDCs (Network Data Centers). BTSs are the fixed transmitter and receiver equipment in a cell, or coverage area of a cluster of antennas, for a 2G mobile network that communicates by radio signal with mobile devices. Similarly, Node-Bs are the corresponding equipment for 3G, connected to and controlled by RNC in order to realize 3G and HSPA+ coverage for 3G /HSPA-equipped mobile phones and eNode-Bs are the equipment that carry out equivalent functionalities for 4.5G with the important difference that they are directly connected to 4.5G Core Network.

At the end of December 2017, we owned over 57,000 base stations (2G+3G/HSDPA+4.5G (LTE-A)) and have leased or own the land underlying such base stations.

In 2009, the ICTA resolved that operators may transfer the right of use of their towers to third parties. In accordance with this resolution, we transferred the rights of some towers to Global Tower.

c. Transmission Network Infrastructure

Turkcell’s mobile backhaul utilizes various transport technologies to provide for an efficient, resilient and cost effective transmission network. Connectivity between sites is provided using Microwave Radio Links and leased lines carried over Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (“SDH”) and Ethernet over DWDM where appropriate.

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Cell sites with site connectivity are mostly served by point-to-point microwave radio links owned and managed by Turkcell, make up more than 90% of our network. Interconnections with other Public Land Mobile Networks (“PLMN”), Public Switched Telephone Networks (“PSTN”), Long Distance Telephony Services (“LDTS”) and small operator companies are realized through leased line connections. More than 90% of our leased line network connectivity is currently provided by our subsidiary “Turkcell Superonline”. The rest of the leased lines are provided by the incumbent Telekom operator “Turk Telekom”. With the growth of data usage and in preparation for “4.5G”, fiber optic connectivity to cell cites has also become a part of our network topology. As a result the overall infrastructure capacity usage is fully optimized and a high grade of availability is achieved through topology resiliency and packet base IP mobile backhaul network infrastructure.

ITEM 4A. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. | OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The following discussion and analysis of our management with regard to our financial condition and the results of our operations should be read together with the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements based on current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of certain events may differ significantly from those projected in such forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those set forth in “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.

I. Overview of the Turkish and International Economy

On the global front, there has been a solid recovery in economic activity, a supportive global backdrop due to tame oil prices and a robust recovery in the developed world, despite a rate normalization cycle in the US economy. The Turkish economy grew successfully for the last 7 years, including a growth of 5.2% in 2014, 6.1% in 2015 and 2.9% in 2016. 2017 was no exception with the economy growing 5.3% in Q1, 5.4% in Q2 and 11.1% in Q3 2017. On the U.S. side, the Federal Reserve (“FED”) has hiked its policy rate three times in 2017 from upper band 0.75% to 1.5%. Following President Trump’s tax bill approval and under assumptions of fiscal spending, inflation and employment numbers growing strong the FED is expected to continue its rate hikes in 2018. Market players expect three rate hikes from the FED in 2018. On the European side, the European Central Bank has signaled the reversing of its policy to normal, with the outlook on the Eurozone economy turning positive and strong.

The TRY depreciated by 7.2% against the U.S. Dollar and by 21.7% against the Euro in 2017, driven mainly by increased internal macroeconomic and political volatility, national security issues, terrorist attacks and political uncertainties as well as international developments such as the U.S. tax bill expectations which have increased U.S. rates, policy normalization signals from the European Central Bank, rate hikes from the FED, as well as slowdown concerns in the China growth outlook. In 2018 the TRY has depreciated by 2.2% as of March 13, 2018. Market players continue to expect further devaluation of the TRY in 2018. A series of factors, among which TRY depreciation, robust domestic demand and high energy prices, have led to the rise in headline inflation to 11.9% in December 2017, which is the highest level since December 2003. The inflation forecast of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey is at 7.9% for year-end 2018. The budget deficit rose sharply to 1.6% of the GDP in December 2017, and is expected to widen as a result of increased government spending in the 2019 election year.

In the context of the April 2017 referendum, increasing government spending led to the widening of the budget deficit to 2% in the first half of 2017. The fiscal performance stabilized in the second half with the stimulus measures expiring. The deficit jumped to TRY 47.4 billion from TRY 29.2 billion in 2016, with a deficit of 1.6% of GDP in December 2017. Uptick in the Treasury’s borrowing needs followed and the debt rollover ratio rose sharply to 126% in 2017 from 90% in 2016. The treasury set the target for the 2018 rollover ratio to 110%. The budget deficit is expected to widen on back of increased government spending in the 2019 election year, so the risks to the domestic roll over ratio are tilted to the upside. Although the lifting of the Russian ban on travel and the strong EU growth boosted exports and revenues in tourism, the effects of strong domestic demand on imports and higher energy prices are expected to result in current account widening to 5% in 2017, from 3.5% in 2016. In 2017, growth was supported by tax cuts in durable goods, the launch of the Credit Guarantee Fund and increasing government expenditure to 7% of 2017 GDP forecasts. In 2018, the economy is expected to grow around 4% with extension of the Credit Guarantee Fund, strong domestic demand and an

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increase in tourism revenues. The expected growth of 7% in 2017 followed by 4% in 2018 signals resilient growth compared to the emerging market peer group. Turkish banking and corporate sectors had no difficulty in rolling their external financing needs in 2017, but the short FX position of the corporate sector is a source of vulnerability.

There are several key risks to the country’s outlook on the geopolitical and domestic political fronts. The military intervention in Syria and the upcoming local elections in March 2019, as well as the parliamentary and presidential elections in November 2019 are key sources of uncertainty and could increase the volatility in FX and interest rate markets. Furthermore, Turkey’s military operation in Syria’s Afrin District, which started in January 2018, may impose higher risks related to an increasing budget deficit if the operation lasts longer than anticipated. However, the ongoing Syria crisis and the geopolitical risks have had no material effect on consumer confidence or PMI (Purchasing Manager Index) numbers. Indeed, in spite of the TRY depreciation and increase in interest rates, the PMI stood at 55.6 and 55.7, respectively, in January and February 2018, while consumer confidence grew from 65.7 in February 2017 to 72.3 in February 2018. Following the failed coup attempt, the Turkish Government declared a state of emergency immediately on January 20, 2016 and has been extending it continuously.

II. Taxation Issues in the Telecommunications Sector

Under current Turkish tax laws, there are several taxes imposed on the services provided by telecommunications operators in Turkey. These taxes are charged to subscribers by mobile operators and remitted to the relevant tax authorities. They may be charged upon subscription, on an annual basis or on an ad valorem basis on the service fees charged to subscribers.

The following are the most significant taxes imposed on our telecommunications services:

a. Special Communications Tax

The Turkish government imposed a special 25% communications tax on mobile telephone services as part of a series of new taxes levied to finance public works required to respond to the earthquakes that struck Turkey’s Marmara region in 1999. As of August 2004 other telecom services (i.e., fixed lines and TV/radio transmission) are also included within the scope of the special communication tax (“SCT”).

As of March 1, 2009, SCT rate for wireless and mobile internet service providers was set to 5% (previously such tax was 25% on mobile, 15% on fixed lines). Other than mobile internet services, all mobile telecommunication services were subject to 25% and other telecommunication services (i.e., fixed lines and TV/radio transmission) were subject to a 15% SCT since December 31, 2017. As of January 1, 2018, the SCT rate for all services within the scope of the tax has been set to 7.5%.

The tax collected from subscribers in one calendar month is remitted to the tax authorities within the first 15 days of the following month.

The SCT on new mobile subscriptions was TRY 47, TRY 46 and TRY 44 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. As of January 1, 2018, the SCT on new subscriptions levied is TRY 53. The tax has had a correlative negative impact on mobile usage. As of January 1, 2018, SCT mechanism on roaming charges before November 3, 2009 has been restored and since then only mark-up amount on subscribers’ invoices for roaming services has been subjected to SCT.

Under Law No. 6322, effective July 1, 2012, new mobile subscriptions for Machine to Machine (M2M) simcards are not subject to the SCT levied upon new subscriptions.

b. Value Added Tax (“VAT”)

Like all services in Turkey, services provided by GSM operators are subject to VAT. General VAT rate for telecom services is 18% and for digital publishing services 1%. We declare VAT to the Ministry of Finance within 24 days and remit VAT paid by our subscribers within the first 26 days of the month following when the tax was incurred, after the offset of input VAT incurred by us.

VAT for roaming services was, until November 3, 2009, calculated solely on the mark-up amount on subscribers’ invoices for roaming services. Following the Ministry of Finance’s declaration of a change in its

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position regarding roaming charges, we began imposing VAT and the special communications tax on the entire amount of roaming charges, starting from November 3, 2009, to comply with this change in position. As of January 1, 2018, the VAT mechanism on roaming charges prior to November 3, 2009 was restored and since then only the mark-up amount on subscribers’ invoices for roaming services has been subjected to VAT.

As of January 1, 2018 reverse charge VAT exemption will be applied on the invoices, which are related to roaming services, issued by foreign GSM operators.

Also new VAT requirements have been published in Official Gazette on 31.01.2018. Due to new legislation, as of January 1, 2018, if nonresident e-service provider performs e-services from abroad to real persons who are located in Turkey, service providers must be VAT tax payer in Turkey. E-service providers have to declare VAT over sales amount of e-services, with VAT Return (Serial No.3) within 24 days and paid within the first 26 days of the month following. Also service providers can consider as deductible VAT which they have paid as VAT amount to the Turkish entities related to these e-services.

c. License and Annual Utilization Fees

According to Article number 46 of the Electronic Communications Law, subscribers registered in the system are subject to both license and annual utilization fees. As of January 1, 2018, subscriptions for machine to machine (M2M) simcards are no longer subject to license and annual utilization fees.

GSM operators are charged with the duty of collecting these fees.

The license fee is paid once on the subscription per subscriber. The license fee was TRY 19.68, TRY 18.95 and TRY 17.95 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. As of January 1, 2018, the license fee is TRY 22.52.

The payment of the annual utilization fee to the government depends on whether a subscriber is postpaid or prepaid. For postpaid subscribers, the monthly utilization fee was TRY 1.64, TRY 1.58, and TRY 1.50 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and is charged to subscribers monthly. For prepaid subscribers, the annual utilization fee is calculated by multiplying the number of registered prepaid subscribers at the previous year end by the annual utilization fee and the calculated bulk annual utilization fee is paid by mobile operators the following year on the last business day in February. As of January 1, 2018, the monthly utilization fee is TRY 1.88. We decided to collect utilization fees from most of our prepaid subscribers starting from June 2011 and we are collecting since then.

Other than subscribers’ license and annual utilization fees, operators must pay license and annual utilization fees for the wireless equipment to ICTA. Before January 1, 2018, the fee amount to be paid was calculated with respect to the amount per unit of wireless equipment (TRx); however, following a legislation shift, as of January 1, 2018 the fee is being calculated as 5% of monthly net sales amount and will be paid within the last day of the following month.

d. Special Consumption Tax

The Special Consumption Tax is a tax on prescribed goods, which includes mobile phones. The Special Consumption Tax is charged on mobile phones either when they are imported or when they are sold by Turkish manufacturers. The Special Consumption Tax rate on mobile phones (mobile phones are legally defined as “transmitter/receiver cellular phones”) was set at 20% prior to October 13, 2011, and the Special Consumption Tax calculated in accordance with the 20% rate must not fall below TRY 40 per cellular phone device (Temporary Article 6 of Special Consumption Tax Code).

The Special Consumption Tax rates were raised on some motor vehicles, mobile phones, alcoholic beverages and tobacco products by a decision of the Board of Ministers, which was published in the Official Gazette on October 13, 2011. The Special Consumption Tax rate over cellular phones was increased from 20% to 25% and the minimum Special Consumption Tax amount to be calculated was increased to TRY 100 (previously the minimum Special Consumption Tax amount was TRY 40) effective from October 13, 2011.

The Special Consumption Tax rates on some motor vehicles, mobile phones and alcoholic beverages were raised by a decision of the Board of Ministers, which was published in the Official Gazette on January 1, 2014. The minimum Special Consumption Tax amount to be calculated over cellular phones was increased to TRY 120 effective from January 1, 2014. By a decision of the Board of Ministers, which was published in the Official

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Gazette on January 1, 2016, the minimum Special Consumption Tax amount to be calculated over cellular phones was increased to TRY 160 effective from January 1, 2016. The said decision of the Board of Ministers has been cancelled in 2016 by the Supreme Court. Finally a new article has been added to the Special Communication Tax Law (Temporary Article 6) on September 9, 2016 and the minimum Special Consumption Tax amount to be calculated over cellular phones was set at TRY 160 effective from September 9, 2016. There is a possibility that such tax may increase in the near future.

e. Turkish Radio and Television (“TRT”) Association Banderol Fee

According to Article number 4 of Law on TRT Revenues, mobile phones are subject to TRT banderol fee over (i) VAT base (excluded special consumption tax) related to sales amount for produced products (ii) VAT base (excluded special consumption tax) of Customs Declaration amount for import products. Before June 2016, mobile phones which can receive radio or television broadcasts via integrated tuner, were subjected to TRT banderol fee at the rate of 6%. As of June 2016, this rate was applied as (i) 7% for mobile phones which can receive radio or television broadcasts via integrated tuner, (ii) 6% for mobile phones which can receive radio or television broadcasts via internet connection. As of July 2017, all mobile phones which have 8517.12.00.00.11 customs tariff statistics position, subject to TRT banderol fee at the rate of 10%.

f. Treasury Share, Universal Service Fund Contribution

Due to our licenses (2G and 3G) and Authorization Certificate (4.5G), we are required to pay a treasury share equal to 15% of our gross revenue including some exemptions. 10% of the treasury share is paid as a universal service fund contribution. In addition, we must pay annual contributions in an amount equal to 0.35% of our gross revenue to the ICTA’s expenses.

Since 2005, we are required to pay 90% of the treasury share to the Turkish Treasury and 10% to the Turkish Ministry as a universal service fund contribution. As of January 1, 2018, all of our treasury share will be paid to the ICTA, which will then transfer it to the Turkish Treasury and the Turkish Ministry as detailed above. The calculation method for the Treasury Share has also been revised and the following will consequently not be considered in calculation of the Treasury Share: overdue interests which are accrued to the subscribers for any unpaid balance, accrual amounts for the purpose of reporting, and finally, amounts for the purpose of correction accounting records which occur in the same year due to errors (such as customer information, type of business, amount, price).

Also, we are required to pay a Universal Service Fund Contribution equal to 1% of net sales revenue for Superonline and Global Tower. These amounts are paid annually, within June of each following year. In addition, we must pay annual contributions in an amount equal to 0.35% of our gross revenue to the ICTA’s expenses for both of companies.

g. Tax disputes

Changes in the Ministry of Finance’s interpretation of the taxation codes, especially changes regarding consumption taxes (Value Added Tax and Special Communication Tax), may adversely affect consumer prices. In addition to the prospective financial impact of such changes, unanticipated tax liabilities and fines may also be levied against our financial results in prior years since a Turkish company’s operations in the previous five years may be subject to financial investigation. Regulations that became effective from July 1, 2010, however, have strengthened our rights with regards to this risk, particularly with regards to the following:

| • |  | Tax inspectors shall not issue tax audit reports that contradict Decrees, Public Acts, Statutory Rules, General Communiqués and Circulars promulgated;

| • |  | In the event that the tax authority differentiates previous interpretations of taxation codes via promulgated General Communiqués and Circulars, the new interpretation shall not be applied to previous transactions; and

| • |  | Transactions that are compliant with rulings taken from the Tax Office shall be relieved from both tax penalty and overdue interest. Such shelter is valid only for a taxpayer that has applied for the ruling.

For a description of various tax related disputes to which we are party, see “Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings”.

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III. Critical Accounting Policies

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and for the period then ended. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate the estimates used. We base our estimates on historical experience, actuarial estimates, current conditions and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Our critical accounting policies are disclosed in Note 2 (Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies) to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 20-F.

IV. Reportable Segments and Reporting Currency

Our operations are aggregated under two main reportable segments, Turkcell Turkey and Turkcell International:

| • |  | The Turkcell Turkey segment comprises mainly our telecommunication and technology services activities in Turkey and includes the operations of Turkcell, Turkcell Superonline, Turkcell Satis, group call center operations of Turkcell Global Bilgi, Turktell, Turkcell Teknoloji, Global Tower, Rehberlik, Turkcell Odeme and Turkcell Gayrimenkul.

| • |  | The Turkcell International segment comprises mainly our telecommunication and technology services activities outside of Turkey and includes the operations of lifecell, Belarusian Telecom, Kibris Telekom, Eastasia, Lifecell Ventures, Beltel, UkrTower, Global LLC, Turkcell Europe, Lifetech LLC, Beltower, Lifecell Digital Limited and Fintur.

Our “Other” reportable segment is comprised mainly of information and entertainment services in Turkey and Azerbaijan, non-group call center operations of Turkcell Global Bilgi, consumer financing service operations of Financell, Paycell LLC and electricity energy trade operations of Turkcell Enerji. The accounting policies of our reportable segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies.

Starting from 1 October 2016, Fintur was classified as held for sale and discontinued operations, although no assurance can be given that the Group successfully or completely exits on commercially viable terms, or that another course of action will not be taken. See Note 16 to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 18. Financial Statements” of this annual report on Form 20-F.

Our financial statements are presented in TRY only, the currency in which we recognize the majority of our revenues and expenses.

5.A Operating Results

Our audited Consolidated Financial Statements as at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017 included in this annual report have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB.

I. Overview of Business

Turkcell, a joint stock company organized and existing under the laws of the Republic of Turkey, was formed in 1993 and commenced operations in 1994. We operate under a 25-year GSM license (the “2G License”) and a 20-year GSM license (the “3G License”). We were granted the 2G License in April 1998 upon payment of an upfront license fee of $500 million. On April 30, 2009, we signed a license agreement with the ICTA, which provides authorization for providing IMT 2000/UMTS services and infrastructure. We acquired the A-type license providing the widest frequency band for a consideration of EUR 358 million (excluding VAT). The 3G License is effective for 20 years starting from April 30, 2009. Pursuant to the agreement, we started to provide IMT 2000/UMTS services as of July 30, 2009.

In accordance with our 3G license agreement, we are required to cover the population within the borders of all metropolitan municipalities and within the borders of all cities and municipalities in three and six years,

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respectively. Moreover, we are required to cover the population in all settlement areas with a population higher than 5,000 and 1,000 in eight and ten years, respectively, following the date of the agreement. As of December 31, 2017, we had reached 97.94% population coverage.

In 2013, we won an auction held by the Turkish Ministry related to universal service, which requires installing sufficient infrastructure to uncovered areas with a population of less than 500, as well as the operation of the service for three years. This contract was recently renewed until December 31, 2018 and adds mobile broadband services to the existing infrastructure, to provide GSM services under the Universal Service Law and to operate the new and existing networks together.

In the 4.5G auction held on August 26, 2015, we agreed to purchase the use of 172.4 MHz, the largest amount of spectrum of any operator, for EUR 1,623.5 million (excluding VAT and interest payable on the installments). The license fee is being paid in four equal semi-annual installments. We agreed to purchase the use of widest frequency bands on 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz. We believe that these will allow us to offer high quality 4.5G services. We commenced offering 4.5G services from April 1, 2016. The 4.5G License is effective for 13 years until April 30, 2029.

Other than our 2G, 3G and 4.5G licenses, we also operate under interconnection agreements with other operators that allow us to connect our networks with those operators to enable the transmission of calls to and from our mobile communications system and fixed line networks through existing digital fixed telephone switches. For example, we have an interconnection agreement with Turk Telekom that provides for the interconnection of our network with Turk Telekom’s fixed-line network. Under our agreement with Turk Telekom, as amended, we pay Turk Telekom an interconnection fee per call based on the type and length of the call for calls originating on our network and terminating on Turk Telekom’s fixed-line network, as well as fees for other services. We also collect an interconnection fee from Turk Telekom for calls originating on their fixed-line network and terminating on ours. We also have interconnection agreements with Vodafone and Avea pursuant to which we have agreed, among other things, to pay interconnection fees to them for calls originating on our network and terminating on theirs, and they have agreed to pay interconnection fees for calls originating on their networks and terminating on our networks.

In 2015, Turkcell positioned itself as a converged player in the total telecommunication market by leveraging its brand, extensive customer base, technological capabilities and strong distribution channel. We shifted our organizational structure with the aim of increasing efficiency and simplification in our business processes.

Our services portfolio includes high-quality mobile and fixed voice, data, TV and digital services over our network. We continue to focus on our customer-oriented approach and our ability to provide quick and differentiated solutions to meet customers’ needs through lifestyle segments.

In 2016, we have invested in the broadest 4.5G spectrum in Turkey and have established what we believe to be the most advanced mobile and fiber network in Turkey. Post 4.5G launch, we realigned our strategy to focus on providing innovative and pioneering digital services, aiming to become more present and relevant in our customers’ daily lives. Turkcell develops and manages digital services and solutions to address the diverse needs of both consumers and corporate customers, thereby enriching their lives. Thus, Turkcell defines itself as a digital operator.

Due to our digital services strategy, one of our main targets is to increase digital services penetration, therefore increasing mobile and fixed multi-play customers, which in our experience generates higher ARPU and greater customer loyalty. For instance, in 2017, a mobile triple play customer generated 2.9 times the ARPU of a single play customer and had 20% less churn on average.

Our subscriber base has grown substantially since we began operations in 1994. At year-end 1994, we had 63,500 subscribers, and by year-end 2017, that number for the Group had grown to 50.2 million including subscribers of subsidiaries.

In the mobile segment, we increased our postpaid subscriber base from 53% in 2016 to 54% in 2017 due to our focus on value. As of December 31, 2017, we had approximately 15.6 million prepaid subscribers and 18.5 million postpaid subscribers, compared to approximately 15.7 million prepaid subscribers and 17.4 million postpaid subscribers as of December 31, 2016.

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Our average MoU in Turkey increased 7% to 347.1 minutes in 2017 from 323.9 minutes in 2016, as a result of high bundle packages utilization. Our mobile ARPU in Turkey increased to TRY 29.8 in 2017 compared to TRY 26.8 in 2016 mainly driven by our upsell strategy, favorable change in customer mix, focus on high value customer groups, and data and digital service growth.

Our revenues are generated in large part from interconnection fees and retail tariffs. Regulatory decisions have had and may continue to have the effect of decreasing interconnection rates and imposing minimum and maximum prices on our retail tariffs. For a more detailed discussion of these factors, please see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Regulation of the Turkish Telecommunications Industry” and “Item 5.D. Trend Information”.

Churn rate is the percentage calculated by dividing the total number of subscriber disconnections during a period by the average number of subscribers for the same period. For these purposes, we define “average number of subscribers” as the number of subscribers at the beginning of the period plus one half of the total number of gross subscribers acquired during the period. Churn refers to subscribers that are both voluntarily and involuntarily disconnected from our network. In 2017, our churn rate for mobile operations in Turkey decreased to 20.5% from 24.6 % in 2016.

In the fixed segment, we increased our subscriber base from 1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, to 2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. 57% of the subscriber base are fiber customers (1.2 million subscribers).

We have an allowance for doubtful receivables in our Consolidated Financial Statements for non-payments and disconnections that amounted to TRY 778.4 million and TRY 974.5 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 respectively, which we believe is adequate. The main reason for the change in allowance for doubtful receivables is collections made in 2017 amounting to TRY 262.0 million and a write-off of overdue receivables amounting to TRY 138.5 million which was netted off with an impairment loss recognized amounting to TRY 298.3 million. Moreover, the Company signed a transfer of claim agreement with a debt management company to transfer some of its doubtful receivables amounting to TRY 80.0 million stemming from the years between 1998 and 2016, excluding the amount from financial services which amounted to TRY 17 million stemming from the year 2017. Transferred doubtful receivables comprise of balances that the Company started legal proceedings.

II. International and Other Domestic Operations

In addition to our businesses in Turkey, we have telecommunications operations in Ukraine, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Belarus and Germany. We also operate in other countries through Fintur. For a description of, and additional information regarding, our international and other domestic operations, see “Item 4.B. Business Overview”.

III. Revenues

Revenues include telecommunication services which is comprised of voice, data, messaging, services and solutions, interconnect, roaming, wholesale and other revenues. Other revenues mainly consist of revenues from our retail business, call center business, information and entertainment services, tower business and financial services.

IV. Operating Costs

a. Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues includes treasury shares, universal service fund, transmission fees, radio expenses, billing costs, cost of goods sold, depreciation and amortization charges, funding costs for financial services, roaming charges paid to foreign mobile communications operators for calls made by our subscribers while outside Turkey, interconnection fees mainly paid to Turk Telekom, Vodafone and Avea, and wages and salaries and expenses for technical personnel.

b. Administrative Expenses

Administrative expenses consist of fixed costs, including company cars, office rental, office maintenance, travel, consulting, collection charges, wages, salaries and personnel expenses for non-technical, non-marketing, and non-sales employees, and other overhead charges. Our administrative expenses also include bad debt expenses of our subscribers and customers.

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c. Selling and Marketing

Selling and marketing expenses consist of dealer and distributor commissions, advertising, uncharged prepaid frequency usage fees, wages, salaries and personnel expenses of sales and marketing related employees, and other expenses, including travel expenses, office expenses, insurance, company car expenses, and training and communication expenses.

d. Results of Operations

The following table shows information concerning our consolidated statements of operations for the years indicated:

|  | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in TRY millions) |
Revenues |  |  | 17,026.4 |  |  |  | 14,100.9 |  |  |  | 12,769.4 |
Revenue from financial services |  |  | 605.7 |  |  |  | 184.7 |  |  |  | — |
Total revenue |  |  | 17,632.1 |  |  |  | 14,285.6 |  |  |  | 12,769.4 |
Cost of revenue |  |  | (11,073.5 | ) |  |  | (9,166.4 | ) |  |  | (7,769.5 | )
Cost of revenue from financial services |  |  | (276.7 | ) |  |  | (70.2 | ) |  |  | — |
Total cost of revenue |  |  | (11,350.2 | ) |  |  | (9,236.6 | ) |  |  | (7,769.5 | )
Gross profit |  |  | 6,281.9 |  |  |  | 5,049.0 |  |  |  | 4,999.9 |
Administrative expenses |  |  | (645.2 | ) |  |  | (721.8 | ) |  |  | (625.3 | )
Selling and marketing expenses |  |  | (2,005.4 | ) |  |  | (1,910.9 | ) |  |  | (1,901.9 | )
Other income/(expense), net |  |  | (698.9 | ) |  |  | (234.2 | ) |  |  | (225.9 | )
Operating profit |  |  | 2,932.4 |  |  |  | 2,181.9 |  |  |  | 2,246.8 |
Finance costs |  |  | (1,413.3 | ) |  |  | (1,237.6 | ) |  |  | (799.5 | )
Finance income |  |  | 1,090.4 |  |  |  | 1,064.8 |  |  |  | 756.1 |
Net finance (costs)/income |  |  | (322.9 | ) |  |  | (172.8 | ) |  |  | (43.4 | )
Monetary gain |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Share of profit of equity accounted investees |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Profit before income taxes |  |  | 2,609.5 |  |  |  | 2,009.1 |  |  |  | 2,203.3 |
Income tax expense |  |  | (571.8 | ) |  |  | (423.2 | ) |  |  | (667.1 | )
Profit from continuing operations |  |  | 2,037.8 |  |  |  | 1,586.0 |  |  |  | 1,536.2 |
Profit/ (loss) from discontinued operations |  |  | — |  |  |  | (42.2 | ) |  |  | 367.3 |
Profit for the year |  |  | 2,037.8 |  |  |  | 1,543.8 |  |  |  | 1,903.6 |
Attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity holders of the Company |  |  | 1,979.1 |  |  |  | 1,492.1 |  |  |  | 2,067.7 |
Non-controlling interest |  |  | 58.6 |  |  |  | 51.7 |  |  |  | (164.1 | )
Profit for the year |  |  | 2,037.8 |  |  |  | 1,543.8 |  |  |  | 1,903.6 |

The following table shows certain items in our consolidated statement of operations as a percentage of revenue:

|  | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Results of Operations (% of revenue) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | (64.4 | ) |  |  | (64.7 | ) |  |  | (60.8 | )
Gross margin |  |  | 35.6 |  |  |  | 35.3 |  |  |  | 39.2 |
Administrative expense |  |  | (3.7 | ) |  |  | (5.1 | ) |  |  | (4.9 | )
Selling and marketing expenses |  |  | (11.4 | ) |  |  | (13.4 | ) |  |  | (14.9 | )
Other operating income/(expense), net |  |  | (4.0 | ) |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  |  | (1.8 | )
Operating Profit |  |  | 16.6 |  |  |  | 15.3 |  |  |  | 17.6 |

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V. Segment Overview

Our operations are aggregated under two main reportable segments, Turkcell Turkey and Turkcell International:

| • |  | The Turkcell Turkey segment comprises mainly our telecommunication and technology services activities in Turkey and includes the operations of Turkcell, Turkcell Superonline, Turkcell Satis, group call center operations of Turkcell Global Bilgi, Turktell, Turkcell Teknoloji, Global Tower, Rehberlik, Turkcell Odeme and Turkcell Gayrimenkul.

| • |  | The Turkcell International segment comprises mainly our telecommunication and technology services activities outside of Turkey and includes the operations of lifecell, Belarusian Telecom, Kibris Telekom, Eastasia, Lifecell Ventures, Beltel, UkrTower, Global LLC, Turkcell Europe, Lifetech LLC, Beltower, Lifecell Digital Limited and Fintur.

Our “Other” reportable segment is comprised mainly information and entertainment services in Turkey and Azerbaijan, non-group call center operations of Turkcell Global Bilgi, consumer financing service operations of Financell, Paycell LLC and electricity energy trade operations of Turkcell Enerji. The accounting policies of our reportable segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies.

Starting from 1 October 2016, Fintur was classified as held for sale and discontinued operations, although no assurance can be given that the Group successfully or completely exit on commercially viable terms, or that another course of action will not be taken. See Note 16 to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 18. Financial Statements” of this annual report on Form 20-F.

|  | Turkcell Turkey |  |  | Turkcell International |  |  | Other |  |  | Intersegment Eliminations |  |  | Consolidated |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | (in TRY millions) |
Total segment revenue |  |  | 15,450.1 |  |  |  | 12,787.6 |  |  |  | 1,067.1 |  |  |  | 874.7 |  |  |  | 1,187.5 |  |  |  | 661.9 |  |  |  | (72.6 | ) |  |  | (38.6 | ) |  |  | 17,632.1 |  |  |  | 14,285.6 |
Inter-segment revenue |  |  | (31.7 | ) |  |  | (19.7 | ) |  |  | (40.9 | ) |  |  | (19.0 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | 72.6 |  |  |  | 38.6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Revenues from external customers |  |  | 15,418.4 |  |  |  | 12,767.9 |  |  |  | 1,026.2 |  |  |  | 855.7 |  |  |  | 1,187.4 |  |  |  | 661.9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,632.1 |  |  |  | 14,285.6 |
Adjusted EBITDA* |  |  | 5,593.8 |  |  |  | 4,160.9 |  |  |  | 264.0 |  |  |  | 235.3 |  |  |  | 374.3 |  |  |  | 222.8 |  |  |  | (3.9 | ) |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 6,228.3 |  |  |  | 4,619.5 |
Bad debt expense |  |  | 49.5 |  |  |  | (195.5 | ) |  |  | (6.1 | ) |  |  | (6.0 | ) |  |  | (79.7 | ) |  |  | (10.0 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (36.3 | ) |  |  | (211.4 | )

|  | Turkcell Turkey |  |  | Turkcell International |  |  | Other |  |  | Intersegment Eliminations |  |  | Consolidated |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (in TRY millions) |
Total segment revenue |  |  | 12,787.6 |  |  |  | 11,480.9 |  |  |  | 874.7 |  |  |  | 856.1 |  |  |  | 661.9 |  |  |  | 458.6 |  |  |  | (38.6 | ) |  |  | (26.2 | ) |  |  | 14,285.6 |  |  |  | 12,769.4 |
Inter-segment revenue |  |  | (19.7 | ) |  |  | (14.6 | ) |  |  | (19.0 | ) |  |  | (11.7 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 38.6 |  |  |  | 26.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Revenues from external customers |  |  | 12,767.9 |  |  |  | 11,466.3 |  |  |  | 855.7 |  |  |  | 844.4 |  |  |  | 661.9 |  |  |  | 458.7 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,285.6 |  |  |  | 12,769.4 |
Adjusted EBITDA* |  |  | 4,160.9 |  |  |  | 3,759.6 |  |  |  | 235.3 |  |  |  | 246.0 |  |  |  | 222.8 |  |  |  | 134.5 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 4,619.5 |  |  |  | 4,140.5 |
Bad debt expense |  |  | (195.5 | ) |  |  | (188.0 | ) |  |  | (6.0 | ) |  |  | (8.3 | ) |  |  | (10.0 | ) |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (211.4 | ) |  |  | (196.6 | )

* | For a definition of adjusted EBITDA, please see footnote 9 of the table in “Item 3.A. Selected Financial Data”.

Turkcell Turkey

a. 2017 compared to 2016

Total revenues generated by Turkcell Turkey increased 20.8% to TRY 15,450.1 million in 2017 from TRY 12,787.6 million in 2016, mainly due to a 51.2% growth in data and digital services revenues driven by the increase in mobile data and fixed data revenues impacted by increased smartphone penetration, higher subscriber numbers, a rise in data consumption, price adjustments and higher digital services subscribers. This was partially offset by a 36.5% decrease in voice and SMS revenues. For a more detailed discussion of the factors affecting our revenues, please see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Regulation of the Turkish Telecommunications Industry” and “Item 5.D. Trend Information”.

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Turkcell Turkey’s Adjusted EBITDA increased 34.4% to TRY 5,593.8 million in 2017 from TRY 4,160.9 million in 2016, mainly due to an increase in revenues and decrease in administrative expenses which was partially offset by an increase in cost of revenues. The increase in the cost of revenues mainly resulted from an increase in treasury share expenses, interconnection cost, wages, salaries and personnel, cost of goods sold and network related expenses. The decrease in administrative expenses mainly resulted from a decrease in bad debt expenses as opposed to increase in consultancy expenses and wages, salaries and personnel expenses.

b. 2016 compared to 2015

Total revenues generated by Turkcell Turkey increased 11.4% to TRY 12,787.6 million in 2016 from TRY 11,480.9 million in 2015, mainly due to a 62.3% growth in data and digital services revenues driven by the increase in mobile data and fixed data revenues impacted by increased smartphone penetration, higher user numbers and a rise in data consumption; which was partially offset by a 26.5% decrease in voice and SMS revenues. For a more detailed discussion of the factors affecting our revenues, please see “Item 4.B. Business Overview—Regulation of the Turkish Telecommunications Industry” and “Item 5.D. Trend Information”.

Turkcell Turkey’s Adjusted EBITDA increased 10.7% to TRY 4,160.9 million in 2016 from TRY 3,759.6 million in 2015, mainly due to an increase in revenues which was partially offset by an increase in cost of revenues and administrative expenses. The increase in the cost of revenues mainly resulted from an increase in treasury share expenses, interconnection cost, wages, salaries and personnel, handset costs and network related expenses. The increase in administrative expenses mainly resulted from an increase in bad debt expenses, consultancy expenses and wages, salaries and personnel expenses.

Turkcell International

a. 2017 compared to 2016

Total revenues generated by Turkcell International increased by 22.0%, to TRY 1,067.1 million in 2017 from TRY 874.7 million in 2016 mainly due to currency appreciation in Ukraine and Belarus against the Turkish Lira in 2017. The annual growth rates, in terms of local currency, of our major subsidiaries, lifecell and Belarusian Telecom were 0.8% and 13.4% respectively. The revenue growth in lifecell, which operates in Ukraine, was mainly driven by 17% higher blended ARPU (three-month active) due to higher mobile broadband usage which was partially offset by the decrease in the three-month active subscriber base to 8.0 million from 9.2 million. The revenue growth in Belarusian Telecom, which operates in Belarus, was mainly due to increased number of 4G users, and higher data consumption led to increased data revenues. Meanwhile, BeST continued to increase the penetration of its digital services within its customer base in accordance with Turkcell’s digital services strategy.

Turkcell International’s Adjusted EBITDA increased by 12.2% to TRY 264.0 million in 2017 from TRY 235.3 million in 2016 due to the positive impact of currency appreciation in Ukraine and Belarus against the Turkish Lira. The increase in Turkcell International’s Adjusted EBITDA was mainly due to increase in lifecell’s Adjusted EBITDA by 13.0% in terms of TRY, which was decreased by 2.2% in terms of local currency mainly due to higher network related costs resulting from the 3G+ roll-out.

b. 2016 compared to 2015

Total revenues generated by Turkcell International increased by 2.2%, to TRY 874.7 million in 2016 from TRY 856.1 million in 2015 mainly due to currency devaluation in Ukraine and Belarus against the Turkish Lira in 2015. The annual growth rates, in terms of local currency, of our major subsidiaries, lifecell and Belarusian Telecom were 8.1% and 19.4% respectively. The revenue growth in Belarusian Telecom, which operates in Belarus, was mainly due to expansion of the subscriber base along with increased voice, mobile services revenues and terminal sales.

Turkcell International’s Adjusted EBITDA decreased by 4.3% to TRY 235.3 million in 2016 from TRY 246.0 million in 2015 due to the negative impact of currency devaluation in Ukraine and Belarus against the Turkish Lira. The majority of the segment Adjusted EBITDA is driven by lifecell which decreased by 8.6% in terms of local currency in 2016 compared to 2015 due to higher network related costs resulting from the 3G+ roll-out and operational leasing expense post tower related sale and leaseback transactions, as well as higher marketing expenses.

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VI. Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2016

We had 34.1 million mobile subscribers in Turkey, including 15.6 million mobile prepaid subscribers, as of December 31, 2017, compared to 33.0 million mobile subscribers in Turkey, with 15.7 million mobile prepaid subscribers, as of December 31, 2016. During 2017, we recorded an increase of 1.0 million Turkish mobile subscribers.

In the fixed segment, we increased our subscriber base from 1.9 million, of which 1.0 million were fiber customers, for the year ended December 31, 2016, to 2.1 million, of which 1.2 million were fiber customers, for the year ended December 31, 2017.

In Ukraine, we had 11.1 million and 12.4 million registered subscribers as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. During 2017, we lost approximately 1.3 million Ukrainian registered subscribers, similarly 3 months active subscribers decreased from 9.2 million to 8.0 million. This was primarily due to decreasing multiple SIM card usage.

a. Revenues

Total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 23.4% to TRY 17,632.1 million in 2017 from TRY 14,285.6 million in 2016.

Total revenues generated by Turkcell Turkey increased 20.8%, to TRY 15,450.1 million in 2017 from TRY 12,787.6 million in 2016, mainly due to a 51.2% growth in data and digital services revenues driven by the increase in mobile data and fixed data revenues impacted by increased smartphone penetration, higher subscriber numbers and a rise in data consumption; which was partially offset by a 36.5% decrease in voice and SMS revenues.

Postpaid subscriber usage is generally higher than prepaid subscriber. In Turkey, during 2017, we maintained our focus on the postpaid segment, with newly launched campaigns, offers and promotions to switch customers from the prepaid to the postpaid segment. We focus on postpaid subscribers because there is, in general, higher average revenue per postpaid subscriber and a lower churn rate. In 2017, postpaid ARPU excluding M2M subscribers was TRY 48.5 whereas prepaid average revenue per user was TRY 14.9. These figures indicate that postpaid average revenue per user is approximately 3.3 times the prepaid average revenue per user. Therefore, the increase in the number of postpaid subscribers has a positive effect on blended average revenue per user.

Total revenues generated by Turkcell International increased by 22.0%, to TRY 1,067.1 million in 2017 from TRY 874.7 million in 2016 mainly due to growth in Ukraine and Belarus business. The annual growth rates, in terms of local currency, lifecell and Belarusian Telecom were 0.8% and 13.4% respectively.

Other subsidiaries’ revenues, mainly comprised of our revenues from information and entertainment services, call center services and financial services, grew by 79.4% to TRY 1,187.5 million in 2017 from TRY 661.9 million in 2016. The increase in revenue is mainly attributable to Financell which was commenced in February 2016.

b. Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues, including depreciation and amortization, increased by 22.9% to TRY 11,350.2 million in 2017 from TRY 9,236.6 million in 2016, due to an increase in depreciation and amortization charges, treasury shares and universal funds paid, network related expenses, wages, salaries and personnel expenses, funding costs for financial services and other items.

Depreciation and amortization charges (including impairment charges) increased by 17.9%, to TRY 2,597.0 million in 2017 from TRY 2,203.2 million in 2016. The amortization expense for our GSM license and other telecommunication operating licenses was TRY 537.2 million in 2017 mainly attributable to our 4.5G license and TRY 445.1 million in 2016.

Treasury shares and universal service funds paid to the Turkish Ministry increased 12.3%, to TRY 1,891.2 million in 2017 from TRY 1,683.5 million in 2016 which was mainly due to the increase in mobile revenues.

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Interconnection and termination costs increased 13.2% to TRY 1,607.1 million in 2017 from TRY 1,420.2 million in 2016 mainly due to the increase in off-net interconnection traffic.

Transmission costs increased by 56.8% to TRY 218.2 million in 2017 from TRY 139.2 million in 2016. Furthermore, radio costs increased by 6.2%, to TRY 1,123.7 million in 2017 from TRY 1,057.6 million in 2016 mainly due to the cumulative investment impact and increased costs such as rent and energy.

Wages, salaries and personnel expenses for technical personnel increased 21.8% to TRY 1,046.5 million in 2017 from TRY 859.1 million in 2016, mainly due to the periodic increase in wages and salaries and the increase in number of personnel.

Roaming expenses increased 38.0%, to TRY 177.3 million in 2017 from TRY 128.4 million in 2016, mainly due to depreciation of the TRY against the EUR and overall traffic increase.

Billing and archiving costs decreased 10.5% to TRY 55.2 million in 2017 from TRY 61.6 million in 2016, mainly due to the increase in the usage of the electronic and SMS invoices for billing.

Cost of revenue from financial services increased 294.4% to TRY 270.4 million in 2017 from TRY 68.5 million in 2016, due to the increased activities of Turkcell Finansman, which received official authorization in January 2016. Other costs in cost of revenues increased 46.4% to TRY 2,363.6 million in 2017 from TRY 1,614.9 million in 2016 due to increased contribution of our subsidiaries to our revenues, particularly in the fixed broadband and retail businesses, and universal service project.

As a percentage of revenues, cost of revenues decreased 0.3 pp to 64.4% in 2017 from 64.7% in 2016, mainly as a result of increases in cost of revenue from financial services of 1.1 pp, retail sales related to device costs of 1.1 pp and other costs in cost of revenues of 1.0 pp as opposed to decreases in interconnect costs of 0.8 pp, treasury share 1.1 pp, radio cost 1.0 pp and depreciation and amortization expenses of 0.7 pp.

Gross profit margin increased 0.3 percentage points from 35.3% in 2016 to 35.6% in 2017.

c. Administrative expenses

Administrative expenses decreased 10.6%, to TRY 645.2 million in 2017 from TRY 721.8 million in 2016, mainly due to an increase in wages, salaries and personnel expenses, rent expense, travel and entertainment expenses as opposed to the decrease in consultancy expenses and bad debt expenses. As a percentage of revenues, general and administrative expenses decreased to 3.7% for the year ended December 31, 2017, from 5.1% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Wages, salaries and personnel expenses for non-technical and non-marketing employees increased 24.8%, to TRY 346.2 million in 2017 from TRY 277.4 million in 2016, primarily due to periodic increases in wages and salaries and the increase in number of personnel.

Bad debt expenses decreased 82.8%, to TRY 36.3 million in 2017 from TRY 211.4 million in 2016, due to recovery in collection performance.

We provided an allowance of TRY 778.4 million and TRY 974.5 million for doubtful receivables for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, depending on the likelihood of recoverability of trade and other receivables based on the aging of the balances, historical collection trends and general economic conditions.

Other administrative expenses, including collection and consulting expenses, increased 12.8% to TRY 262.8 million in 2017 from TRY 233.0 million in 2016.

d. Selling and marketing expenses

Selling and marketing expenses increased 4.9%, to TRY 2,005.4 million in 2017 from TRY 1,910.9 million in 2016, primarily due to an increase in selling expenses, wages, salaries, personnel and marketing expenses, which wrere partially offset by a decrease in prepaid subscribers’ uncharged frequency usage fee expenses. As a percentage of revenues, selling and marketing expenses decreased from 13.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016 to 11.4 % for the year ended December 31, 2017.

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Selling expenses, which consist of distributor and dealer commissions and other selling expenses increased 18.6%, to TRY 898.9 million in 2017 from TRY 757.9 million in 2016, mainly due to our value focused customer acquisition strategy.

Marketing expenses, which consist of advertising, market research and sponsorships expenses, increased 2.8%, to TRY 533.0 million in 2017 from TRY 518.4 million in 2016.

Wages, salaries and personnel expenses for selling and marketing employees increased 11.3%, to TRY 394.4 million in 2017 from TRY 354.4 million in 2016, primarily due to periodic increase in wages and salaries.

Prepaid subscribers’ uncharged frequency usage fee expenses decreased 55.5%, to TRY 83.0 million in 2017 from TRY 186.5 million in 2016 due to increase in collection from customers.

e. Other operating income/ (expense)

Other net operating expenses increased to TRY 698.9 million in 2017 from TRY 234.2 million in 2016, mainly due to fixed asset sales gain, reversal of legal provisions, donations and litigation expenses as explained in Note 36 (Commitments and Contingencies) to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 20-F.

f. Operating Profit

Operating profit increased by 34.4% to TRY 2,932.4 million in 2017 from TRY 2,181.9 million in 2016. As a percentage of revenues, operating profit also increased from 15.3% in 2016 to 16.6% in 2017 mainly due to a decrease in administrative expenses and selling and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues.

g. Net finance income/cost

Net finance cost increased to a TRY 322.9 million net expense in 2017 from a TRY 172.8 million net expense in 2016, due to an increase in finance cost to TRY 1,413.3 million in 2017 from TRY 1,237.6 million in 2016, which was partially offset by the increase in finance income to TRY 1,090.4 million in 2017 from TRY 1,064.8 million in 2016.

Finance income increased by 2.4% to TRY 1,090.4 million in 2017 from TRY 1,064.8 million in 2016, mainly due to an increase in gain from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments, interest income on bank deposits partially netted off with the decrease in interest income on financial assets measured at amortized cost.

Finance cost increased by 14.2% to TRY 1,413.3 million in 2017 from TRY 1,237.6 million in 2016, mainly due to the increase interest expenses for derivative financial instruments and interest expenses for financial liabilities measured at amortized cost, and partially netted off with decrease in net foreign exchange losses. Net foreign exchange losses decreased from TRY 782.5 million in 2016 to TRY 718.5 million in 2017.

h. Income tax expense

Income tax expense increased 35% to TRY 571.8 million in 2017 from TRY 423.2 million in 2016.

The effective tax rate was 21.9% and 21.5% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Our domestic tax rate is 20%. Differences between the effective tax rate and our domestic tax rate include, but are not limited to, the effect of allowance for deferred tax assets, tax rates in foreign jurisdictions, dividend income from investment in associates subject to certain tax exemptions (including Fintur), tax-exempt income and non-deductible expenses. The high effective tax rate in 2017 and 2016 is mainly due to the fact that since it is not probable that taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax losses or unused tax credits of lifecell and Belarusian Telecom can be utilized, no deferred tax asset is recognized on any loss incurred in lifecell and Belarusian Telecom.

i. Profit/ (loss) from discontinued operations

Starting from 1 October 2016, Fintur has been classified as held for sale and reported as a discontinued operation (Note 16). Fintur is now therefore disclosed separately on a single line as discontinued operations in

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our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 20-F. Comparative periods in the Consolidated Financial Statements are restated to reflect the classification of Fintur as discontinued operations.

Loss from discontinued operations is TRY 42.2 million in 2016.

j. Non-controlling interests

Non-controlling interests in the net profit of our consolidated subsidiaries is classified separately in the consolidated financial statements of operations under “non-controlling interests”. Profit allocated to non-controlling interests amounted to TRY 51.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to a TRY 58.6 million for 2017.

Profit allocated to non-controlling interests from net profit generated by Inteltek for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 amounted to TRY 35.9 million and TRY 39.3 million respectively.

k. Profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company

Profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company increased to TRY 1,979.1 million in 2017 from TRY 1,492.1 million in 2016, mostly due to increase in results from operating activities, increase in interest income earned on time deposits, and increase in fair value gains on derivative financial instruments which was partially netted off with decrease in interest income on financial assets measured at amortized cost and increase in interest expenses for derivative financial instruments.

VII. Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2015

We had 33.0 million mobile subscribers in Turkey, including 15.7 million mobile prepaid subscribers, as of December 31, 2016, compared to 34.0 million mobile subscribers in Turkey, with 17.4 million mobile prepaid subscribers, as of December 31, 2015. During 2016, we recorded a decrease of 966 thousand Turkish mobile subscribers.

In the fixed segment, we increased our subscriber base from 1.5 million, of which 899 thousand were fiber customers, for the year ended December 31, 2015, to 1.9 million, of which 1,044 thousand were fiber customers, for the year ended December 31, 2016.

In Ukraine, we had 12.4 million and 13.5 million registered subscribers as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. During 2016, we lost approximately 1.1 million Ukrainian registered subscribers, similarly 3 months active subscribers decreased from 10.6 million to 9.2 million. This was primarily due to decreasing multiple SIM card usage.

a. Revenues

Total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased 11.9% to TRY 14,285.6 million in 2016 from TRY 12,769.4 million in 2015.

Total revenues generated by Turkcell Turkey increased 11.4%, to TRY 12.787.6 million in 2016 from TRY 11,480.9 million in 2015, mainly due to a 62.3% growth in data and digital services revenues driven by the increase in mobile data and fixed data revenues impacted by increased smartphone penetration, higher subscriber numbers and a rise in data consumption; which was partially offset by a 26.5% decrease in voice and SMS revenues.

Postpaid subscriber usage is generally higher than prepaid subscriber. In Turkey, during 2016, we maintained our focus on the postpaid segment, with newly launched campaigns, offers and promotions to switch customers from the prepaid to the postpaid segment. We focus on postpaid subscribers because there is, in general, higher average revenue per postpaid subscriber and a lower churn rate. In 2016, postpaid average revenue per user excluding M2M subscribers was TRY 44.0 whereas prepaid average revenue per user was TRY 13.9. These figures indicate that postpaid average revenue per user is approximately 3.2 times the prepaid average revenue per user. Therefore, the increase in the number of postpaid subscribers has a positive effect on blended average revenue per user.

Total revenues generated by Turkcell International increased by 2.2%, to TRY 874.7 million in 2016 from TRY 856.1 million in 2015 mainly due to growth in Ukraine and Belarus business. The annual growth rates, in terms of local currency, lifecell and Belarusian Telecom were 8.1% and 19.4% respectively.

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Other subsidiaries’ revenues, mainly comprised of our revenues from information and entertainment services, call center services and financial services, grew by 44.3% to TRY 661.9 million in 2016 from TRY 458.6 million in 2015. The increase in revenue is mainly attributable to the commencement of Financell in February 2016.

b. Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues, including depreciation and amortization, increased by 18.9% to TRY 9,236.6 million in 2016 from TRY 7,769.5 million in 2015, due to an increase in depreciation and amortization charges, treasury shares and universal funds paid, network related expenses, wages, salaries and personnel expenses, funding costs for financial services and other items.

Depreciation and amortization charges (including impairment charges) increased by 32.1%, to TRY 2,203.2 million in 2016 from TRY 1,667.8 million in 2015. The amortization expense for our GSM license and other telecommunication operating licenses was TRY 445.1 million in 2016 mainly attributable to our 4.5G license and TRY 125.3 million in 2015.

Treasury shares and universal service funds paid to the Turkish Ministry increased 5.1%, to TRY 1,683.5 million in 2016 from TRY 1,601.2 million in 2015 which was mainly due to the increase in mobile revenues.

Interconnection and termination costs increased 7.0% to TRY 1,420.2 million in 2016 from TRY 1,327.0 million in 2015 mainly due to the increase in off-net interconnection traffic.

Transmission costs increased by 22.6% to TRY 139.2 million in 2016 from TRY 113.6 million in 2015. Furthermore, radio costs increased by 16.0%, to TRY 1,057.6 million in 2016 from TRY 911.4 million in 2015 mainly due to the cumulative investment impact and increased costs such as rent and energy.

Wages, salaries and personnel expenses for technical personnel increased 16.9% to TRY 859.1 million in 2016 from TRY 734.7 million in 2015, mainly due to the periodic increase in wages and salaries and the increase in number of personnel.

Roaming expenses increased 18.8%, to TRY 128.4 million in 2016 from TRY 108.1 million in 2015, mainly due to depreciation of the TRY against the EUR and overall traffic increase.

Billing and archiving costs decreased 15.9% to TRY 61.6 million in 2016 from TRY 73.3 million in 2015, mainly due to the increase in the usage of the electronic and SMS invoices for billing.

Cost of revenue from financial services amounting to TRY 68.5 million were recognized in 2016 due to the commencement of Financell in February 2016.

Other costs in cost of revenues increased 31.0% to TRY 1,614.9 million in 2016 from TRY 1,232.3 million in 2015 due to increased contribution of our subsidiaries to our revenues, particularly in the fixed broadband and retail businesses.

As a percentage of revenues, cost of revenues increased 3.8 pp to 64.7% in 2016 from 60.8% in 2015, mainly as a result of increases in depreciation and amortization expenses of 2.4 pp, retail sales related to device costs of 1.9 pp and cost of revenue from financial services of 0.5 pp as opposed to a decrease in interconnect costs of 0.5 pp.

Gross profit margin decreased 3.8 percentage points from 39.2% in 2015 to 35.3% in 2016.

c. Administrative expenses

Administrative expenses increased 15.4%, to TRY 721.8 million in 2016 from TRY 625.3 million in 2015, mainly due to an increase in wages, salaries and personnel expenses, rent expenses, consultancy expense together with the increase in bad debt expenses resulting from the increase in assigned contracted receivables. As a percentage of revenues, general and administrative expenses increased to 5.1% for the year ended December 31, 2016, from 4.9% for the year ended December 31, 2015.

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Wages, salaries and personnel expenses for non-technical and non-marketing employees increased 15.5%, to TRY 277.4 million in 2016 from TRY 240.3 million in 2015, primarily due to periodic increases in wages and salaries and the increase in number of personnel.

Bad debt expenses increased 7.5%, to TRY 211.4 million in 2016 from TRY 196.6 million in 2015, mainly due to the increase in allowance for receivables from financial services.

We provided an allowance of TRY 974.5 million and TRY 816.4 million for doubtful receivables for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, depending on the likelihood of recoverability of trade and other receivables based on the aging of the balances, historical collection trends and general economic conditions.

Other administrative expenses, including collection and consulting expenses, increased 23.7% to TRY 233.0 million in 2016 from TRY 188.4 million in 2015.

d. Selling and marketing expenses

Selling and marketing expenses increased 0.5%, to TRY 1,910.9 million in 2016 from TRY 1,901.9 million in 2015, primarily due to a decrease in selling expenses and wages, salaries and personnel expenses partially offset by an increase in marketing expenses. As a percentage of revenues, selling and marketing expenses decreased from 14.9% for the year ended December 31, 2015 to 13.4 % for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Selling expenses, which consist of distributor and dealer commissions and other selling expenses decreased 3.2%, to TRY 757.9 million in 2016 from TRY 783.2 million in 2015, mainly due to our value focused customer acquisition strategy.

Marketing expenses, which consist of advertising, market research and sponsorships expenses, increased 20.9%, to TRY 518.4 million in 2016 from TRY 428.6 million in 2015.

Wages, salaries and personnel expenses for selling and marketing employees decreased 7.1%, to TRY 354.4 million in 2016 from TRY 381.6 million in 2015, mainly due to decrease in number of personnel partially offset by periodic increase in wages and salaries.

Prepaid subscribers’ uncharged frequency usage fee expenses decreased 2.5%, to TRY 186.5 million in 2016 from TRY 191.4 million in 2015.

e. Other operating income/ (expense)

Other net operating expenses increased to TRY 234.2 million in 2016 from TRY 225.9 million in 2015, mainly due to fixed asset sales gain, reversal of legal provisions, commercial agreements termination expenses, donations and litigation expenses as explained in Note 36 (Commitments and Contingencies) to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 20-F.

f. Operating Profit

Operating profit decreased by 2.9% to TRY 2,181.9 million in 2016 from TRY 2,246.8 million in 2015. As a percentage of revenues, operating profit also decreased from 17.6% in 2015 to 15.3% in 2016 mainly due to a decrease in selling and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues.

g. Net finance income/cost

Net finance cost improved to a TRY 172.8 million net expense in 2016 from a TRY 43.4 million net expense in 2015, due to an increase in finance cost to TRY 1,237.6 million in 2016 from TRY 799.5 million in 2015, which was partially offset by the increase in finance income to TRY 1,064.8 million in 2016 from TRY 756.1 million in 2015.

Finance income increased by 40.8% to TRY 1,064.8 million in 2016 from TRY 756.1 million in 2015, mainly due to gain from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments partially netted off with the decrease in interest income on bank deposits.

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Finance cost increased by 54.8% to TRY 1,237.6 million in 2016 from TRY 799.5 million in 2015, mainly due to the increase in foreign exchange losses on borrowings, 4.5G payables and bonds issued partially netted off with foreign exchange gain from main operations and increase in financing cost of borrowings and 4.5G payables. Net foreign exchange losses increased from TRY 489.3 million in 2015 to TRY 782.5 million in 2016.

Finance cost the for year ended 31 December 2015 is mainly attributable to foreign exchange losses in Belarusian Telecom operating in Belarus and foreign exchange losses in lifecell operating in Ukraine. Foreign exchange losses from Belarusian Telecom and lifecell exclude foreign exchange losses arising in the foreign operations’ individual financial statements which have been recognized directly in equity in the foreign currency translation differences in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting policy for net investment in foreign operations.

h. Income tax expense

Income tax expense decreased 36.6% to TRY 423.2 million in 2016 from TRY 667.1 million in 2015.

The effective tax rate was 21.5% and 26.0% for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Our domestic tax rate is 20%. Differences between the effective tax rate and our domestic tax rate include, but are not limited to, the effect of allowance for deferred tax assets, tax rates in foreign jurisdictions, dividend income from investment in associates subject to certain tax exemptions (including Fintur), tax-exempt income and non-deductible expenses. The high effective tax rate in 2016 and 2015 is mainly due to the fact that since it is not probable that taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax losses or unused tax credits of lifecell and Belarusian Telecom can be utilized, no deferred tax asset is recognized on any loss incurred in lifecell and Belarusian Telecom.

i. Profit/ (loss) from discontinued operations

Fintur was classified as held for sale and reported as discontinued operations (Note 16). Fintur is therefore disclosed separately on a single line as discontinued operations in our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 20-F. Comparative periods in the Consolidated Financial Statements are restated to reflect the classification of Fintur as discontinued operations.

Loss from discontinued operations is TRY 42.2 million in 2016, whereas profit from discontinued operations was TRY 367.3 million in 2015 from Fintur from October 1, 2016 on the basis of our 41.45% stake in Fintur.

j. Non-controlling interests

Non-controlling interests in the net profit of our consolidated subsidiaries is classified separately in the consolidated financial statements of operations under “non-controlling interests”. Loss allocated to non-controlling interests amounted to TRY 164.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to a TRY 51.7 million gain for 2016.

Loss allocated to non-controlling interests from lifecell’s net loss amounted to TRY 209.3 million in 2015. There is no effect in 2016 since we acquired minority shares of Euroasia in July 2015. In addition, profit allocated to non-controlling interests from net profit generated by Inteltek for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 amounted to TRY 39.3 million and TRY 38.4 million respectively.

k. Profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company

Profit for the year attributable to equity holders of the Company decreased to TRY 1,492.1 million in 2016 from TRY 2,067.7 million in 2015, mostly due to decrease in results from operating activities and loss from discontinued operations, higher foreign exchange losses recorded, the decrease in interest income earned on time deposits, which was partially netted off with gain from changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments.

VIII. Effects of Inflation

According to Turkish Statistical Institute (“Turkstat”), the annual inflation in Turkey were 11.9%, 8.5% and 8.8% for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, based on the Turkish consumer price

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index. Depreciation of the Turkish lira, rise in food prices have been effective in this development. The current inflation target set by the CBRT in its January 31, 2018 Inflation Report is 7.9%, with a confidence interval between 6.5% and 9.3% for 2018. The latest CBRT expectations survey, as of 15 February, 2018, indicated that inflation is expected to be at 9.55% at the end of 2018, which is above the CBRT’s target. For additional information, see “Item 3.A. Selected Financial Data—Exchange Rate Data” and “Item 3.D. Risk Factors”.

Inflationary pressures in Belarus improved through 2017, helped by tighter control over monetary aggregates, imported disinflation, a negative output gap, and a slowdown in administered price hikes. The exchange rate has now stabilized. Since the shift to a more flexible exchange rate regime in early 2015, reserves have stabilized and, in recent months, begun to rise. Headline inflation has slowed towards the end of 2016, dropping to 10.6%, and eased further to 4.6% in 2017 according to National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. The 2017 energy and financing agreements with Russia, and the successful Eurobond issuance in the middle of the year, have eased near-term financing pressures. Macroeconomic stability is still fragile due to the country’s reliance on Russian economy. Key domestic risks to the outlook include the pace of implementation of the policy reform agenda. On the external side, key risks include disruptions in energy price arrangements with Russia. Corporate and bank balance sheets and household confidence remain sensitive to any significant exchange rate movements, owing to high dollarization, currency mismatches, and limited access to foreign exchange liquidity.

In Ukraine, inflation surprised strongly to the upside during 2017, economic growth has remained slow, while consumer and investment demand have recovered rapidly. Growth in raw food prices continued to accelerate and considerably exceeded the National Bank of Ukraine’s (NBU) forecast. Annual inflation increased to 13.7% in December 2017 from 12.4% at the end of 2016 according to State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The National Bank of Ukraine increased its policy rate from 14% to 14.50% through 2017 and to 16% in January 2018 in an effort to curb inflation.

IX. Foreign Currency Fluctuations

We conduct our business in several currencies other than functional currencies of each of our locations. As a result of our exposure to foreign currency, exchange rate fluctuations have a significant impact, in the form of both translation and transaction risks, on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Exchange rate movements impact our assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than TRY, Ukrainian Hryvnia, Belarusian Rubles, Euro and Azerbaijani Manat for our operations in Turkey, Ukraine, Belarus, Germany and Azerbaijan, respectively. We hold some of our cash portfolio in foreign currency to manage our non-TRY denominated liabilities in Turkey. Additionally, derivative financial instruments such as forward contracts, swap contracts and options are used.

The foreign exchange risks in Turkey as the result of purchases and borrowings in U.S. Dollars and Euros have been manageable, as there is a developed market enabling the hedging of such risk; however, in Belarus and Ukraine, there are no tools to hedge foreign exchange rate risks effectively due to restricted, thin and underdeveloped financial markets. In Belarus, no international bank offers hedging instruments and local banks are too undercapitalized to be able to enter into transactions.

In Ukraine, the only hedging tool seemed to be non-deliverable forwards (“NDF”) which are cash settled product in U.S. Dollars, a short term forward contract on a non-convertible foreign currency which could not be delivered offshore. However, with the National Bank of Ukraine forbidding any NDF settlement, the already liquidity-thin market has become virtually non-existent. As of December 31, 2017, with improving outlook for the economy on back of real growth returning to positive territory, IMF financial aid package tranches, fiscal and macro reforms being implemented, downtrend in inflation and build up in FX reserves Ukrainian Hryvnia depreciated against the U.S. Dollar by 3% in 2017 compared to 13.3% in 2016.

In the current economic environment and considering the aforementioned fragile economic conditions, there is a possibility of further devaluations in Ukraine and Belarus.

Our foreign currency risk management policy is focused on hedging foreign currency exposure arising from non-TRY denominated liabilities and purchase commitments. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk”.

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X. Interest Rate Hedging

Monitoring and examining financing opportunities to improve our financial flexibility and performance has been a continuous process for us. Depending on the availability in both domestic and international debt/capital markets, we continuously monitor new financing alternatives for contingency purposes as well as to fund potential new investments or acquisitions. We are exposed to interest rate risk as part of our total debt portfolio is based on floating rates. We also closely monitor various hedging alternatives to hedge our interest rate risk with interest rate derivatives with a minimum cost. Through June 2016 and November 2017, a significant portion of our floating FX debt portfolio was hedged and converted to fixed TRY liability through interest rate derivatives.

a. New Accounting Standards Issued

See Note 2 (Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies) of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 20-F.

5.B Liquidity and Capital Resources

a. Liquidity

We require significant liquidity to finance capital expenditures for the expansion and improvement of our mobile communications network, for operational capital expenditures, for working capital, and to service our debt obligations. A summary of our consolidated cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | TRY million |
Net cash generated by operating activities |  |  | 3,101.3 |  |  |  | 607.1 |  |  |  | 1,901.3 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (3,304.6 | ) |  |  | (2,976.7 | ) |  |  | (3,563.0 | )
Net cash generated by/(used in) financing activities |  |  | (1,566,7 | ) |  |  | 4,839.0 |  |  |  | (4,887.4 | )
Net cash increase/ (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (1,770.1 | ) |  |  | 2,469.5 |  |  |  | (6,549.1 | )
Effects of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 430.1 |  |  |  | 664.1 |  |  |  | 436.0 |

Net cash provided by our operating activities was TRY 3,101.3 million in 2017 and TRY 607.1 million in 2016.

The increase in profit amounting to TRY 494 million compared to 2016 has a positive impact on net cash generated by operating activities. We consider the subtotal after the adjustments for profit for the period in order to analyze the increase in cash from operating activities. Since these lines are adjusting in nature, they are to be excluded from net cash from operating activities, as they either do not have any effect on net cash from operating activities or they have an offsetting effect on the changes in working capital. As a result, the trend in cash from operating activities should be correlated with the trend in results from operating activities and income tax paid. The corresponding subtotal, after adjustments, increased to TRY 6,853 million in 2017 from TRY 4,409 million in 2016. Furthermore, the increase in interest paid to TRY 909.9 million in 2017 from TRY 434.5 million in 2016, the increase in changes in receivables from financial operations, the increase in change in trade and other payables, partially netted off with the decrease in changes in trade receivables and income tax paid to TRY 492.5 million in 2017 from TRY 135.9 million in 2016 resulted in a 410.8% increase in net cash provided by our operating activities.

Net cash used by investing activities increased to TRY 3,304.6 million in 2017 from TRY 2,976.7 million in 2016. The change in net cash used by investing activities is mainly due to the increase in capital expenditures. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we spent TRY 2,937.2 million on acquisition of property, plant and equipment compared to TRY 2,572.4 million in 2016 while we spent TRY 1,172.8 million on acquisition of intangible asset compared to TRY 855.1 million in 2016.

Net cash used for our financing activities for the year 2017 amounting to TRY 1,566.7 million, whereas net cash provided was TRY 4,839.0 million for 2016. The change is mainly attributable to the proceeds from new loan agreements and issuance of bonds which partially netted off with dividends paid and repayment of borrowings. In 2017, dividend paid amount was TRY 3,050.9 million, compared to dividend paid in 2016 amounting to TRY 51.4 million, with respect to the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014,

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2015 and 2016. In addition, we repaid TRY 22,265.1 million of our loans and borrowings in 2017, compared to TRY 4,932.8 million in 2016. The cash generation from the issuance of bonds increased to TRY 209.8 million in 2017 from TRY 167.5 million in 2016. The cash generation from issuance of loans and borrowings increased to TRY 24,102.6 million in 2017 compared to TRY 9,381.3 million in 2016.

b. Sources of Liquidity

We had applied to the Capital Markets Board and, on September 15, 2015, obtained its approval of an issuance certificate to issue bonds, commercial paper or any other debentures with an amount up to $1 billion (or its equivalent in another currency) to real and legal persons domiciled outside of Turkey through private placement and/or sales to qualified investors without a public offering. In October 2015, we issued a Eurobond with an aggregate principal amount of $500 million, 10-year maturity, a redemption date of October 15, 2025 and coupon rate of 5.75% based on a 5.95% reoffer yield to qualified investors domiciled outside of Turkey. The bond issuance was completed and the proceeds of the issue were transferred to the Company’s account on October 15, 2015 and the notes are now listed on the official list of the Irish Stock Exchange.

On September 16, 2015, we signed a club loan facility with a group of international banks with a U.S. Dollar tranche in the maximum amount of $500 million and a Euro tranche in the maximum amount of EUR445 million. The facility has a maturity of five years, with semi-annual principal amortization during the last three years of the loan. Interest is payable quarterly. The facility is unsecured and has an interest rate of 3-month LIBOR/EURIBOR +2.0% per annum. As of December 31, 2016 the company has utilized the full amount of the facility and principal repayments will commence as of June, 2018.

On October 23, 2015 we signed a loan agreement package with China Development Bank (“CDB”) for an amount of up to EUR500 million available for two years, to refinance certain of the Group’s existing loans, and for an amount of up to EUR750 million available for three years, to finance certain of our procurement requirements from Chinese suppliers in relation to certain of our infrastructure investments. The total loan package has a final maturity of 10 years, with principal amortization during the last seven years of the loan and will be paid back in equal installments. The annual interest rate of the loan is EURIBOR +2.20%. As of December 31, 2017 an amount of EUR560 million has been utilized. On March 5, the scope of the EUR690 million unutilized portion of the EUR750 million loan agreement signed with CDB has been expanded. In this respect, in addition to Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S., our subsidiaries Superonline Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S., Financell and lifecell LLC will also be able to utilize the corresponding loan. In addition to the right to utilize in EUR terms, the loan may also be utilized in US Dollars and Renminbi with respective annual interest rates of LIBOR + 2.22% and 5.51%. There have been no changes to maturity and the repayment schedule of the loan.

Financell has a significant portion in Turkcell group debt balance in line with the growing funding need of the company. Financell mainly relies on loans from local and international banks as a core funding. As of December 31, 2017, Financell loan portfolio was TRY 3,536 million, and more than half of this portfolio consists of foreign currency loans (TRY 1,961 million).

Financell also had applied to the Capital Markets Board and, on November 30, 2016, obtained approval for an issuance of domestic debt securities to qualified investors without a public offering, within a period of one year for up to TRY 1,500 million. In December 2016, we issued 174-day commercial paper (TRY 250 million nominal with 10.70% simple annual interest) to qualified investors without a public offering. The sale process of Financell’s 179-day debt securities with a nominal amount of TRY 150 million, maturity date of August 25, 2017 and an annual simple interest of 11.8% to qualified investors within Turkey, without public offering was completed on February 27, 2017.

In order to diversify its borrowing resources, Financell also resorted to other funding alternatives; as such it applied to the Capital Markets Board of Turkey (“CMB”) for the issuance certificate of ABS. Following the respective approvals of the CMB, Aktif Yatirim Bankasi A.S. issued ABS with a total nominal size of TRY 200 million in April and August 2017 (TRY 100 million each) to qualified investors without a public offering where Financell was the originator and the user of funds.

Our loans from financial institutions consist of local and international bank borrowings and finance lease obligations with either fixed or floating interest rates. A significant portion of our bank borrowings is utilized to finance our consolidated subsidiaries’ financing needs and acquisition of GSM licenses. All of our loans are denominated in U.S. Dollar, BYN, EUR, UAH or TRY. The floating interest rates vary from Libor + 2.0% and Libor + 3.3% for the loans denominated in U.S. Dollars. The fixed interest rates vary from 5.8% to 22.5% for the

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loans denominated in U.S. Dollars, from 11.1% to 27.7% for the loans denominated in TRY, from 12.0% to 16.0% for the loans denominated in BYN, from 11.0% to 14.5% for the loans denominated in HRV and the floating interest rates vary from Euribor + 1.2% and Euribor 2.2% for the loans denominated in EUR. The fixed interest rate for Euro loans are 3.4%. The loans are payable over the period from 2018 to 2026.

The ratio of our debt to equity is 83% as of December 31, 2017, compared to 61% as of December 31, 2016. We have been able to maintain our leverage at a satisfactory level and well in line with our targets. For more information, see Note 27 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

The auction for the 4.5G license was held on August 26, 2015 and the capital expenditure required in connection with our 4.5G build-out is expected to be material. The tender price of the 4.5G license amounting to EUR 1,623.5 million (equivalent to TRY 5,158.7 million as at December 31, 2015) (excluding VAT and interest payable on the installments) is being paid in four equal installments amounting to EUR 1,655.3 million (equivalent to TRY 5,259.9 million as at 31 December 2015) including interest and excluding VAT of 18%. On October 26, 2015, we made the payment amounting to TRY 1,321.9 million for the original amount of EUR 413.8 million (including interest) as first installment and total VAT amounting to TRY 933.4 million for the original amount of EUR 292.2 million in cash. The second installment of EUR 413.8 million was paid on April 25, 2016. The third installment of EUR 413.8 million was paid on October 25, 2016. Within the scope of the Decree Law No. 683 announced on January 23, 2017, the Company applied to pay a Euro denominated 4.5G license obligation in Turkish Liras converted at the buying exchange rate announced by the CBRT on January 2, 2017. The last installment of EUR 1,534.7 was paid on April 26, 2017.

We are continuing our efforts to selectively seek out and evaluate new investment opportunities. These opportunities could include the purchase of licenses and acquisitions in markets inside and outside of Turkey.

Under the current assumptions and circumstances, we expect to generate adequate levels of cash to maintain a positive cash position in the future and to have positive cash flow related to our communications and technology activities in Turkey. According to our current business plan for the operations in Turkey, we believe that we will be able to finance our current operations, capital expenditures, and financing costs and maintain and enhance our network through our operating cash flow existing credit facilities and other available credit lines. However, we continue to experience difficult pricing and competitive conditions in our markets, which we expect will continue. In addition, the increase in the volume of assigned contracted receivables may continue to result in higher working capital requirements. The working capital requirements related to terminal financing and bad debt expenses are planned to be managed by our consumer finance company, which commenced operations in 2016. We are also facing increased capital needs to finance our technological and geographic expansion, which may increase our net cash used for investing activities. These pressures have reduced, and may continue to reduce, our liquidity and may lead to an increase in borrowing needs and net cash used by financing activities.

Our cash outflows through 2018 include possible dividend payments, depending on the result of our general assembly meetings, quarterly corporate tax payments, capital expenditures and working capital needs.

We expect that our total operational capital expenditures as a percentage of revenues in 2018 will be around 18%-19%.

The forward-looking statements made here regarding our liquidity and any other financial results are not a guarantee of performance. They are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause future activities and results of operations to be different from those set forth in this annual report.

Important factors that may adversely affect our projections include general economic conditions, changes in the competitive environment, legal risks, developments in the domestic and international capital markets, increased investments, changes in telecommunications regulations and mismatches between the currencies in which we generate revenue and hold liquid assets and the currencies in which we incur liquid obligations and debt. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” for a discussion of these and other factors that may affect our projections.

c. Capital Transactions

In 2017, there were no buyback transactions on our own shares; please refer to “Item 10.B. Share Buy-Backs”, as well as Item 16.E.

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d. General Economic Conditions

Turkey’s growth was 5.3%, 5.4% and 11.1%, respectively, in the first, second and third quarter of 2017. Economy is expected to grow by 3.5% in 2018; mainly driven by the domestic demand.

e. Dividend Payments

On March 23, 2016, the Board of Directors proposed a dividend distribution for the year ended December 31, 2015 amounting to TRY 1,200.0 million (equivalent to $318.1 million as of December 31, 2017), which represented approximately 58% of net distributable income for the relevant year. This dividend proposal was discussed and rejected at the Ordinary General Assembly of Shareholders held on March 29, 2016.

On May 25, 2017, the Company’s General Assembly approved the payment of a dividend amounting to TRY 3,000.0 million (equivalent to USD 841.6 million as of May 25, 2017, the date of the Ordinary General Assembly Meeting) out of profits for the period from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2016. This represents a gross cash dividend of full TRY 1.3636364 (equivalent to full USD 0.3825604 as of May 25, 2017, the date of the Ordinary General Assembly Meeting) per share. The Company paid TRY 3,000.0 million in total including withholding taxes in three installments on 15 June, 15 September and 15 December 2017 to the shareholders.

For additional details regarding our dividend policy, see “Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy”.

5.C Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

We own a number of patents, utility models, trademarks and industrial designs.

The activities of our technology center, which houses all of our R&D operations in a single location, include the following:

| • |  | Partnership software development, customization and/or integration of software products of suppliers through the service and product development processes;

| • |  | Developing network infrastructure strategies in a fast evolving information-communication technologies world; and

| • |  | Designing short and long-term technology road maps for our operations.

Internally developed software arising from our R&D works amounted to TRY 124.5 million and TRY 126.9 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. Internally-developed software does not include any costs relating to the research phase.

5.D Trend Information

a. Changing Subscriber Base and Usage Patterns

The proportion of postpaid subscribers in our subscriber base in Turkey was 54%, 53% and 49% in 2017, 2016, 2015 respectively, due to our value focus.

As our market and business strategy evolve, we expect that the percentage of our revenues from mobile data and fixed data will continue to increase with increased smartphone penetration, higher subscriber numbers and a rise in data consumption. For these reasons and with our increased emphasis on OTT services, we also expect that the percentage of our revenues from digital services will also increase. On the other hand, revenues from voice and SMS traffic are expected to continue to decrease as a percentage of our revenues.

b. Regulations affecting our prices

The ICTA has on several occasions intervened to place caps on the tariffs that we charge in the Turkish market. The ICTA’s intervention in our retail voice and SMS prices, has negatively affected our ability to design and launch campaigns and offers and, consequently, had a negative impact on our business. The ICTA has also intervened to decrease interconnection rates.

With respect to the interconnection rates that we charge, after a 33% reduction for Turkcell in 2008, the interconnection rates issued by the ICTA on March 25, 2009 for all mobile operators in Turkey provided for a

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further 29% decrease, on average, among all operators. On February 10, 2010, there was an additional 52% reduction in Turkcell’s interconnection rates. Finally, with the ICTA’s board resolution dated June 17, 2013, our mobile termination rates have been set at TRY 0.0250, a 20% decline from TRY 0.0313. In addition, the ICTA with a board resolution dated April 12, 2013, lowered SMS termination rates for Turkcell from TRY 0.0170 to TRY 0.0043. With its latest decision dated October 22, 2014, the ICTA also set the tariff for MMS termination rates for Turkcell at TRY 0.0086.

ICTA removed the regulation on lower limit on on-net retail prices and campaigns. These pricing regulations were valid on each and every single voice tariff and campaign, whereas we were obliged to maintain our minimum on-net SMS rate on network base. The table below shows the on-net prices and MTR rates until August 16, 2016:

TRY |  | Before July 1, 2013 |  |  | July 1, 2013 – August 16, 2016 |  |  | Change % |
Minimum on-net voice price |  |  | 0.0313 |  |  |  | 0.0428 |  |  |  | 37 | %
Minimum on-net SMS price |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0073 |  |  |  | — |
Voice MTR |  |  | 0.0313 |  |  |  | 0.0250 |  |  |  | (20 | %)
SMS MTR |  |  | 0.0170 |  |  |  | 0.0043 |  |  |  | (75 | %)

The maximum tariffs set by the ICTA may constitute the highest rates we may charge for the services included in these customized service packages. Generally, the maximum tariffs set by the ICTA for particular services are set higher than the standard tariffs determined by the ICTA for those services. Pursuant to a board decision dated September 28, 2015, price caps for voice were set at 0.4625 TRY/min for voice and TRY 0.332 for SMS. Such caps were in force at the beginning of 2016, until a decision rendered in March 10, 2016 by ICTA annulled the maximum tariffs set by ICTA in 2015. Since then, prices in the mobile market are no longer capped with maximum tariffs.

The ICTA has in the past intervened and may again intervene, impacting the prices we charge for our tariffs.

Further cuts in interconnection rates may make us redesign our tariffs and may impact our operational results.

Given these factors, it is difficult to predict with any degree of certainty the growth and usage patterns of our subscribers and our ability to maintain or increase revenues or profitability. General economic conditions, competitive pressures and the trend in our interconnection pricing will continue to exert pressure on our financial results.

On the other hand, the mobile market analysis of ICTA has been finalized. By its Board decision dated April 12, 2017, numbered 2017/DK-SRD/124; ICTA decided to deregulate mobile access and call origination market and to lift Turkcell’s Significant Market Power (SMP) status within a transition period of one year. Accordingly, unless otherwise determined by the Board, our Company’s liabilities such as providing access and interconnection in the call origination market, non-discrimination, transparency, preparation and issuance of reference access tariffs, being subject to tariff control, account separation and cost accounting, and co-location obligations shall be abolished as of April 12, 2018.

By its Board decision dated April 19, 2017, numbered 2017/DK-SRD/131; ICTA finalized its Mobile Call Termination market analysis and decided to deregulate SMS and MMS termination services within a transition period of one year, as of April 19, 2018, unless otherwise determined by the Board. However, the Significant Market Power status will continue in the call termination market for mobile operators, operators that offer satellite communications services, and Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO), which can offer call termination services for the incoming calls of their subscribers.

c. Liquidity

Our activities have traditionally generated a strong positive cash flow. According to our current business plan for the operations in Turkey, we believe that we will be able to finance our current operations, capital expenditures, and financing costs and maintain and enhance our network through our operating cash flow and existing credit facilities and other available credit lines. However, we continue to experience difficult pricing and competitive conditions in our markets, which we expect will continue. In addition, the increase in the volume of assigned contracted receivables may continue to result in higher working capital requirements. The working

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capital requirements related to terminal financing and bad debt expenses are planned to be managed by our consumer finance company, which commenced operations in 2016. We are also facing increased capital needs to finance our technological and geographic expansion, which may increase our net cash used for investing activities. These pressures have reduced, and may continue to reduce, our liquidity and may lead to an increase in borrowing needs and net cash used by financing activities.

We expect that our total operational capital expenditures as a percentage of revenues in 2018 will be around 18%-19%.

The forward-looking statements made here regarding our liquidity and any other financial results are not a guarantee of performance. They are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause future activities and results of operations to be different from those set forth in this annual report.

Important factors that may adversely affect our projections include general economic conditions, changes in the competitive environment, legal risks, developments in the domestic and international capital markets, increased investments, changes in telecommunications regulations and mismatches between the currencies in which we generate revenue and hold liquid assets and the currencies in which we incur liquid obligations and debt. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” for a discussion of these and other factors that may affect our projections

d. Currency devaluation and impairments

Our results of operations and the value of certain of our assets have been adversely affected by devaluations in the currencies of certain countries, in particular Ukraine, Belarus, and Turkey in the last few years. However, the significance of depreciation against USD was small in 2017. The Turkish Lira depreciated by 7.2% in 2017 compared to 21% in 2016. Ukraine Hryvnia depreciation against USD was 3.2% compared to 13.3% in 2016. In Belarus, Belarusian Ruble managed to depreciate by 0.7% compared to 5.5% in 2016. Further currency devaluation remains a risk and may continue to have an adverse effect in the future. Furthermore, operational and technological changes, general macroeconomic conditions, legal, regulatory or political obstacles in Ukraine and Belarus may lead to further impairments in the values of certain of our assets in the future.

5.E Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Off-balance sheet arrangements refer to any transaction, agreement, or other contractual arrangement involving an unconsolidated entity (other than contingent liabilities arising from litigation, arbitration or regulatory actions) under which a company has:

| • |  | provided guarantee contracts;

| • |  | retained or contingent interests in transferred assets;

| • |  | any obligation under derivative instruments classified as equity; or

| • |  | any obligation arising out of material variable interests in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to the company, or that engages in leasing, hedging, or research and development arrangements with the company.

We routinely enter into operating leases for property in the normal course of business. The future minimum operating lease payments under non-cancellable leases amount to TRY 658.5 million in 2017 and TRY 610.0 million in 2016.

a. Contingent Liabilities

The following table illustrates our major contingent liabilities as of December 31, 2017.

|  |  |  |  | Amount of contingent liability expiration per period— Remaining commitment |
|  | Total amount committed |  |  | At December 31, 2017 |  |  | Indefinite* |  |  | Less than one year |  |  | 1-3 years |  |  | 3-5 years |  |  | Over 5 years |
|  | TRY million |  |  |  |
Bank Letters of Guarantee |  |  | 1,206.0 |  |  |  | 1,206.0 |  |  |  | 771.4 |  |  |  | 224.0 |  |  |  | 82.8 |  |  |  | 5.9 |  |  |  | 121.9 |

* | Bank letters of guarantee are not given for a specific period. Most of the guarantees will remain as long as the business relationship with the counterparty continues.

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As of December 31, 2017, we are contingently liable in respect of bank letters of guarantee obtained from banks and given to custom authorities, private companies and other public organizations amounting to TRY 1,206.0 million. We also provided guarantees to private companies amounting to TRY 496.5 million.

See “Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Sources of Liquidity”.

5.F Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

The following tables illustrate our major contractual and commercial obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2017.

|  | Payments due by period |
Contractual Obligations |  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1-3 years |  |  | 3-5 years |  |  | After 5 years |
|  | (TRY million) |
Loans and borrowings(*) |  |  | 13,853.2 |  |  |  | 4,340.4 |  |  |  | 5,086.6 |  |  |  | 962.8 |  |  |  | 3,463.4 |
Finance lease obligations |  |  | 133.6 |  |  |  | 17.4 |  |  |  | 29.8 |  |  |  | 26.0 |  |  |  | 60.4 |
Payable in relation to the acquisition of Belarusian Telecom |  |  | 377.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 377.2 |  |  |  | — |
Trade and other payables |  |  | 2,527.2 |  |  |  | 2,527.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Due to related parties |  |  | 7.0 |  |  |  | 7.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total Contractual Cash Obligations |  |  | 16,898.2 |  |  |  | 6,892.0 |  |  |  | 5,116.4 |  |  |  | 1,366.0 |  |  |  | 3,523.8 |

* | Includes undiscounted interest and bonds issued and excludes finance lease obligations.

|  | Amount of Commitment |
Other Commercial Commitments |  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1-3 years |  |  | 3-5 years |  |  | After 5 years |
|  | (TRY million) |
Purchase obligations |  |  | 593.0 |  |  |  | 498.0 |  |  |  | 95.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

As at December 31, 2017, outstanding purchase commitments with respect to the acquisition of property, plant and equipment, inventory and purchase of sponsorship and advertisement services amounted to TRY 593.0 million.

As of December 31, 2017, commitments for minimum lease payments in relation to non-cancellable operating leases amounted to TRY 658.5 million (Note 34).

To avoid foreign exchange risk, the Company used currency swaps, participating cross currency swap contracts, currency forward contracts and commitments related to those derivative financial liabilities amounted to TRY 110.1 million (Note 33).

5.G Safe Harbor

Not applicable.

ITEM 6. | DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

6.A Directors and Senior Management I. Board Members

Under the Turkish Commercial Code and our Articles of Association, the Board of Directors is responsible for our management. Our Articles of Association mandates a Board of Directors containing seven members.

Members of our Board of Directors are generally appointed for a term of three years. However, as the General Assembly could not convene due to the lack of a quorum for meetings, in a series of resolutions in 2013, the CMB appointed new members to our Board, who shall remain members until new members are elected by the General Assembly or until the CMB announces a new resolution. The CMB stepped in based on its statutory authority to take actions ex officio where publicly held companies whose shares are traded on the exchange fail to comply with corporate governance principles partially or completely. The CMB with its resolution dated March 11, 2013, announced the replacement of Mehmet Bulent Ergin, Tero Erkki Kivisaari and Oleg Adolfovich Malis on our Board of Directors with three new members, Atilla Koc, Mehmet Hilmi Guler and Ahmet Akca, who serve as “independent board members” according to article 17/2 of the Capital Markets Law No. 6362. The

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CMB with its resolutions dated August 15, 2013 and September 13, 2013 announced the appointment of Mehmet Bostan, Bekir Pakdemirli, Jan Erik Rudberg and Erik Jean Christian Antoine Belfrage, as board members who satisfy the independence criteria. The latter two members were chosen from the independent nominees list submitted by Telia Company. They were appointed by the CMB pursuant to sub-paragraph (k) of the first paragraph of article 128 of Capital Markets Law No. 6362, in place of members of our Board of Directors who were elected at the general assembly meeting on April 29, 2010 for a duty period of three years and whose duty periods have expired and whose successors could not be elected at the general assembly meetings.

As of March 13, 2018, our Board of Directors had the following members:

Name |  | Date appointed to the Board of Directors by Capital Markets Board resolution
Ahmet Akca (Chairman) |  | March 11, 2013
Atilla Koc |  | March 11, 2013
Bekir Pakdemirli |  | August 15, 2013
Erik Jean Christian Antoine Belfrage |  | September 13, 2013
Jan Erik Rudberg |  | September 13, 2013
Mehmet Bostan |  | August 15, 2013
Mehmet Hilmi Guler |  | March 11, 2013

I. Executive Officers

We are managed on a day-to-day basis by the Corporate Executive Team with the guidance of the Board of Directors. Officers do not have fixed terms of office. The following table sets forth the name and office of each member of our Corporate Executive Team as of March 13, 2018. As of March 1, 2017 the titles of our Company’s Senior Vice Presidents have been changed to Executive Vice President, and their functional groups have been re-positioned so as to report directly to the CEO to ensure a lean and more efficient management structure.

Name |  | Office
Muhterem Kaan Terzioglu |  | Chief Executive Officer
İzzet Serhat Demir |  | Executive Vice President—Legal and Regulation
Bulent Aksu |  | Executive Vice President—Finance
Murat Erkan |  | Executive Vice President—Sales
Seyfettin Saglam |  | Executive Vice President—Human Resources
Ilter Terzioglu |  | Executive Vice President—Strategy
Ismail Butun |  | Executive Vice President—Marketing
Serkan Ozturk |  | Executive Vice President—Customer Experience &Information Technologies
Aziz Gediz Sezgin |  | Executive Vice President—Network Technologies
Ali Turk |  | Executive Vice President—Supply Chain Management
Aysem Ertopuz Deobler |  | Executive Vice President—Digital Services & Solutions

II. Biographies

a. Current Board Members

Ahmet Akca, born in 1956, was appointed to the Board of Directors by Capital Markets Board decision. He also acts as the president of Turkcell’s Audit Committee. From 1981 to 1988, Mr. Akca served as a Foreign Trade Manager in the glass and food industry. In 1988, he became CEO of an International Trading Company, and held that responsibility until 1992. He later started his own business, which he still runs. Mr. Akca is the founder and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the logistics company Akca Lojistik Hizmetleri ve Ticaret A.S. He was a member of the Committee of Trustees in January 2010, at the time of the Bezmialem Vakif University establishment, and has been serving as the Chairman of the Committee of Trustees since November 2011. After studying mathematics at Middle East Technical University and sociology at Istanbul University for a certain period, Mr. Akca graduated from the Bursa Economics and Commercial Sciences Academy’s Department of Economics.

Atilla Koc, born in 1946, was appointed to the Board of Directors by Capital Markets Board decision. He also serves as a member of the Audit Committee of Turkcell’s Board of Directors. Having worked as an

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Undersecretary at the Ministry of Interior and as the Chief of Police in Konya, he served as the District Governor of the Ulubey, Nusaybin and Bayindir districts, and as the Governor of Siirt and Giresun provinces. He has also been the Prime Minister’s Undersecretary, the General Secretary of Ankara Metropolitan Municipality, and the Central Governor. Then, Mr. Koc served as AKP Aydin deputy in 22nd and 23rd period of Grand National Assembly of Turkey and as Minister of Culture and Tourism in the 59th Government. He graduated from Ankara University’s Faculty of Political Science.

Mehmet Hilmi Guler, born in 1949, was appointed to the Board of Directors by Capital Markets Board decision. He formerly worked as a Project Engineer and Group Chairman at TUSAS Aerospace Industries. Mr. Guler also served as Vice President and Board Member of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), as Chairman and General Manager of the Machines and Chemical Industries Board (MKEK), as the General Manager and Chairman of Etibank, as the Chief Undersecretary to the Prime Minister, and as Board Member and Executive Director at ERDEMIR and IGDAS. Mr. Guler also served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources in the 58th, 59th and 60th Governments. Mr. Guler graduated from Middle East Technical University’s Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering where he obtained his Master’s and Doctorate degrees.

Mehmet Bostan, born in 1971, was appointed to the Board of Directors by Capital Markets Board decision. Mr. Bostan formerly worked as Senior Relationship Manager at BNP Ak Dresdner Bank A.S., Manager at TSKB, Chief Turkey Representative of Dresdner Bank AG and Deputy General Manager at Gunes Sigorta. During the years 2010-2016, he served as the General Manager and Board Member of Pension Monitoring Center. He has been serving as a Board Member of Petkim since 2016. During his tenure as the President of the Turkish Prime Ministry Privatization Administration, he was appointed Chairman of the Board and General Manager of the Sovereign Wealth Fund of Turkey on November 2, 2016, and held the position until 2017. He is also a Board Member of the Turkish Tennis Federation. Mr. Bostan graduated from International Relations, from the Faculty of Economics, at Istanbul University. He holds an MBA from Bilgi University.

Bekir Pakdemirli, born in 1973, was appointed to the Board of Directors by Capital Markets Board decision. Mr. Pakdemirli has been an entrepreneur in food, computer and automotive industries, besides taking roles in the establishment and management of various companies. During his career, he also served as the General Manager of a ceramics company, which is among the 500 industrial companies in Turkey and a publicly traded food company. He has served in executive management positions at McCain Foods, a multinational company, and still offers consultancy services to McCain Company. Serving as a member of the Board of Directors of Albaraka Turk Participation Bank, Mr. Pakdemirli also continues his roles as a member of the Board of Directors of Tarkem–Tarihi Kemeralti A.S., Turkish Foundation for Mental Healthcare, as well as being a member of the Board of Trustees of Anatolian Autism Foundation and a member of Capital Markets Investors Association with his attention to social responsibility. In addition, Mr. Pakdemirli is also involved in visual media interviews with regard to different aspects of the economy. He is a captain, pilot and an amateur radio operator. After graduating from Bilkent University, Faculty of Business Administration, he completed his Master’s degree in Management at Baskent University and his PhD degree in Economics at Celal Bayar University.

Jan Erik Rudberg, born in 1945, was appointed to the Board of Directors by Capital Markets Board decision. He is currently Chairman of the Board of Directors of Kcell JSC (Independent Director) and the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Hogia AB. Since 2010, Mr. Rudberg has also been a member of the Board of Directors of PJSC Megafon (Independent Director). Between 1994 and 2003, he held various executive positions at Telia AB after having served as the Chief Executive Officer of Tele2 AB, Executive Vice President of Nordbanken AB, Chief Executive Officer of Enator AB, as well as the Chief Executive Officer of Ericsson Information Systems Sweden AB, and having held several managerial positions at IBM. Mr. Rudberg holds a degree in Economics and Business Administration from the Gothenburg School of Economics.

Erik Jean Christian Antoine Belfrage, born in 1946, was appointed to the Board of Directors by Capital Markets Board decision. In the 70’s and 80’s, Mr. Belfrage worked as a Swedish diplomat in Geneva, Washington, Bucharest, Beirut, and in Paris. He has served as Senior Vice President at SEB between 1987 and 2011, and as an advisor to Dr. Peter Wallenberg between 1987 and 2015. In 2011, Mr. Belfrage set up a consultancy firm, Consilio International AB, of which he is also the Chairman. The firm advises large Nordic corporates. Currently, Mr. Belfrage is chairman of several boards. He holds an MBA from the Stockholm School of Economics.

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b. Executive Officers

Muhterem Kaan Terzioglu, born in 1968, was appointed as Turkcell’s Chief Executive Officer on April 1, 2015. He began his professional life in 1990 as an Independent Auditor and CPA at Arthur Andersen Turkey. In 1992, Mr. Terzioglu joined Arthur Andersen USA as the IT Strategies and Security Specialist, and in 1994, began working at Arthur Andersen Belgium as the Leader of Information Management and Digital Strategy Services. In 1998, he was appointed Vice President of Consultancy Services at Arthur Andersen Turkey Operations. Between 1999 and 2012, he served as the Team Leader of E-Commerce Strategies for the EMEA region, Sales Director of Advanced Technologies for the EMEA region, Managing Director of Technology Marketing Organization for the EMEA region, and the Vice President of EMEA Central and Eastern Europe at Cisco Systems Brussels branch, respectively. Between April 3, 2012 and April 1, 2015, Mr. Terzioglu was a member of the Board of Directors at Akbank, Aksigorta A.S., Teknosa Ic ve Dis Ticaret A.S. and Carrefour S.A. A.S. Kaan Terzioglu graduated from the Department of Business Administration at Bogazici University.

Bulent Aksu, born in 1974, has been appointed as the Chief Financial Officer, effective as of July 20, 2016. He has 20 years of managerial experience in the field of finance, accounting, tax and management in various sectors including energy, petrochemicals, textiles and auditing. Bulent Aksu started his professional career as an inspector on the Inspection Board at Kuveyt Turk A.S. in 1997. He held the role of Finance Manager and CFO at Calik Holding, respectively in 2003. He held the role of CFO and Board Member at Akfel Group between 2008 and 2012. He served as CFO at Petkim Petrokimya Holding A.S, a subsidiary of Azerbaijan’s national oil and gas company SOCAR between 2012 and 2013, and most recently was the CFO at Star Rafineri A.S, a subsidiary of SOCAR. In 2016, Mr. Aksu was named among the 50 Most Efficient CFOs by Fortune Turkey Magazine. Mr. Aksu graduated from the Department of Business Administration (English) of Istanbul University in 1996.

İ zzet Serhat Demir, born in 1974, joined Turkcell as the Executive Vice President of the Legal and Regulation Function in May 2015. Mr. Demir started his professional career in 1997 at Dun&Bradstreet. He worked as a lawyer and held executive and directorial positions responsible for legal affairs at Yildiz Holding and Calik Holding A.S. He was a member of the board of directors of Calik Holding AS and Albtelecom ShA, Banka Kombetare Tregtare ShA and Aktif Yatirim Bankasi A.S. Serhat Demir graduated from the Faculty of Law at Istanbul University and has a Masters of Business Administration degree.

Murat Erkan, born in 1969, joined Turkcell Group in June 2008 as the General Manager of Turkcell Superonline and as of December 1, 2015, he was appointed Executive Vice President of Sales. Mr. Erkan, who started his professional life at Toshiba, became an Application Engineer at Biltam Muhendislik and then became the first “System Engineer” of Turkey at Cisco Turkey. He served as Chief Officer at Cisco Systems in charge of technology, sales, business development and channel management for ten years. Prior to his position at Turkcell Superonline, Mr. Erkan had been the Business Unit Manager at Aneltech working on solutions related to telecommunication, mobile, ICT, the defense industry and industrial products sectors since 2006. Murat Erkan graduated from the Yildiz Technical University Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department in 1992. He completed the Strategic Marketing Program at Harvard Business School in 2010.

Seyfettin Saglam, born in 1971, joined Turkcell as Chief Group Human Resources Officer in July 2014. He began his career in MSC Consulting lnc. in 1998. He worked as a HR professional at Tekstilbank and as the Human Resources Group Manager at Yildiz Holding, responsible for the Packaging, IT, Finance and Retail Groups. He served as the Assistant General Manager of T.C. Ziraat Bankasi. Subsequently, he was appointed Vice Chairman and Member of the Executive Committee at Rixos Hotels and Sembol Construction Inc. Mr. Saglam served as an Executive Vice President of Borsa Istanbul. He graduated from the Department of Sociology at Middle East Technical University. He received a Master’s degree from the Marmara University Business Administration Department in International Quality Management. He completed the HR Management & Leadership Programs at INSEAD.

Ilter Terzioglu, born in 1966, joined Turkcell in 2003 as Business Strategies, Regulation and Risk Consolidation Division Head. In October 2015, he was appointed as the Executive Vice President of Strategy. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President of International Business under the Strategy Function. He has also undertaken the roles of acting Chief of International Business, Chief Strategic Projects Officer and Chief Network Operations Officer at Turkcell. Prior to joining Turkcell, he had worked as Assistant General Manager at Turkcell Group companies, including Show TV and Superonline. He had worked for Ericsson Turkey as the Assistant General Manager responsible for Turkcell between 1994 and 2002. He graduated from the Department of Econometrics at Istanbul University.

Ismail Butun, born in 1973, has been appointed as Executive Vice President of Marketing (CMO) as of July 1, 2016. Mr. Butun started his career at the Cuhadaroglu Holding Moscow Office in 1996. Between 1997

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and 2000, he worked at the Enka Group Foreign Trade department in Moscow as Sales and Business Development Manager. Starting from 2000, he worked at Nestle as CPW Turkey Country Manager, Regional Marketing Director for Central Asia based in Uzbekistan, and later as Head of National Key Accounts for Nestle Turkey. Starting from 2011, he served at Nestle’s Global Headquarters in Switzerland, first as Business Excellence Manager at the Global Customer and Sales Management Unit and then as Marketing Manager at the Beverages Strategic Business Unit. Most recently, Mr. Butun was the General Manager of Nestle Turkey Beverages Group and also served as a Board Member. Ismail Butun, joined Turkcell as Senior Vice President of Retail Sales on January 15, 2016. Ismail Butun graduated from the Bogazici University Business Administration department in 1996.

Serkan Ozturk, born in 1976, joined Turkcell in 2000 as Project Supervisor. He was appointed as the Executive Vice President of Customer Experience and Information and Communication Technologies as of August 2017. Previously, he worked as project supervisor and manager at Turkcell Project Management office between 2000 and 2009. He served as Chief Information Technologies Officer in life- Ukraine between 2009-2010 and in Turkcell Superonline between 2010 and 2011. Prior to his recent appointment, he has been serving as director of Customer Relations Management and Business Intelligence Solutions (CRM & BIS) and Executive Vice President of Information and Communication Technologies. Serkan Ozturk graduated from Middle East Technical University Electrical and Electronics Engineering department. He received his MBA degree from Istanbul University.

Aziz Gediz Sezgin, born in 1966, joined Turkcell as Network Engineer in 1995 and was appointed as the Executive Vice President of Network Technologies as of March 2017. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President of Network technologies under the Technology Function, Senior Vice President of Information and Communication Technologies, Director of Application Operations, Director of Service Network under the ICT Function, and held various executive positions in the Technology Function. Mr. Sezgin started his career at Alcatel Teletas in 1991. He graduated from Istanbul Technical University in Electronics and Communication Engineering and received his Master’s degree from the same university.

Ali Turk, born in 1977, joined Turkcell as Senior Vice President of Supply Chain Management in May 2016. He was appointed as Executive Vice President of Supply Chain Management as of March 2017. Mr. Turk started his career at Basak Hayat Sigorta in 1999. Between 2002 and 2007, he held various managerial positions responsible for logistics planning, warehouse and supply chain management processes at Ulker Group Companies. Between 2007 and 2011, he worked at Ceva Lojistik as Warehouse and Value Added Operations group manager. Joining Turkish Airlines in 2011 as Cargo Operations Vice President, Mr. Turk served as Turkish Airlines Cargo Operations President between 2012-2016. Ali Turk graduated from the Industrial Engineering Department of Istanbul Technical University in 1999 and completed Istanbul Technical University Executive MBA program in 2001.

Aysem Ertopuz Deobler, born in 1970, joined Turkcell in January 2016 as Strategic Planning Director. In March 2017 she was appointed as Executive Vice President of Digital Services and Solutions. She started her career at Arcelik A.S., where she had served as Quality System Engineer between 1993 and 1997. She was appointed Strategic Consultancy Services Manager in Arthur Andersen in 1997. Joining Cisco’s EMEA Region Organization in 2001 in Belgium, Aysem Ertopuz took managerial roles in several functions including Strategic Planning, Business Intelligence, Operations and Global Customer Management. She served as the manager of the Business Intelligence Group within Cisco’s New York-based Global Sales Strategy and Planning organization between 2006 and 2015, focusing on the fields of Service Providers sector, market and competition dynamics, business strategy and performance, and utilization of digital services in new business models. Aysem Ertopuz graduated from the Middle East Technical University Industrial Engineering Department and received her MBA degree from the New York University, Stern School of Business.

6.B Compensation

The compensation paid to members of the Board of Directors for their service on the Board is approved by the shareholders at General Assemblies. In accordance with the Company’s corporate governance practices, the Board, although it has no final authority on remuneration, upon the recommendation of the Compensation Committee may decide on a proposal to the General Assembly as to whether Board members will be remunerated, and if such is the case, the form and amount of compensation to be paid to the Board members. At our Annual General Assembly held on April 29, 2010, it was decided that our Chairman would receive a net sum of EUR250,000 per year and each Board member would receive a net sum of EUR100,000 per year for the period of their service, effective February 25, 2010.

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For the year ended December 31, 2017, we provided, paid and accrued an aggregate of TRY 75.8 million to our key management personnel including: indemnities, salaries, bonuses and other benefits. There was no deferred or contingent compensation accrued for the year payable to executive officers and members of the Board of Directors other than that already included in the TRY 75.8 million. A cash-settled long-term incentive plan offered to the management of Turkcell and group companies was introduced January 2016 and as of December 31, 2017, the Group recognized expenses of TRY 29.4 million regarding this plan (no accruals in 2016). We have Directors and Officers Liability Insurance that covers our directors and officers from liabilities that arise in connection with performing their duties and our liabilities in connection with our directors’ and officers’ performance of their duties. The coverage amount is $400 million, and there are a number of insurers, each covering a different layer of the policy. Directors and Officers Liability insurance is provided by Mapfre Genel Sigorta A.S., an insurance company in Turkey, whereas reinsurance protection is provided by London-based markets. The policy expired on September 2, 2017, and we renewed its insurance limit based on the terms and conditions offered until September 2, 2018.

6.C Board Practices

Under Turkish Commercial Code and our Articles of Association, our Board of Directors is responsible for our management. The Articles of Association provide for a Board of Directors consisting of seven members. Members of our Board of Directors are generally appointed for a term of three years. However, in a series of resolutions in 2013, the CMB appointed new members to our Board, who shall remain members until new members are elected or until the CMB announces a new resolution.

For more information on our directors and the period during which each director has served on the board, see “Item 6.A. Directors and Senior Management”.

Committees of the Board of Directors

a. The Audit Committee

We are required under Turkish laws and regulations, U.S. securities laws and regulations and the rules of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) to have an Audit Committee of the Board of Directors appointed from among the independent members of the Board of Directors. Our Audit Committee currently has three members: Mr. Ahmet Akca, Mr. Mehmet Hilmi Guler and Mr. Atilla Koc. Mr. Akca is the Chairman of the Audit Committee. All of the members are considered independent under the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the rules promulgated thereunder by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the applicable rules of the NYSE and the CMB Corporate Governance Principles. Mr. Ahmet Akca, Mr. Mehmet Hilmi Guler and Mr. Atilla Koc are relying on Rule 10A-3(b)(1)(iv)(B).

Similar to the Swiss Code, board committees in Turkish law merely have a “decision-shaping”, rather than “decision-taking” role. Additionally, as per a decision of the Board of Directors, the responsibility of the Audit Committee members is also considered as a joint responsibility of all Board members.

The principal duties of the Audit Committee include the following:

| • |  | assisting the board’s oversight of the quality and integrity of our financial statements and related disclosure;

| • |  | overseeing the implementation and efficiency of our accounting system;

| • |  | pre-approving the appointment of and services to be provided by our independent auditors;

| • |  | preparing and monitoring the agreement between us and the independent auditor and overseeing the performance and efficiency of our independent audit system and internal audit mechanisms; and

| • |  | establishing procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints regarding accounting, internal accounting control systems or auditing matters and establishing procedures for the confidential, anonymous submission by our employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters.

b. The Corporate Governance Committee

The Corporate Governance Committee, based on the CMB’s corporate governance principles, mainly assists the Board of Directors with the development and implementation of our corporate governance principles and

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presents if needed to the Board of Directors remedial proposals to that end. Duties and working principles of the Corporate Governance Committee are determined within the framework of the regulations, provisions and principles in the Turkish Commercial Code, Capital Market Law, Articles of Association of the Company and Capital Market Board’s “Corporate Governance Principles”. In the relations between the Company and our shareholders, the Committee assists the Board. To that end, it oversees the investor relations activities.

The current members are Mr. Mehmet Hilmi Guler, Mr. Mehmet Bostan, Mr. Bekir Pakdemirli and Mr. Zeynel Korhan Bilek, Investor Relations and Merger and Acquisitions Director, and Mr.Emre Alpman, Capital Markets and Compliance Principal. Mr. Guler is the Chairman of the Corporate Governance Committee. Mr. Zeynel Korhan Bilek and Mr. Emre Alpman were appointed members of the Corporate Governance Committee by a CMB communiqué requirement and they were appointed on November 2, 2016 and January 23, 2017 respectively.

c. The Candidate Nomination Committee

On April 27, 2012, the Candidate Nomination Committee was established in accordance with the CMB corporate governance principles to perform independent board member candidate nomination and performance assessment processes. The current members are Mr. Ahmet Akca, Mr. Mehmet Hilmi Guler, Mr. Atilla Koc, Mr. Mehmet Bostan and Mr. Bekir Pakdemirli. Mr. Akca is the Chairman of the Candidate Nomination Committee.

d. The Compensation Committee

On December 19, 2012, in conformity with the CMB corporate governance principles, our Board established a Compensation Committee to operate under our Board of Directors. The current members are Mr. Atilla Koc, Mr. Mehmet Hilmi Guler and Mr. Mehmet Bostan. Mr. Koc is the Chairman of the Compensation Committee. The Board also adopted the Compensation Committee’s Charter and approved that the Compensation Committee shall execute the duties relating to compensation issues which were earlier granted to the Corporate Governance Committee by the Corporate Governance Committee Charter and the Compensation Committee shall be authorized in lieu of the Corporate Governance Committee in “Total Remuneration Policy for the Board of Directors and Top Executives” adopted by our Board. The Committee determines the remuneration principles that apply to the Board members and senior management taking into account the long-term strategic goals of the Company. It sets out the remuneration criteria for the Board members and senior management’s performance and makes compensation recommendations to the Board.

e. The Early Detection of Risks Committee

The Early Detection of Risks Committee has been established in conformity both with the new Turkish Commercial Code and CMB corporate governance principles to assist the Board in early detection of risks that may jeopardize the Company’s existence, development and continuation, and to assist the Board in taking the necessary measures and remedial actions to manage such risks. The current members are Mr. Mehmet Hilmi Guler, Mr. Mehmet Bostan and Mr. Bekir Pakdemirli. Mr. Guler is the Chairman of the Early Detection of Risks Committee.

On January 28, 2016 the Board has adopted new charters relating to all of the above mentioned committees.

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6.D Employees

From our formation in 1993, we have grown from approximately 90 employees to 19,768 employees as of December 31, 2017. Due to our customer growth and the increasing need for competent employees, we focus on the quality of our recruitment. The following table sets forth the number of employees by activity employed by us at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.

Turkcell |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Board of Directors Office |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 14 |
Group Internal Audit |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 41 |
CEO Office |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |
Legal & Regulation |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 115 |  |  |  | 92 |
Finance |  |  | 249 |  |  |  | 239 |  |  |  | 233 |
Strategy |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 28 |
Marketing |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 270 |
Sales |  |  | 937 |  |  |  | 1,061 |  |  |  | 1,091 |
Network Technologies |  |  | 1,345 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Digital Services & Solutions |  |  | 121 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Customer Experience & Information Technologies1 |  |  | 483 |  |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | — |
Human Resources2 |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Supply Chain Management2 |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Business Support2 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | 336 |
Technology Group3 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,619 |  |  |  | 1,550 |
Product & Services |  |  | — |  |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | — |
Corporate Communication |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38 |
Turkcell Academy |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 50 |
Customer Services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 95 |
Subtotal |  |  | 3,967 |  |  |  | 3,870 |  |  |  | 3,851 |
Subsidiaries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Turkcell Global Bilgi |  |  | 12,189 |  |  |  | 11,221 |  |  |  | 9,179 |
lifecell LLC |  |  | 980 |  |  |  | 1,196 |  |  |  | 1,037 |
Belarusian Telecom |  |  | 353 |  |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 355 |
Global Bilgi LLC |  |  | 714 |  |  |  | 910 |  |  |  | 836 |
Turkcell Superonline |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 26 |
Turkcell Teknoloji |  |  | 830 |  |  |  | 775 |  |  |  | 712 |
Kibris Telekom |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | 208 |
Others4 |  |  | 507 |  |  |  | 416 |  |  |  | 445 |
Subtotal |  |  | 15,801 |  |  |  | 15,129 |  |  |  | 12,798 |
Total |  |  | 19,768 |  |  |  | 18,999 |  |  |  | 16,649 |

(1) | As of September 2017, Customer Experience and Information & Communication Technologies consolidated as Customer Experience & Information Technologies

(2) | As of February 2017, Business Support function is reorganized as Human Resources and Supply Chain Management

(3) | As of March 2017, Technology Group function is reorganized as Network Technologies and Information and Communication Technologies

(4) | Others include the following subsidiaries: Inteltek, Global Tower, Ukrtower, Azerinteltek, Turkcell Satis, Turkcell Odeme, Turkcell Enerji and Lifetech LLC.

We remain confident that high levels of subscriber satisfaction will be possible with continued investment in our people. To that end we continue to strive to attract the best talent in the market.

We are able to recruit highly qualified employees due to our leader position in the Turkish mobile communication market and our strong corporate identity. Stringent hiring and training standards have resulted in a professional organization with high-caliber employees within a challenging workplace.

With regard to employee compensation and benefits, the major principles of our policy are to preserve internal equity and external competitiveness and reflect individual performance in compensation packages.

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Significant factors involved in the process of determining compensation and benefits for our employees are our grading structure (based on the Hay Grading system), market movement data and individual performance.

We make salary adjustments once yearly. Principal factors in salary adjustments are market movements and economic indicators (e.g., the rate of inflation). We pay performance bonuses quarterly to sales employees and annually to all other employees in accordance with individual and company performance results. Our performance evaluation system evaluates the whole year performance of our employees through target setting-based on strategic objectives and 360-degree evaluation. Benefits packages are designed in line with the local market practice and linked to grade bands/levels where the benefits package improves as the grade band/level increases. We run a flexible benefits plan that allows our employees to select from a pool of choices that suit them such as several shopping and travel vouchers, allowance for children and payment to the Defined Contribution Plan (the “DCP”). The DCP is a voluntary pension system in which we and the employee make equal contributions. After a vesting period of three years, the employee gets ownership of the contribution we made. The DCP covers all employees who have been working with us for a minimum of six months.

Starting from January 2016, we have launched a long-term incentive plan offered to the management of Turkcell and group companies. This plan aims to build a common interest with shareholders, support sustainable success, and ensure loyalty of key employees. The long-term incentive plan is subject to company performance measures and linked to our share price performance. The key performance indicators of the plan are; the total shareholder return in excess of weighted average cost of capital (WACC), and ranking of total shareholder return in comparison with the BIST 30 and peer group. The bonus amount is determined according to these evaluations, and it is distributed over a three-year payment plan. Accordingly, for 2017, the senior management and those employees who are covered as part of this plan were paid the cash equivalent of 2,065,490 shares in total in March 2018 as the first installment. The remaining second and third installments will be paid on 2019 and 2020, respectively, again in cash equivalents of the same number of shares in each installment subject to accomplishment of certain conditions.

Each of our employees undergoes an orientation program incorporating classroom training and e-learning training. The training provides employees with information concerning corporate culture and ethics, an introduction to our services, basic mobile communications knowledge and functions of departments. Each employee has the opportunity to participate in the individual, organizational, functional and managerial development programs after regular analyses of his or her training needs. In addition, each employee receives specific training for his or her particular job.

Our employees are not members of any union, and there is no collective bargaining agreement with our employees. We have not experienced any work stoppages.

6.E Share Ownership

Based on reporting made to us on March 13, 2018, we believe that the aggregate amount of shares owned by our Board members and senior officers at such time was 117,100 ordinary shares. No individual Board member or senior officer owned 1% or more of our outstanding shares.

ITEM 7. | MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

7.A Major Shareholders

The following table sets forth our major shareholders’ ordinary share ownership representing 51.05% of our company’s capital. This information is current as of March 13, 2018, based on the information provided by Central Registry Agency and company share register. Our shareholders do not have different voting rights.

Name and Address of Owner |  | Nominal TRY Value of Shares Owned |  |  | Percent of Class |
Turkcell Holding A.S.(1) |  |  | 1,122,000,000.238 |  |  |  | 51.00 | %
Buyukdere Cad. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Yapi Kredi Plaza |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
A Blok Kat: 15 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
34330, Levent, Istanbul, Turkey |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cukurova Holding A.S. |  |  | 995,509.429 |  |  |  | 0.05 | %
Buyukdere Cad. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Yapi Kredi Plaza |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
A Blok Kat: 15 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
34330, Levent, Istanbul, Turkey |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares Publicly Held(2) |  |  | 1,077,004,490.333 |  |  |  | 48.95 | %
Total |  |  | 2,200,000,000 |  |  |  | 100 | %

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(1) | 52.91% of Turkcell Holding A.S. shares are owned by Cukurova Telecom Holdings Limited, and the remaining shares are owned by TeliaSonera Finland Oyj. 51% of Cukurova Telecom Holdings Limited’s shares are owned by Cukurova Finance International Limited and 49% are owned by Alfa Telecom Turkey Limited. For more information, see “Item 3.D—Risk Factors—Turkcell’s complex ownership structure and ongoing disagreements among our main shareholders have adversely impacted and may continue to impact decision-making on important matters. These ongoing disputes may lead to further regulatory or legal actions, and affect the ownership and control of our company”.

(2) | We calculate shares publicly held by deducting from total shares outstanding those shareholders named above. However, a different level of shares publicly held is arrived at when calculating according to Turkish regulations, see Free Float Definition Rules in “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Capital Structure—Free Float Definition Rules”. According to an announcement made by Silchester International Investors LLP on Borsa Istanbul’s Public Disclosure Platform on October 6, 2017, it held 5.03% of our publicly held shares. As of March 13, 2018, we do not have further information about the shareholding status of Silchester International Investors LLP.

As of March 13, 2018, Turkcell had 48,576,942 ADRs outstanding held by 51 registered ADR holders. To the best of our knowledge, as of December 31, 2017, in accordance with the loan agreements signed between our shareholders and various banks, 0.05% of shares having a nominal value of TRY 995,509 have been pledged by our shareholders as security in favor of such banks.

On January 25, 2013, MV Holding registered 26,021,712.590 shares through the Central Registry Agency. These shares are now classified as publicly held shares of the Company and MV Holding is therefore no longer listed as an ordinary shareholder.

On December 6 and 7, 2016, Sonera Holding B.V. registered 287,632,179.557 shares through the Central Registry Agency. These shares are classified as publicly held shares of the Company. On May 10, 2017 and September 21, 2017, Sonera Holding B.V. disclosed that transaction of selling these shares had been performed and their shares under the free float remained at a nominal value of TRY 1.604. Sonera Holding B.V. is no longer listed as an ordinary shareholder.

7.B Related Party Transactions

We have entered into agreements with our executive officers and with several of our current and former shareholders or affiliates of shareholders. We believe that all of such agreements are on terms that are comparable to those that would be available in transactions with unrelated parties. Our policy is to seek price quotes for services and goods we purchase and select the most favorable price. Additionally, our Board has adopted the “Rules to be Applied to Related Parties in Purchasing/Selling Assets and Services along with Transfers of Liabilities” to be applied by the relevant employees within the company and its group companies on November 24, 2014. For a discussion of our Related Party Transactions for fiscal year 2017, see Note 37 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

7.C Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not Applicable.

ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION

8.A Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Audited Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, are included in “Item 18. Financial Statements”.

Our Company’s Board of Directors decided to appoint PwC Bagimsiz Denetim ve Serbest Muhasebeci Mali Musavirlik A.S (PwC Turkey) as the independent audit firm to audit our consolidated financial statements for the year 2018. The decision will be submitted to the approval of our shareholders at the next Annual General Assembly Meeting of our Company.

I. Legal Proceedings

For a discussion of the various claims and legal actions in which we are involved, see Note 36 (Commitments and Contingencies) to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 20-F. This includes

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disputes with the Turkish Treasury, the Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications and ICTA on Treasury Share amounts payable by us; a dispute with the Turkish tax authorities regarding Special Communication Tax, an ICTA investigation on subscription numbers as they relate to the calculation of radio utilization and usage fees, a Competition Board investigation alleging abuse of market position; as well as various other matters.

II. Dividend Policy

The 2016 General Assembly Meeting was held on May 25, 2017 and during the meeting a dividend distribution for the year 2010-2016 was proposed by Turkcell Holding A.S., amounting to TRY 3,000,000,000, which represented approximately 52.6% of distributable net income for the relevant years. This distribution approved to be conducted in three equal installments on June 15, 2017, September 15, 2017 and December 15, 2017 and all installments are paid up as of December 2017.

The 2017 General Assembly will be held on March 29, 2018 and the Board of Directors has proposed a dividend distribution for the year 2017 amounting to TRY 1,239,500,000 which represented approximately 63% of distributable net income for the year 2017. This distribution is proposed to be paid in three equal installments on June 18, 2018, September 17, 2018 and December 17, 2018. The dividend amount is in line with our dividend policy approved during the Ordinary General Assembly Meeting held on March 26, 2015 and without deduction for tax settlements provisioned as disclosed on January 30, 2018.

We have adopted a dividend policy, which is included in our Corporate Governance Guidelines. As adopted, our general dividend policy is to pay dividends to shareholders with due regard to trends in our operating performance, financial condition and other factors. Since 2004, the Board of Directors has endeavored to distribute cash dividends of at least 50% of our distributable net profits per fiscal year, although the payment of dividends remains subject to our cash flow requirements, applicable Turkish laws and the approval of, or amendment by, the Board of Directors and the General Assembly of Shareholders.

In order to comply with the CMB’s Communiqué on Dividends II-19.1 dated January 23, 2014, the Turkcell Board of Directors amended its dividend distribution policy proposal in February 2014, as stated below, which was approved by the Ordinary General Assembly held on March 26, 2015:

“The Company shall target a dividend payout of at least 50% of its distributable net income as cash. This policy will be subject to the Company’s cash projections, business outlook, investment plans and capital market conditions. The actual dividend decision will be made for each fiscal year separately with the approval of the General Assembly of Shareholders. Dividend distribution shall be started on a date to be determined by the General Assembly of Shareholders which shall not be later than the end of the year in which the General Assembly convenes. The Company, in accordance with laws and regulations, may consider distributing advance dividends or making the dividend payment in equal or unequal installments.

Additionally, in order to create added value for its shareholders, the Company may also consider share repurchase programs depending on the conditions set forth above and applicable regulation.”

In accordance with Turkish law, the distribution of profits and the payment of an annual dividend with respect to the preceding financial year are subject to a recommendation which may be made by the Board of Directors each year for approval by the shareholders at the annual general assembly. The Board may decide whether or not to recommend a distribution of profits together with the amount of dividends, and the shareholders, through the general assembly, may accept, amend or reject such proposal, if any. Dividends are payable on a date proposed by the Board of Directors and determined at the general assembly of shareholders, which date, under the CMB requirements, must be earlier than the end of the financial year in which the general assembly decides on dividend distribution. However, the CMB is authorized to designate another deadline for distribution of dividends in any given year.

Annual profits are calculated and distributed in accordance with our Articles of Association after deduction from our annual revenues of all expenses, depreciation, taxes, required reserves and any losses from the previous years.

Pursuant to CMB regulations, dividend distributions of publicly held companies are regulated as follows.

From the distributable net dividend calculated as per the CMB’s regulations, the entire amount calculated according to the CMB regulations regarding the requirement of minimum dividend distribution shall be

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distributed in the event such amount can be covered by the distributable net dividend in the statutory records. In the event the entire amount cannot be covered by the distributable net dividend in the statutory records, the total distributable net dividend in the statutory records shall be distributed. In the event there is net loss in the financial statements prepared as per the CMB regulations or statutory records, there shall be no dividend distribution.

The new Capital Markets Law, which came into force on December 30, 2012, stipulates that public companies shall distribute dividends in line with their dividend policy determined by their general assembly and in conformity with the relevant legislation. However, the new law entitles the Board to regulate dividends. The CMB also published a Communiqué on Dividends (II-19.1) on January 23, 2014 which entered into force on February 1, 2014. Within the scope of the Communiqué, companies shall distribute dividends through a general assembly resolution in accordance with current legislation and the policies of the company. As per the Communiqué, dividends may be distributed in installments in case a general assembly resolution is adopted in this regard. The Communiqué also sets out the principles and procedures for the distribution of dividends. This new Communiqué revoked the Communiqué on the Principles Regarding the Distribution of Dividends and Interim Dividends to be Followed by Publicly Held Joint Stock Companies subject to the Capital Markets Law Serial: IV No: 27, dated November 13, 2001.

To the extent we declare dividends in the future, we will pay those dividends in Turkish Lira. In the case of ordinary shares held in the form of ADSs, dividends will be converted into U.S. Dollars by the depositary for the ADSs, to the extent it can do so on a reasonable basis, and will be distributed to the holders of the ADSs. Because exchange rates between the Turkish Lira and the U.S. Dollar fluctuate continuously, a holder of ADSs will be subject to currency fluctuation generally, but particularly between the date on which dividends are declared and the date dividends are paid. Under current Turkish regulations, dividends or other distributions paid in respect of the ordinary shares or ADSs generally will be subject to withholding taxes. See “Item 10E. Taxation”.

8.B Significant Changes

Not applicable.

ITEM 9. | THE OFFER AND LISTING

9.A Offer and Listing Details

Our capital consists of ordinary shares. Pursuant to an amendment in Turkish Capital Markets Law and a communiqué issued by the CMB, our shares traded on the Borsa Istanbul were dematerialized as of November 2005. For detailed information on the dematerialization of our shares, see “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Transfer of Shares”.

Our ordinary shares are traded on the Borsa Istanbul under the symbol “TCELL” and our ADSs are traded on the NYSE under the symbol “TKC”. Currently two ADSs represent five of our ordinary shares. Our ADSs are evidenced by American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”). On July 6, 2011, we signed an amended and restated Deposit Agreement (the “Deposit Agreement”) with Citibank N.A. (“Citibank”), as depositary (the “Depositary”), Turkcell and holders of ADRs, which transferred our ADR program from JPMorgan Chase Bank to Citibank.

Since January 1, 2006, capital gains realized without meeting a one-year holding period are subject to a withholding tax in Turkey. On July 7, 2006, a provision was added to article 1/a of Code 5527 stating that foreign-based taxpayers, natural persons and corporations are subject to 0% tax. See “Item 10.E. Taxation”.

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The table below sets forth, for the periods indicated, the reported high and low closing quotations (as extracted from Bloomberg) on the NYSE and the Borsa Istanbul. All quotations have been adjusted to take into account all dividends we have issued in the form of shares and cash.

|  | New York Stock Exchange ($ per ADS) |  |  | Borsa Istanbul (TRY per Ordinary Share) |
|  | High |  |  | Low |  |  | High |  |  | Low |
Annual information for the past five years |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2017 |  |  | 10.20 |  |  |  | 6.01 |  |  |  | 15.48 |  |  |  | 8.44 |
2016 |  |  | 9.73 |  |  |  | 5.74 |  |  |  | 11.22 |  |  |  | 8.01 |
2015 |  |  | 12.93 |  |  |  | 7.55 |  |  |  | 12.20 |  |  |  | 8.92 |
2014 |  |  | 12.99 |  |  |  | 9.44 |  |  |  | 11.53 |  |  |  | 8.43 |
2013 |  |  | 13.90 |  |  |  | 10.14 |  |  |  | 9.97 |  |  |  | 7.98 |
Quarterly information for the past two years – 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  |  | 7.81 |  |  |  | 6.01 |  |  |  | 11.22 |  |  |  | 8.44 |
Second Quarter |  |  | 7.95 |  |  |  | 7.06 |  |  |  | 11.48 |  |  |  | 10.16 |
Third Quarter |  |  | 9.00 |  |  |  | 7.53 |  |  |  | 12.53 |  |  |  | 10.87 |
Fourth Quarter |  |  | 10.20 |  |  |  | 8.22 |  |  |  | 15.48 |  |  |  | 11.97 |
Quarterly information for the past two years – 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  |  | 9.71 |  |  |  | 7.08 |  |  |  | 11.22 |  |  |  | 8.49 |
Second Quarter |  |  | 9.73 |  |  |  | 7.75 |  |  |  | 10.92 |  |  |  | 9.04 |
Third Quarter |  |  | 8.80 |  |  |  | 7.20 |  |  |  | 10.19 |  |  |  | 8.75 |
Fourth Quarter |  |  | 7.41 |  |  |  | 5.74 |  |  |  | 9.15 |  |  |  | 8.01 |
Monthly information for most recent six months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
October 2017 |  |  | 9.31 |  |  |  | 8.22 |  |  |  | 13.92 |  |  |  | 11.97 |
November 2017 |  |  | 9.48 |  |  |  | 8.74 |  |  |  | 14.76 |  |  |  | 13.44 |
December 2017 |  |  | 10.20 |  |  |  | 9.21 |  |  |  | 15.48 |  |  |  | 14.46 |
January 2018 |  |  | 11.13 |  |  |  | 9.52 |  |  |  | 16.86 |  |  |  | 14.16 |
February 2018 |  |  | 10.40 |  |  |  | 9.72 |  |  |  | 15.60 |  |  |  | 14.61 |
March 2018 (as of March 13, 2018) |  |  | 9.74 |  |  |  | 9.58 |  |  |  | 14.94 |  |  |  | 14.75 |

Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Turkish Lira and the U.S. Dollar will affect any comparisons of ordinary share prices and ADS prices.

On March 13, 2018, the closing price per ordinary share on the Borsa Istanbul was TRY 14.94 and per ADS on the NYSE was $9.58. The Depositary confirmed that we had 48,146,984 ADRs outstanding as of the close of business on December 31, 2017. We had 48,576,942 ADRs outstanding as of the close of business on March 13, 2018.

9.B Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

9.C Markets

Our ADSs are traded on the NYSE under the symbol “TKC” and our ordinary shares are traded on the Borsa Istanbul under the symbol “TCELL”.

9.D Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

9.E Dilution

Not applicable.

9.F Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

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ITEM 10. | ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

10.A Share Capital

Not applicable.

10.B Memorandum and Articles of Association

I. General

We are registered in the Istanbul Trade Registry under number 304844. Pursuant to Article 3 of our Articles of Association, as amended on January 30, 2009, at the Extraordinary General Assembly, we are incorporated primarily for the provision of any telephone, telecommunication and similar services in compliance with the Telegraph and Telephone Law number 406 and services stated in the GSM Pan Europe Mobile Telephone System bid that was signed with the Turkish Ministry and to operate within the authorization regarding the IMT-2000/UMTS services and the infrastructure.

II. Board Members

a. General

According to our Articles of Association, the Board of Directors is comprised of seven members elected by the general assembly. An increase in the number of members of the Board of Directors must be approved by the general assembly. However, in a series of resolutions in 2013, the CMB appointed new members to our Board, who shall remain members until new members are elected or until the CMB announces a new resolution. With the new Turkish Commercial Code Act number 6102 (“TCC”), which came into force on July 1, 2012, the requirement of having a share of company in order to become a member of Board of Directors has been abolished. The individuals who do not have any shares in the company have been provided an opportunity to be elected as members of the Board of Directors and carry out such duty. Additionally, the TCC mandated that the Board members who have been elected as a representative of a legal entity be required to resign and that the new Board members (as individuals or representatives of the legal entity) be required to be appointed in their place until October 1, 2012 at the latest. Currently none of the directors on our Board are either representatives of shareholders that are legal entities or shareholders themselves.

The TCC does not require a Board member to be a Turkish citizen. There is no minimum age for the directors, provided that a Board member has reached the age of majority, which is 18, and there is no mandatory retirement age under applicable law. The conditions to be a Board member are regulated by the new TCC and the conditions to be an independent board member are regulated by the related CMB legislation.

b. Board Members’ Interest

The TCC forbids a Board member to enter into a transaction with us in any area relating to business, either on the Board member’s own behalf or on behalf of someone else, thus preventing the abuse of duty by Board members and protecting our interests (TCC Article 395) without the authorization of the general assembly. Our general assembly may authorize our Board members to enter into these types of transactions through a specific provision in our Articles of Association, or our general assembly may grant such a right on a yearly basis.

Interested Board members cannot participate in and sign such resolutions. If we suffer any loss because of a Board member’s failure to raise such an issue, the Board member shall be held liable to compensate us for the loss incurred due to such matters related to relatives.

Under TCC Article 396, without the authorization of the general assembly, the Board members are barred from participating in similar commercial activities outside our Company. Board members cannot become shareholders with unlimited liability or become Board members of companies active in similar types of business. A specific provision in our Articles of Association or our general assembly may grant such a right on a yearly basis.

Furthermore, based on the Corporate Governance Communiqué numbered II-17.1, which was published in the Official Gazette dated January 3, 2014, replacing the previous regulatory framework, in cases where shareholders having a management control, members of the board of directors, managers with administrative liability and their spouses, or relatives by blood or marriage up to second degree, conduct a significant transaction with the company or its subsidiaries which may cause a conflict of interest, and/or conduct a

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transaction on behalf of themselves or a third party, which is in the field of activity of the company or its subsidiaries, or become an unlimited shareholder to a corporation which operates in the same field of activity as the company or its subsidiaries, such transactions need to be included in the general assembly agenda as a separate item for providing detailed information at the general assembly meeting on the matter and need to be recorded in the minutes of the meeting.

c. Compensation

Any remuneration payable to Board members in relation to their Turkcell board membership shall be determined by our general assembly. The Board of Directors has no authority to determine such remuneration. At our Annual General Assembly held on April 29, 2010, it was decided that our Chairman would receive a net sum of EUR250,000 per year and each Board member would receive a net sum of EUR100,000 per year for the period of their service, effective February 25, 2010.

According to a CMB Communiqué Serial: IV, No: 56 Concerning the Establishment and Implementation of the Corporate Governance Principles, which was published in the Official Gazette dated December 30, 2011, a written Remuneration Policy for Board members and senior management was prepared. This Policy was posted on the company’s website and submitted at the Annual General Assembly as a separate agenda item for information. The Corporate Governance Communiqué numbered II-17.1, which was published in the Official Gazette dated January 3, 2014 and replaced the Communiqué Serial: IV, No: 56, kept this requirement as a mandatory corporate governance principle dealing with Financial Rights of Board Members and Executives Having Administrative Responsibility. The Annual General Assembly meeting of our Company pertaining to the years 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 has been convened on March 26, 2015, for the year 2015 has been convened on March 29, 2016, for the year 2016 has been convened on May 25, 2017. The same item was on the agenda for the Annual General Assembly meeting held in 2017 and shareholders have been informed; however there was no proposal on the remuneration and therefore no voting took place. Payment plans such as stock options or those based on company performance are not used in the remuneration of independent Board members. Remuneration of independent board members must safeguard the independency level.

d. Borrowing Power

To the extent the relevant provisions of Turkish law allow, the Board of Directors of our Company is the body entitled to, directly or through representatives authorized by the Board of Directors, resolve to exercise our powers to borrow money or give any form of guarantee or surety relating to our or any third party’s obligations. The CMB adopted a rule on September 9, 2009, which was announced in its weekly bulletin in connection with credit extensions, that public companies can provide guarantees or pledges, including mortgages, to third parties, provided such third party (i) is fully consolidated in the company’s financial statements or (ii) the ordinary business operations of the company directly requires providing guarantees, pledges or mortgages. At the Ordinary General Assembly held on April 29, 2010, Article 3 entitled Purpose and Subject Matter of Turkcell’s Articles of Association was amended in line with CMB’s rule dated September 9, 2009. Under our Articles of Association, our Board of Directors is authorized to issue debentures and other securities subject to the TCC, Turkish Capital Markets Law and other relevant legislation. Under Turkish Capital Markets Law, the total value of capital market instruments shall not exceed the amount specified by the CMB, for each type of instrument. However, as a general rule, the total value of debentures and other debt instruments that a publicly held company may issue as capital market instruments may not exceed the balance remaining after deducting the losses, if any, from the total sum of the outstanding and paid-up capital as shown on the latest independently audited financial statements submitted to the CMB, plus reserves and the revaluation fund stated in the latest financial statement approved by the general assembly. Pursuant to Article 3 of our Articles of Association, as amended on October 2, 2009 at the Extraordinary General Assembly, and as effective on October 7, 2009, we can extend credits to companies in which we have direct or indirect shareholding interest, both in Turkey and overseas, as well as to our main company and group companies, in Turkish Lira or other foreign currencies, on the condition that such extensions do not conflict with applicable laws and regulations. In addition, the TCC similarly allows group companies to extend credits and guarantees to each other without abusing their authority The Corporate Governance Communiqué numbered II-17.1, which was published in the Official Gazette dated January 3, 2014, incorporated the rule which was announced in its weekly bulletin on September 9, 2009 in its Article 12. Furthermore, as per Article 12, board resolutions with regard to providing guarantees or pledges including mortgages within the framework of ordinary business operations of the company should be signed by the majority of independent board members. In case the majority of independent board members do not approve the resolution, dissenting opinions should be announced to the public. In such resolutions, related board members, if any, could not participate to the relevant board meeting. The CMB further took a decision which is published in

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its weekly bulletin on January 27, 2016 according to which it is concluded that providing by non-public affiliates to public parent companies of any guarantees, pledges including mortgages is not conflicting with Article 12.

e. CMB Rules Regarding Transactions with Related Parties

Initially, based on the CMB Communiqué Serial IV, No. 56, dated December 30, 2011, the approval of the majority of the independent members was necessary for any and all kinds of related party transactions of the company (related parties referred in the Communiqué will be determined in accordance with the Turkish Accounting Principles No. 24, equivalent of IAS 24), as well as for the resolutions of the board of directors with respect to giving guarantees, pledges and mortgages in favor of third parties. The CMB in a further announcement clarified that listed companies could adopt one board/general assembly resolution for the execution of transactions of a continuous and extensive nature with related parties unless the terms of those transactions had changed. In the event such changes occur, new board/general assembly resolutions will be needed. The new Capital Markets Law dated December 30, 2012 empowered the CMB to determine the nature of such transactions. Accordingly, the CMB with its Communiqué Serial IV, No. 63 dated February 22, 2013 restricted the scope and set out that only material related party transactions, as opposed to all kinds of transactions, shall be submitted to the approval of independent members. In cases where the majority of the independent members do not approve such material transaction, the case shall be disclosed to the public in a manner covering sufficient information with respect to the transaction within the scope of public disclosure arrangements, and the transaction shall be submitted to the general assembly for approval. During such general assembly meetings, a resolution shall be adopted by vote in which the parties to the transaction as well as the individuals related thereto are not entitled to vote. Meeting quorum shall not be necessary for the general assembly meetings to be held for those cases. Such resolutions shall be adopted by simple majority of the attendees having the right to vote. The Company shall incorporate related mandatory provisions of the said Communiqué in its Articles of Association (along with other mandatory provisions relating to corporate governance, see “Item 16.G. Corporate Governance”). The Corporate Governance Communiqué numbered II-17.1, which was published in the Official Gazette dated January 3, 2014, defined the materiality as set out by the Communiqué Serial IV, No. 63. Accordingly, a 10% threshold will be applied in comparison with the relevant criteria such as total annual assets, annual revenues or market value of the company. When a transaction’s amount is above this 10% threshold, the majority vote of independent board members will be sought. Additionally, in order to ensure internal compliance with the CMB’s related party transactions, our Board has adopted the “Rules to be Applied to Related Parties in Purchasing/Selling Assets and Services along with Transfers of Liabilities” to be applied by the relevant employees within the company and its group companies on November 22, 2014.

III. Capital Structure

a. General

Our Board of Directors has adopted the authorized share capital system which, under Turkish law, allows us to increase our issued share capital up to the authorized share capital amount upon resolution by our Board and without need for further shareholder approval. On January 23, 2008, the CMB amended its Communiqué on principles regarding the registered capital system. According to this amendment, the registered capital ceiling authorization given by the CMB shall be valid for five years, including the year in which the authorization is granted. As this five-year term ended in January 23, 2013, as in 2014, the Company applied for the CMB’s authorization in order to determine its capital ceiling for a five-year term between 2017 and 2021, however the amendment of Articles of Association reflecting the capital ceiling was not approved in the General Assembly Meeting held on May 25, 2017. The agenda of the General Assembly Meeting to be held on March 29, 2018 also includes the relevant item in order to determine the capital ceiling for a five-year term between 2018 and 2022. In an effort to harmonize new legislation with the Capital Markets Law numbered 6362, which entered into force on December 30, 2012, the CMB released the Communiqué on the Registered Capital System II-18.1 which became effective on December 25, 2013. The new Communiqué mostly includes regulations in line with the former Communiqué (Serial: VI, No: 38) and de facto practice of the CMB. As for the determination of the ceiling, the new Communiqué contemplates a limitation for the ceiling and states that the registered capital ceiling shall not be more than five times the issued capital or the equity, whichever is higher. The new Communiqué also sets out that the registered capital ceiling may be exceeded once within the scope of each ceiling (i) through conversion of all kinds of internal resources and dividends into the share capital; and (ii) as a result of transactions requiring general assembly resolutions such as mergers and spin-offs. However, both the former legislation and the new Communiqué provide that the registered capital ceiling may not be exceeded with capital increases through cash. As in the former regime, the registered capital ceiling approved by the CMB is valid for five years including

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the year in which the approval is granted. Upon the expiry of the term, even if the registered capital ceiling has not been reached, in order for the board of directors to adopt a capital increase resolution, the board of directors must obtain authorization for a new period at the first general assembly upon the approval of the CMB for the same ceiling or a new ceiling. The term of this authorization may be extended for five year periods through a general assembly resolution. In the event such authorization is not obtained, the new Communiqué emphasizes that companies may not realize a capital increase through a board of directors’ resolution, whereas under the former Communiqué, companies were deemed to be excluded from the registered capital system. The increase of the registered capital ceiling, extension of the permission period, capital increase and relevant resolutions of the board of directors shall be disclosed to the public within the framework of the CMB disclosure rules.

b. Preemption Rights

We may increase our capital only through the issuance of new shares, and such issuances may come in the form of a rights offering or a bonus issue. Under Turkish law, existing shareholders are entitled to subscribe for new shares, also known as preemption rights, in proportion to their respective shareholdings each time we undertake a capital increase. Our Board of Directors will generally recommend that new shares be issued at prices equal to their nominal value, which entitles the existing shareholders to subscribe for shares at a significant discount from their current market price. The exercise of preemption rights by shareholders must be made within a subscription period which we announce, which may not be less than 15 days nor more than 60 days after the issuance of the preemption rights circular. Shareholders who do not wish to subscribe for new shares may sell their rights on the Borsa Istanbul (“BIST”). Any shares not subscribed for by the existing shareholders or purchasers of the rights coupons are sold on the BIST at the current market price. Any differences between the rights issue price and the price realized for the shares on the BIST would accrue to our surplus account. Preemption rights of shareholders related to a rights offering may be restricted wholly or in part either by an affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares at an ordinary or extraordinary general assembly or a resolution adopted by the Board of Directors to such effect, provided that such authority is conferred upon the Board of Directors. CMB rules stipulate that such authority may be conferred upon the Board of Directors of companies that have received permission from the CMB to adopt the authorized capital system. As per the new Communiqué on the Registered Capital System II-18.1, the General Assembly shall approve the amendments to the articles of association with respect to granting authorization to the board of directors to restrict the pre-emptive rights of the shareholders to acquire new shares. Contrary to the former Communiqué, the new Communiqué has not foreseen a meeting quorum. With regard to the decision quorum, the former Communiqué differentiated between companies making an initial public offering and public companies, whereas the new Communiqué has not stipulated any such distinction. Accordingly, the new Communiqué regulates that shareholders holding 2/3 of the shares having voting rights shall provide affirmative votes. In addition, the new Communiqué has prescribed that if at least shareholders holding half of the voting shares are present at the meeting, the decision quorum shall be the majority of the shares participating in the meeting.

By the amendment to the Articles of Association, we have conferred such authority on our Board of Directors. The CMB further requires that the right of the Board of Directors to restrict the preemption rights of shareholders applies equally with respect to all shareholders. Under Turkish law, bonus issues may be undertaken in order to convert all or a portion of the revaluation fund and reserves of a company into share capital.

c. Dividend Distribution and Allocation of Profits

Our Board of Directors recommends annual dividends, which then must be approved by our shareholders at their annual general assembly. Dividends are payable on a date determined at the annual general meeting. Under current rules, the Board of Directors may decide whether or not to recommend a distribution of dividends, and our shareholders at our annual general meeting may decide whether or not to distribute dividends in any year. According to new Capital Markets law, we may freely determine the amount of dividends to be distributed based on the Dividend Policy, pursuant to applicable Turkish laws and upon the approval of, or amendment by, the Board of Directors and the General Assembly of Shareholders. The Board decides whether or not to recommend an allocation of profits, as well as the amount of dividends, and the shareholders, through the general assembly, may accept, amend or reject such proposal, if any.

The new dividend distribution regime is governed by a CMB Communiqué on Dividends II-19.1 which was published in the Official Gazette dated January 23, 2014, numbered 28891, which entered into force on February 1, 2014. Within the scope of the Communiqué, companies shall distribute dividends through a general assembly resolution in accordance with current legislation and the policies of the company. As per the Communiqué, dividends may be distributed in installments in case a general assembly resolution is adopted in

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this regard. The Communiqué has also determined the principles and procedures for the distribution of dividends. The CMB allows public companies the possibility of choosing the timing and payment method of the dividend distribution on the condition that the company’s own dividend policy should regulate this. In any case, according to the new Communiqué, distribution should commence until the end of the financial year in which the general assembly decided on distributing a dividend.

In order to comply with this Capital Markets Board’s Communiqué, the Turkcell Board of Directors amended its dividend distribution policy proposal in February 2014, as stated below, and approved by the Ordinary General Assembly held on March 26, 2015:

“The Company shall target a dividend payout of at least 50% of its distributable net income as cash. This policy will be subject to the Company’s cash projections, business outlook, investment plans and capital market conditions. The actual dividend decision will be made for each fiscal year separately with the approval of the General Assembly of Shareholders. Dividend distribution shall be started on a date to be determined by the General Assembly of Shareholders which shall not be later than the end of the year in which the General Assembly convenes. The Company, in accordance with laws and regulations, may consider distributing advance dividends or making the dividend payment in equal or unequal installments.

Additionally, in order to create added value for its shareholders, the Company may also consider share repurchase programs depending on the conditions set forth above and applicable regulation.”

In parallel with the new Capital Markets Law, the new Communiqué on Dividends sets ground rules for donations: articles of association of public companies should contemplate it and an annual limit should be determined by the general assembly. On February 24, 2015, within the framework of the CMB regulations, our Board has resolved that, by means of determining the upper limit for the total amount of donations to be made by the Company within the year 2015 as up to 0.2% of our Company’s revenue included in the annual consolidated financial tables relating previous fiscal year announced to the public pursuant to CMB regulations, this abovementioned upper limit is approved by General Assembly of our Company. On January 30, 2017, our Board of Directors has resolved to determine the upper limit for the total amount of donations to be made by our Company within the year 2017 as up to 1% of our Company’s revenue as set forth in the annual consolidated financial statements for the previous fiscal year as announced to the public pursuant to Capital Markets Board regulations. This limit is approved at the General Assembly of our Company held on May 25, 2017.

Dividends are payable by transfer to the account of the shareholders with a bank in Turkey corresponding to the relevant portion of their shares. Shareholders’ entitlement to cash dividends remains in effect for a period of five years following the date of the general assembly approving such distribution, after which time they are transferred to the Turkish government.

Part of our remaining net profit may be distributed to our shareholders as a second dividend or retained by us as retained earnings, all at the discretion of our general assembly.

For additional details regarding our dividend policy see “Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy”.

d. Voting Rights

Shareholders are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders.

CMB Communiqué Serial IV, No. 56 dated December 30, 2011 (see “Item 16.G. Corporate Governance” for further information), initially stated that transactions considered as material (transfer, acquisition or lease of all or significant portion of company assets or constitution of limited property right there on; providing concession or changing content or subject of existing concessions and being delisted) under certain conditions those material transactions will need to be approved by the general assembly. In the event that parties to such transactions are related parties, such related parties shall not vote at the general assembly. The new Capital Markets law dated December 30, 2012 further expanded the scope of “material transactions”, which were exhaustively enumerated by the aforementioned Communiqué by adding the term “like” at the beginning of the enumeration. However, the topic has once again been regulated by another CMB Communiqué Serial IV, No. 63 dated February 22, 2013, and the term of “material transactions” with regard to the implementation of Corporate Governance Rules is again exhaustively defined in parallel with the Communiqué dated 2011.

The CMB issued the Communiqué No. II-23.1 on Common Principles Regarding Material Transactions and the Right of Separation (published in the Official Gazette dated December 24, 2013, No. 28861). Material

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transactions of public companies are exhaustively enumerated. Some of the issues covered by the Communiqué are listed below:

| • |  | procedures and principles applicable to the material transactions of publicly held companies;

| • |  | exercise of the right of separation in relation to the material transactions and the cases where the right of separation is not applicable;

| • |  | pricing of the right of separation in non-listed companies;

| • |  | mandatory tender offer in connection with the material transactions; and

| • |  | mandatory meeting and decision quorums applicable to general assembly meetings with regard to material transactions.

e. Transfer of Shares

Subject to the limitations described below, shares may be sold and transferred by endorsement and delivery.

In practice, shares in registered form traded on the BIST are represented by the share certificates endorsed in blank, enabling such shares to be transferred as if they were in bearer form. As per the amendment in the then in force Capital Markets Law and a communiqué issued by the CMB in this respect, our Company’s shares traded at the Borsa Istanbul were dematerialized as of November 2005.

Legal and actual dematerialization of the share certificates commenced on November 28, 2005. Beginning from November 28, 2005, it is prohibited for companies registered on the BIST to issue new share certificates, in consideration of rights issues or bonus issues. The new shares arising out of capital increases shall be transferred to the accounts of the rightful owners by registration.

A seven-year term given for the dematerialization of physical shares ended on December 31, 2012 and physical shares which were not delivered for dematerialization were supposed to become the property of the Company. However, according to the new Capital Markets Law which came into force on December 30, 2012, such undelivered physical shares are now transferred to the Investor Compensation Center and sold three months following the transfer on the Investor Compensation Center’s accounts. However, the Turkish Constitutional Court in its decision published in the Official Gazette on November 12, 2015, nullified the provisions of the Capital Markets Law regarding the ownership transfer of such undelivered physical shares to the Investor Compensation Center on the ground that such language contradicted with Art. 13 (Restriction of fundamental rights and freedoms) and Art. 35 (Right to property) of the Constitution. As a result of this decision, the CMB regulated the process of payment to the investors whose share ownership has been transferred to the ICC. This regulation has been published in the Official Gazette dated September 7, 2016 numbered 29824.

Concerning registration of share transfers, the Company will take into account the Central Registry Agency’s data without requiring any application from the interested parties. Provisions regarding the nominal values of the share certificates of the Company are regulated in the temporary article of the Company’s Articles of Association and such article was approved at the Ordinary General Assembly Meeting on April 29, 2005. The temporary article reads as follows:

Decree 32 on the Protection of the Value of the Turkish Currency issued in August 1989, as amended from time to time, provides that persons not resident in Turkey may purchase and sell our shares, provided that such purchase is effected through a bank or broker authorized pursuant to applicable Turkish capital markets legislation. Turkish capital markets legislation requires that shares of a company quoted on a Turkish securities exchange be traded exclusively on such exchange. The CMB has indicated that this requirement applies only to intermediary institutions licensed for trading on the stock exchange and to trade orders placed with them by investors. Accordingly, our shareholders that are not resident in Turkey may transfer such shares only on the ISE. This requirement does not apply to transfers of ADSs.

Under Turkish law, in the event that one of our shareholders transfers shares to any other shareholder or to any other third party investor, either foreign or local, the Foreign Investment General Directorate (“FIGD”) must be notified within one month of the transfer of shares.

Under Article 8 of the Electronic Communications Law, electronic communications services is rendered and/or electronic communications network or infrastructure is established and operated following the

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authorization made by the ICTA. Authorization is granted through the notification made in accordance with the principles and procedures determined by the ICTA, in case the resource allocation is not necessary, or given of usage right, in case the resource allocation, which means allocation of frequency, satellite position etc., is necessary. Furthermore, under the Authorization Regulation Regarding Telecommunication Services and Infrastructure Regulation, the ICTA must be notified in case of any share transfers within one month of the transfer of shares at the latest and in the event that the share transfer results in a change in control, such transfer of our shares by any of our shareholders should be realized with the written permission of the ICTA.

Under our Articles of Association, the Board of Directors is entitled to restrict the transfer of shares to foreigners in order to comply with Turkish shareholding requirements under Turkish law.

f. Disclosure of Beneficial Interests in the Shares

The Turkish Regulation on public disclosure of listed companies was regulated by the CMB Communiqué Serial VIII, No. 54 on Principles Regarding Public Disclosure of Material Events dated February 2009. The CMB released a new Communiqué on Public Disclosure of Material Events (II-15.1) which was published in the Official Gazette dated January 23, 2014, numbered 28891, which entered into force on February 23, 2014. Insider information, which means any non-public information that may possibly affect the value of capital market instruments and investors’ decisions, is required to be disclosed immediately by listed companies. Shareholders’ disclosure requirement would arise if they fall below or exceed the shareholding ratios established in the Communiqué II-15.1 (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 33%, 50%, 67% and 95%). The CMB has amended the Communiqué No. II-15.1 on February 13, 2018 and require the Central Registry Agency to make a disclosure along with relevant shareholders in case listed companies reach, fall below or exceed the stated shareholding ratios. Disclosure of insider information may be delayed to protect the legitimate interests of the company without causing market manipulation. For those that have administrative responsibilities in Turkcell (including Board members and high-ranked executives), or are closely related persons and partners (whether natural or legal persons) of issuers that purchase and sell Turkcell’s capital market instruments (including, but not limited to, Turkcell shares), such transactions will need to be declared to the Borsa Istanbul; however, according to the Communiqué II-15.1, if the cumulative amount of the above-mentioned Turkcell transactions in a calendar year does not exceed TRY 250,000 (TRY 286,000 for 2018), such declaration will not be needed. This upper limit represents the total amount of all transactions made by both Board members/high-ranked executives and their closely related persons of the company and that of its subsidiaries which represent more than 10% of the total assets according to the latest annual financial statements of the company. “Closely related persons” means: wives/husbands, children and individuals sharing the same residence at the time of transaction and corporations; legal entities run by, directly/indirectly controlled by or whose economic interests are similar with that of Board members; and high-ranked executives of the Company. The CMB by its decision dated June 27, 2014 issued new guidelines that is also amended on February 10, 2017 for the announcement of material events for public companies based on Article 27 of the Communiqué II-15.1, thus repealing the old guidance which was prepared in conformity with the Communiqué Serial VIII, No:54. The Company’s internal public disclosure rules and procedures has also been adopted by the Board in accordance with the Communiqué II-15.1 as amended on February 10, 2017.

In addition, the CMB adopted a “short-swing-profit rule” for company executives. The CMB has published the Communiqué No. VI-103.1 Regarding Managers’ Payment of Net Purchase and Sale Gains to the Issuers (published in the Official Gazette dated December 12, 2013, No. 28849). The Communiqué VI 103.1 relies on the Capital Markets Law Article 103/4 and indicates that (i) the board members and the committee members of an issuer, (ii) the persons with administrative responsibilities at the issuer and (iii) the persons that have the power to determine and control the issuer’s financial and operational policies, decisions or targets directly or indirectly, shall pay the net gains they have obtained through the purchases and sales within the same six-month period. It is indicated in the Communiqué VI 103.1 that the purpose of this regulation is to remove the inequality of opportunity between the persons who receive insider information about the issuers easier and faster due to their positions and the investors that reach the insider information after public disclosure.

In addition, according to the Communiqué on Voluntary and Mandatory Tender Offers (“Communiqué Serial IV No. 44”) issued by the CMB on September 2, 2009, the mandatory tender offer shall be triggered when, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of our Company’s shareholding is acquired or management control of a public company is taken over through acquiring (i) the necessary number of shares granting the right to elect or (ii) privileged shares allowing the nomination of the majority of the board of directors. Communiqué Serial IV No. 44 also stipulates certain circumstances which will not trigger a mandatory offer, such as management control changes of the company by a voluntary tender offer and share transfers by privileged shareholders with

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management control or persons acting together resulting in a possession of more than 50% of the capital or voting rights. The new Capital Markets Law incorporates those rules under its relevant provisions. The Communiqué on Tender Offer (II-26.1) which repeals the Communiqué Serial: IV No: 44 was published by the Capital Markets Board in the Official Gazette dated January 23, 2014, numbered 28891, which entered into force on the date of its publication. Through the Communiqué, the procedures and principles regarding mandatory and voluntary tender offers as a result of a change in management control have been regulated in compliance with the new Capital Markets Law No. 6362. Moreover, the definition of management control has been regulated as the direct or indirect acquisition of more than 50% of the share capital or the voting rights individually or collectively. Holding more than fifty percent of the voting rights of a corporation directly or indirectly, alone or jointly with persons acting in concert, or regardless of such percentage, holding privileged shares enabling their holder to elect a simple majority of the total number of the members of the board of directors or to nominate for the said number of directors in the general assembly meeting, is considered and treated as an acquisition of control.

The Communiqué on Tender Offer (II-26.1) was modified on February 27, 2015 and the following situation has been added amid cases where a mandatory tender offer will not be triggered. Following the purchase by a third party of a portion of the shares of a controlling shareholder, on the condition that this third party has 50% or less of voting rights of the company, should such third party share equally or less than the management control of the company with this controlling shareholder by virtue of a written agreement, this situation is not considered a trigger for a mandatory tender offer for this third party.

In parallel, the Capital Markets Law No. 6362 introduces a squeeze-out right: in the event the shareholding of a shareholder reaches a threshold, which shall be determined by secondary legislation of the CMB, such shareholder shall have the right to purchase the shares of the minority shareholders and the minority shall have the right to sell their shares. The CMB released the Communiqué on Squeeze-Out Rights and Statutory Put Option Rights (II-27.1) on January 2, 2014 in the Official Gazette numbered 28870, which became effective as of July 1, 2014. This Communiqué was replaced with the Communiqué II-27.2 which entered into force upon its publication in the Official Gazette dated November 12, 2014 and numbered 29173 (the “new Communiqué”). According to the Communiqué II-27.1, if the controlling shareholder, directly or indirectly, holds at least 95% of the voting rights in a public company as a result of a mandatory tender offer or by any other means, the controlling shareholder has the right to squeeze out all other shareholders regardless of whether they hold privileged shares. As per the new Communiqué, in the event that a shareholder holds at least 98% of the voting rights in a public company either as a result of a mandatory tender offer or by any other means, or if the controlling shareholder already satisfying this threshold acquires an additional share, the controlling shareholder will be entitled to the right to squeeze-out all other shareholders. Once the squeeze-out right arises, the remaining minority shareholders will be entitled to the right to sell-out their shares. The new Communiqué also stipulates a transition period. Accordingly, the threshold of 95% shall continue to apply to squeeze-out rights that arose before December 31, 2014 and a new threshold of 97% shall apply to squeeze-out rights that will arise thereafter until December 31, 2017. The new Communiqué regulates the squeeze-out and the put option rights under the same provision. Accordingly, the controlling shareholder is obliged to make a public disclosure, if and when the controlling shareholders’ shareholding ratio reaches at least 98% of the voting rights or acquires additional shares to enhance its status. The remaining minority shareholders are entitled to exercise their sell-out rights within three months following the public disclosure. The three-month period is statutory and the sell-out rights of the minority shareholders shall expire at the end of such period. The minority shareholder willing to exercise its sell-out right shall notify the public company in writing of its request. The board of directors shall procure the preparation of a valuation report in order to determine the purchase price for the minority shares within one month upon the sell-out request. Upon application of the controlling shareholder for exercising the squeeze-out right, and approval of the board of directors about the fulfillment of the conditions for exercising the squeeze-out right, the company shall apply to the CMB for issuance of new shares to replace the cancelled ones. A delisting application to the relevant stock exchange is also required. All payment and settlement transactions shall be conducted via the Central Registration Agency. The controlling shareholder shall deposit the share purchase amount to the company’s account, within three business days following the notification made by the company at the latest, and the company shall transfer such amount to the relevant minority shareholders’ account on the second succeeding business day to complete the share transfer transactions. As for the calculation of the purchase price, the purchase price during exercising of the squeeze-out right shall be equivalent to the average of the weighted daily stock market price within the 30-day period prior to the disclosure stating that the controlling shareholder has reached at least 98% of the voting rights or acquired additional shares for traded shares. The Communiqué refers to a “fair price” for the exercise of the sell-out right. Accordingly, (i) the price determined for the squeeze-out right; (ii) the price determined per each share group through a valuation report; (iii) the price of a mandatory tender offer within the year preceding the public disclosure of control, if any; and (iv) the average

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of the weighted average prices on the exchange pertaining to the previous six months, previous year and previous five years shall be compared. The highest value shall be determined as the purchase price when the sell-out right is exercised. The controlling shareholder is required to make a public disclosure if and when (i) the voting rights held by it exceed or fall below 98% of the total voting rights in the company; or (ii) it acquires additional shares when it already holds 98% or more of the voting rights. Additionally, the controlling shareholder is also obliged to make a public disclosure, if and when it decides to exercise the squeeze-out right. The company as well is obliged to disclose the (i) squeeze-out right requests, the procedure of squeeze-out and the results of the squeeze-out; (ii) application of a sell-out right including the total number of shareholders making an application for exercising their sell-out rights, the percentages of their voting rights, and the total price to be paid for the exercised sell-out rights; (iii) the results of valuation reports for determining the share price and (iv) the results of exercising the sell-out right including information on the number of shareholders who have used such right and their voting right percentages and the voting right percentage of the controlling shareholder.

Capital Markets Law No. 6362 is amended on December 5, 2017 with the Omnibus Bill No. 7061 published on the Official Gazette and introduces a legal grounding for crowdfunding. CMB is expected to enact the secondary legislation accordingly.

g. Free Float Definition Rules

While 48.95% of our shares are listed on the stock exchange, the number of our Company’s free floating shares as of March 13, 2018 was 1,074,496,616 according to the “Report on Free Float Ratios” released by the Central Registry Agency in accordance with the Capital Markets Board’s decision 21/655 of July 23, 2010, as amended by its decision 24/729 of August 18, 2010, and its free float ratio was 48.84%. The difference between these rates results from the exclusion of shares which are: i. held by a public entity, ii. held by the company’s incorporators and its affiliates (companies subject to consolidation), iii. held by shareholders who may be a natural person or a corporate body and control at least 10% of the Company’s capital (following the amendment by the CMB’s decision 31/1059 of October 30th, 2014), iv. held by a) the members of the Company’s Board of Directors and the Board of Auditors, b) General Manager or executives who are equal to or superior to a general manager in terms of their powers and functions, c) senior executives who report to General Manager or executives who are equal to or superior to a general manager in terms of their powers and functions, v. owned by the savings funds or foundations of companies, vi. provided as equity capital pursuant to regulations applicable to the capital markets legislation or as a collateral in respect of a margin trading or as a collateral except the ones which are given as a collateral only for Central Depository Bank markets, vii. which are legally restricted and cannot be subject to purchase and sale, viii. prohibited, ix. “seized” in the definition of free float ratio. The difference may result from one or more situations described in the decision and it is not possible for our Company to know it.

h. Trading Rules

According to the CMB’s latest decision numbered 1/6 dated January 8, 2018 and according with Communiqué II-17.1 on Corporate Governance, public companies whose shares are traded on the BIST Stars Market, BIST Main Market and Collective and Structured Products Market shall be divided into three groups in accordance with their systemic significance considering their market values and the market values of the shares in active circulation. The average of the closing prices in the second session of the last trading days of March, June, September and December and the rates of the shares in active circulation is the basis of the calculation of the market price and the price of the shares in active circulation. In cases where different share groups of the same company are traded on the exchange, all of such groups shall be taken into consideration. This calculation shall be made by the CMB each year in January to determine the groups in which the corporations are included and the list shall be published by the Board Bulletin. In this regard, the numerical thresholds to be used for grouping are set forth below:

(a) First group: Companies whose average market value is above TRY 3 billion and average market value in actual circulation is above TRY 750 million;

(b) Second group: Companies among those excluded from the first group, the average market value of which is above TRY 1 billion and average market value in actual circulation is above TRY 250 million.

(c) Third group: Companies among those excluded from the first and second groups, the shares of which are traded on National Market, Second National Market and Collective Products Market.

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Accordingly, the CMB by its decision numbered 31/1080 and dated October 30, 2014 determined the following thresholds and measures, which are effective as of January 2, 2015:

Group |  | Value of the Shares in active circulation (TRY) |  | Market Maker or Liquidity Builder |  |  | Current or Additional Measures |
|  |  | Trading Method |  | Margin Trading or Short Selling |  |  | Equity Ratio of Short Settlement |  | Gross Settlement Method |
A |  | 30 Million and above |  |  | — |  |  | Continuous Auction |  |  | YES |  |  | General Provisions |  |  | NO |
B |  | 10 - 30 Million |  |  | — |  |  | Continuous Auction |  |  | YES |  |  | 100% |  |  | NO |
C |  | Below 10 Million |  |  | YES |  |  | Continuous Auction |  |  | NO |  |  | 100% |  |  | NO |
|  |  | NO |  |  | Uniform Price |  |  |

According to the latest CMB decision, Turkcell is listed under Group A companies.

i. Protection of Minority Shareholders

Under Turkish securities law, minority shareholders, defined as those who hold 5% or more of our share capital, have the right, among other things, to request our Board of Directors to:

| • |  | invite the shareholders to an extraordinary general assembly;

| • |  | request that a matter be included on the agenda at both ordinary and extraordinary general assembly;

| • |  | request the appointment of special auditors; if the general assembly rejects this request, minority shareholders may apply to the court for the appointment of a special auditor;

| • |  | take action against Board members who have violated the Turkish Commercial Code or the articles of association of a company or who have otherwise failed to perform their duties;

| • |  | pursuant to the TCC, provided there is a good reason, minority shareholders may claim from the competent court to rule in favor of dissolution of the Company; and

| • |  | if provided by the Articles of Association of the Company, certain minority groups may be represented at the Board of Directors.

According to the new Capital Markets Law, in the event a shareholder votes against a material transaction in a general assembly meeting, as briefly described above, such shareholder obtains a right to exit from the company by selling his/her shares. If the shareholder uses that right, the company is required to purchase the shareholder’s shares.

j. Liquidation

In the event of liquidation, our shareholders are entitled to participate in any surplus in proportion to their shareholdings.

k. Changes in Capital Structure

Any increase in our Company’s registered capital ceiling requires an amendment to our Articles of Association and therefore shareholder approval through a general assembly. Such amendment is subject to the prior approval of the Ministry of Customs and Trade and the CMB. Our Board of Directors may also restrict the rights of existing shareholders and offer new shares to third parties. Changes in the voting and dividend rights of our shareholders require an amendment to our Articles of Association and approval by the general assembly. Such amendment is also subject to the prior approval of the Ministry of Customs and Trade and the CMB. Furthermore, under the Turkish Commercial Code, during the general assembly meetings held to amend the articles of association of a joint stock company, each share shall be entitled to only one vote, even if otherwise is provided under its articles of association.

Any decrease in our share capital requires an amendment to our Articles of Association. If we undertake to cancel our shares, we must notify any existing creditors, and within two months of notification, they may request payment or, if their receivables are not due and payable, we must create a security interest in their favor. Capital reduction is rarely applied in Turkey.

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l. Share Buy-Backs

The new TCC contains several rules enabling Turkish companies to repurchase their own shares if they satisfy certain conditions. Accordingly, shares representing up to 10% of the total share capital of the company may be acquired by the company itself. We believe that this would allow both direct and indirect acquisitions. Before the entry into force of the new TCC, the CMB had taken an anticipatory step by enabling listed companies to buy back their own shares. The CMB announced this on August 11, 2011, in its Weekly Bulletin numbered 2011/32, and this announcement describes in detail the procedures and principles which apply to such buy-back transactions.

In accordance with the new Capital Markets Law dated December 30, 2012, the Communiqué on Share Buyback numbered II-22.1 was published in the Official Gazette on January 3, 2014. The Communiqué regulates the principles and procedures of share buybacks or the establishment of pledges over their own shares by public companies. Essentially, the Communiqué governs the principles regarding the (i) share buybacks of public companies or accepting their own shares as pledges; (ii) sell-out of repurchased shares or their amortization; (iii) public disclosure of such transactions; and (iv) safe harbor provisions where share buybacks will not be deemed insider trading or manipulation of the market.

On February 18, 2016 a buyback plan of up to TRY 200 million was announced to be submitted for the approval of the shareholders at the Ordinary General Assembly for 2015; however the proposal made during the General Assembly held on March 29, 2016 was rejected.

Our Company’s Board of Directors has authorized the management to execute share buy-back transactions, within the scope of the announcements dated July 21, 2016 and July 25, 2016 made by the CMB. We believe that this authorization could be extended to cover indirect share buybacks.

m. General Assemblies

Right holders, who have a right to attend the general assembly meetings, can attend such meetings by electronic means pursuant to article 1527 of the new TCC. Pursuant to the Communiqué on Electronic General Assembly Meetings held in Joint Stock Companies, the Company shall invite the right holders to attend, to deliver an opinion and to vote by electronic means, either setting up the electronic general assembly system; or purchase related services from the system providers that are specifically found for such purposes.

According to the new TCC, the general assembly meeting procedures should be regulated under the Internal Guidelines to be approved by the general assembly and registered at the Trade Registry. Accordingly, general assembly meeting procedures shall be executed with the related provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code, Articles of Association and the Internal Guidelines.

The following matters are among the ones required by the TCC and our Articles of Association to be included on the agenda of ordinary general assembly meeting:

| • |  | review of the annual reports of our Board of Directors and the auditors;

| • |  | the approval, amendment or rejection of the statement of financial position and statement of profit and loss prepared for the preceding financial year, the release of our Board of Directors from liability in respect of actions taken by them in the preceding financial year, and the proposals of our Board of Directors for the allocation and distribution of any of our net profits;

| • |  | the approval of the remuneration of the Board members; and

| • |  | the re-election or replacement of directors and/or auditors whose terms of office have expired.

Shareholders representing at least 5% of our share capital may, by written notice, require any additional matters to be included on the agenda for discussion at any of our general assemblies.

Notices covering general assemblies (including postponements and rescheduling), which include the agenda of any such general assembly, must be published in the Trade Registry Gazette and Turkish local newspaper published where the headquarter of our Company is located, determined by us, at least two weeks before the date fixed for the meeting in accordance with the TCC and three weeks before the date fixed for the meeting in accordance with CMB regulation. The TCC requires us to send notice of any general assembly by registered mail to each person registered in our books as a holder of shares and to those shareholders who have deposited at least

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one share certificate representing shares with us and have indicated a notice address. Under the Capital Markets Law, such notice requirement does not apply to holders of registered shares, which are also traded in the stock market.

Any shareholder holding any of our shares (excluding ADRs) and wishing to attend general assembly meetings to vote must present his/her identification document to our Head Office before the start of the meeting in order to obtain an entry permit for that meeting. Holders of the non-public registered shares in our share book of registered shares need not comply with such requirement to attend a general assembly. Any shareholder not wishing to attend any such general assembly in person may appoint another person as a proxy. Shareholders attending the general assembly meeting by electronic means should follow the procedures established by the related legislation.

Except as set out by the provisions of the TCC and our Articles of Association, the required quorum at any general assembly is shareholders representing at least one-quarter of the share capital. If such quorum is not present when a general assembly is convened, the meeting shall be adjourned, in which event the meeting is reconvened within a month, with shareholders or their proxies present at such meeting. Resolutions of general assembly meetings must be passed by a majority of the shareholders or their proxies present at such meetings.

As per the new Capital Markets Law, unless a higher quorum is accepted in the articles of association of public companies, affirmative votes of two-thirds of shareholders representing the share capital present at the general assembly (and this, without requiring a quorum) is needed for the following decisions: restricting preemptive rights of shareholders, authorizing the Board to restrict such preemptive rights in a registered capital system and reduction of the share capital and material transactions of the company as defined by the law. Nevertheless, if shareholders representing at least half of the company share capital are present at the meeting, simple majority decides unless a higher quorum is accepted by the articles of association.

In addition, the new Capital Markets Law stipulates that the CMB may require including some topics in the general assembly agenda to be discussed by the general assembly or to inform the shareholders at the general assembly.

According to our Articles of Association, the meeting quorum requirement at general assemblies is 51% of our share capital. Resolutions of our general assemblies must be passed by the shareholders (or their proxies) representing the majority of the votes of the shareholders present at that meeting.

The quorum requirement at general assemblies convened to increase our share capital ceiling is 51% of our share capital. Resolutions of general assemblies relating to capital increases must be passed by a majority of our shareholders or their proxies present at such meeting.

The meeting quorum requirement at general assemblies convened to amend our Articles of Association (excluding capital ceiling increase) is two-thirds of our share capital. Resolutions of our general assemblies to amend our Articles of Association (excluding capital ceiling increase) shall be passed by the shareholders (or their proxies) representing at least 2/3 of the votes of the shareholders present at that meeting.

Changing our jurisdiction or increasing the obligations of the shareholders requires unanimous shareholder approval.

10.C Material Contracts

We are not a party to any material contracts other than those entered into in the ordinary course of business, except with regard to the settlement of certain legal disputes. For information regarding these settlements, see “Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Note 35” (Guarantees and purchase obligations) to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 20-F.

10.D Exchange Controls

Banks in Turkey set their own foreign exchange rates independently of those announced by the CBRT. Pursuant to Decree 32 on the Protection of the Value of the Turkish Currency (“Decree No.32”), most recently amended in 2018, the government eased and ultimately abolished restrictions on the convertibility of the Turkish Lira for current account and nonresident capital account transactions by facilitating exchange of the proceeds of transactions in Turkish securities by foreign investors, which enabled Turkish citizens to purchase securities on foreign exchanges. These changes also permitted residents and nonresidents to buy foreign exchange without limitation and to transfer such foreign exchange abroad without ministerial approval.

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Turkish citizens are permitted to buy unlimited amounts of foreign currency from banks and to hold foreign exchange in commercial banks. Banks are obliged to inform authorities to be determined by the Ministry about Turkish Lira transfers abroad, excluding payments for exports, imports and invisible transactions that are above the equivalent of USD 50,000, within a 30 day period starting from the date of transfer. Capital transfers outside Turkey of more than $5 million still require approval of the Turkish government. Although we believe it is unlikely that exchange controls will be reintroduced in the near term, any such exchange controls may materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Decree No. 32 has recently been amended to take effect from May 2, 2018 with a view to introduce new restrictions on Turkish corporates to utilize foreign currency loans from Turkey and outside of Turkey. While the new regime continues to maintain existing prohibition on Turkish individuals to utilise foreign exchange loans and foreign exchange indexed loans, it introduces a strict prohibition on Turkish non-bank corporates (Corporate Borrower) to utilise foreign currency indexed loans and also brings in new restrictions on corporate borrowers to utilise foreign currency loans (F/X Loan Restriction).

Accordingly, a corporate borrower shall be permitted to utilize foreign currency loans if (i) it generates foreign currency-denominated revenue, which is defined as “the revenue derived from export, transit trade, sales and deliveries considered as export and foreign currency generating activities (F/X Revenue Exemption)” in the new legislation; (ii) the purpose of the loan is to finance an activity that is exempt from the F/X Loan Restriction (Activity Exemption); or, (iii) if as of May 2, 2018, the unpaid outstanding balance of its total foreign currency loans and/or foreign currency indexed loans (Loan Balance) is more than USD 15 million.

As far as the F/X Revenue Exemption is concerned, (i) if the loan balance of a corporate borrower is below USD 15 million, the sum of (i) the foreign currency loan to be utilised; and, (ii) the existing loan balance must not be more than the combined value of its foreign currency revenues as stated in its last three years financials. Otherwise, the exceeding portion of the foreing currency loan must either be cancelled or converted into Turkish Lira.

In regards to the Activity Exemption, a legal entity must qualify as a public institution, banks and factoring, financial leasing and financing companies resident in Turkey in order to utilise foreign currency loans. In the case of corporate borrowers, the Activity Exemption must relate to an activity in the context of (i) a domestic tender with an international element awarded to such corporate borrower; (ii) defence industry projects approved by the Undersecretariat of Defence Industry; (iii) public private partnership projects; (iv) an export, transit trade, sales and related deliveries subject to the relevant corporate borrower certifying the scope of its relevant activity and its potential sources of foreign currency revenues. Note that in order for a corporate borrower to benefit from the Activity Exemption summarised in item (iv), it must not have any foreign currency revenue within the last three financial years (which otherwise, would be subject to the F/X Revenue Exemption) and the maximum amount of foreign currency loan such Corporate Borrower can utilize is limited to the amount stated in its certified sources of foreign revenue.

Note that further legislation will be issued by the Turkish regulators, which is expected to provide further guidance in the interpretation and implementation of the new foreign exchange regime.

As of December 31, 2017, exchange restrictions and state controls exist in some jurisdictions in which Turkcell operates. The local currencies of Turkcell’s subsidiaries in both Ukraine and Belarus are not convertible outside of their respective countries. The foreign exchange regime of the Ukrainian Hryvnia is floating but there is no offshore forward market for the currency; only onshore non-deliverable forwards are available. For Belarusian Ruble, the regime is managed floating with no access to forward markets or NDFs. Future movements of exchange rates will affect the carrying values of Turkcell’s assets and liabilities. The translation of underlying local currency amounts into TRY in Turkcell’s Consolidated Financial Statements should not be construed as a representation that such local currency amounts have been, could be or will in future be converted into TRY at the exchange rates shown or at any other exchange rate.

As of December 31, 2017, significant exchange restrictions and state controls exist in most jurisdictions in which Fintur operates. The local currencies of Fintur subsidiaries in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova are not convertible outside of their respective countries. The exchange rate regime for the Georgian Lari, the Kazakh Tenge and the Moldovan Leu is floating which means central banks can intervene in the foreign exchange market but does not make any explicit or implicit commitment with respect to an exchange rate target or path. As for the Azerbaijani Manat, the exchange rate regime is managed floating so the central bank stands ready to intervene to smooth out excess volatility and influences the market exchange rate by intervening in the

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market to maintain the official rate within the prescribed corridor of 2%. Except for the Georgian Lari and the Moldovan Leu, there are no forward markets and the Kazakh Tenge is subject to only NDF markets. Future movements of exchange rates will affect the carrying values of the Fintur’s assets and liabilities. The translation of underlying local currency amounts into USD in Fintur’s consolidated financial statements should not be construed as a representation that such local currency amounts have been, could be or will in future be converted into USD at the exchange rates shown or at any other exchange rate.

10.E Taxation

The following discussion is a summary of the material Turkish and United States federal income tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposition of our shares or ADSs. The discussion is based on current law and is for general information only. The discussion does not address all possible tax consequences relating to the ownership and disposition of shares, or ADSs, and holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the applicable tax consequences of holding and disposing of the shares or ADSs based on their particular circumstances.

The discussion is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. This summary is also based in part on representations of the Depositary and assumes that each obligation provided for in, or otherwise contemplated by, the Deposit Agreement or any related document will be performed in accordance with the terms of such agreement.

I. Republic of Turkey Taxation

The following summary of Turkish tax law as in force on the date of this annual report describes the principal tax consequences for Turkish residents and U.S. holders (as defined below in “Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation”) of the ownership and disposition of shares and ADSs. It is not a complete description of all the possible tax consequences of such ownership and disposition. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors concerning the Turkish and other tax consequences applicable in their particular situations.

a. Corporate Taxation

A corporation that has its legal and/or business center in Turkey (a “Resident Corporation”) is subject to a corporate tax, which is levied at 20% on such corporation’s taxable income. Resident Corporations are required to pay an “advance corporation tax”, also at 20%, on a quarterly basis. This rate will be applied at 22% for the years 2018, 2019 and 2020.

b. Taxation of Dividends

In the event that a Resident Corporation distributes dividends to individual shareholders (resident or non-resident), or to non-resident corporations that do not have a permanent establishment (fixed place of business or permanent representative) in Turkey (and are not subject to rate-reducing provisions in applicable bilateral tax treaties), a 15% withholding tax is payable by the Resident Corporation on behalf of its shareholders. In the event that Resident Corporations distribute dividends to resident legal entities or to non-resident legal entities that have a permanent establishment in Turkey, such distributions are not subject to withholding tax.

Cash dividends received by Resident Corporations from other Resident Corporations are not subject to corporate tax. Dividends in cash received by resident individuals from Resident Corporations are subject to a withholding tax at the rate of 15% (as discussed above) and must file an annual income tax declaration. The withholding tax amount shall be deducted from the annual income tax. 50% of the dividend income received by resident individuals from Resident Corporations is exempt from the annual income declaration. The remaining 50% must be declared if it exceeded TRY 34,000 in 2018, TRY 30,000 in 2017 and 2016 and TRY 29,000 in 2015.

Under the Income Tax Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of Turkey, signed March 28, 1996 (the “Treaty”), the withholding tax rate is limited to 20% (including the surcharges on dividends paid by a Turkish Resident Corporation) of the gross amount of the dividends unless the beneficial owner of shares is a company which owns at least 10% of the voting stock of the company paying the dividends (in which case the rate would be limited to 15%). Because the current withholding tax rate applicable to publicly-traded corporations, such as Turkcell, is only 15%, the Treaty does not affect the current rate of Turkish

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withholding tax for U.S. holders. Cash dividends paid on ordinary shares or ADSs to a U.S. holder that does not have a permanent representative or place of business in Turkey will not be subject to taxation in Turkey, except in respect of the 15% income withholding tax discussed in the previous section. The distribution of dividends in kind (i.e., bonus shares) is not subject to a withholding tax, and such dividends in kind are not subject to an income declaration.

c. Taxation of Capital Gains

(i) Gains realized by Residents

For shares acquired on or after January 1, 2006:

Gains realized by resident individuals on the sale of shares traded on the Borsa Istanbul (such as Turkcell shares) or ADSs that represent shares traded on the Borsa Istanbul (such as Turkcell ADSs) to residents or non-residents are exempt from income tax, provided that the holding period of such shares or ADSs exceeds one year. Where this holding period has not been met, there is a withholding tax from the gains derived from capital. The current rate for such withholding tax is 0%.

Gains realized by Resident Corporations on the sale of shares traded on the Borsa Istanbul (such as Turkcell shares) or ADSs that represent shares traded on the Borsa Istanbul (such as Turkcell ADSs) to residents or non-residents shall benefit from the withholding exemption, if a one-year holding period is met. However, where this holding period has not been met, there is a withholding tax from the gains derived from capital gains. The current rate for such withholding tax is 0%.

Gains realized by Resident Corporations on the sale of shares or to residents or non-residents must be included in corporate income and are subject to the applicable corporate tax. Upon fulfillment of the stated conditions in Article 5 of the Corporate Tax Law, 75% of capital gains derived from the sale of the shares will be exempt from corporate income tax.

For shares acquired before January 1, 2006:

Capital gains derived from shares held by an investor (both individuals and corporations) for over three months are not subject to any withholding tax.

Gains realized by Resident Corporations on the sale of shares are subject to the applicable corporate tax. Upon fulfillment of the stated conditions in Article 5 of the Corporate Tax Law, 75% of capital gains deriving from the sale of the shares will be exempt from corporate income tax.

(ii) Gains realized by U.S. holders

U.S. holders that do not have a permanent establishment in Turkey are exempt from Turkish tax on capital gains generated from the sale of shares quoted on an exchange, such as Turkcell shares, under Article 13 of the Treaty. U.S. resident legal entities having a permanent establishment (fixed place of business or permanent representative) in Turkey generally are subject to tax in Turkey on capital gains arising from the sale of such shares and should consult their own Turkish tax advisors as to the rules applicable to them. As of July 7, 2006, the withholding tax rate applicable to non-resident holders of shares has been reduced to 0%.

U.S. holders who invest via ADSs will not have to comply with any procedures to avoid withholding tax, since gains derived from Turkcell ADSs are not generated in Turkey. However, U.S. holders who hold their shares directly in Turkey must comply with certain procedures to establish their exemption from Turkish capital gains withholding tax and are urged to consult their own tax advisors in this regard.

In addition, certain rules and procedures may need to be complied with in order to avoid Turkish withholding tax upon the conversion of ADSs to shares and from shares to ADSs in Turkey. U.S. holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors in this regard.

Pursuant to a Turkish Constitutional Court decision, which annulled the income tax provision regulating the 0% withholding application on capital gains for non-resident individuals and corporations, the withholding tax regime has once again become subject to regulation pursuant to a law numbered 6009, which came into force on August 1, 2010. Pursuant to this new regulation, a 10% withholding on capital gains is applied to individual

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investors and a 0% withholding is applied to corporate investors, irrespective of the residency status. Non-resident corporate deposit receipt holders (depositaries of our ADR facility) are included within the scope of corporate investors. Non-resident investors of Turkcell ADRs will be subject to 0% withholding, provided that the depositary of our ADR facility is a corporate body. The Turkish Council of Ministers has the authority to raise the withholding levels to 5 percentage points.

d. Taxation of Investment and Mutual Funds

(i) Taxation on the Fund Level:

The gains realized from portfolio investment activities by resident Investment and Mutual Funds are exempt from corporate tax but are subject to withholding tax for the gains of stocks held and bonds/bills issued before January 1, 2006. Withholding tax rates are as follows:

| • |  | if the institutions maintain a minimum of 25% of their portfolios invested in Turkish equity shares on a monthly weighted average basis, the applicable rate of withholding tax is 0%; and

| • |  | if the percentage of Turkish equity shares in the portfolios of such institutions is below 25% during any month during the year, the applicable rate of withholding tax is 10%.

Gains from stocks purchased after January 1, 2006 and/or bonds and bills issued after January 1, 2006 are subject to withholding of 0%.

A non-resident Investment or Mutual Fund may also qualify for this taxation regime if it appoints a permanent representative in Turkey, registers with the Turkish tax office, maintains legal books and meets the other tax requirements in Turkey.

(ii) Taxation on the Investor Level:

The gains realized by investors for participating within “FUND” are subject to taxation depending on the date of purchase of the “FUND” by the individual investors.

| • |  | For “FUND” shares purchased before January 1, 2006, gains are not subject to income tax withholding. Capital gains received by individuals are computed by deducting the original cost of the shares after the application of a “cost adjustment” (which uses the Producer Price Index determined by the Turkish Statistical Institute to eliminate gains arising solely from inflation), from the amount received upon the sale or disposition of the shares. Total capital gains are subject to declaration on income tax returns if they exceeded TRY 27,000 in 2018, TRY 24,000 in 2017 and 2016, TRY 23,000 in 2015 and TRY 21,000 in 2014, and are required to be declared in compliance with the Turkish Tax Regime. For “FUND” shares purchased after January 1, 2006:

| 1. | If the “FUND” maintains at least 51% of the portfolio invested in the Borsa Istanbul Market and is held for more than a one-year period, gains shall not be subjected to withholding. Such gains shall be declared in compliance with the Turkish Tax Regime.

| 2. | If the “FUND” does not meet the conditions above, gains shall be subject to withholding at 10% for resident investors. In cases where non-resident investors can certify their own residency status, 0% withholding shall be applied.

| 3. | Pursuant to a Turkish Constitutional Court decision, which annulled the income tax provision regulating the 0% withholding application on capital gains for non-resident individuals and corporations, the withholding tax regime has once again become subject to regulation pursuant to a law numbered 6009, which came into force on August 1, 2010. Pursuant to this new regulation, a 10% withholding on capital gains is applied to individual investors and a 0% withholding is applied to corporate investors, irrespective of the residency status. Non-resident corporate deposit receipt holders (depositaries of our ADR facility) are included within the scope of corporate investors. Non-resident investors of Turkcell ADRs will be subject to 0% withholding, provided that the depositary of our ADR facility is a corporate body.

e. Stamp Taxes

According to the Turkish Stamp Tax Law (Law No. 488), all agreements and documents specified in the law with a monetary value indicated thereon are subject to a stamp tax with rates from 0.189% to 0.948%, which is

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calculated on the aggregate amount of such agreement or document. Stamp tax to be calculated for a particular “PAPER” was capped at a maximum of TRY 1,487,397.70 per original in 2013 and TRY 1,545,852.40 per original in 2014, TRY 1,702,138.00 per original in 2015, TRY 1,797,117.30 per original in 2016, TRY 1,865,946.80 per original in 2017 and will be capped at a maximum of TRY 2,135,949.30 per original in 2018.

II. United States Federal Income Taxation

The following discussion is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to the ownership and disposition of shares or ADSs by you, if you are a U.S. holder. In general you will be a “U.S. holder” if:

| • |  | you are the beneficial owner of our shares or ADSs;

| • |  | you are either (i) an individual resident or citizen of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created in or organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust if a U.S. court can exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more U.S. persons are authorized to control all substantial decisions of the trust;

| • |  | you own our shares or ADSs as capital assets (which generally means for investment purposes);

| • |  | you own directly, indirectly or by attribution less than 10% (by vote or value) of our outstanding share capital or voting stock;

| • |  | you are fully eligible for benefits under the Limitation on Benefits article of the Treaty; and

| • |  | you are not also a resident of Turkey for Turkish tax purposes.

The Treaty benefits discussed generally are not available to holders who hold shares or ADSs in connection with the conduct of business through a permanent establishment, or the performance of personal services through a fixed base, in Turkey.

If a partnership (including for this purpose any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds shares or ADSs, the tax treatment of a partner generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A partner in a partnership that holds shares or ADSs is urged to consult its own tax advisor regarding the specific tax consequences of owning and disposing of its shares or ADSs.

The summary does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to any particular holder, including tax considerations that arise from rules of general application or that are generally assumed to be known by U.S. holders. This summary is based on provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), existing and proposed U.S. Treasury Regulations, rulings, administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions and the Treaty, all as of the date of this annual report. All of these authorities are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, and to differing interpretations. In addition, this summary does not discuss all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be applicable to investors in light of their particular circumstances or to U.S. holders who are subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law, including insurance companies, U.S. expatriates, dealers in stocks or securities, banks or financial institutions, tax-exempt organizations, regulated investment companies, retirement plans, traders in securities who elect to apply a mark-to-market method of accounting, persons who acquired their shares pursuant to the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation, persons holding shares as part of a straddle, hedging or conversion transaction, persons subject to the alternative minimum tax, and persons having a functional currency other than the U.S. Dollar.

U.S. holders are urged to consult with their own tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of the ownership or disposition of shares or ADSs, including the effects of federal, state, local, foreign and other tax laws with respect to their particular circumstances.

a. Dividends

If we make distributions to you, you generally will be required to include in gross income as dividend income the amount of the distributions paid on the shares (including the amount of any Turkish taxes withheld in respect of such dividend as described above in “Taxation—Republic of Turkey Taxation”). Dividends paid by us will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction applicable in some cases to U.S. corporations.

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Any dividend paid in Turkish Lira, including the amount of any Turkish taxes withheld therefrom, will be includible in your gross income in an amount equal to the U.S. Dollar value of the Turkish Lira calculated by reference to the spot rate of exchange in effect on the date the dividend is received by you, in the case of shares, or by the Depositary, in the case of ADSs, regardless of whether the Turkish Lira are converted into U.S. Dollars. Any gain or loss resulting from currency exchange fluctuations during the period from the date the dividend is includible in your gross income to the date such payment is converted into U.S. Dollars generally will be treated as U.S.-source ordinary income or loss. Special rules govern, and elections are available to, accrual method taxpayers to determine the U.S. Dollar amount includible in income in the case of taxes withheld in a foreign currency. Accrual basis taxpayers are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the requirements and elections applicable in this regard.

Any dividends paid by us to you with respect to shares or ADSs will be treated as foreign-source income and generally will be categorized as “passive category income” or, in the case of certain U.S. holders, “general category income” for foreign tax credit purposes.

Subject to limitations, you may elect to claim a foreign tax credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability for Turkish income tax withheld from dividends received in respect of shares or ADSs. The rules relating to the determination of the foreign tax credit are complex. Accordingly, you should consult your own tax advisor to determine whether and to what extent you would be entitled to the credit. If you do not elect to claim a foreign tax credit, you may instead claim a deduction for Turkish income tax withheld, but only for a year in which you elect to do so with respect to all foreign income taxes. A deduction does not reduce tax on a dollar-for-dollar basis like a credit, but the deduction for foreign taxes is not subject to the same limitations applicable to foreign tax credits.

Certain non-corporate U.S. holders (including individuals) are eligible for reduced rates of U.S. federal income tax in respect of “qualified dividend income” received. For this purpose, qualified dividend income generally includes dividends paid by a non-U.S. corporation if, amongst other things, the U.S. holder meets certain minimum holding periods and the non-U.S. corporation satisfies certain requirements, including that either (i) the shares (or ADSs) with respect to which the dividend income has been paid are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States or (ii) the non-U.S. corporation is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive U.S. income tax treaty (such as the Treaty) which provides for the exchange of information. We currently believe that dividends paid with respect to our shares and ADSs should constitute qualified dividend income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and we anticipate that our dividends will be reported as qualified dividends on Forms 1099-DIV delivered to U.S. holders. In computing foreign tax credit limitations, non-corporate U.S. holders may take into account only a portion of a qualified dividend to reflect the reduced U.S. tax rate applicable to such dividend. Each U.S. holder of shares or ADSs is urged to consult its own tax advisor regarding the availability to it of the reduced dividend tax rate in light of its own particular situation and regarding the computations of its foreign tax credit limitation with respect to any qualified dividend income paid by us, as applicable.

The U.S. Treasury has expressed concerns that parties to whom ADSs are released may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the claiming of foreign tax credits or reduced tax rates in respect of qualified dividends by U.S. holders of ADSs. Accordingly, the discussion above regarding the creditability of Turkish withholding tax on dividends or the availability of qualified dividend treatment could be affected by future actions that may be taken by the U.S. Treasury with respect to ADSs.

b. Sale, Exchange or other Disposition of Shares or ADSs

Upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of shares or ADSs, you generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized on the disposition and your adjusted tax basis in your shares or ADSs (as determined in U.S. Dollars). Gain or loss upon the disposition of shares or ADSs generally will be U.S.-source gain or loss, and will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if, at the time of the disposition, your holding period for the shares or ADSs exceeds one year. If you are an individual, capital gains generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at preferential rates if specified minimum holding periods are met. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to significant limitations.

The surrender of ADSs in exchange for shares pursuant to the Deposit Agreement governing the ADSs will not be a taxable event for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, you will not recognize any gain or loss upon such surrender.

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c. Net Investment Income Tax

Certain U.S. holders that are individuals, estates or trusts and whose income exceeds certain thresholds generally will be subject to a 3.8% tax on “net investment income”, including, among other things, dividends on, and gains from the sale or other taxable disposition of, our shares or ADSs, subject to certain limitations and exceptions. You should consult your own tax advisor regarding the effect, if any, of such tax on your ownership and disposition of our shares or ADSs.

d. Passive Foreign Investment Company Status

We currently believe that we were not a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ending December 31, 2017. However, this conclusion is a factual determination that must be made annually and thus may be subject to change. Therefore, it is possible that we could be classified as a PFIC in the future due to changes in our operations, the composition of our assets or income, as well as changes in market capitalization. In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year if at least 75% of its gross income consists of passive income (such as dividends, interest, rents, royalties or gains on the disposition of certain minority interests), or at least 50% of the average value of its assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. If we were characterized as a PFIC for any taxable year, you would suffer adverse tax consequences. These consequences may include having gains realized on the disposition of shares or ADSs treated as ordinary income rather than capital gains, and being subject to punitive interest charges on certain dividends and on the proceeds of the sale or other disposition of the shares or ADSs. Furthermore, dividends paid by a PFIC would not be “qualified dividend income” (as discussed above) and would be taxed at the higher rates applicable to other items of ordinary income. You should consult your own tax advisor regarding the potential application of the PFIC rules to us and to your ownership of our shares or ADSs.

e. U.S. Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Dividend payments with respect to shares or ADSs and proceeds from the sale, exchange, redemption or other taxable disposition of shares or ADSs may be subject to information reporting to the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) and possible U.S. backup withholding at a current rate of 24%. Certain exempt recipients (such as corporations) are not subject to these information reporting requirements. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number or certificate of foreign status and makes any other required certification or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding. U.S. persons who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide IRS Form W-9 (Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification). Non-U.S. holders generally will not be subject to U.S. information reporting or backup withholding. However, such holders may be required to provide certification of non-U.S. status (generally on IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E, as applicable) in connection with payments received in the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against a holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, and a holder may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information.

In addition, U.S. holders should be aware of annual reporting requirements with respect to the holding of certain foreign financial assets, including our shares and ADSs that are not held in an account maintained by certain types of financial institutions, if the aggregate value of all of such assets exceeds $50,000 (or $100,000 for married couples filing a joint return). You should consult your own tax advisor regarding the application of the information reporting and backup withholding rules to our shares and ADSs and the application of the annual reporting requirements to your particular situation.

10.F Dividends and Paying Agents

Not Applicable.

10.G Statement by Experts

Not Applicable.

10.H Documents on Display

Reports and other information of Turkcell can also be inspected without charge and copied at prescribed rates at the public reference facility maintained by the SEC in Room 1580, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Copies of these materials are also available by mail from the Public Reference Section of the SEC, at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington D.C. 20549, at prescribed rates.

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10.I Subsidiary Information

Not Applicable.

ITEM 11. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

I. Overview

We are exposed to foreign exchange rate risks because our income, expenses, assets and liabilities are denominated in a number of different currencies, primarily Turkish Lira, U.S. Dollars, Euros, Ukrainian Hryvnia, Azerbaijani Manat and Belarusian Rubles. In particular, a substantial majority of our debt obligations and equipment expenses are currently, and are expected to continue to be, denominated in U.S. Dollars and Euros, while the revenues generated by the corresponding activities are denominated in other currencies, in particular the Turkish Lira, Ukrainian Hryvnia and Belarusian Rubles. Similarly, we are subject to market risk deriving from changes in interest rates that may affect the cost of our financing and also liquidity risk is the risk that the Group will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. We provide a detailed analysis of our foreign exchange interest rate and liquidity risks in Note 33.

a. Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Our functional currency is the TRY for operations conducted in Turkey, but certain revenues, purchases, operating costs and expenses and resulting receivables and payables are denominated in a number of different currencies. In particular, a substantial majority of our debt obligations and equipment expenses are currently, and are expected to continue to be, denominated in U.S. Dollars, and Euros, while the revenues generated by the corresponding activities are denominated in other currencies, in particular the Turkish Lira, Ukrainian Hryvnia and Belarusian Rubles. Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are converted into functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the reporting date, with the resulting exchange differences recognized in the determination of net income. In 2015, net foreign exchange losses were mainly attributable to the foreign exchange losses in Belarusian Telecom operating in Belarus and in lifecell operating in Ukraine and amounted to TRY 1,197.7 million, resulting from transactions related to foreign exchange effects. Foreign exchange losses from Belarusian Telecom and lifecell exclude foreign exchange losses arising in the foreign operations’ individual financial statements which have been recognized directly in equity in the foreign currency translation differences in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting policy for net investment in foreign operations.

Market risk-sensitive instruments consist of loans and borrowings mainly denominated in foreign currencies (substantially in U.S. Dollars and Euros) totaling TRY 12,536 million, which represents the majority of total indebtedness as of December 31, 2017.

To manage and hedge our foreign exchange risk more effectively, we used currency swaps, participating cross currency swap contracts, currency forward contracts and we may enter into forward transactions and currency swap contracts and participating cross currency swap contracts in the future as well. In addition, in order to take advantage of market volatility in the foreign exchange markets and increase the yield on our free cash, we may enter into option transactions to buy or sell certain currencies, allowing us to mitigate our exposure to negative foreign exchange rate swings. As of December 31, 2017 we had EUR/TRY participating cross currency swap contracts, EUR put and call options, amounting to a total nominal value of EUR 560 million, USD/TRY participating cross currency swap contracts and put and call options amounting to a total nominal value of USD 400 million and also USD/TRY currency forward contracts amounting to a total nominal value of USD 50 million. Additionally, cross currency swap contracts include EUR-TRY interest and currency swap contracts with a nominal value of EUR 43.6 million and USD-TRY interest and currency swap contracts amounting to a nominal value of USD 298.6 million in total. Cross currency swap contracts include EUR-TRY interest and participating cross currency swap contracts with a nominal value of EUR 184.9 million and USD-TRY interest and currency swap contracts amounting to a nominal value of USD 238.4 million in total. Regarding these contracts, TRY 92.4 million accrual of interest expense and TRY 19.7 million accrual of interest income has been reflected to the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2017. The basis for our sensitivity analysis to measure foreign exchange risk is an aggregate corporate-level currency exposure. The aggregate foreign exchange exposure is composed of all our assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. This analysis excludes net foreign currency investments. It is estimated that a general increase of 10% in the value of TRY, Ukrainian Hryvnia and Belarusian Rubles, against other foreign currencies, would have decreased our profit before income tax by TRY 64.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. These aforementioned assumptions are hypothetical and the actual results may differ substantially from the projected figures.

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All hedging transactions have been authorized and executed pursuant to clearly defined policies and procedures, which provide that the transaction is entered into to protect us from fluctuations in currency values. Analytical techniques are used to manage and monitor foreign exchange risk, which includes market valuation and sensitivity analysis. In addition, we keep a significant proportion of our monetary assets in U.S. Dollars/Euros to reduce our currency exposure.

b. Interest Rate Risk Management

We are exposed to variations in interest rates, primarily in Euros, U.S. Dollars and TRY and UAH denominated debt and investments, which may affect the amounts of future interest income or expenses (reinvestment risk or cash flow risk) and also cause changes in the values of our interest-bearing assets, which have already been added to the statement of financial position. We manage interest rate risk by financing non-current assets with long-term debt with variable interest rates and equity. To hedge our interest rate risk, we utilize interest rate derivative structures considering the market levels. Turkcell started actively hedging its long term foreign exchange liabilities in 2016. Before hedging transactions, 87% of our debt was foreign currency denominated. Following the hedging, this ratio decreased to 40%. Also, we hold 78% of our TRY 4.7 billion cash & cash equivalents in hard currency.

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The following table sets forth the carrying amount and fair value of loans, maturities and average effective interest rates for bank loans.

|  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Effective interest rate |  |  | Total carrying amount |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 thereafter |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Effective interest rate |  |  | Total carrying amount |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 thereafter |  |  | Fair Value |
Fixed rate instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance lease obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD |  |  | 28.1 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20.7 | % |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.1 |
EUR |  |  | 3.4 | % |  |  | 116.8 |  |  |  | 12.4 |  |  |  | 11.2 |  |  |  | 11.5 |  |  |  | 81.7 |  |  |  | 116.8 |  |  |  | 3.4 | % |  |  | 48.0 |  |  |  | 6.5 |  |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |  | 30.4 |  |  |  | 48.0 |
TRY |  |  | 27.6 | % |  |  | 5.9 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured bank loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BYN fixed rate loans |  |  | 11.6 | % |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  | 11.9 | % |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 5.6 |
Unsecured bank loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TRY fixed rate loans |  |  | 14.7 | % |  |  | 1,620.4 |  |  |  | 1,605.1 |  |  |  | 15.3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,620.4 |  |  |  | 12.1 | % |  |  | 1,819.9 |  |  |  | 1,750.0 |  |  |  | 69.9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,819.9 |
UAH fixed rate loans |  |  | 13.9 | % |  |  | 520.9 |  |  |  | 520.9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 520.9 |  |  |  | 15.0 | % |  |  | 407.2 |  |  |  | 407.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 407.2 |
Variable rate instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured bank loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD floating rate loans |  |  | 3.2 | % |  |  | 2,880.6 |  |  |  | 779.0 |  |  |  | 981.6 |  |  |  | 1,120.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,880.6 |  |  |  | 3.2 | % |  |  | 1,984.5 |  |  |  | 281.6 |  |  |  | 602.4 |  |  |  | 566.9 |  |  |  | 533.6 |  |  |  | 1,984.5 |
EUR floating rate loans |  |  | 2.1 | % |  |  | 5,511.6 |  |  |  | 1,278.2 |  |  |  | 1,476.3 |  |  |  | 1,004.3 |  |  |  | 1,752.8 |  |  |  | 5,511.6 |  |  |  | 2.3 | % |  |  | 3,593.1 |  |  |  | 75.0 |  |  |  | 691.7 |  |  |  | 807.9 |  |  |  | 2,018.5 |  |  |  | 3,593.1 |
Debt securities issued |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD |  |  | 5.8 | % |  |  | 1,875.5 |  |  |  | 105.0 |  |  |  | 99.0 |  |  |  | 93.3 |  |  |  | 1,578.2 |  |  |  | 2,064 |  |  |  | 5.8 | % |  |  | 1,683.7 |  |  |  | 94.5 |  |  |  | 89.0 |  |  |  | 83.9 |  |  |  | 1,416.3 |  |  |  | 1,682.2 |
TRY |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10.7 | % |  |  | 239.0 |  |  |  | 239.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 239.0 |
Total |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,536.1 |  |  |  | 4,303.8 |  |  |  | 2,589.0 |  |  |  | 2,230.6 |  |  |  | 3,412.7 |  |  |  | 12,724.6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,781.1 |  |  |  | 2,855.9 |  |  |  | 1,460.2 |  |  |  | 1,465.6 |  |  |  | 3,999.4 |  |  |  | 9,779.6 |

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For contractual cash flows and nominal interest of bank loans, see Note 27 and Note 33 to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Item 18. Financial Statements” of this annual report on Form 20-F.

We use sensitivity analysis techniques to measure and assess our interest rate risk. The basis for the sensitivity analysis is an aggregate corporate-level interest rate exposure composed of interest-bearing investments and interest-bearing debts. When we assume a 1 percentage point increase in interest rates for all maturities from their levels as of December 31, 2017, with all other variables held constant, our profit before income tax decreases by TRY 83.9 million.

ITEM 12. | DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

The Depositary may collect from (i) each person to whom ADSs are issued, including, without limitation, issuances against deposits of Shares, issuances in respect of Share Distributions, Rights and Other Distributions (as such terms are defined in the form of ADR certificate), issuances pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by the Company, or issuances pursuant to a merger, exchange of securities or any other transaction or event affecting the ADSs or the Deposited Securities and (ii) each person surrendering ADSs for withdrawal of Deposited Securities or whose ADSs are cancelled or reduced for any other reason, U.S. $5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) issued, delivered, reduced, cancelled or surrendered (as the case may be). The Depositary may sell (by public or private sale) sufficient securities and property received in respect of Share Distributions, Rights and Other Distributions prior to such deposit to pay such charge. These terms are set forth in Paragraph 7 of the Form of ADR certificate.

On July 6, 2011, we signed an amended and restated Deposit Agreement (the “Deposit Agreement”) with Citibank N.A. (“Citibank”), as depositary (the “Depositary”), Turkcell and holders of American Depositary Receipts, which transferred our ADR program from JPMorgan Chase Bank (“JPMorgan”) to Citibank. On July 1, 2016 the term was extended by another 5 years, until July 6, 2021.

As provided for in the American Depositary Receipt included as Exhibit A to the Deposit Agreement, holders of American Depositary Shares may be charged, directly or indirectly, the following amounts in relation to the ownership of depositary receipts held in the Company’s ADR Program, which are payable to the Depositary:

Service |  | Rate |  | By Whom Paid
(1) Issuance of ADSs upon deposit of Shares (excluding issuances as a result of distributions described in paragraph (4) below). |  | Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) issued. |  | Person depositing Shares or person receiving ADSs.
(2) Delivery of Deposited Securities against surrender of ADSs. |  | Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) surrendered. |  | Person surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal of Deposited Securities or person to whom Deposited Securities are delivered.
(3) Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (i.e., sale of rights and other entitlements). |  | Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) held. |  | Person to whom distribution is made.
(4) Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) stock dividends or other free stock distributions, or (ii) exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs. |  | Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) held. |  | Person to whom distribution is made.
(5) Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (i.e., spin-off shares). |  | Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) held. |  | Person to whom distribution is made.
(6) Depositary Services. |  | Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) held on the applicable record date(s) established by the Depositary. |  | Person holding ADSs on the applicable record date(s) established by the Depositary.

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I. Direct Payments made by Citibank to Turkcell

Citibank, as depositary, has agreed to reimburse certain reasonable expenses related to our ADR program and incurred by us in connection with such program. In 2017, the Depositary, as part of its agreement, reimbursed Turkcell $2,728,723 on an accrual basis. The amounts the Depositary has reimbursed and will reimburse are not necessarily related to the fees collected by the depositary from ADR holders. The table below sets forth the type of expenses that Citibank has reimbursed.

Category of Expenses |  |  | Amount Reimbursed in 2017 |
Investor Relations(1) |  |  | $2,728,723 |

(1) | This type of expense includes activities tailored to increase the company’s ADR program, including, but not limited to, roadshows and training in the U.S., legal costs connected with 20-F filing and ongoing SEC compliance and legal requirements and listing fees.

II. Indirect Payments made by Citibank to Turkcell

As part of its service to Turkcell, Citibank has agreed to waive fees for the standard costs associated with the administration of our ADR program and associated operating expenses estimated to total $65,986. The table below sets forth the fees that Citibank has agreed to waive and/or expenses that Citibank has agreed to pay in the year ended December 31, 2017.

Category of Expenses |  | Amount Waived or Paid by Citibank for the period January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017 |
Third-party expenses paid directly |  | $ | 61,266 |
Fees waived |  | $ | 4,721 |

ITEM 13. | DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

Not applicable.

ITEM 14. | MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

ITEM 15. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in U.S. Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Form 20-F, have concluded that, as of such date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.

(b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. The management of Turkcell is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), and for performing an assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with applicable generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

(1) Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

(2) Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with applicable generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

(3) Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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Internal control over financial reporting has inherent limitations. It is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. In addition, it can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal controls over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 based on criteria established in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on its assessment and those criteria, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2017.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 has been audited by PwC Bagimsiz Denetim ve Serbest Muhasebeci Mali Musavirlik A.S. (“PwC”), our independent registered public accounting firm in Turkey, as stated in their attestation report, which appears below under Item 15(c), Report of the Independent Registered Audit Company.

(c) Attestation Report of the Independent Audit Company.

PwC Bagimsiz Denetim ve Serbest Muhasebeci Mali Musavirlik A.S., the independent public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, has audited the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017. Their attestation report on internal control over financial reporting is included at page F-1 herein.

(d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There were no changes in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and Rule 15d-15 in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2017, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. This conclusion has been made at a reasonable assurance level.

ITEM 16. |

16.A Audit Committee Financial Expert

Currently no independent Audit Committee member is an “audit committee financial expert”, as that term is defined by the SEC in its final rules implementing Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, because, after self-evaluation, our Audit Committee members did not consider themselves, individually, as an “audit committee financial expert”. However, our Audit Committee members and our Board of Directors believe that our Audit Committee members are nonetheless qualified to carry out their duties on the Audit Committee given their experience and other qualifications in financial matters.

16.B Code of Ethics

We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and other executive officers and financial officers. This code of ethics is posted on our website, www.turkcell.com.tr.

16.C Principal Accountant Fees and Services

PwC served as our independent registered public accountant for financial year 2016 ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 and Deloitte served as our independent registered public accountants in Turkey for financial years ended December 31, 2015. Our audited financial statements for the three year period ended December 31, 2017 appear in this annual report on Form 20-F. At our general meeting of shareholders which occurred on March 29, 2016, and May 25, 2017, PwC was appointed as our independent auditors for our 2016 and 2017 fiscal years respectively.

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The following table presents the aggregate fees for professional services and other services rendered by our auditors to us in 2017, 2016, and 2015.

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (Million TRY) |
Audit Fees(1) |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | 3.7 |  |  |  | 4.6 |
Audit-Related Fees(2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Tax Fees |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.1 |
All Other Fees(3) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | 4.7 |  |  |  | 5.3 |

(1) | Audit Fees consist of fees billed for professional services pertaining to the audit of the Company’s annual financial statements or services that are normally provided by the principal accountant in connection with statutory or regulatory filings or engagements.

(2) | Audit-Related Fees consist of mainly Global Tower IPO audit procedures in 2016 and comfort letter related costs for our bond issuance that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of the Company’s financial statements for previous periods.

(3) | All Other Fees consist of fees billed for products and services other than services provided under Audit Fees, Audit-Related Fees and Tax Fees.

a. Audit Committee Pre-approval Policies and Procedures

Our Audit Committee has pre-approved all work performed by our external auditors for the year 2017 and it has not adopted blanket pre-approval policies and procedures.

16.D Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Not applicable.

16.E Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

On July 27, 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors has authorized the management to execute share buy-back transactions, within the scope of the announcements dated July 21, 2016 and July 25, 2016 made by the Capital Markets Board. The purpose is to protect Turkcell investors against potentially negative reflections on Turkey that may arise due to the instability perception in the short and medium term subsequent to the events on and after July 15, 2016, and/or due to potential global macroeconomic volatilities. In this context, it has been resolved that the maximum fund amount set aside for share buy-backs will be TRY150 million, and the maximum share number to be bought back will be determined so as not to exceed this amount. This amount is also used for Eurobond buy-backs.

Between August 24, 2016 and December 30, 2016, our company bought back its 6,815,563 shares in total and our ratio of shares in company capital have reached to 0.310%. Between November 31, 2016 and December 28, 2016, our Company purchased Eurobonds (XS1298711729) with a total nominal value of USD 18 million (amounting to TRY 57 million) and during 2017, we sold the total notional amount back to the market.

On January 30, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors has decided to increase the above mentioned fund amount to TRY300 million in order to be utilized for share buy-backs, including American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) being traded at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). In 2017, there were no buy-backs and the Company has not utilized this fund.

16.F Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

Incorporated by reference to our annual report on Form 20-F filed on March 18, 2016.

16.G Corporate Governance

I. Significant Differences in Corporate Governance Practices

Matters related to corporate governance in Turkey are regulated by the new Turkish Commercial Code (“TCC”), which came into force on July 1, 2012 and the new law and regulations and communiqués of the CMB, the regulatory and supervisory authority, all of which are binding upon publicly held companies.

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In addition, corporate governance practices in Turkey are also guided by the Corporate Governance Principles of the CMB (the “CMB Principles”), which took effect on a “comply or explain” basis on January 1, 2004. Effective from 2005, the CMB requires listed companies to incorporate in their annual reports a “Corporate Governance Compliance Report” which compares the CMB Principles to the Corporate Governance principles under which the Company operates. This report is posted on our website, www.turkcell.com.tr.

Effective in 2011, by way of various communiqués, the CMB revised its corporate governance principles with a view to strengthening the governance practices of listed companies. As a result, the CMB left the “comply or explain” approach to a limited extent and required listed companies to comply with certain corporate governance principles on a compulsory basis by June 30, 2012. In a further Communiqué dated September 13, 2012, the CMB empowered itself, effective until December 31, 2012, to take legal action before the relevant first instance court with a view to assure compliance with its corporate governance rules. No legal action has been taken there against our Company to the best of our knowledge. The new Capital Markets Law came into force on December 30, 2012. The Capital Markets Board is entitled by Article 17/2 to make decisions and perform actions accordingly on its own initiative in case time-bound compliance requirements relating to its corporate governance principles are not met in due time.

In a further Communiqué dated April 6, 2013, the CMB amended the corporate governance principles. The following rules have been added to the Communiqué:

| • |  | If some or all of the Board members’ terms have ended and thereby compliance with the mandatory CMB Corporate Governance Rules cannot be established, the CMB will require the Board to call a general assembly meeting which must be held within 30 days. If a general assembly meeting cannot be called or a positive result cannot be reached at the general assembly meeting, the CMB, as per the new Capital Markets Law, will have the right to directly appoint the minimum number of Board members that meet independence criteria to achieve the necessary meeting and decision quorums. Those members’ terms of office will last until new appointments are made in accordance with the legislation. The new Board members will then make the necessary amendments to the Articles of Association to be in line with the mandatory CMB Corporate Governance Rules upon the approval of the CMB, which will be registered at the Trade registry.

| • |  | If there are enough Board members to achieve such compliance, but there is not a positive result (at the Board or the general assembly meeting), then the CMB allows companies 30 days to take the necessary action. If the necessary action to ensure compliance cannot be realized within the given period, the CMB will have the right to directly appoint the minimum number of Board members that meet independence criteria to achieve the necessary meeting and decision quorums. The new Board will then make the necessary amendments to the Articles of Association to be in line with the mandatory CMB Corporate Governance Rules upon the approval of CMB, which will be registered at the Trade Registry.

The Corporate Governance Communiqué numbered II-17.1, which was published in the Official Gazette dated January 3, 2014 kept the above-mentioned second rule and removed the first one.

The following summarizes new mandatory CMB requirements that would apply to our Company.

The main mandatory rules relating to board membership and board structure include:

| • |  | The number of independent members in the Board shall not be less than one third of the total number of the members of the Board of Directors. In calculating the number of independent board members, a fraction would be rounded up to the nearest integer. In any case the number of the independent board members shall not be less than two. The term of office of independent members of the board of directors is up to three years. Such members are eligible to be nominated again and re-elected.

| • |  | Companies in the first group are required to notify the CMB of the independent member candidates at least 60 days prior to the planned General Assembly meeting at which the members will be elected. The CMB, having evaluated the independence of the candidates, is required to disclose its approval/disapproval within the next 30 days. Companies classified in the other two groups are not required to seek CMB approval. In view of the current relations between our controlling shareholders, our nomination process is currently handled directly by the CMB.

| • |  | The CMB has updated its independence criteria for independent board members.

| • |  | The following Board committees shall be established by listed companies:

| • |  | Audit Committee (already existing at Turkcell Board level);

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| • |  | Corporate Governance Committee (already existing at Turkcell Board level);

| • |  | Candidate Nomination Committee (already existing at Turkcell Board level);

| • |  | Early Detection of Risks Committee (already existing at Turkcell Board level); and

| • |  | Remuneration Committee (already existing at Turkcell Board level).

Committees should consist of two members at least. It is mandatory that both (in case of two-member committees) or the majority of the members of the committees be non-executive board members. Expert people who are not board members may be elected as committee members except for the Audit Committee. All of the members of the Audit Committee and the chairmen of the other committees shall be elected among the independent board members. The chief executive officer/general manager should not hold a position at the committees. Terms of reference, working principles and members of the committees shall be determined and disclosed to the public by the board of directors.

Mandatory rules relating to enhanced shareholder information:

| • |  | General Assembly call content has been enhanced.

| • |  | A written remuneration policy for board members and senior management must be prepared. This policy must be posted on the company’s website and submitted at the ordinary General Assembly as a separate agenda item for information. Payment plans, such as stock options or those based on company performance, are not used in the remuneration of independent board members. Remuneration of independent board members must safeguard their level of independence.

| • |  | There are mandatory rules relating to material transactions and related party transactions/guarantees to third parties.

Internal Corporate Governance Mechanisms Revamped:

On January 28, 2016, our board has adopted new charters for the audit, corporate governance, candidate nomination, compensation and early detection of risks committees along with Turkcell Group Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Policy. The same day, our board has also adopted Turkcell’s Internal Directive on the Operations of the Board of Directors.

Below is a summary of the significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those that would apply to U.S. companies under the NYSE corporate governance rules as of March 10, 2016:

NYSE Corporate Governance Rule for U.S. Issuers |  | Our Practice as a Foreign Private Issuer
Listed companies must have a majority of independent directors. |  | Our Board currently has three members who are deemed to meet the independence standards of both the SEC and CMB Principles. Under the CMB Principles, it is required to have a board comprised of at least one-third independent members (or, in any event, two members).
|  | In a series of resolutions dated March 11, August 15, and September 13, 2013, the CMB announced the replacement of members of Turkcell’s Board of Directors with the following new members: Atilla Koc, Mehmet Hilmi Guler, Ahmet Akca (all of whom serve as “independent board members”), Mehmet Bostan, Bekir Pakdemirli, Jan Erik Rudberg and Erik Belfrage. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Officers and Employees—Directors and Senior Management—Board Members”.
|  | Ahmet Akca, Atilla Koc and Mehmet Hilmi Guler have been appointed by the CMB as independent board members. However the other board members comply with the CMB’s independence standards in accordance with the CMB’s related announcements.

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NYSE Corporate Governance Rule for U.S. Issuers |  | Our Practice as a Foreign Private Issuer
The non-management directors of each company must meet at regularly scheduled executive sessions without management. |  | Turkish law does not make any distinction between management and non-management directors. However there is a distinction between executive/nonexecutive board members. Our board members are all non-executive members. Members of the board who are not also members of management do not meet in regularly scheduled executive sessions.
Listed companies must have a nominating/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors, with a written charter that provides for (i) minimum duties, which are to identify individuals qualified to become board members, consistent with criteria approved by the board, and to select, or to recommend that the board select, the director nominees for the next annual meeting of shareholders; develop and recommend to the board a set of corporate governance guidelines applicable to the corporation; and oversee the evaluation of the board and management; and (ii) an annual performance evaluation of the committee. |  | On June 23, 2004, our Board of Directors established a Corporate Governance Committee. Both Corporate Governance and Candidate Nomination Committees have their written charters which were renewed by the Board of Directors on January 28, 2016, specifying their duties. According to the CMB Principles, only committee chairs are required to be independent as defined by the Principles themselves.
| The charter substantially satisfies the minimum requirements of the NYSE corporate governance rules.
Listed companies must have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors, with a written charter that covers certain minimum specified duties. |  | On December 19, 2012, in conformity with the Capital Markets Board’s Communiqué then in force, our Board decided to establish a Compensation Committee to operate under our Board of Directors. The Board also adopted the Compensation Committee’s Charter which was renewed by the Board on January 28, 2016. The Board approved that the Compensation Committee shall execute the duties relating to compensation issues which were earlier granted to the Corporate Governance Committee by the Corporate Governance Committee Charter and the Compensation Committee shall be authorized in lieu of the Corporate Governance Committee in “Total Remuneration Policy of the Board of Directors and Top Executives” adopted by our Board.
Listed companies must have an audit committee that satisfies requirements set forth in Exchange Act Rule 10A-3 and additional requirements, including: (i) a minimum of three members; (ii) independence as defined in NYSE Rule 303A.02; and (iii) a written charter that addresses minimum duties in addition to those required by Exchange Act Rule 10A-3. |  | Our Audit Committee currently has three members: Mr. Ahmet Akca, Mr. Mehmet Hilmi Guler and Mr. Atilla Koc. All of the members are considered independent under the U.S. Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002, the rules promulgated thereunder by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the applicable rules of the NYSE and the updated CMB Corporate Governance Principles.
|  | The Audit Committee members are independent Board members as required by the relevant CMB Communiqué which is binding upon public companies in Turkey. Effective June 30, 2012, all listed companies in Turkey must have audit committees composed of independent board members. We are currently in compliance. Under Turkish law, our entire Board of Directors is responsible for all decisions; as a result, the Audit Committee’s duties are advisory. Pursuant to Turkish law, our external auditor is nominated by the Board of Directors upon advice of the Audit Committee and approved by our general assembly of shareholders.

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NYSE Corporate Governance Rule for U.S. Issuers |  | Our Practice as a Foreign Private Issuer
|  | The Audit Committee revised its charter, effective June 20, 2005 and reviewed both “Turkcell Common Values and Business Ethics Document” and “Implementation of Turkcell Common Values and Business Ethics Rules” in order to comply with the requirements of applicable CMB legislation and Exchange Act Rule 10A-3 and NYSE 303A.06. There was a second revision, effective July 21, 2006, to reconsider membership criteria. The third revision occurred on January 28, 2016. Our Audit Committee charter satisfies the requirements of the CMB. The charter does not provide for: an audit committee report to be included in Turkcell’s annual proxy statement as it is not subject to the SEC proxy requirements; a review with the independent auditor of problems or difficulties and management’s responses thereto, although such review is not prohibited by the charter; the discussion of policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management, although such discussion is not prohibited by the charter; the review by the committee of Turkcell’s earnings releases or financial information or earnings guidance provided to analysts and ratings agencies; or the setting of clear hiring policies for employees or former employees of the independent auditors, although it does provide that the Audit Committee shall ensure that the independent auditors remain independent and avoid any conflicts of interest while performing their duties.
Listed companies must adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines that cover certain minimum specified subjects. |  | We are not required specifically by the CMB Principles to adopt corporate governance guidelines. However, our Board of Directors has adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines and posted a summary on its official website www.turkcell.com.tr. Our corporate governance guidelines largely cover the subjects requested by the NYSE corporate governance standards except director qualification standards and director compensation.
|  | We have further adopted an internal directive on the operations of the board of directors in order to regulate the operations of the board and principles on the exercise of its duties and authorities, and to increase cooperation with management in order to fulfill the Company’s duties as stipulated by the legislation faster, efficiently and easily, and to ensure exercise of authorities granted and eliminate reservations while exercising authority. The new Internal directive mainly covers subjects related to board and management structure, relationships between them, working principles of the board, duties and responsibilities and other related subjects.

16.H Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

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ITEM 17. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have responded to Item 18 in lieu of responding to this item.

ITEM 18. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Our audited Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2017, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, are filed as part of this annual report, on pages [F-5 through F-97.]

ITEM 19. | EXHIBITS

EXHIBIT NUMBER |  | DESCRIPTION
1.1 |  | Articles of Association of Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S.
8.1 |  | Subsidiaries of Turkcell.
12.1 |  | Certification of Kaan Terzioglu, Chief Executive Officer of Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S., pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
12.2 |  | Certification of Bulent Aksu, Chief Financial Officer of Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S., pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
13.1 |  | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

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SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

|  | TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI A.S.
Date: March 22, 2018 |  |  |  | By: |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | /s/ Muhterem Kaan Terzioglu
|  |  |  |  |  | Muhterem Kaan Terzioglu
|  |  |  |  |  | Chief Executive Officer
Date: March 22, 2018 |  |  |  | By: |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | /s/ Bulent Aksu
|  |  |  |  |  | Bulent Aksu
|  |  |  |  |  | Chief Financial Officer

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  | Page |
Consolidated Financial Statements of Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S. |  |  |  |
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms |  |  | F-1 |
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at December 31, 2017 and 2016 |  |  | F-5 |
Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 |  |  | F-7 |
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 |  |  | F-8 |
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the year ended December 31, 2017 |  |  | F-9 |
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 |  |  | F-12 |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  | F-14 |

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F-1

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F-2

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F-3

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F-4

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

CONSOLIDATED | STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION

As at 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

|  | Note |  |  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 9,665,408 |  |  |  | 8,195,705 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 8,340,410 |  |  |  | 8,235,989 |
Telecommunication licenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,720,398 |  |  |  | 6,160,536 |
Computer software |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,346,236 |  |  |  | 1,838,409 |
Other intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 273,776 |  |  |  | 237,044 |
Investment properties |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 980 |  |  |  | 46,270 |
Trade receivables |  |  |  |  |  |  | 155,634 |  |  |  | 235,393 |
Receivables from financial services |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 1,297,597 |  |  |  | 909,466 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 96,060 |  |  |  | 51,255 |
Held to maturity investments |  |  |  |  |  |  | 654 |  |  |  |  |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 356,620 |  |  |  | 575,234 |
Total non-current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19,913,363 |  |  |  | 18,249,312 |
Inventories |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 104,102 |  |  |  | 131,973 |
Trade receivables and accrued revenue |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 2,848,572 |  |  |  | 3,289,904 |
Due from related parties |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 5,299 |  |  |  | 5,861 |
Receivables from financial services |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 2,950,523 |  |  |  | 1,486,906 |
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 981,396 |  |  |  | 390,958 |
Held to maturity investments |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,338 |  |  |  | — |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 4,712,333 |  |  |  | 6,052,352 |
Other current assets |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 1,160,605 |  |  |  | 770,135 |
Subtotal |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,774,168 |  |  |  | 12,128,089 |
Assets classified as held for sale |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 1,294,938 |  |  |  | 1,222,757 |
Total current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,069,106 |  |  |  | 13,350,846 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 33,982,469 |  |  |  | 31,600,158 |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share capital |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,200,000 |  |  |  | 2,200,000 |
Share premium |  |  |  |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 269 |
Treasury shares |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | (56,313 | ) |  |  | (65,607 | )
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  |  |  |  | 35,026 |  |  |  | 35,026 |
Reserves |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,542,679 |  |  |  | 1,102,896 |
Remeasurements of employee termination benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  | (44,776 | ) |  |  | (41,786 | )
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,312,276 |  |  |  | 12,780,967 |
Total equity attributable to equity holders of Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri AS (“the Company”) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,989,161 |  |  |  | 16,011,765 |
Non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  | 55,927 |  |  |  | 56,632 |
Total equity |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,045,088 |  |  |  | 16,068,397 |

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

CONSOLIDATED | STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION

As at 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

|  | Note |  |  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 8,257,995 |  |  |  | 6,935,102 |
Employee benefit obligations |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 197,666 |  |  |  | 164,553 |
Provisions |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 197,418 |  |  |  | 187,541 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 651,122 |  |  |  | 458,160 |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 409,337 |  |  |  | 427,547 |
Total non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,713,538 |  |  |  | 8,172,903 |
Borrowings |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 4,278,154 |  |  |  | 2,846,060 |
Current tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 103,105 |  |  |  | 71,638 |
Trade and other payables |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 3,696,466 |  |  |  | 4,101,991 |
Due to related parties |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 6,980 |  |  |  | 11,201 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 193,831 |  |  |  | 93,800 |
Provisions |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 835,199 |  |  |  | 192,442 |
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 110,108 |  |  |  | 41,726 |
Total current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,223,843 |  |  |  | 7,358,858 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,937,381 |  |  |  | 15,531,761 |
Total equity and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 33,982,469 |  |  |  | 31,600,158 |

The above consolidated statement of financial position should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS

For the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

|  | Note |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Revenue |  | 5 |  |  | 17,026,401 |  |  |  | 14,100,863 |  |  |  | 12,769,415 |
Revenue from financial services |  | 5 |  |  | 605,663 |  |  |  | 184,698 |  |  |  | — |
Total revenue |  |  |  |  | 17,632,064 |  |  |  | 14,285,561 |  |  |  | 12,769,415 |
Cost of revenue |  | 10 |  |  | (11,073,465 | ) |  |  | (9,166,384 | ) |  |  | (7,769,483 | )
Cost of revenue from financial services |  | 10 |  |  | (276,709 | ) |  |  | (70,223 | ) |  |  | — |
Total cost of revenue |  |  |  |  | (11,350,174 | ) |  |  | (9,236,607 | ) |  |  | (7,769,483 | )
Gross profit |  |  |  |  | 5,952,936 |  |  |  | 4,934,479 |  |  |  | 4,999,932 |
Gross profit from financial services |  |  |  |  | 328,954 |  |  |  | 114,475 |  |  |  | — |
Total gross profit |  |  |  |  | 6,281,890 |  |  |  | 5,048,954 |  |  |  | 4,999,932 |
Other income |  | 6 |  |  | 74,438 |  |  |  | 78,569 |  |  |  | 44,454 |
Selling and marketing expenses |  | 10 |  |  | (2,005,420 | ) |  |  | (1,910,947 | ) |  |  | (1,901,859 | )
Administrative expenses |  | 10 |  |  | (645,196 | ) |  |  | (721,849 | ) |  |  | (625,279 | )
Other expenses |  | 6 |  |  | (773,329 | ) |  |  | (312,801 | ) |  |  | (270,446 | )
Operating profit |  |  |  |  | 2,932,383 |  |  |  | 2,181,926 |  |  |  | 2,246,802 |
Finance income |  | 8 |  |  | 1,090,449 |  |  |  | 1,064,794 |  |  |  | 756,039 |
Finance costs |  | 8 |  |  | (1,413,315 | ) |  |  | (1,237,593 | ) |  |  | (799,514 | )
Net finance costs |  |  |  |  | (322,866 | ) |  |  | (172,799 | ) |  |  | (43,475 | )
Profit before income tax |  |  |  |  | 2,609,517 |  |  |  | 2,009,127 |  |  |  | 2,203,327 |
Income tax expense |  | 9 |  |  | (571,758 | ) |  |  | (423,160 | ) |  |  | (667,112 | )
Profit from continuing operations |  |  |  |  | 2,037,759 |  |  |  | 1,585,967 |  |  |  | 1,536,215 |
(Loss)/profit from discontinued operations (attributable to owners of the Company) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (42,164 | ) |  |  | 367,336 |
Profit for the year |  |  |  |  | 2,037,759 |  |  |  | 1,543,803 |  |  |  | 1,903,551 |
Profit for the year is attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owners of the Company |  |  |  |  | 1,979,129 |  |  |  | 1,492,088 |  |  |  | 2,067,654 |
Non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | 58,630 |  |  |  | 51,715 |  |  |  | (164,103 | )
Total |  |  |  |  | 2,037,759 |  |  |  | 1,543,803 |  |  |  | 1,903,551 |
Basic and diluted earnings per share for profit attributable to owners of the Company (in full TL) |  | 25 |  |  | 0.90 |  |  |  | 0.68 |  |  |  | 0.94 |
Basic and diluted earnings per share for profit from continuing operations attributable to owners of the Company (in full TL) |  | 25 |  |  | 0.90 |  |  |  | 0.70 |  |  |  | 0.77 |
Basic and diluted earnings/(losses) per share for profit /(loss) from discontinued operations attributable to owners of the Company (in full TL) |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (0.02 | ) |  |  | 0.17 |

The above consolidated statement of profit or loss should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

F-7

##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

For the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Profit for the year |  |  | 2,037,759 |  |  |  | 1,543,803 |  |  |  | 1,903,551 |
Other comprehensive (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Remeasurements of employee termination benefits |  |  | (3,738 | ) |  |  | (34,532 | ) |  |  | (13,466 | )
Income tax relating to this item |  |  | 748 |  |  |  | 7,066 |  |  |  | 2,563 |
|  |  | (2,990 | ) |  |  | (27,466 | ) |  |  | (10,903 | )
Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in cash flow hedge reserve |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 719 |
Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations |  |  | 27,959 |  |  |  | 63,920 |  |  |  | 166,730 |
Exchange differences arising from discontinued operations |  |  | 72,190 |  |  |  | 154,552 |  |  |  | (551,196 | )
Income tax relating to these items |  |  | (107,299 | ) |  |  | (87,381 | ) |  |  | (5,749 | )
|  |  | (7,150 | ) |  |  | 131,091 |  |  |  | (389,496 | )
Other comprehensive (loss)/income for the year, net of income tax |  |  | (10,140 | ) |  |  | 103,625 |  |  |  | (400,399 | )
Total comprehensive income for the year |  |  | 2,027,619 |  |  |  | 1,647,428 |  |  |  | 1,503,152 |
Total comprehensive income for the year is attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owners of the Company |  |  | 1,968,102 |  |  |  | 1,594,465 |  |  |  | 1,616,867 |
Non-controlling interests |  |  | 59,517 |  |  |  | 52,963 |  |  |  | (113,715 | )
Total |  |  | 2,027,619 |  |  |  | 1,647,428 |  |  |  | 1,503,152 |
Total comprehensive income for the year attributable to owners of the Company arises from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations |  |  | 1,903,109 |  |  |  | 1,496,209 |  |  |  | 1,798,094 |
Discontinued operations |  |  | 64,993 |  |  |  | 98,256 |  |  |  | (181,227 | )
Total |  |  | 1,968,102 |  |  |  | 1,594,465 |  |  |  | 1,616,867 |

The above consolidated statement of comprehensive income should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

F-8

##### Table of Contents

F-9

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

For the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

|  | Share capital |  |  | Treasury shares |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | Share premium |  |  | Legal reserve (*) |  |  | Cash flow hedge reserve (*) |  |  | Reserve for non-controlling interest put option (*) |  |  | Remeasurements of employee termination benefit |  |  | Foreign currency translation reserve (*) |  |  | Retained earnings |  |  | Total |  |  | Non-controlling interests |  |  | Total equity |
Balance at 1 January 2015 |  |  | 2,200,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,026 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 839,284 |  |  |  | (719 | ) |  |  | (758,432 | ) |  |  | (3,417 | ) |  |  | 350,254 |  |  |  | 14,431,158 |  |  |  | 17,093,423 |  |  |  | (382,778 | ) |  |  | 16,710,645 |
Total comprehensive income/(loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,067,654 |  |  |  | 2,067,654 |  |  |  | (164,103 | ) |  |  | 1,903,551 |
Other comprehensive income/(loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation differences |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (229,173 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (211,430 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (440,603 | ) |  |  | 50,388 |  |  |  | (390,215 | )
Remeasurements of employee termination benefit |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,903 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,903 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,903 | )
Change in cash flow hedge reserve |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 719 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 719 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 719 |
Other comprehensive loss for the year, net of income tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 719 |  |  |  | (229,173 | ) |  |  | (10,903 | ) |  |  | (211,430 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (450,787 | ) |  |  | 50,388 |  |  |  | (400,399 | )
Total comprehensive income for the year |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 719 |  |  |  | (229,173 | ) |  |  | (10,903 | ) |  |  | (211,430 | ) |  |  | 2,067,654 |  |  |  | 1,616,867 |  |  |  | (113,715 | ) |  |  | 1,503,152 |
Transfers |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 372,068 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (372,068 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Dividend paid |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,925,000 | ) |  |  | (3,925,000 | ) |  |  | (100,515 | ) |  |  | (4,025,515 | )
Change in fair value of non-controlling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 498,540 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 498,540 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 498,540 |
Acquisition of non-controlling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (929,013 | ) |  |  | (929,013 | ) |  |  | 661,093 |  |  |  | (267,920 | )
Balance at 31 December 2015 |  |  | 2,200,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,026 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 1,211,352 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (489,065 | ) |  |  | (14,320 | ) |  |  | 138,824 |  |  |  | 11,272,731 |  |  |  | 14,354,817 |  |  |  | 64,085 |  |  |  | 14,418,902 |

##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

For the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

|  | Share capital |  |  | Treasury shares |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | Share premium |  |  | Legal reserve (*) |  |  | Cash flow hedge reserve (*) |  |  | Reserve for non-controlling interest put option (*) |  |  | Remeasurements of employee termination benefit |  |  | Foreign currency translation reserve (*) |  |  | Retained earnings |  |  | Total |  |  | Non-controlling interests |  |  | Total equity |
Balance at 1 January 2016 |  |  | 2,200,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,026 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 1,211,352 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (489,065 | ) |  |  | (14,320 | ) |  |  | 138,824 |  |  |  | 11,272,731 |  |  |  | 14,354,817 |  |  |  | 64,085 |  |  |  | 14,418,902 |
Total comprehensive income/(loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,492,088 |  |  |  | 1,492,088 |  |  |  | 51,715 |  |  |  | 1,543,803 |
Other comprehensive income/(loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation differences |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (133,222 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 263,065 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 129,843 |  |  |  | 1,248 |  |  |  | 131,091 |
Remeasurements of employee termination benefits |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (27,466 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (27,466 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (27,466 | )
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of income tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (133,222 | ) |  |  | (27,466 | ) |  |  | 263,065 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 102,377 |  |  |  | 1,248 |  |  |  | 103,625 |
Total comprehensive income for the year |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (133,222 | ) |  |  | (27,466 | ) |  |  | 263,065 |  |  |  | 1,492,088 |  |  |  | 1,594,465 |  |  |  | 52,963 |  |  |  | 1,647,428 |
Transfers |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (16,148 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,148 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Dividends paid |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (51,416 | ) |  |  | (51,416 | )
Change in fair value of non-controlling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 128,090 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 128,090 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 128,090 |
Transactions with non-controlling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9,000 | ) |  |  | (9,000 | )
Acquisition of treasury shares (-) (Note 24) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (65,607 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (65,607 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (65,607 | )
Balance at 31 December 2016 |  |  | 2,200,000 |  |  |  | (65,607 | ) |  |  | 35,026 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 1,195,204 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (494,197 | ) |  |  | (41,786 | ) |  |  | 401,889 |  |  |  | 12,780,967 |  |  |  | 16,011,765 |  |  |  | 56,632 |  |  |  | 16,068,397 |

F-10

##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

For the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

|  | Share capital |  |  | Treasury shares |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | Share premium |  |  | Legal reserve (*) |  |  | Cash flow hedge reserve (*) |  |  | Reserve for non-controlling interest put option (*) |  |  | Remeasurements of employee termination benefit |  |  | Foreign currency translation reserve (*) |  |  | Retained earnings |  |  | Total |  |  | Non-controlling interests |  |  | Total equity |
Balance at 1 January 2017 |  |  | 2,200,000 |  |  |  | (65,607 | ) |  |  | 35,026 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 1,195,204 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (494,197 | ) |  |  | (41,786 | ) |  |  | 401,889 |  |  |  | 12,780,967 |  |  |  | 16,011,765 |  |  |  | 56,632 |  |  |  | 16,068,397 |
Total comprehensive income/(loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,979,129 |  |  |  | 1,979,129 |  |  |  | 58,630 |  |  |  | 2,037,759 |
Other comprehensive income/(loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation differences |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (45,848 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 37,811 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,037 | ) |  |  | 887 |  |  |  | (7,150 | )
Remeasurements of employee termination benefits |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,990 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,990 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,990 | )
Other comprehensive loss for the year, net of income tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (45,848 | ) |  |  | (2,990 | ) |  |  | 37,811 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,027 | ) |  |  | 887 |  |  |  | (10,140 | )
Total comprehensive income for the year |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (45,848 | ) |  |  | (2,990 | ) |  |  | 37,811 |  |  |  | 1,979,129 |  |  |  | 1,968,102 |  |  |  | 59,517 |  |  |  | 2,027,619 |
Transfers |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 447,820 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (447,820 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Dividends paid |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,294 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,000,000 | ) |  |  | (2,990,706 | ) |  |  | (60,222 | ) |  |  | (3,050,928 | )
Balance at 31 December 2017 |  |  | 2,200,000 |  |  |  | (56,313 | ) |  |  | 35,026 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 1,643,024 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (540,045 | ) |  |  | (44,776 | ) |  |  | 439,700 |  |  |  | 11,312,276 |  |  |  | 14,989,161 |  |  |  | 55,927 |  |  |  | 15,045,088 |

(*) | Included in Reserves in the consolidated statement of financial position.

The above consolidated statement of changes in equity should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes

F-11

##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

For the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

|  | Note |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations |  |  |  |  | 2,037,759 |  |  |  | 1,585,967 |  |  |  | 1,536,215 |
Discontinued operations |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (42,164 | ) |  |  | 367,336 |
Profit for the year including discontinued operations |  |  |  |  | 2,037,759 |  |  |  | 1,543,803 |  |  |  | 1,903,551 |
Adjustments for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and impairment of property, plant and equipment and investment properties |  | 11-14 |  |  | 1,501,579 |  |  |  | 1,281,539 |  |  |  | 1,118,499 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 12 |  |  | 1,095,401 |  |  |  | 921,812 |  |  |  | 549,251 |
Net finance income |  |  |  |  | 165,387 |  |  |  | (117,598 | ) |  |  | (515,040 | )
Fair value adjustments to derivatives |  |  |  |  | (562,562 | ) |  |  | (383,452 | ) |  |  | — |
Income tax expense |  | 9 |  |  | 571,758 |  |  |  | 423,160 |  |  |  | 667,112 |
Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  | (33,837 | ) |  |  | (25,010 | ) |  |  | (13,141 | )
Unrealized foreign exchange losses on operating assets |  |  |  |  | 966,340 |  |  |  | 545,287 |  |  |  | 579,372 |
Provisions |  |  |  |  | 980,040 |  |  |  | 197,543 |  |  |  | 196,588 |
Share of losses/(profits) of discontinued operations |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42,164 |  |  |  | (367,336 | )
Deferred revenue |  | 29 |  |  | 131,486 |  |  |  | (20,350 | ) |  |  | 8,095 |
Change in operating assets/liabilities |  |  |  |  | 6,853,351 |  |  |  | 4,408,898 |  |  |  | 4,126,951 |
Change in trade receivables |  | 19 |  |  | 613,404 |  |  |  | 1,197,053 |  |  |  | (821,208 | )
Change in due from related parties |  | 37 |  |  | 1,107 |  |  |  | 7,514 |  |  |  | 3,907 |
Change in receivables from financial services |  | 20 |  |  | (1,931,538 | ) |  |  | (2,396,372 | ) |  |  | — |
Change in inventories |  | 21 |  |  | 27,871 |  |  |  | (62,090 | ) |  |  | (4,526 | )
Change in other current assets |  | 22 |  |  | (198,268 | ) |  |  | 643,444 |  |  |  | (771,583 | )
Change in other non-current assets |  | 17 |  |  | 15,012 |  |  |  | 78,770 |  |  |  | (70,030 | )
Change in due to related parties |  | 37 |  |  | (4,099 | ) |  |  | 4,302 |  |  |  | (20,530 | )
Change in trade and other payables |  | 31 |  |  | (507,043 | ) |  |  | (2,733,901 | ) |  |  | 348,472 |
Change in other non-current liabilities |  | 26 |  |  | (82,018 | ) |  |  | (14,477 | ) |  |  | (14,088 | )
Change in employee benefit obligations |  | 28 |  |  | (18,627 | ) |  |  | 15,151 |  |  |  | 5,125 |
Changes in other working capital |  |  |  |  | (265,518 | ) |  |  | 29,286 |  |  |  | 23,423 |
Cash generated from operations |  |  |  |  | 4,503,634 |  |  |  | 1,177,578 |  |  |  | 2,805,913 |
Interest paid |  |  |  |  | (909,881 | ) |  |  | (434,521 | ) |  |  | (153,529 | )
Income tax paid |  |  |  |  | (492,487 | ) |  |  | (135,920 | ) |  |  | (751,078 | )
Net cash inflow from operating activities |  |  |  |  | 3,101,266 |  |  |  | 607,137 |  |  |  | 1,901,306 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment |  | 11 |  |  | (2,937,195 | ) |  |  | (2,572,401 | ) |  |  | (2,135,358 | )
Acquisition of intangible assets |  | 12 |  |  | (1,172,847 | ) |  |  | (855,097 | ) |  |  | (2,461,612 | )
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  | 58,740 |  |  |  | 49,639 |  |  |  | 24,192 |
Proceeds from currency option contracts |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,070 |
Proceeds from advances given for acquisition of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  | 205,580 |  |  |  | (209,686 | ) |  |  | 228,070 |
Proceeds from financial assets |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19,350 |
Payments for held to maturity investment |  |  |  |  | (11,992 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Interest received |  |  |  |  | 553,066 |  |  |  | 610,837 |  |  |  | 761,328 |
Net cash outflow from investing activities |  |  |  |  | (3,304,648 | ) |  |  | (2,976,708 | ) |  |  | (3,562,960 | )

F-12

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

For the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

|  | Note |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of non-controlling interest |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (267,920 | )
Capital decrease in subsidiaries |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9,000 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issues of loans and borrowings |  |  |  |  | 24,102,643 |  |  |  | 9,381,318 |  |  |  | 4,866,381 |
Proceeds from issues of bonds |  |  |  |  | 209,808 |  |  |  | 167,500 |  |  |  | 1,439,862 |
Repayment of borrowings |  |  |  |  | (22,265,088 | ) |  |  | (4,932,768 | ) |  |  | (6,551,001 | )
Repayment of bonds |  |  |  |  | (379,660 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Dividends paid to shareholders |  |  |  |  | (2,990,706 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,925,000 | )
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest in subsidiaries |  |  |  |  | (60,222 | ) |  |  | (51,416 | ) |  |  | (100,515 | )
Acquisition of treasury shares |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (65,607 | ) |  |  | — |
(Increase)/decrease in cash collateral related to loans |  |  |  |  | (183,518 | ) |  |  | 349,004 |  |  |  | (349,243 | )
Net cash (outflow)/inflow from financing activities |  |  |  |  | (1,566,743 | ) |  |  | 4,839,031 |  |  |  | (4,887,436 | )
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  | (1,770,125 | ) |  |  | 2,469,460 |  |  |  | (6,549,090 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January |  |  |  |  | 6,052,352 |  |  |  | 2,918,796 |  |  |  | 9,031,881 |
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  | 430,106 |  |  |  | 664,096 |  |  |  | 436,005 |
Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December |  | 23 |  |  | 4,712,333 |  |  |  | 6,052,352 |  |  |  | 2,918,796 |

The above consolidated statement of cash flows should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

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##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

|  | Page |
1. Reporting entity |  |  | F-15 |
2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies |  |  | F-16 |
3. Financial risk management |  |  | F-43 |
4. Segment information |  |  | F-45 |
5. Revenue |  |  | F-47 |
6. Other income and expenses |  |  | F-48 |
7. Employee benefit expenses |  |  | F-48 |
8. Finance income and costs |  |  | F-48 |
9. Income tax expense |  |  | F-49 |
10. Expenses by nature |  |  | F-51 |
11. Property, plant and equipment |  |  | F-53 |
12. Intangible assets |  |  | F-55 |
13. Impairment of assets |  |  | F-58 |
14. Investment property |  |  | F-59 |
15. Investments accounted for using the equity method |  |  | F-61 |
16. Asset held for sale discontinued operation |  |  | F-62 |
17. Other non-current assets |  |  | F-63 |
18. Deferred tax assets and liabilities |  |  | F-63 |
19. Trade receivables and accrued revenue |  |  | F-64 |
20. Receivables from financial services |  |  | F-65 |
21. Inventory |  |  | F-65 |
22. Other current assets |  |  | F-65 |
23. Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | F-66 |
24. Equity |  |  | F-66 |
25. Earnings per share |  |  | F-68 |
26. Other non-current liabilities |  |  | F-68 |
27. Loans and borrowings |  |  | F-69 |
28. Employee benefit |  |  | F-71 |
29. Deferred revenue |  |  | F-72 |
30. Provisions |  |  | F-73 |
31. Trade and other payables |  |  | F-74 |
32. Derivative financial instruments |  |  | F-75 |
33. Financial instruments |  |  | F-77 |
34. Operating leases |  |  | F-85 |
35. Guarantees and purchase obligations |  |  | F-86 |
36. Commitments and contingencies |  |  | F-86 |
37. Related parties |  |  | F-90 |
38. Subsidiaries |  |  | F-94 |
39. Cash flow information |  |  | F-96 |
40. Subsequent events |  |  | F-96 |

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##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

1. | Reporting entity

Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri Anonim Sirketi (the “Company”) was incorporated in Turkey on 5 October 1993 and commenced its operations in 1994. The address of the Company’s registered office is Maltepe Aydinevler Mahallesi Inonu Caddesi No: 20, Kucukyali Ofispark/Istanbul. It is engaged in establishing and operating a Global System for Mobile Communications (“GSM”) network in Turkey and regional states.

In April 1998, the Company signed a license agreement (the “2G License”) with the Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications of Turkey (the “Turkish Ministry”), under which it was granted a 25 year GSM license in exchange for a license fee of $500,000. The License permits the Company to operate as a stand-alone GSM operator and releases it from some of the operating constraints in the Revenue Sharing Agreement, which was in effect prior to the 2G License. Under 2G licence, the Company pays in cash the Undersecretariat of the Treasury (the “Turkish Treasury”) a monthly tax levy namely ‘treasury share’ equal to 15% of the Company’s gross revenue from Turkish GSM operations. The Company continues to build and operate its GSM network and is authorized to, among other things, set its own tariffs within certain limits, charge peak and off-peak rates, offer a variety of service and pricing packages, issue invoices directly to subscribers, collect payments and deal directly with subscribers. Following the 3G tender held by the Information Technologies and Communications Authority (“ICTA”) regarding the authorization for providing IMT-2000/UMTS services and infrastructure, the Company has been granted the A-Type license (the “3G License”) providing the widest frequency band, at a consideration of EUR 358,000 (excluding Value Added Tax (“VAT”)). Payment of the 3G license was made in cash, following the necessary approvals, on 30 April 2009.

On 26 August 2015, “Authorization Tender on IMT Services and Infrastructure” publicly known as 4.5G license tender, was held by the ICTA and the Company was awarded with a total frequency band of 172.4 MHz for 13 years. The tender price is EUR 1,623,460 (excluding VAT of 18%). IMT authorization period expires on 30 April 2029 and operators were able to commence service delivery for 4.5G starting from 1 April 2016. 2x1.4 MHz frequency band in 900MHz spectrum and 2 units of 2x5 MHz frequency bands in 2100 MHz spectrum were commenced on 1 December 2015, while remaining packages were commenced on 1 April 2016. For details please refer to Note 12.

On 25 June 2005, the Turkish Government declared that GSM operators are required to pay 10% of their existing monthly treasury share to the Turkish Ministry as a universal service fund contribution in accordance with Law No: 5369. As a result, starting from 30 June 2005, the Company started to pay 90% of the treasury share to the Turkish Treasury and 10% to the Turkish Ministry as universal service fund.

In July 2000, the Company completed an initial public offering with the listing of its ordinary shares on the Istanbul Stock Exchange and American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, on the New York Stock Exchange.

The Company’s parent is Turkcell Holding A.S., which holds 51% of the Company’s shares as of 31 December 2017. The main shareholders of Turkcell Holding A.S. are TeliaSonera Finland Oyj (Sonera), Cukurova Group and Alfa Telecom Turkey Limited (“Alfa”) according to the information obtained from public sources.

After failure to comply with corporate governance principles for election of independent board members, the CMB appointed 3 independent board members and 4 members, of which 2 members were chosen from the independent nominees list submitted by Sonera, as board members who satisfy the independence criteria in 2013. All members shall serve as members until new members are elected by the general assembly or until the CMB announces a new resolution. After appointment of board members by the CMB, Turkcell board is comprised of 7 non-executive board members who satisfy the independence criteria and of which 3 are independent board members.

The consolidated financial statements of the Company as at and for the year ended 31 December 2017 comprise the Company and its subsidiaries (together referred to as the “Group”) and the Group’s interest in an associate. Subsidiaries of the Company, their locations and their nature of operations are disclosed in Note 38. The Company’s and each of its subsidiaries’ and associate’s financial statements are prepared as at and for the year ended 31 December 2017.

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##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies

This note provides a list of the significant accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements to the extent they have not already been disclosed in the other notes below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated. The consolidated financial statements are for the Group consisting of Turkcell İetişim Hizmetleri A.Ş. and its subsidiaries and the Group’s interest in an associate.

(a) | Compliance with IFRS

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (“IFRS IC”) applicable to companies reporting under IFRS. The financial statements comply with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

The General Assembly has the power to amend and reissue the financial statements. The consolidated financial statements as at and for the year ended 31 December 2016 were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on 15 February 2017.

The consolidated financial statements as at and for the year ended 31 December 2017 were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on 15 February 2018.

(b) | Historical cost convention

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are based on the statutory records, with adjustments and reclassifications for the purpose of fair presentation in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following measured at fair value:

| - | Derivative financial instruments

| - | Consideration payable in relation to the acquisition of Belarusian Telecom

(c) | Functional and presentation currency

(i) | Transactions and balances

Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at that date.

Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are measured at fair value are translated to the functional currency using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined. Translation differences are recognized in profit or loss, except for translation differences on available-for-sale financial assets, which are recognized in other comprehensive income.

Foreign exchange gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss, except:

| • |  | For capitalized foreign exchange differences relating to borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs eligible for capitalization.

Foreign exchange differences that are deferred in equity if they relate to qualifying cash flow hedges and qualifying net investment hedges or are attributable to part of the net investment in a foreign operation. Foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the statement of profit or loss on a net basis within finance income or finance costs.

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##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(c) | Functional and presentation currency (continued)

(ii) | Foreign operations

The results and financial position of foreign operations (none of which has the currency of a hyperinflationary economy) that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:

| • |  | assets and liabilities for each balance sheet presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that balance sheet

| • |  | income and expenses for each statement of profit or loss and statement of comprehensive income are translated at average monthly exchange rates (unless this is not a reasonable approximation of the cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the transaction dates, in which case income and expenses are translated at the dates of the transactions), and

| • |  | all resulting exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the foreign currency translation reserve, in equity.

On consolidation, exchange differences arising from the translation of any net investment in foreign entities, and of borrowings and other financial instruments designated as hedges of such investments, are recognized in other comprehensive income. When a foreign operation is sold or any borrowings forming part of the net investment are repaid, the associated exchange differences are reclassified to profit or loss, as part of the gain or loss on sale.

Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation and translated at the closing rate.

(d) | Use of estimates and judgments

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires the use of accounting estimates. Management also needs to exercise judgement in applying the Group’s accounting policies. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.

Information about significant areas of estimation, uncertainty and critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements are described below:

Allowance for doubtful receivables

The Group maintains an allowance for doubtful receivables for estimated losses resulting from the inability of the Group’s subscribers and customers to make required payments. The Group bases the allowance on the likelihood of recoverability of trade and other receivables based on the aging of the balances, historical collection trends and general economic conditions. The allowance is periodically reviewed. The allowance charged to expenses is determined in respect of receivable balances, calculated as a specified percentage of the outstanding balance in each aging group, with the percentage of the allowance increasing as the aging of the receivable becomes older.

Capitalization and useful lives of assets

The useful lives and residual values of the Group’s assets are estimated by management at the time the asset is acquired and regularly reviewed for appropriateness. The Group defines useful life of its assets in terms of the assets’ expected utility to the Group. This judgment is based on the experience of the Group with similar

F-17

##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(d) | Use of estimates and judgments (continued)

assets. In determining the useful life of an asset, the Group also follows technical and/or commercial obsolescence arising on changes or improvements from a change in the market. The useful lives of the telecommunication licenses are based on the duration of the license agreements.

Belarusian Telecom has 10 years of special GSM and UMTS services licenses acquired on 26 August 2008. In addition, the license period has been committed and signed for an additional 10 years for an insignificant fee. The amortization on the consolidated financial statements has been recognized on the assumption that the duration of the license would be extended.

Gross versus net presentation of revenue

When the Group acts as principal in sale of goods or rendering of services, revenue from customers and costs with suppliers are reported on a gross basis. When the Group acts as agent in sale of goods or rendering of services, revenue from customer and costs with suppliers are reported on a net basis, representing the net margin earned. Whether the Group is acting as principal or agent depends on management’s analysis of both legal form and substance of the agreement between the Group and its business partners; such judgements impact the amount of reported revenue and costs but do not impact reported assets, liabilities or cash flows.

Multiple element arrangements

In arrangements which include multiple elements where the Group acts as principal, the Group considers the elements to be separate units of accounting in the arrangement. Total arrangement consideration relating to the bundled contracts is allocated among the different units according the following criteria:

| • |  | the component has standalone value to the customer; and

| • |  | the fair value of the component can be measured reliably.

The arrangement consideration is allocated to each deliverable in proportion to the fair value of the individual deliverables. If a delivered element of a transaction is not a separately identifiable component, then it is accounted for as an integrated part of the remaining components of the transaction.

Income taxes

The calculation of income taxes involves a degree of estimation and judgment in respect of certain items whose tax treatment cannot be finally determined until resolution has been reached with the relevant tax authority or, as appropriate, through formal legal process.

As part of the process of preparing the consolidated financial statements, the Group is required to estimate the income taxes in each of the jurisdictions and countries in which they operate. This process involves estimating the actual current tax exposure together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items, such as deferred revenue and reserves for tax and accounting purposes. The Group management assesses the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and to the extent the recovery is not considered probable the deferred asset is adjusted accordingly.

The recognition of deferred tax assets is based upon whether it is probable that future taxable profits will be available, against which the temporary differences can be utilized. Recognition, therefore, involves judgment regarding the future financial performance of the particular legal entity in which the deferred tax asset has been recognized.

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##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(d) | Use of estimates and judgments (continued)

Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets

As detailed and disclosed in Note 36, the Group is involved in a number of investigations and legal proceedings (both as a plaintiff and as a defendant) during the year arising in the ordinary course of business. All of these investigations and litigations are evaluated by the Group Management in accordance with IAS 37 “Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets” and disclosed or accounted in the consolidated financial statements. Future results or outcome of these investigations and litigations might differ from Group Management’s expectations. As at the reporting date, the Group Management believes that appropriate recognition criteria and measurement basis are applied to provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets and that sufficient information is disclosed in the notes to enable users to understand their nature, timing and amount by considering current conditions and circumstances.

Annual impairment review

The Group tests annually whether goodwill and intangible asset not yet available for use have suffered any impairment in accordance with IAS 36 “Impairment of Assets”. Additionally, the carrying amounts of Group’s nonfinancial assets are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication of impairment. If any indication exists the assets recoverable amount is estimated based on fair value less cost of disposal calculations. These calculations require the use of estimates as discussed in Note 13.

As at 31 December 2014, the Group has impaired its assets in Crimea region amounting to TL 19,897. As at 31 December 2017, the Group has impaired its assets in Luhansk and Donetsk regions amounting to TL 10,872.

Current and potential future political and economic changes in Belarus and Ukraine could have an adverse effect on the subsidiaries operating in these countries. The economic stability of Belarus and Ukraine depends on the economic measures that will be taken by the governments and the outcomes of the legal, administrative and political processes in these countries. These processes are beyond the control of the subsidiaries established in these countries.

Consequently, the subsidiaries operating within Belarus and Ukraine may subject to foreign currency and interest rate risks related to borrowings, the subscriber’s purchasing power, liquidity and increase in corporate and personal insolvencies, that may not necessarily be observable in other markets. The accompanying consolidated financial statements contain the Group management’s estimations on the economic and financial positions of its subsidiaries operating in Belarus and Ukraine. The future economic situation of Belarus and Ukraine might differ from the Group’s expectations. As at 31 December 2017, the Group’s management believes that their approach is appropriate in taking all the necessary measures to support the sustainability of these subsidiaries’ businesses in the current circumstances and the achievability of the financials projections used in the impairment assessments.

Fair value measurements and valuation processes

Some of the Group’s assets and liabilities are measured at fair value for financial reporting purposes. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Group uses market-observable data to the extent it is available. Where Level 1 and 2 inputs are not available, the Group can engage third party qualified valuers to perform the valuation, if necessary. The management works closely with the qualified external valuers to establish the appropriate valuation techniques and inputs to the model. Information about the valuation techniques and inputs used in determining the fair value of various assets and liabilities are disclosed in Note 33.

F-19

##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(d) | Use of estimates and judgments (continued)

Contracted handset sales

The Company, the distributors and dealers offer joint campaigns to the subscribers which may include the sale of device by the dealer and/or distributor and a communication service to be provided by the Company. The Company does not recognize any revenue for the device in these transactions by considering the below factors:

| - | the Company is not primary obligor for the sale of handset,

| - | the Company does not have control over the sale prices of handsets,

| - | the Company has no inventory risk,

| - | the Company has no responsibility on technical compability of equipment delivered to customers

| - | the responsibility after sale belongs to the distributor and

| - | the Company does not make any modification on the equipment.

(e) | Changes in accounting policies

Other than the adoption of the new and revised standards as explained in Note 2(af), the Group did not make any significant changes to its accounting policies during the current year.

(f) | Changes in accounting estimates

If the application of changes in the accounting estimates affects the financial results of a specific period, the changes in the accounting estimates are applied in that specific period, if they affect the financial results of current and following periods; the accounting estimate is applied prospectively in the period in which such change is made. A change in the measurement basis applied is a change in an accounting policy, and is not a change in an accounting estimate.

The Company does not have significant changes in accounting estimates during the year.

(g) | Comparative information and revision of prior period financial statements

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared consistent with prior periods.

(h) | Principles of consolidation and equity accounting

(i) | Business combinations

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The consideration transferred in a business combination comprises:

| • |  | the fair value of the assets transferred

| • |  | liabilities incurred to the former owners of the acquired business

| • |  | equity interests issued by the Group

| • |  | the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement, and

| • |  | the fair value of any pre-existing equity interest in the subsidiary.

Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

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##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(h) | Principles of consolidation and equity accounting (continued)

(i) | Business combinations (continued)

Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are, with limited exceptions, measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date.

Goodwill is measured as the excess of the consideration transferred, amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity, and acquisition-date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquired entity over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired. If those amounts are less than the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the business acquired, the difference is recognized directly in profit or loss as a bargain purchase. The Group recognizes any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquired entity’s net identifiable assets.

Where settlement of any part of cash consideration is deferred, the amounts payable in the future are discounted to their present value as at the date of exchange. The discount rate used is the entity’s incremental borrowing rate, being the rate at which a similar borrowing could be obtained from an independent financier under comparable terms and conditions.

Contingent consideration is classified either as equity or a financial liability. Amounts classified as a financial liability are subsequently remeasured to fair value with changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss.canc Contingent consideration classified as equity is not subject to remeasurement. Instead, any gain or loss at settlement is recorded as an adjustment to equity through other comprehensive income.

If the business combination is achieved in stages, the acquisition date carrying value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquire is remeasured to fair value at the acquisition date. Any gains or losses arising from such remeasurement are recognized in profit or loss.

(ii) | Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group. They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases.

The Company reassesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control listed above.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the transferred asset.

Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

Non-controlling interests in the results and equity of subsidiaries are shown separately in the consolidated statement of profit or loss, statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of financial position respectively.

Non -controlling interest has not been attributed to Belarus Telekom on the grounds that net assets of Belarus Telekom is negative, Belarus Telekom is financed solely by the Company and management’s assessment of relevant articles of the share purchase agreement with the non-controlling shareholder.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(h) | Principles of consolidation and equity accounting (continued)

(ii) | Subsidiaries (continued)

Turkcell Finansman A.Ş. (“Turkcell Finansman”) sold financial loans amounting to TL 87,589 to Aktif Yatırım Bankası A.Ş. Turkcell Varlık Finansmanı Fund (“Fund”) founded by Aktif Yatırım Bankası A.Ş. on 14 April 2017 in order to create funds for issuance of Asset Backed Securities (“ABS”) which will be issued by the Fund in a structure where Turkcell Finansman will act as the source organization. Turkcell Finansman sold second financial loans amounting to TL 89,607 to Aktif Yatırım Bankası A.Ş. Turkcell Varlık Finansmanı Fund (“Fund”) founded by Aktif Yatırım Bankası A.Ş. on 22 August 2017. Turkcell Finansman transferred its contractual rights to receive cash flows from the financial loans that have been sold to the Fund resulting in de-recognition of the related assets from its consolidated financial statements. Moreover, the Company did not consolidate the Fund since the activities of the Fund are not controlled by the Company and the Fund has been defined as a structured entity.

(iii) | Changes in ownership interests

The Group treats transactions with non-controlling interests that do not result in a loss of control as transactions with equity owners of the Group. A change in ownership interest results in an adjustment between the carrying amounts of the controlling and non-controlling interests to reflect their relative interests in the subsidiary. Any difference between the amount of the adjustment to the non-controlling and any consideration paid or received is recognized in a separate reserve within equity attributable to owners of the Company. The Group’s ownership interest in lifecell was increased to 100% in 2015 and the difference between the non-controlling interests derecognized and the consideration paid for the acquisition of shares amounting to TL 929,013 was recognized in equity under retained earnings.

When the Group ceases to consolidate or equity account for an investment because of a loss of control, joint control or significant influence, any retained interest in the entity is remeasured to its fair value with the change in carrying amount recognized in profit or loss. This fair value becomes the initial carrying amount for the purposes of subsequently accounting for the retained interest as an associate, joint venture or financial asset. In addition, any amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income in respect of that entity are accounted for as if the Group had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. This may mean that amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss.

If the ownership interest in a joint venture or an associate is reduced but joint control or significant influence is retained, only a proportionate share of the amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss where appropriate.

(iv) | Business combinations under common control

Business combinations between entities or businesses under common control are excluded from the scope of IFRS 3. In a business combination under common control, assets and liabilities of the acquired entity are stated at predecessor carrying values. Any difference between the consideration given and the aggregate book value of the assets and liabilities of the acquired entity at the date of the transaction is recognized in equity. The acquired entity’s results and financial position are incorporated as if both entities (acquirer and acquiree) had always been combined, or using the results from the date when either entity joined the Group, where such a date is later.

(vi) | Put option over shares relating to non-controlling interests

Where a put option is written by the Group on shares in an existing subsidiary held by non-controlling interests, the Group recognizes a financial liability at the present value of the redemption amount to reflect

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(h) | Principles of consolidation and equity accounting (continued)

(vi) | Put option over shares relating to non-controlling interests (continued)

the put option. If the ownership risks and rewards of the shares relating to the put option is attributable to Group, the non-controlling interest is derecognized. The difference between the put option liability and the non-controlling interests derecognized is recognized in equity. For business combinations after 1 January 2009, subsequent changes in the fair value of the put option liability are recognized in profit or loss.

Reserve for put option over shares relating to non-controlling interests included in equity arises from the difference between the fair value of the put option written by Fintur Holdings B.V. (“Fintur”) on non-controlling shares in one of its subsidiaries and the derecognized non-controlling interests relating to that put option.

(vii) | Investments in associates

An associate is an entity over which the Group has significant influence, but not control or joint control. This is generally the case where the Group holds between 20% and 50% of the voting rights. Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method of accounting after initially being recognized at cost.

Under the equity method of accounting, an investment in an associate is initially recognized at cost and adjusted thereafter to recognize the Group’s share of the post-acquisition profits or losses of the investee in profit or loss, and the Group’s share of movements in other comprehensive income of the investee in other comprehensive income. Dividends received or receivable from associates are recognized as a reduction in the carrying amount of the investment.

When the Group’s share of losses in an equity-accounted investment equals or exceeds its interest in that entity, including any other unsecured long-term receivables, the Group does not recognise further losses, unless it has incurred obligations or made payments on behalf of the other entity.

Unrealized gains on transactions between the Group and its associates are eliminated to the extent of the Group’s interest in these entities. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Accounting policies of equity accounted investees have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

On acquisition of an associate, any excess of the cost of the investment over the Group’s share of the net fair values of the associate’s identifiable assets and liabilities is recognized as goodwill, which is included in the carrying amount of the investment. Any excess of the Group’s share of the net fair value of the associate’s identifiable assets and liabilities over the cost of the investment is included as part of the Group’s share of the associate profit or loss in the period in which the investment is acquired.

The carrying amount of equity-accounted investments is tested for impairment in accordance with the policy described in (Note 15). The Group measures an associate that is classified as held for sale at the lower of its carrying amount at the date of classification as held for sale and fair value less costs of disposal. Equity accounting ceases once an associate is classified as held for sale.

(i) | Financial instruments

(i) | Classification

The Group classifies its financial assets in the following categories:

| • |  | financial assets at fair value through profit or loss,

| • |  | loans and receivables,

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) | Financial instruments (continued)

(i) | Classification (continued)

| • |  | held-to-maturity investments, and

| • |  | available-for-sale financial assets.

The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired. Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition and, in the case of assets classified as held-to-maturity, re-evaluates this designation at the end of each reporting period. See Note 33 for details about each type of financial asset.

(ii) | Reclassification

The Group may choose to reclassify a non-derivative trading financial asset out of the held for trading category if the financial asset is no longer held for the purpose of selling it in the near term. Financial assets other than loans and receivables are permitted to be reclassified out of the held for trading category only in rare circumstances arising from a single event that is unusual and highly unlikely to recur in the near term. In addition, the Group may choose to reclassify financial assets that would meet the definition of loans and receivables out of the held for trading or available-for-sale categories if the Group has the intention and ability to hold these financial assets for the foreseeable future or until maturity at the date of reclassification.

Reclassifications are made at fair value as of the reclassification date. Fair value becomes the new cost or amortized cost as applicable, and no reversals of fair value gains or losses recorded before reclassification date are subsequently made. Effective interest rates for financial assets reclassified to loans and receivables and held-to-maturity categories are determined at the reclassification date. Further increases in estimates of cash flows adjust effective interest rates prospectively.

(iii) | Recognition and derecognition

Regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized on trade date, the date on which the Group commits to purchase or sell the asset. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Group has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership.

When securities classified as available-for-sale are sold, the accumulated fair value adjustments recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss as gains and losses from investment securities.

(iv) | Measurement

At initial recognition, the Group measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit or loss.

Loans and receivables and held-to-maturity investments are subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Available-for-sale financial assets and financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are subsequently carried at fair value. Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value are recognized as follows:

| • |  | for ‘financial assets at fair value through profit or loss’ – in profit or loss

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) | Financial instruments (continued)

(iv) | Measurement (continued)

| • |  | for available-for-sale financial assets that are monetary securities denominated in a foreign currency – translation differences related to changes in the amortized cost of the security are recognized in profit or loss and other changes in the carrying amount are recognized in other comprehensive income

| • |  | for other monetary and non-monetary securities classified as available-for-sale – in other comprehensive income

Dividends on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and available-for-sale equity instruments are recognized in profit or loss when the Group’s right to receive payments is established.

Details on how the fair value of financial instruments is determined are disclosed in Note 33.

(iv) | Impairment

The Group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired. A financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired and impairment losses are incurred only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset (a ‘loss event’) and that loss event has an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or group of financial assets that can be reliably estimated. In the case of equity investments classified as available-for-sale, a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the security below its cost is considered an indicator that the assets are impaired.

For loans and receivables, the amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate. The carrying amount of the asset is reduced and the amount of the loss is recognised in profit or loss. If a loan or held-to-maturity investment has a variable interest rate, the discount rate for measuring any impairment loss is the current effective interest rate determined under the contract. As a practical expedient, the Group may measure impairment on the basis of an instrument’s fair value using an observable market price.

If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognized (such as an improvement in the debtor’s credit rating), the reversal of the previously recognized impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss.

Impairment testing of trade receivables is described in Note 33.

If there is objective evidence of impairment for available-for-sale financial assets, the cumulative loss – measured as the difference between the acquisition cost and the current fair value, less any impairment loss on that financial asset previously recognized in profit or loss – is removed from equity and recognized in profit or loss.

Impairment losses on equity instruments that were recognised in profit or loss are not reversed through profit or loss in a subsequent period.

If the fair value of a debt instrument classified as available-for-sale increases in a subsequent period and the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss, the impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss.

(v) | Derecognition of financial assets

The Group derecognizes a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) | Financial instruments (continued)

(v) | Derecognition of financial assets (continued)

asset to another party. If the Group neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and continues to control the transferred asset, the Group recognizes its retained interest in the asset and an associated liability for amounts it may have to pay. If the Group retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferred financial asset, the Group continues to recognize the financial asset and also recognizes a collateralized borrowing for the proceeds received.

(vi) | Income recognition

Interest income is recognised using the effective interest method. When a receivable is impaired, the Group reduces the carrying amount to its recoverable amount, being the estimated future cash flow discounted at the original effective interest rate of the instrument, and continues unwinding the discount as interest income. Interest income on impaired loans is recognised using the original effective interest rate.

Dividends are recognised as revenue when the right to receive payment is established. This applies even if they are paid out of pre-acquisition profits. However, the investment may need to be tested for impairment as a consequence.

(vii) | Derivative financial instruments

Forward foreign exchange, interest rate and foreign exchange swaps (IRS, Cross Currency Swaps etc.) and option transaction fair values are calculated with market levels of interest rates and Central Bank of Republic of Turkey (CBRT) exchange rates via Bloomberg financial terminal. If market levels are not available for valuation date, fair value for forward contracts will be value of discounted future value of difference between contract price level and forward value of CBRT exchange rate with risk fee rates for the period. Interest rate and currency swaps will be valued with the difference of discounted cash flows of each leg of the swaps using risk free rates and CBRT exchange rates. Option transactions will be valued with option pricing models using risk free rates and CBRT exchange rates.

(viii) | Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the statement of financial position where the Group has a legally enforcable right to offset the recognized amounts, and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

(j) | Cash and cash equivalents

For the purpose of presentation in the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand, deposits held at call with financial institutions, other short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

(k) | Trade receivables

Trade receivables are amounts due from customers for goods sold or services performed in the ordinary course of business. If collection of the amounts is expected in one year or less they are classified as current assets. If not, they are presented as non-current assets.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(k) | Trade receivables (continued)

Trade receivables are recognized initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less provision for impairment. See Note 33 for a description of the Group’s impairment policies.

(l) | Property, plant and equipment

(i) | Recognition and measurement

Items of property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less depreciation and impairment losses. Property, plant and equipment related to the Company and its subsidiaries operating in Turkey are adjusted for the effects of inflation during the hyperinflationary period ended on 31 December 2005. Since the inflation accounting commenced on 1 January 2011, property, plant and equipment related to the subsidiaries operating in Belarus are adjusted for the effects of inflation. However, decrease in inflation rate in subsequent years led the three-year cumulative rate as of the end of 2014 to decrease to 65%. Accordingly, the economy of Belarus was considered to transit out of hyperinflationary status and 2015 is determined to be appropriate to cease applying IAS 29. Therefore, subsidiaries operating in Belarus ceased applying IAS 29 in 2015.

Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. The cost of self-constructed assets includes cost of materials and direct labor, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to a working condition for its intended use and the costs of dismantling and removing the items and restoring the site on which they are located, if any.

Purchased software that is integral to the functionality of the related equipment is capitalized as part of that equipment. When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items of property, plant and equipment.

Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing proceeds with the carrying amount. There are recognized included in profit or loss.

Changes in the obligation to dismantle, remove assets on sites and to restore sites on which they are located, other than changes deriving from the passing of time, are added or deducted from the cost of the assets in the period in which they occur. The amount deducted from the cost of the asset shall not exceed the balance of the carrying amount on the date of change, and any excess balance is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset’s carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

(ii) | Subsequent costs

Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as a separate asset is derecognised when replaced. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.

(iii) | Depreciation

Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost, net of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives. The property, plant and equipment acquired under finance leases is

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(l) | Property, plant and equipment (continued)

(iii) | Depreciation (continued)

depreciated over the asset’s useful life or over the shorter of the asset’s useful life and the lease term if there is no reasonable certainty that the group will obtain ownership at the end of the lease term.

Land is not depreciated.

The estimated useful lives are as follows:

Buildings |  | 21 – 25 years
Mobile network infrastructure |  | 4 – 20 years
Fixed network infrastructure |  | 3 – 25 years
Call center equipment |  | 4 – 8 years
Equipment, fixtures and fittings |  | 2 – 10 years
Motor vehicles |  | 4 – 6 years
Central betting terminals |  | 5 – 10 years
Leasehold improvements |  | 3 – 5 years

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period.

(iv) | Borrowing costs

General and specific borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalized during the period of time that is required to complete and prepare the asset for its intended use or sale. Qualifying assets are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale.

Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalization.

Other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.

(m) | Intangible assets

(i) | Telecommunication licenses

Separately acquired telecommunication licenses are stated at historical cost adjusted for the effects of inflation during the hyperinflationary period, where applicable, less amortization and impairment losses.

Amortization

Amortization is recognized in the statement of profit or loss on a straight-line basis by reference to the license period. The useful lives for telecommunication licenses are as follows:

Telecommunications licenses |  | 3 – 25 years

(ii) | Computer software

Acquired computer software licenses are capitalized on the basis of the costs incurred to acquire and bring to use the specific software.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(m) | Intangible assets (continued)

(ii) | Computer software (continued)

Costs associated with maintaining computer software programmes are recognized as an expense as incurred.

Development costs that are directly attributable to the design and testing of identifiable and unique software products controlled by the group are recognised as intangible assets when the following criteria are met:

| • |  | it is technically feasible to complete the software so that it will be available for use

| • |  | management intends to complete the software and use or sell it

| • |  | there is an ability to use or sell the software

| • |  | it can be demonstrated how the software will generate probable future economic benefits

| • |  | adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the software are available, and

| • |  | the expenditure attributable to the software during its development can be reliably measured.

Directly attributable costs that are capitalized as part of the software include employee costs and an appropriate portion of relevant overheads.

Research expenditure and development expenditure that do not meet the criteria above are recognized as an expense as incurred. Development costs previously recognized as an expense are not recognized as an asset in a subsequent period.

Capitalized development costs are recorded as intangible assets and amortized from the point at which the asset is ready for use.

Amortization

Amortization is recognized in the statement of profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives. The useful lives for computer software are as follows:

Computer software |  | 3 – 8 years

(iii) | Other intangible assets

Other intangible assets that are acquired by the Group which have finite useful lives are stated at historical cost adjusted for the effects of inflation during the hyperinflationary period, where applicable, less amortization and impairment losses. Indefeasible Rights of Use (“IRU”) are rights to use a portion of an asset’s capacity granted for a fixed period of time. IRUs are recognized as intangible asset when the Group has specific indefeasible rights to use an identified portion of an underlying asset and the duration of the right is for the major part of the underlying asset’s useful economic life. IRUs are amortized over the shorter of the underlying asset’s useful economic life and the contract term.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(m) | Intangible assets (continued)

(iii) | Other intangible assets (continued)

Amortization

The Group amortizes intangible assets with a limited useful life using the straight-line method over the following periods:

Transmission line software |  | 5 – 10 years
Central betting system operating right |  | 7 – 10 years
Customer base |  | 2 – 15 years
Brand name |  | 9 – 10 years
Indefeasible right of use |  | 15 years

Amortization methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period.

Goodwill

Goodwill on acquisitions of subsidiaries is included in intangible assets. Goodwill is not amortized but it is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired, and is carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses. Gains and losses on the disposal of an entity include the carrying amount of goodwill relating to the entity sold.

Goodwill is allocated to cash-generating units for the purpose of impairment testing. The allocation is made to those cash-generating units or groups of cash-generating units that are expected to benefit from the business combination in which the goodwill arose. The units or groups of units are identified at the lowest level at which goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes, being the operating segments.

(n) | Investment properties

Recognition and measurement

Investment properties are properties held for rental yields and/or for capital appreciation (including property under construction for such purposes). Investment properties are stated at historical cost less depreciation and impairment losses.

An investment property is derecognized upon disposal or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from the disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the property (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in profit or loss in the period in which the property is derecognized.

Depreciation

Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost, net of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

Investment Property 25 – 45 years

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(o) | Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Cost of inventory is determined using the weighted average method and comprises all costs of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Costs of purchased inventory are determined after deducting rebates and discounts. At 31 December 2017 and 2016, inventories mainly consisted of mobile phones, sim-cards, and other devices.

(p) | Impairment of assets

Goodwill and intangible assets that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortization which are tested annually for impairment and reviewed at each reporting date and if triggering events occur, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they might be impaired. Other assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs of disposal. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash inflows which are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets (cash-generating units). Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at the end of each reporting period.

(r) | Employee benefits

(i) | Short-term obligations

Liabilities for salaries including non-monetary benefits that are expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service are recognized in respect of employees’ services up to the end of the reporting period and are measured at the amounts expected to be paid when the liabilities are settled. The liabilities are presented as trade and other payables in the statement of financial position.

(ii) | Termination benefits

In accordance with the labor law in Turkey, the Company and its subsidiaries in Turkey are required to make lump-sum payments to employees who have completed one year of service and whose employment is terminated without cause or who retire, are called up for military service or die. Such payments are calculated on the basis of 30 days’ pay up to a of maximum full TL 6,000 as at 31 December 2017, per year of employment at the rate of pay applicable at the date of retirement or termination. Termination benefits paid to key executive officers are presented as other expenses. Reserve for employee termination benefits is computed and reflected in the consolidated financial statements on a current basis. The reserve is calculated by estimating the present value of future probable obligation of the Company and its subsidiaries in Turkey arising from retirement of employees. Reserve for employee termination benefits is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method.

(iii) | Defined contribution plans

For defined contribution plans, the Group pays contributions to publicly or privately administered pension insurance plans on a mandatory, contractual or voluntary basis. The Group has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are recognized as employee benefit expense when they are due. Prepaid contributions are recognized as an asset to the extent that a cash refund or a reduction in the future payments is available.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(r) | Employee benefits (continued)

(iv) | Share-based payments

The Group provides a cash-settled share-based payment plan for selected employees in return for their services. For cash-settled share-based payment transactions, the Group measures services acquired and the liability incurred at the fair value of the liability. Liabilities for cash-settled share-based payment plan are recognized as employee benefit expense over the relevant service period. The fair value of the liability is re-measured at each reporting date and at the settlement date. Any changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss for the period.

(v) | Personnel bonus

Provision for bonus is provided when the bonus is a legal obligation, or past practice would make the bonus a constructive obligation and the Group is able to make a reliable estimate of the obligation.

(s) | Provisions

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation.

Where there are a number of similar obligations, the likelihood that an outflow will be required in settlement is determined by considering the class of obligations as a whole. A provision is recognized even if the likelihood of an outflow with respect to any one item included in the same class of obligations may be small.

Provisions are measured at the present value of management’s best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. The discount rate used to determine the present value is a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as interest expense.

Onerous contracts

Present obligation arising under an onerous contract is recognized and measured as a provision. An onerous contract is considered to exist where the Group has a contract under which the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it.

Dismantling, removal and restoring sites obligation

The Group is required to incur certain costs in respect of a liability to dismantle and remove assets and to restore sites on which the assets were located. The dismantling costs are calculated according to best estimate of future expected payments discounted at a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability.

(t) | Revenue

Revenue is recognized at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns, trade allowances and rebates. The Group recognizes revenue when the amount of revenue can be reliably measured, it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity and specific criteria have been met for each of the Group’s activities as described below. The Group bases its estimates on historical results, taking into consideration the type of customer, the type of transaction and the specifics of each arrangement.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(t) | Revenue (continued)

Revenue from telecommunication services includes postpaid and prepaid revenue from voice, data, messaging and value added services, interconnect revenue, monthly fixed fees, SIM card sales and roaming revenue. Revenue from telecommunication services are recognized at the time services are rendered.

With respect to prepaid revenue, the Group generally collects cash in advance by selling prepaid top up to distributors. In such cases, the Group does not recognize revenue until subscribers use the telecommunication services. Deferred revenue is recorded under current liabilities.

Services may be bundled with other products and services and these bundled elements involve consideration in the form of a fixed fee or a fixed fee coupled with a continuing payment stream. Total arrangement consideration relating to a bundled contract is allocated to different units of accounting if:

| • |  | each element in the arrangement has standalone value to the customer; and

| • |  | fair value of each element can be measured reliably.

The arrangement consideration is allocated to each element based upon their relative fair values. If an element of a transaction is not a separately identifiable component, then it is accounted for as an integral part of the remaining elements of the transaction.

Revenue allocated to products where the Group acts as principal is recognized when significant risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the buyer, collection is probable, associated costs and possible return of goods can be estimated reliably, there is no continuing management involvement with the products and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably.

Revenue from device sales is recognized when the device is delivered to the end customer and significant risks and rewards of ownership are transferred. For device sales made to intermediaries, revenue is recognized if significant risks and rewards of ownership associated with the device are transferred to the intermediary and the intermediary has no general right to return the device to receive a refund. If significant risks and rewards of ownership are not transferred, revenue is deferred until sale of the device to an end customer by the intermediary or expiry of any right of return.

The Company, the distributors and dealers offer joint campaigns to the subscribers which may include the sale of device by the dealer and/or the distributor and the sale of communication service by the Company. In certain campaigns, dealers make the handset sale to the subscribers instalments of which will be collected by the Company based on the letters of undertaking signed by the subscribers. With the letter of undertaking, the dealer assigns its receivables from handset sale to the distributor and the distributor assigns its receivables to the Company.

The Company pays the distributor net present value of the instalments to be collected from the subscribers and recognizes contracted receivables in its statement of financial position. The undue portion of assigned receivables from the distributors which were paid upfront by the Company is classified as “undue assigned contracted receivables” in trade receivables (Note 19). When monthly installment is invoiced to the subscriber, related portion is presented as “receivables from subscribers”. The Company collects the contracted receivables in installments during the contract period and does not recognize any revenue for the handset in these transactions as the Company does not act as principal for the sale of handset.

Starting from 2014, the subscribers has an option to buy handsets using bank loans instalments of which are collected by the Company on behalf of the bank. The Company does not bear any credit risk in these transactions. Since the Company collects receivables during the contract period and acts as agent for the sale of handset, the Company does not recognize any revenue for the handset in these transactions.

Starting from 2016 the Company and distributors started to offer the option to buy a device through Turkcell Financing loan, which will be collected by the Company. The Group carries a risk of collection in these

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(t) | Revenue (continued)

transactions. Turkcell Finansman collects the purchased credit from the subscriber during the contract period, and does not record revenue related to the device since it is not the main contractor in the device sale. Revenue from financial services comprise of interest income generated from consumer financing activities. Interest income is recognized as it accrues, using the effective interest method.

Monthly fixed fees represent a fixed amount charged to postpaid subscribers on a monthly basis without regard to the level of usage. Fixed fees are recognized on a monthly basis when billed. Monthly fixed fees are included telecommunication services revenues.

Revenues from betting business mainly comprise of net takings earned to a maximum of 1.4% of gross takings as the head agent of fixed odds betting games and mobile agent revenues of 7.25% of mobile agency turnover after deducting VAT and gaming tax as the head agent. Revenues from betting business are recognized at the time all services related to the games are fully rendered. Under the agreement signed with Spor Toto Teşkilat Müdürlüğü A.Ş. (“Spor Toto”), Inteltek Internet Teknoloji Yatırım ve Danışmanlık A.Ş. (“Inteltek”) is obliged to undertake any excess payout, which is presented on a net basis.

Azerinteltek received authorization from Azeridmanservis Limited Liability Company set under the Ministry of Youth and Sport of the Republic of Azerbaijan to organize, operate, manage and develop the fixed odds and paramutual sports betting business. Since Azerinteltek acts as principal, total consideration received from the player less payout (distribution to players) and amounts collected from players on behalf of Ministry of Sports is recognized at the time all services related to the games are fully rendered.

Azerinteltek has been authorized for the Lottery games by Azerlotereya. Azerinteltek has been generating commission revenue over Lottery games turnover through its own agencies by applying 15% commission rate according to agreement between Azerinteltek and Azerlotereya. Commission revenues are recognized at the time all services related to the games are fully rendered.

SIM card sales are recognized upon delivery to distributors, net of returns, discounts and rebates. SIM card costs are also recognized upon sale of the SIM card to the distributors. SIM card sales are included telecommunication services revenues.

Call center revenues are recognized at the time services are rendered.

When the Group sells goods or services as a principal, revenue and operating costs are recorded on a gross basis. When the Group sells goods or services as an agent, revenue and operating costs are recorded on a net basis, representing the net margin earned. Whether the Group is considered to be acting as principal or agent in the transaction depends on management’s analysis of both the legal form and substance of the agreement between the Group and its business partners; such judgements impact the amount of reported revenue and operating costs but do not impact reported assets, liabilities or cash flows.

The Company and the Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications, Directorate General of Communications signed a contract to continue the contract to establish and operate mobile communication infrastructure and operation in uncovered areas, (Phase 1) until 31 December 2018 and to add mobile broadband services to the existing infrastructure providing GSM services under Universal Service Law and to operate the new and existing networks together. Mobile broadband services will be added to the existing infrastructure established in accordance with Phase 1 in 1,799 rural locations. The new and the existing infrastructure will be operated together. As of 31 December 2017, the Company has recognized TL 257,866 revenue from its operations related to this contract. Since the Company acts as principal, revenue and operating costs are reported on a gross basis in these consolidated financial statements.

The revenue recognition policy for other revenues is to recognize revenue as services are provided.

Volume rebates or discounts and other contractual changes in the prices of roaming and other services are anticipated, as both the payer and the recipient, if it is probable that they have been earned or will take effect. Thus, contractual rebates and discounts are anticipated, but discretionary rebates and discounts are not anticipated because the definitions of asset and liability would not be met.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(u) | Leases

At inception of an arrangement, the Group determines whether such an arrangement is or contains a lease. A specific asset is the subject of a lease if fulfillment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of that specified asset. An arrangement conveys the right to use the asset if the arrangement conveys to the Group the right to control the use of the underlying asset. At inception or upon reassessment of the arrangement, the Group separates payments and other consideration required by such an arrangement into those for the lease and those for other elements on the basis of their relative fair values.

Leases of property, plant and equipment where the Group, as lessee, has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. Finance leases are capitalized at the lease’s inception at the fair value of the leased property or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments. The corresponding rental obligations, net of finance charges, are included in payables. Each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance cost. The finance cost is charged to the profit or loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period. The property, plant and equipment acquired under finance leases is depreciated over the asset’s useful life or over the shorter of the asset’s useful life and the lease term if there is no reasonable certainty that the group will obtain ownership at the end of the lease term.

Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are not transferred to the Group as lessee are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the lessor) are charged to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease.

Lease income from operating leases where the Group is a lessor is recognized as income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The respective leased assets are included in the statement of financial position based on their nature.

(v) | Trade and other payables

These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the Group prior to the end of financial year which are unpaid. Trade and other payables are presented as current liabilities unless payment is not due within 12 months after the reporting period. They are recognized initially at their fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

(w) | Borrowings

Borrowings are initially recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognized in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities are recognized as transaction costs of the loan to the extent that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down. In this case, the fee is deferred until the draw down occurs. To the extent there is no evidence that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down, the fee is capitalized as a prepayment for liquidity services and amortized over the period of the facility to which it relates.

Borrowings are removed from the statement of financial position when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognized in profit or loss.

(x) | Income taxes

The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period’s taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate for each jurisdiction adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(x) | Income taxes (continued)

Income tax expense is recognized in the statement of profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period in the countries where the Company’s subsidiaries and associates operate and generate taxable income. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities. Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. However, deferred tax liabilities are not recognised if they arise from the initial recognition of goodwill. Deferred income tax is also not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the end of the reporting period and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realized or the deferred income tax liability is settled. Deferred tax assets are recognized only if it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to utilize those temporary differences and losses.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are not recognized for temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax bases of investments in foreign operations where the company is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Companies within the Group may be entitled to claim special tax deductions for investments in qualifying assets or in relation to qualifying expenditure (e.g., the Research and Development Tax Incentive regime in Turkey or other investment allowances). The Group accounts for such allowances as tax credits, which means that the allowance reduces income tax payable and current tax expense. A deferred tax asset is recognized for unclaimed tax credits that are carried forward as deferred tax assets.

(y) | Earnings per share

The Group does not have any potential ordinary shares in issue, therefore basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) are equal. Since basic and diluted EPS are equal, the Group presents both basic and diluted EPS on one line described as “Basic and diluted EPS”.

Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the financial year, excluding treasury shares. In Turkey, entities can increase their share capital by distributing “Bonus share” to shareholders from retained earnings. In computing earnings per share, such “Bonus share” distributions are treated as issued shares. Accordingly, the retrospective effect for such share distributions is taken into consideration when determining the weighted-average number of shares outstanding.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(z) | Subscriber acquisition costs

The Group capitalizes directly attributable subscriber acquisition costs when the following conditions are met:

| • |  | the capitalized costs can be measured reliably;

| • |  | there is a contract binding the customer for a specific period of time; and

| • |  | it is probable that the amount of the capitalized costs will be recovered through revenue generated by the service contract, or, where the customer withdraws from the contract in advance, through the collection of the penalty.

Capitalized subscriber acquisition costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the minimum period of the underlying contract. In all other cases, subscriber acquisition costs are expensed when incurred.

(aa) | Government grants

Grants from the government are recognized at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and the Group will comply with all attached conditions.

Government grants relating to costs are deferred and recognized in profit or loss over the period necessary to match them with the costs that they are intended to compensate.

Government grants relating to property, plant and equipment are included in non-current liabilities as deferred government grants and are credited to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the expected useful lives of the related assets.

(ab) | Non-current asset held for sale and discontinued operations

Non-current assets are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use and a sale is considered highly probable. They are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs of disposal.

An impairment loss is recognized for any initial or subsequent write-down of the asset to fair value less costs of disposal. A gain is recognized for any subsequent increases in fair value less costs of disposal of an asset, but not in excess of any cumulative impairment loss previously recognized. A gain or loss not previously recognized by the date of the sale of the non-current asset is recognized at the date of derecognition.

An associate must meet the conditions to be classified as held for sale. It is first measured in accordance with applicable standards. Such standard is IAS 28, and so the share of profits and remeasurement of carrying amounts are done in accordance with normal associate rules up to the point of classification as held for sale. The associate or joint venture is then measured in accordance with IFRS 5. It is measured at the lower of carrying amount and fair value less costs of disposal. Equity accounting is ceased from the date the held for sale criteria are met.

Non-current assets classified as held for sale are presented separately from the other assets in the statement of financial position.

A discontinued operation is a component of the entity that has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale and that represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations, is part of a single co-ordinated plan to dispose of such a line of business or area of operations, or is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale. The results of discontinued operations are presented separately in the statement of profit or loss.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(ac) | Equity

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.

Where any Group company purchases the Company’s equity instruments, for example as the result of a share buy-back plan, the consideration paid, including any directly attributable incremental costs (net of income taxes) is deducted from equity attributable to the owners of the Company as treasury shares until the shares are cancelled or reissued. Where such ordinary shares are subsequently reissued, any consideration received, net of any directly attributable incremental transaction costs and the related income tax effects, is included in equity attributable to the owners of the Company.

(ad) | Dividends

Provision is made for the amount of any dividend declared, being appropriately authorised and no longer at the discretion of the Company, on or before the end of the reporting period but not distributed at the end of the reporting period.

(ae) | Subsequent events

Events after the reporting date; Includes all events between the reporting date and the date on which the financial statements are authorized for issue, even if any announcement of profit or other selected financial information has been made publicly disclosed.

In case of events requiring correction after the reporting date, corrects this new situation accordingly. Events that are not required to be adjusted subsequent to the reporting date are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements in the consolidated financial statements.

(af) | New standards and interpretations

i) | Amendments to IFRSs affecting amounts reported and/or disclosures in the consolidated financial statements

None.

ii) | Standards, amendments and interpretations applicable as at 31 December 2017

- | Amendments to IAS 7, ‘Statement of cash flows’; on disclosure initiative effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2017. These amendments introduce an additional disclosure that will enable users of financial statements to evaluate changes in liabilities arising from financing activities. The amendment is part of the IASB’s Disclosure Initiative, which continues to explore how financial statement disclosure can be improved.

- | Amendments IAS 12, ‘Income Taxes’; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2017. The amendments clarify the accounting for deferred tax where an asset is measured at fair value and that fair value is below the asset’s tax base. It also clarify certain other aspects of accounting for deferred tax assets.

- | Annual improvements 2014-2016, effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2017:

| • |  | IFRS 12, ‘Disclosure of interests in other entities’; regarding clarification of the scope of the standard. These amendments should be applied retrospectively for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2017. This amendment clarifies that the disclosures requirement of IFRS 12 are applicable to interest in entities classified as held for sale except for summarized financial information.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(af) | New standards and interpretations (continued)

iii) | Standards, amendments and interpretations effective on or after 1 January 2018

- | IFRS 9, ‘Financial instruments’; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. This standard replaces the guidance in IAS 39. It includes requirements on the classification and measurement of financial assets and liabilities; it also includes an expected credit losses model that replaces the current incurred loss impairment model.

- | IFRS 15, ‘Revenue from contracts with customers’; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. IFRS 15, ‘Revenue from contracts with customers’ is a converged standard from the IASB and FASB on revenue recognition. The standard will improve the financial reporting of revenue and improve comparability of the top line in financial statements globally.

- | Amendment to IFRS 15, ‘Revenue from contracts with customers’, effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. These amendments comprise clarifications of the guidance on identifying performance obligations, accounting for licences of intellectual property and the principal versus agent assessment (gross versus net revenue presentation). New and amended illustrative examples have been added for each of those areas of guidance. The IASB has also included additional practical expedients related to transition to the new revenue standard.

- | Amendments to IFRS 4, ‘Insurance contracts’ regarding the implementation of IFRS 9, ‘Financial Instruments’; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. These amendments introduce two approaches: an overlay approach and a deferral approach. The Group does not expect material impact on its financial statements.

The | amended standard will:

- | give all companies that issue insurance contracts the option to recognize in other comprehensive income, rather than profit or loss, the volatility that could arise when IFRS 9 is applied before the new insurance contracts standard is issued; and

- | give companies whose activities are predominantly connected with insurance an optional temporary exemption from applying IFRS 9 until 2021. The entities that defer the application of IFRS 9 will continue to apply the existing financial instruments standard IAS 39.

- | Amendment to IAS 40, ‘Investment property’ relating to transfers of investment property; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. These amendments clarify that to transfer to, or from, investment properties there must be a change in use. To conclude if a property has changed use there should be an assessment of whether the property meets the definition. This change must be supported by evidence. The Group does not expect material impact on its financial statements.

- | Amendments to IFRS 2, ‘Share based payments’ on clarifying how to account for certain types of share-based payment transactions; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. This amendment clarifies the measurement basis for cash-settled, share-based payments and the accounting for modifications that change an award from cash-settled to equity-settled. It also introduces an exception to the principles in IFRS 2 that will require an award to be treated as if it was wholly equity-settled, where an employer is obliged to withhold an amount for the employee’s tax obligation associated with a share-based payment and pay that amount to the tax authority. The Group does not expect material impact on its financial statements.

- | Annual improvements 2014-2016; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. These amendments impact 2 standards:

| • |  | IFRS 1, ‘First time adoption of IFRS’, regarding the deletion of short-term exemptions for first-time adopters regarding IFRS 7, IAS 19 and IFRS 10,

| • |  | IAS 28, ‘Investments in associates and joint venture’ regarding measuring an associate or joint venture at fair value.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(af) | New standards and interpretations (continued)

iii) | Standards, amendments and interpretations effective on or after 1 January 2018 (continued)

- | IFRIC 22, ‘Foreign currency transactions and advance consideration’; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. This IFRIC addresses foreign currency transactions or parts of transactions where there is consideration that is denominated or priced in a foreign currency. The interpretation provides guidance for when a single payment/receipt is made as well as for situations where multiple payments/receipts are made. The guidance aims to reduce diversity in practice. The Group does not expect material impact on its financial statements.

iii) | Standards, amendments and interpretations effective on or after 1 January 2019

- | Amendment to IFRS 9, ‘Financial instruments’; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019. This amendment confirm that when a financial liability measured at amortised cost is modified without this resulting in de-recognition, a gain or loss should be recognised immediately in profit or loss. The gain or loss is calculated as the difference between the original contractual cash flows and the modified cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate. This means that the difference cannot be spread over the remaining life of the instrument which may be a change in practice from IAS 39.

- | Amendment to IAS 28, ‘Investments in associates and joint venture’; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019. These amendments clarify that companies account for long-term interests in associate or joint venture to which the equity method is not applied using IFRS 9.

- | IFRS 16, ‘Leases’; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019, this standard replaces the current guidance in IAS 17 and is a far reaching change in accounting by lessees in particular. Under IAS 17, lessees were required to make a distinction between a finance lease (on balance sheet) and an operating lease (off balance sheet). IFRS 16 now requires lessees to recognise a lease liability reflecting future lease payments and a ‘right of use asset’ for virtually all lease contracts. The IASB has included an optional exemption for certain short-term leases and leases of low-value assets; however, this exemption can only be applied by lessees. For lessors, the accounting stays almost the same. However, as the IASB has updated the guidance on the definition of a lease (as well as the guidance on the combination and separation of contracts), lessors will also be affected by the new standard. At the very least, the new accounting model for lessees is expected to impact negotiations between lessors and lessees. Under IFRS 16, a contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Group evaluates impacts of the new standard on consolidated financial statements.

- | IFRIC 23, ‘Uncertainty over income tax treatments’; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019. This IFRIC clarifies how the recognition and measurement requirements of IAS 12 ‘Income taxes’, are applied where there is uncertainty over income tax treatments. The IFRS IC had clarified previously that IAS 12, not IAS 37 ‘Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets’, applies to accounting for uncertain income tax treatments. IFRIC 23 explains how to recognise and measure deferred and current income tax assets and liabilities where there is uncertainty over a tax treatment. An uncertain tax treatment is any tax treatment applied by an entity where there is uncertainty over whether that treatment will be accepted by the tax authority. For example, a decision to claim a deduction for a specific expense or not to include a specific item of income in a tax return is an uncertain tax treatment if its acceptability is uncertain under tax law. IFRIC 23 applies to all aspects of income tax accounting where there is an uncertainty regarding the treatment of an item, including taxable profit or loss, the tax bases of assets and liabilities, tax losses and credits and tax rates. The Group assesses of impact on an ongoing basis.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

af) | New standards and interpretations (continued)

iv) | Status of adoption of significant new or amended IFRS standards or interpretations

The adoption of new or amended standards and interpretations that are effective for the financial year beginning on January 1, 2018, did not have a material impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements. The following new IFRS standards will, based on the Company analysis, be of significance to the Group, but have not yet been early adopted:

IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

IFRS 15 was issued in May 2014, and amended in April 2016, and establishes a five-step model to account for revenue arising from contracts with customers. Under IFRS 15, revenue is recognised at an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer.

The new revenue standard will supersede all current revenue recognition requirements under IFRS. Either a full retrospective application or a modified retrospective application is required for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Group plans to adopt the new standard on the required effective date using the modified retrospective method which requires the recognition of the cumulative effect of initially applying IFRS 15, as at January 1, 2018, to retained earnings and not restate prior years. During 2017, the Group performed a detailed assessment of IFRS 15.

The Group is mainly in the business of providing telecommunication services. The goods and services are sold both on their own in separate identified contracts with customers and together as a bundled package of goods and/or services.

Sale of goods

For contracts with customers and intermediaries in which the sale of device or equipment is generally expected to be a performance obligation, adoption of IFRS 15 is not expected to have significant impact on the Group’s revenue and profit or loss because sale of goods were already recognised as a distinct performance obligation at fair value under current accounting treatment.

The Group expects the revenue recognition to occur at a point in time when control of the asset is transferred to the customer, generally on delivery of the goods.

Rendering of services

The Group mainly provides telecommunication services. Services are generally bundled with other products/services and these bundled services and products involve consideration in the form of fixed fee or a fixed fee coupled with a continuing payment stream or discount. The Company’s current accounting treatment in allocating total consideration to the performance obligations is inline with the requirements of IFRS 15. The Group do not expect IFRS 15 to significantly change the timing or amount of revenue recognized under these arrangements.

Contract costs

Under IFRS 15, certain incremental costs incurred in acquiring a contract with a customer will be deferred on the consolidated statement of financial position and amortised as revenue is recognised under the related contract; this will generally lead to the later recognition of charges for some commissions payable to third party dealers and employees. The Group expect IFRS 15 to significantly change the timing of costs recognized under these arrangements resulting in a significant cumulative adjustment to increase retained earnings will be made.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(af) | New standards and interpretations (continued)

iv) | Status of adoption of significant new or amended IFRS standards or interpretations (continued)

Presentation and disclosure requirements

The presentation and disclosure requirements in IFRS 15 are more detailed than under current IFRS. The presentation requirements represent a significant change from current practice and significantly increases the volume of disclosures required in the Group’s financial statements. Many of the disclosure requirements in IFRS 15 are new and the Group has assessed that the impact of some of these disclosures requirements will be significant.

IFRS 9 Financial instruments

The last version of IFRS 9, issued in July 2014, replaces the existing guidance in IAS 39 “Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement”. It also carries forward the guidance on recognition, classification, measurement and derecognition of financial instruments from IAS 39 to IFRS 9. The last version of IFRS 9 includes a new expected credit loss model for calculating impairment on financial assets, and new general hedge accounting requirements and also includes guidance issued in previous versions of IFRS 9. IFRS 9 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018.

Classification and measurement – Financial assets

IFRS 9 contains a new classification and measurement approach for financial assets that reflects the business model in which assets are managed and their cash flow characteristics.

IFRS 9 contains three principal classification categories for financial assets: measured at amortised cost, FVOCI and FVTPL. The standard eliminates the existing IAS 39 categories of held to maturity, loans and receivables and available for sale.

The new classification requirements would have had a impact on its accounting for consumer financing loans, trade receivables, investments in debt securities, cash and cash equivalents and other financial assets. Since Turkcell Finansman A.S. may sale and derecognizes some portion of its loans depending on the management assessment, the related portion may be assessed in “hold and sell” business model and may require fair value measurement.

Impairment – Financial assets and contract assets

IFRS 9 replaces the ‘incurred loss’ model in IAS 39 with a forward looking ‘expected credit loss’ (ECL) model. This will require considerable judgement about how changes in economic factors affect ECLs, which will be determined on a probability-weighted basis.

The new impairment model will apply to financial assets measured at amortised cost or FVOCI, except for investments in equity instruments, and to contract assets.

Under IFRS 9, loss allowances will be measured on either the following bases.

| • |  | 12 month ECLs: these are ECLs that result from possible default events within the 12 months after the reporting date; and

| • |  | lifetime ECLs: these are ECLs that result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument.

Lifetime ECL measurement applies if the credit risk of a financial asset at the reporting date has increased significantly since initial recognition and 12 month ECL measurement applies if it has not.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

2. | Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(af) | New standards and interpretations (continued)

iv) | Status of adoption of significant new or amended IFRS standards or interpretations (continued)

IFRS 9 Financial instruments (continued)

An entity may determine that a financial asset’s credit risk has not increased significantly if the asset has low credit risk at the reporting date. However lifetime ECL measurement (simplified approach) always apply for trade receivables and contract assets without a significant financing component. The Group will apply lifetime ECL measurement for all group companies except Turkcell Finansman A.S. which will apply both 12 month and lifetime ECL (general approach) since it is a financing company.

Transition

The Group will take advantage of the exemption allowing it not to restate comparative information for prior periods with respect to classification and measurement (including impairment) changes. Differences in the carrying amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities resulting from the adoption of IFRS 9 will generally be recognized in retained earnings and reserves as at 1 January 2018.

Based on its assessment, The Group does not expect material impact on its financial statements.

3. | Financial risk management

This note explains the Group’s exposure to financial risks and how these risks could affect the Group’s future financial performance. Current year profit and loss information has been included where relevant to add further context.

The Group’s risk management is carried out by a central treasury department (“Group Treasury) under policies approved by the Audit Committee. Group Treasury identifies, evaluates and manages financial risks in close co-operation with the Group’s operating units. The Audit Committee provides written principles for overall risk management, as well as policies covering specific areas, such as foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, use of derivative financial instruments and non-derivative financial instruments, and investment of excess liquidity. In addition, Risk Early Detection Committee was established in accordance with the New Turkish Commercial Code effective from 1 July 2012.

Credit risk

At the reporting date, there were no significant concentrations of credit risk. The maximum exposure to credit risk is represented by the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, held-to-maturity investments, derivative financial instruments, trade receivables, receivables from financial services, due from related parties and other assets (Note 33).

Management has a credit policy in place and the exposure to credit risk is monitored on an ongoing basis. The Group may require collateral in respect of financial assets. Also, the Group may demand letters of guarantee from third parties related to certain projects or contracts. The Group may also demand certain pledges from counterparties if necessary in return for the credit support it gives related to certain financings (Note 19).

In monitoring customer credit risk, customers are grouped according to whether they are subscribers, financial services customers, other corporate customers, aging profile, maturity and existence of previous financial difficulties. Trade receivables and accrued income are mainly related to the Group’s subscribers. The Group’s exposure to credit risk on trade receivables is influenced mainly by the individual payment characteristics of postpaid subscribers. The Group establishes an allowance for impairment that represents its estimate of incurred losses in respect of trade and other receivables.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

3. | Financial risk management (continued)

Credit risk (continued)

This allowance comprise of the general provision which is determined based on the age of the balances and historical collection trends.

Investments are preferred to be in liquid securities. The counterparty limits are set monthly depending on their ratings from the most credible rating agencies and the amount of their paid-in capital and/or shareholders equity. Policies are in place to review the paid-in capital and rating of counterparties periodically to ensure credit worthiness.

Transactions involving derivatives are executed with local and international counterparties with whom the Group has signed international agreements and which have sound credit ratings.

The Group’s policy is to provide financial guarantees only to subsidiaries and distributors. At 31 December 2017, guarantees of TL 3,720,954 were outstanding (31 December 2016: TL 1,409,749).

Liquidity risk

Prudent liquidity risk management implies maintaining sufficient cash and the availability of funding through an adequate amount of committed credit facilities to meet obligations when due and to close out market positions. At the end of the reporting period the Group held deposits at call of TL 603,553 (2016: TL 569,826) that are expected to readily generate cash inflows for managing liquidity risk. Due to the dynamic nature of the underlying businesses, Group Treasury maintains flexibility in funding by maintaining availability under committed credit lines.

Management monitors rolling forecasts of the Group’s liquidity reserve (Note 33) and cash and cash equivalents (Note 23) on the basis of expected cash flows. In addition, the Group’s liquidity management policy involves projecting cash flows in major currencies and considering the level of liquid assets necessary to meet these, monitoring balance sheet liquidity ratios against internal and external regulatory requirements and maintaining debt financing plans.

Market risk

Market risk is the risk that changes in market prices, such as foreign exchange rates, interest rates and equity prices will affect the Group’s income or the value of its holdings of financial instruments. The objective of market risk management is to manage and control market risk exposures within acceptable parameters, while optimizing the return on risk.

The Group uses derivatives in order to manage market risks. All such transactions are carried at within the guidelines set by the Group Treasury.

| (i) | Foreign exchange risk

The Group operates internationally and is exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from foreign currency transactions, primarily with respect to the USD and EUR. Foreign exchange risk arises from recognized assets and liabilities denominated in a currency that is not the functional currency of the relevant Group entity. The Group holds a significant portion of its cash and cash equivalent in foreign currency in order to manage foreign exchange risk. In additional, derivative financial instruments are used to manage exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

3. | Financial risk management (continued)

Market risk (continued)

| (ii) | Interest rate risk

The Group’s exposure to interest rate risk is related to its financial assets and liabilities. The Group manage its financial liabilities by providing an appropriate distribution between fixed and floating rate loans. Floating rate exposures can be changed to fixed rate exposures based on short term and long term market expectations via financial derivatives. The use of financial derivatives is governed by the Group Treasury’s policies approved by the Audit Committee, which provide written principles on the use of derivatives.

The Group’s borrowings and receivables are carried at amortized cost. The borrowings are periodically contractually repriced (Note 33) and to that extent are also exposed to the risk of future changes in market interest rates.

4. | Segment information

The Group has two reportable segments in accordance with its integrated communication and technology services strategy – Turkcell Turkey and Turkcell International. While some of these strategic segments offer the same types of services, they are managed separately because they operate in different geographical locations and are affected by different economic conditions.

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker. The chief operating decision maker function is carried out by the Board of Directors, however Board of Directors may transfer the authorities, other than recognized by the law, to the General Manager and other directors.

Turkcell Turkey reportable segment includes the operations of Turkcell, Turkcell Superonline Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell Superonline”), Turkcell Satis ve Dagitim Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell Satis”), group call center operations of Global Bilgi Pazarlama Danisma ve Cagri Servisi Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell Global Bilgi”), Turktell Bilisim Servisleri A.S. (“Turktell”), Turkcell Teknoloji Arastirma ve Gelistirme A.S. (“Turkcell Teknoloji”), Kule Hizmet ve Isletmecilik A.S. (“Global Tower”), Rehberlik Hizmetleri Servisi A.S. (“Rehberlik”), Turkcell Odeme Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell Odeme”) and Turkcell Gayrimenkul Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell Gayrimenkul”). Turkcell International reportable segment includes the operations of Kibris Mobile Telekomunikasyon Limited Sirketi (“Kibris Telekom”), East Asian Consortium B.V. (“Eastasia”), LLC lifecell (“lifecell”), Lifecell Ventures Coöperatief U.A (“Lifecell Ventures”), Beltel Telekomunikasyon Hizmetleri A.S. (“Beltel”), CJSC Belarusian Telecommunications Network (“Belarusian Telecom”), LLC UkrTower (“UkrTower”), LLC Global Bilgi (“Global LLC”), Turkcell Europe GmbH (“Turkcell Europe”), Lifetech LLC (“Lifetech”), Beltower LLC (“Beltower”), Lifecell Digital Limited and Fintur. The operations of these legal entities aggregated into one reportable segment as the nature of services are similar and most of them share similar economic characteristics. Other reportable segment mainly comprises the information and entertainment services in Turkey and Azerbaijan, non-group call center operations of Turkcell Global Bilgi, Turkcell Finansman, Turkcell Enerji Cozumleri ve Elektrik Satıs Ticaret A.S (“Turkcell Enerji”) and Paycell LLC (“Paycell”).

The Board primarily uses adjusted EBITDA to assess the performance of the operating segments. Adjusted EBITDA definition includes revenue, cost of revenue excluding depreciation and amortization, selling and marketing expenses and administrative expenses.

Adjusted EBITDA is not a financial measure defined by IFRS as a measurement of financial performance and may not be comparable to other similarly-titled indicators used by other companies. Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the consolidated profit for the year is included in the accompanying notes.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

4. | Segment information (continued)

|  | Turkcell Turkey |  |  | Turkcell International |  |  | All other segments |  |  | Intersegment eliminations |  |  | Consolidated |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Total segment revenue |  |  | 15,450,136 |  |  |  | 12,787,592 |  |  |  | 1,067,078 |  |  |  | 874,692 |  |  |  | 1,187,454 |  |  |  | 661,923 |  |  |  | (72,604 | ) |  |  | (38,646 | ) |  |  | 17,632,064 |  |  |  | 14,285,561 |
Inter-segment revenue |  |  | (31,690 | ) |  |  | (19,680 | ) |  |  | (40,897 | ) |  |  | (18,964 | ) |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 72,604 |  |  |  | 38,646 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Revenues from external customers |  |  | 15,418,446 |  |  |  | 12,767,912 |  |  |  | 1,026,181 |  |  |  | 855,728 |  |  |  | 1,187,437 |  |  |  | 661,921 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,632,064 |  |  |  | 14,285,561 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  |  | 5,593,837 |  |  |  | 4,160,861 |  |  |  | 263,962 |  |  |  | 235,348 |  |  |  | 374,314 |  |  |  | 222,849 |  |  |  | (3,859 | ) |  |  | 451 |  |  |  | 6,228,254 |  |  |  | 4,619,509 |
Bad debt expense |  |  | 49,468 |  |  |  | (195,472 | ) |  |  | (6,070 | ) |  |  | (5,956 | ) |  |  | (79,676 | ) |  |  | (9,956 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (36,278 | ) |  |  | (211,384 | )

|  | Turkcell Turkey |  |  | Turkcell International |  |  | All other segments |  |  | Intersegment Eliminations |  |  | Consolidated |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Total segment revenue |  |  | 12,787,592 |  |  |  | 11,480,890 |  |  |  | 874,692 |  |  |  | 856,147 |  |  |  | 661,923 |  |  |  | 458,563 |  |  |  | (38,646 | ) |  |  | (26,185 | ) |  |  | 14,285,561 |  |  |  | 12,769,415 |
Inter-segment revenue |  |  | (19,680 | ) |  |  | (14,608 | ) |  |  | (18,964 | ) |  |  | (11,731 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 38,646 |  |  |  | 26,185 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Revenues from external customers |  |  | 12,767,912 |  |  |  | 11,466,282 |  |  |  | 855,728 |  |  |  | 844,416 |  |  |  | 661,921 |  |  |  | 458,717 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,285,561 |  |  |  | 12,769,415 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  |  | 4,160,861 |  |  |  | 3,759,590 |  |  |  | 235,348 |  |  |  | 245,959 |  |  |  | 222,849 |  |  |  | 134,484 |  |  |  | 451 |  |  |  | 511 |  |  |  | 4,619,509 |  |  |  | 4,140,544 |
Bad debt expense |  |  | (195,472 | ) |  |  | (187,963 | ) |  |  | (5,956 | ) |  |  | (8,292 | ) |  |  | (9,956 | ) |  |  | (333 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (211,384 | ) |  |  | (196,588 | )

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

4. | Segment information (continued)

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Profit for the period |  |  | 2,037,759 |  |  |  | 1,543,803 |  |  |  | 1,903,551 |
Add(Subtract): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit/(loss) from discontinued operations |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42,164 |  |  |  | (367,336 | )
Profit from continuing operations |  |  | 2,037,759 |  |  |  | 1,585,967 |  |  |  | 1,536,215 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 571,758 |  |  |  | 423,160 |  |  |  | 667,112 |
Finance income |  |  | (1,090,449 | ) |  |  | (1,064,794 | ) |  |  | (756,039 | )
Finance costs |  |  | 1,413,315 |  |  |  | 1,237,593 |  |  |  | 799,514 |
Other income |  |  | (74,438 | ) |  |  | (78,569 | ) |  |  | (44,454 | )
Other expenses |  |  | 773,329 |  |  |  | 312,801 |  |  |  | 270,446 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 2,596,980 |  |  |  | 2,203,351 |  |  |  | 1,667,750 |
Consolidated adjusted EBITDA |  |  | 6,228,254 |  |  |  | 4,619,509 |  |  |  | 4,140,544 |

Geographical information

In presenting the information on the basis of geographical segments, segment revenue is based on the geographical location of operations and segment assets are based on the geographical location of the assets.

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Turkey |  |  | 16,431,863 |  |  |  | 13,321,503 |  |  |  | 11,779,345 |
Ukraine |  |  | 664,643 |  |  |  | 573,951 |  |  |  | 571,630 |
Belarus |  |  | 209,884 |  |  |  | 149,005 |  |  |  | 141,219 |
Azerbaijan |  |  | 174,021 |  |  |  | 108,329 |  |  |  | 145,654 |
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus |  |  | 148,637 |  |  |  | 129,785 |  |  |  | 125,668 |
Germany |  |  | 3,016 |  |  |  | 2,988 |  |  |  | 5,899 |
|  |  | 17,632,064 |  |  |  | 14,285,561 |  |  |  | 12,769,415 |

Non-current assets |  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Turkey |  |  | 18,098,228 |  |  |  | 16,548,162 |
Ukraine |  |  | 1,408,783 |  |  |  | 1,211,789 |
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus |  |  | 141,802 |  |  |  | 117,243 |
Belarus |  |  | 138,371 |  |  |  | 291,498 |
Azerbaijan |  |  | 13,663 |  |  |  | 13,563 |
Unallocated non-current assets |  |  | 112,516 |  |  |  | 67,057 |
|  |  | 19,913,363 |  |  |  | 18,249,312 |

5. | Revenue

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Telecommunication services |  |  | 15,115,816 |  |  |  | 12,883,974 |  |  |  | 11,972,443 |
Equipment revenues |  |  | 1,159,500 |  |  |  | 624,352 |  |  |  | 254,582 |
Revenue from financial services |  |  | 605,663 |  |  |  | 184,698 |  |  |  | — |
Revenue and commission fees on betting business |  |  | 355,907 |  |  |  | 284,496 |  |  |  | 277,525 |
Call center revenues |  |  | 232,679 |  |  |  | 198,564 |  |  |  | 187,840 |
Other |  |  | 162,499 |  |  |  | 109,477 |  |  |  | 77,025 |
|  |  | 17,632,064 |  |  |  | 14,285,561 |  |  |  | 12,769,415 |

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

6. | Other income and expense

Other income amounted to TL 74,438, TL 78,569 and TL 44,454 for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Other expenses amounted to TL 773,329, TL 312,801 and TL 270,446 for years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Other income for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015 mainly consist of gain on sale of fixed assets and reversal of legal provisions (Note 36).

Other expenses for the year ended 31 December 2017 and 2016 mainly consist of donations and litigation expenses (Note 36).

Other expenses for the year ended 31 December 2015 mainly consist of expenses for termination of commercial agreements and litigation expenses.

7. | Employee benefit expenses

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Wages and salaries (*) |  |  | 1,746,147 |  |  |  | 1,450,262 |  |  |  | 1,317,655 |
Employee termination benefits (**) |  |  | 32,862 |  |  |  | 32,977 |  |  |  | 30,593 |
Defined contribution plans |  |  | 8,107 |  |  |  | 7,722 |  |  |  | 8,364 |
|  |  | 1,787,116 |  |  |  | 1,490,961 |  |  |  | 1,356,612 |

| (*) | Wages and salaries include compulsory social security contributions and bonuses.

| (**) | Remeasurements of employee termination benefits for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015 amounting to TL 3,738, TL 34,532 and TL 13,466 respectively are reflected in other comprehensive income.

8. | Finance income and costs

Recognized in the statement of profit or loss:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Fair value gains on derivative financial instruments |  |  | 589,555 |  |  |  | 385,560 |  |  |  | 1,070 |
Interest income on bank deposits |  |  | 278,599 |  |  |  | 158,206 |  |  |  | 303,221 |
Interest income on financial assets measured at amortized cost |  |  | 185,004 |  |  |  | 445,943 |  |  |  | 436,024 |
Credit finance income |  |  | 36,186 |  |  |  | 74,522 |  |  |  | 13,865 |
Other |  |  | 1,105 |  |  |  | 563 |  |  |  | 1,859 |
Finance income |  |  | 1,090,449 |  |  |  | 1,064,794 |  |  |  | 756,039 |
Net foreign exchange losses |  |  | (718,501 | ) |  |  | (782,463 | ) |  |  | (489,320 | )
Interest expenses for financial liabilities measured at amortized cost |  |  | (385,386 | ) |  |  | (343,290 | ) |  |  | (224,724 | )
Interest expenses for derivative financial instruments |  |  | (244,841 | ) |  |  | (93,038 | ) |  |  | — |
Late payment interest expense |  |  | (29,115 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (68,083 | )
Option premium charges |  |  | (27,172 | ) |  |  | (10,114 | ) |  |  | (2,290 | )
Other |  |  | (8,300 | ) |  |  | (8,688 | ) |  |  | (15,097 | )
Finance costs |  |  | (1,413,315 | ) |  |  | (1,237,593 | ) |  |  | (799,514 | )
Net finance costs |  |  | (322,866 | ) |  |  | (172,799 | ) |  |  | (43,475 | )

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

8. | Finance income and costs (continued)

Finance incomes for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015 are mainly attributable to interest income on contracted handset sales, changes in fair value of derivative financial instruments and interest income on bank deposits.

Foreign exchange losses mainly include foreign exchange losses on borrowings and bonds issued amounting to TL 920,862 and TL 113,081 as of 31 December 2017.

Finance costs for year ended 31 December 2016 and 2015 is mainly attributable to the financing costs of borrowings, 4.5G license fees payable, foreign exchange losses of Belarusian Telecom operating in Belarus and foreign exchange losses of lifecell operating in Ukraine. Foreign exchange losses from Belarusian Telecom and lifecell exclude foreign exchange losses incurred in the foreign operations’ individual financial statements which have been recognized directly in equity under foreign currency translation reserve in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with the accounting policy for net investment in foreign operations as disclosed in Note 2c.

9. | Income tax expense

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Current income tax expense |  |  | (437,967 | ) |  |  | (200,663 | ) |  |  | (591,297 | )
Deferred income tax expense |  |  | (133,791 | ) |  |  | (222,497 | ) |  |  | (75,815 | )
Total income tax expense |  |  | (571,758 | ) |  |  | (423,160 | ) |  |  | (667,112 | )

Income tax expense is attributable to profit from continuing operations.

Income tax relating to each component of other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2017 |  | Before tax |  |  | Tax (expense)/ credit |  |  | Net of tax |
Foreign currency translation differences |  |  | 100,149 |  |  |  | (107,299 | ) |  |  | (7,150 | )
Remeasurements of employee termination benefits |  |  | (3,738 | ) |  |  | 748 |  |  |  | (2,990 | )
|  |  | 96,411 |  |  |  | (106,551 | ) |  |  | (10,140 | )
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation differences |  |  | 218,472 |  |  |  | (87,381 | ) |  |  | 131,091 |
Remeasurements of employee termination benefits |  |  | (34,532 | ) |  |  | 7,066 |  |  |  | (27,466 | )
|  |  | 183,940 |  |  |  | (80,315 | ) |  |  | 103,625 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation differences |  |  | (384,466 | ) |  |  | (5,749 | ) |  |  | (390,215 | )
Changes in cash flow hedge reserve |  |  | 719 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 719 |
Remeasurements of employee termination benefits |  |  | (13,466 | ) |  |  | 2,563 |  |  |  | (10,903 | )
|  |  | (397,213 | ) |  |  | (3,186 | ) |  |  | (400,399 | )

F-49

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

9. | Income tax expense (continued)

Reconciliation of income tax expense

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Profit from continuing operations before income tax expense |  |  | 2,609,517 |  |  |  | 2,009,127 |  |  |  | 2,203,327 |
Profit from discontinued operations before income tax expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | (42,164 | ) |  |  | 367,336 |
Profit before income tax expense |  |  | 2,609,517 |  |  |  | 1,966,963 |  |  |  | 2,570,663 |
Tax at the Turkey’s tax rate |  |  | (521,903 | ) |  |  | (393,393 | ) |  |  | (514,133 | )
Difference in overseas tax rates |  |  | 4,133 |  |  |  | (15,935 | ) |  |  | (52,688 | )
Effect of exemptions (*) |  |  | 73,916 |  |  |  | 104,244 |  |  |  | 62,163 |
Effect of amounts which are not deductible |  |  | (102,102 | ) |  |  | (78,571 | ) |  |  | (16,104 | )
Utilization of previously unrecognized tax losses |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,253 |  |  |  | 22,863 |
Change in unrecognized deferred tax assets (**) |  |  | (41,340 | ) |  |  | (30,616 | ) |  |  | (198,364 | )
Adjustments for current tax of prior years |  |  | 11,280 |  |  |  | (8,176 | ) |  |  | — |
Tax effect of investment in associate |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,926 |
Other |  |  | 4,258 |  |  |  | (1,966 | ) |  |  | (3,775 | )
Total income tax expense |  |  | (571,758 | ) |  |  | (423,160 | ) |  |  | (667,112 | )

| (*) | Mainly comprises of research and development tax credit.

| (**) | Mainly comprises of tax losses for which no deferred tax asset has been recognized.

As of 31 December 2017, the Turkish entities within the Group are subject to corporate tax at the Turkey’s tax rate of 20%. On December 5, 2017, Turkey’s Law No. 7061 on the Amendment of Some Tax Laws and Some Other Laws, which was adopted on November 28, 2017, was published in the Official Gazette. The Law increases the corporate tax rate under the Corporate Tax Law, No. 5520, from the current 20% rate to 22% for tax years 2018, 2019, and 2020; the change took effect on the Law’s date of publication. It is expected to continue with 20% afterwards.

In Turkey, there is no procedure for a final and definitive agreement on tax assessments. Companies file their tax returns at the end of until the 25th day of the forth month following the close of the accounting year to which they relate. Corporate tax payment is made until the end of the month in which the tax return is filed. Tax authorities may, however, examine such returns and the underlying accounting records and may revise assessments within five years. Advance tax returns are filed on a quarterly basis.

Corporate tax is applied on taxable corporate income, which is calculated from the statutory accounting profit by adding back non-deductible expenses, and by deducting tax exempt income.

In Turkey, the transfer pricing provisions have been stated under the Article 13 of Corporate Tax Law with the heading of “disguised profit distribution via transfer pricing”. The General Communiqué on disguised profit distribution via Transfer Pricing, dated 18 November 2007 sets details about implementation.

If a taxpayer enters into transactions regarding sale or purchase of goods and services with related parties, where the prices are not set in accordance with arm’s length principle, then related profits are considered to be distributed in a disguised manner through transfer pricing. Such disguised profit distributions through transfer pricing are not accepted as tax deductible for corporate income tax purposes.

The deduction of 100% of the research and development expenses is allowed when the taxpayers are made these expenditures exclusively for new technology and information researches.

Dividend payments of Turkish resident corporations against Turkish real persons, foreign corporations and foreign real persons are subject to 15% withholding tax. It is possible to apply reduced withholding tax rate

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##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

9. | Income tax expense (continued)

for dividend payments made to abroad, in case it is stated in a double tax treaty. On the other hand, dividend payments made to Turkish resident companies are not subject to withholding tax.

Dividend income of Turkish taxpayers received from other Turkish taxpayers is exempted from corporate tax. However, dividends received from participation shares and stocks of fund and investment partnerships cannot utilize from this exemption.

75% of the profits arising from sale of affiliate shares, founders’ shares, redeemed shares and preemptive rights that are held by the corporations for at least two years are exempted from corporate tax. However, as of 5 December 2017, the date of the publication of the Law No. 7061, 50% part of the profits arising from the sale of the immovable properties that are included in assets of the corporations for two years are exempted from corporate tax. The exemption rate is 75% before this date. In order to benefit from these exemptions, profits must be recorded under a passive fund account in balance sheet and not withdrawn for 5 years. Also, the sale amounts must be received until the end of the second calendar year following the sale.

10. | Expenses by nature

Breakdown of expenses by nature for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

Cost of revenue:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Depreciation and amortization (*) |  |  | (2,596,980 | ) |  |  | (2,203,351 | ) |  |  | (1,667,750 | )
Treasury share |  |  | (1,669,807 | ) |  |  | (1,491,503 | ) |  |  | (1,418,683 | )
Interconnection and termination expenses |  |  | (1,607,079 | ) |  |  | (1,420,233 | ) |  |  | (1,326,990 | )
Radio expenses |  |  | (1,123,668 | ) |  |  | (1,057,618 | ) |  |  | (911,454 | )
Employee benefit expenses |  |  | (1,046,544 | ) |  |  | (859,143 | ) |  |  | (734,725 | )
Cost of goods sold |  |  | (870,226 | ) |  |  | (551,656 | ) |  |  | (250,779 | )
Cost of revenue from financial services |  |  | (270,366 | ) |  |  | (68,546 | ) |  |  | — |
Universal service fund |  |  | (221,431 | ) |  |  | (192,045 | ) |  |  | (182,508 | )
Transmission expenses |  |  | (218,221 | ) |  |  | (139,185 | ) |  |  | (113,574 | )
Roaming expenses |  |  | (177,258 | ) |  |  | (128,429 | ) |  |  | (108,102 | )
Billing and archiving expenses |  |  | (55,185 | ) |  |  | (61,647 | ) |  |  | (55,056 | )
Others |  |  | (1,493,409 | ) |  |  | (1,063,251 | ) |  |  | (999,862 | )
|  |  | (11,350,174 | ) |  |  | (9,236,607 | ) |  |  | (7,769,483 | )

| (*) | As at 31 December 2017, depreciation and amortization expenses includes depreciation and amortization expenses related to the financial services amounting to TL 6,343 (31 December 2016: 1.677 TL).

Selling and marketing expenses:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Selling expenses |  |  | (898,936 | ) |  |  | (757,869 | ) |  |  | (783,234 | )
Marketing expenses |  |  | (532,989 | ) |  |  | (518,382 | ) |  |  | (428,596 | )
Employee benefit expenses |  |  | (394,421 | ) |  |  | (354,380 | ) |  |  | (381,582 | )
Frequency usage fees related to prepaid subscribers |  |  | (82,994 | ) |  |  | (186,530 | ) |  |  | (191,408 | )
Others |  |  | (96,080 | ) |  |  | (93,786 | ) |  |  | (117,039 | )
|  |  | (2,005,420 | ) |  |  | (1,910,947 | ) |  |  | (1,901,859 | )

F-51

##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

10. | Expenses by nature (continued)

Administrative expenses:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Employee benefit expenses |  |  | (346,151 | ) |  |  | (277,438 | ) |  |  | (240,305 | )
Consultancy expenses |  |  | (50,247 | ) |  |  | (54,315 | ) |  |  | (43,995 | )
Rent expenses |  |  | (36,280 | ) |  |  | (30,314 | ) |  |  | (23,924 | )
Net impairment expense recognized on receivables |  |  | (36,278 | ) |  |  | (211,384 | ) |  |  | (196,588 | )
Travel and entertainment expenses |  |  | (30,957 | ) |  |  | (18,913 | ) |  |  | (13,484 | )
Maintenance and repair expenses |  |  | (24,342 | ) |  |  | (20,315 | ) |  |  | (23,424 | )
Collection expenses |  |  | (20,415 | ) |  |  | (20,827 | ) |  |  | (17,533 | )
Other |  |  | (100,526 | ) |  |  | (88,343 | ) |  |  | (66,026 | )
|  |  | (645,196 | ) |  |  | (721,849 | ) |  |  | (625,279 | )

F-52

##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

11. | Property, plant and equipment

Cost |  | Balance as at 1 January 2017 |  |  | Additions |  |  | Disposals |  |  | Transfers |  |  | Impairment expenses/ (reversals) |  |  | Effects of movements in exchange rates |  |  | Transfer from investment property |  |  | Balance as at 31 December 2017 |
Network infrastructure (All operational) |  |  | 13,897,308 |  |  |  | 574,301 |  |  |  | (1,009,922 | ) |  |  | 1,907,022 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 111,419 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,480,128 |
Land and buildings |  |  | 519,702 |  |  |  | 162,206 |  |  |  | (1,340 | ) |  |  | 39,130 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,766 |  |  |  | 64,594 |  |  |  | 786,058 |
Equipment, fixtures and fittings |  |  | 617,732 |  |  |  | 117,087 |  |  |  | (10,854 | ) |  |  | 2,209 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,028 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 728,202 |
Motor vehicles |  |  | 34,136 |  |  |  | 4,415 |  |  |  | (1,719 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 37,216 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 311,761 |  |  |  | 7,400 |  |  |  | (5,041 | ) |  |  | 486 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 261 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 314,867 |
Construction in progress |  |  | 566,523 |  |  |  | 2,063,329 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,949,000 | ) |  |  | (14,535 | ) |  |  | 5,977 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 672,294 |
Total |  |  | 15,947,162 |  |  |  | 2,928,738 |  |  |  | (1,028,876 | ) |  |  | (153 | ) |  |  | (14,535 | ) |  |  | 121,835 |  |  |  | 64,594 |  |  |  | 18,018,765 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Network infrastructure (All operational) |  |  | 6,843,580 |  |  |  | 1,353,419 |  |  |  | (990,719 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,589 |  |  |  | 96,690 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,326,559 |
Land and buildings |  |  | 159,351 |  |  |  | 26,295 |  |  |  | (221 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,482 |  |  |  | 645 |  |  |  | 22,366 |  |  |  | 209,918 |
Equipment, fixtures and fittings |  |  | 497,606 |  |  |  | 48,393 |  |  |  | (8,202 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 115 |  |  |  | 1,915 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 539,827 |
Motor vehicles |  |  | 30,252 |  |  |  | 2,276 |  |  |  | (1,642 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 420 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,306 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 220,668 |  |  |  | 29,138 |  |  |  | (4,417 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 358 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 245,747 |
Total |  |  | 7,751,457 |  |  |  | 1,459,521 |  |  |  | (1,005,201 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,186 |  |  |  | 100,028 |  |  |  | 22,366 |  |  |  | 8,353,357 |
Net book amount |  |  | 8,195,705 |  |  |  | 1,469,217 |  |  |  | (23,675 | ) |  |  | (153 | ) |  |  | (39,721 | ) |  |  | 21,807 |  |  |  | 42,228 |  |  |  | 9,665,408 |

Depreciation expenses for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015 amounting to TL 1,499,242, TL 1,278,009 and TL 1,112,039, respectively include impairment losses and are recognized in cost of revenue.

Impairment losses on property, plant and equipment for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015 are TL 39,721, TL 43,198 and TL 18,567, respectively and are recognized in depreciation expenses.

Capitalization rates and amounts other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of acquiring a qualifying asset are 10.0%, 9.9% and 9.7%, TL 66,513 and TL 76,899 and TL 75,315 for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively.

Impaired network infrastructure mainly consists of damaged or technologically inadequate mobile and fixed network infrastructure investments.

The network infrastructure mainly consists of mobile and fixed network infrastructure investments.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

11. | Property, plant and equipment (continued)

Cost |  | Balance as at 1 January 2016 |  |  | Additions |  |  | Disposals |  |  | Transfers |  |  | Impairment expenses/ (reversals) |  |  | Effects of movements in exchange rates |  |  | Balance as at 31 December 2016 |
Network infrastructure (all operational) |  |  | 11,302,326 |  |  |  | 615,041 |  |  |  | (518,827 | ) |  |  | 2,312,011 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 186,757 |  |  |  | 13,897,308 |
Land and buildings |  |  | 389,366 |  |  |  | 26,603 |  |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | 102,311 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,454 |  |  |  | 519,702 |
Equipment, fixtures and fittings |  |  | 586,463 |  |  |  | 37,545 |  |  |  | (19,291 | ) |  |  | 10,079 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,936 |  |  |  | 617,732 |
Motor vehicles |  |  | 33,676 |  |  |  | 2,710 |  |  |  | (2,946 | ) |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 625 |  |  |  | 34,136 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 306,176 |  |  |  | 5,663 |  |  |  | (374 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 311,761 |
Construction in progress |  |  | 1,005,358 |  |  |  | 1,979,449 |  |  |  | (454 | ) |  |  | (2,426,303 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,473 |  |  |  | 566,523 |
Total |  |  | 13,623,365 |  |  |  | 2,667,011 |  |  |  | (541,924 | ) |  |  | (1,831 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 200,541 |  |  |  | 15,947,162 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Network infrastructure (all operational) |  |  | 5,976,699 |  |  |  | 1,139,343 |  |  |  | (501,719 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42,682 |  |  |  | 186,575 |  |  |  | 6,843,580 |
Buildings |  |  | 140,627 |  |  |  | 17,395 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | 841 |  |  |  | 159,351 |
Equipment, fixtures and fittings |  |  | 462,618 |  |  |  | 47,001 |  |  |  | (15,229 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 3,188 |  |  |  | 497,606 |
Motor vehicles |  |  | 29,704 |  |  |  | 2,723 |  |  |  | (2,926 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 751 |  |  |  | 30,252 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 192,223 |  |  |  | 28,349 |  |  |  | (374 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 470 |  |  |  | 220,668 |
Total |  |  | 6,801,871 |  |  |  | 1,234,811 |  |  |  | (520,248 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 43,198 |  |  |  | 191,825 |  |  |  | 7,751,457 |
Net book amount |  |  | 6,821,494 |  |  |  | 1,432,200 |  |  |  | (21,676 | ) |  |  | (1,831 | ) |  |  | (43,198 | ) |  |  | 8,716 |  |  |  | 8,195,705 |

Leased assets

The Group leases equipment and intangible assets under a number of finance lease agreements. As of 31 December 2017, The Group did not acquire any property, plant and equipment and intangibles assets without cash outflows through beneficial price option to purchase the equipment and intangible assets (31 December 2016: 36,322 TL).

As at 31 December 2017, net book amount of fixed assets acquired under finance leases amounted to TL 170,249 (31 December 2016: TL 89,425).

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

12. | Intangible assets

Turkcell - 2G License

On 27 April 1998, the Company was granted a 25-year GSM license (the “2G License”) for a consideration of USD 500,000, the carrying amount of the 2G license is TL 241,407 at 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: TL 287,390) and it is amortized over 25 years.

Turkcell - 3G License

On 30 April 2009, the Company signed a license agreement (the “3G License”) with the ICTA which provides authorization for providing IMT 2000/UMTS services and infrastructure. The Company acquired the A-type license providing the widest frequency band for a consideration of EUR 358,000 (excluding VAT). The license is effective for 20 years starting from 30 April 2009. The carrying amount of the 3G License is TL 436,014 at 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: TL 474,486) and it is amortized over 25 years.

Turkcell - 4.5G License

On 26 August 2015, “Authorization Tender on IMT Services and Infrastructure” publicly known as 4.5G license tender, was held by the Information Technologies and Communication Authority and the Company was granted a total frequency band of 172.4M Hz for 13 years for a consideration of EUR 1,623,460 (excluding VAT).

IMT authorization period expires on 30 April 2029 and operators commenced service delivery for 4.5G from 1 April 2016. 2x1.4 MHz frequency band in 900MHz spectrum and 2 units of 2x5 MHz frequency band in 2100 MHz spectrum were commenced on 1 December 2015, while remaining packages were commenced on 1 April 2016.

Tender price amounting to EUR 1,623,460 (excluding VAT) was paid semi-annually by four equal installments total of which amounted to EUR 1,655,290 including interest and excluding VAT of 18%.

As at 31 December 2017, there is no payable related to the 4.5G license (31 December 2016: TL 1,522,615 in current liabilities).

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

12. | Intangible assets (continued)

Cost |  | Balance at 1 January 2017 |  |  | Additions |  |  | Disposals |  |  | Transfers |  |  | Impairment |  |  | Effects of movements in exchange rates |  |  | Balance at 31 December 2017 |
Telecommunication licenses |  |  | 8,039,431 |  |  |  | 10,154 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 69,945 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,098 |  |  |  | 8,139,628 |
Computer software |  |  | 6,076,405 |  |  |  | 470,457 |  |  |  | (8,624 | ) |  |  | 569,153 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,725 |  |  |  | 7,117,116 |
Transmission line software |  |  | 71,602 |  |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 71,820 |
Central betting system operating right |  |  | 11,981 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,981 |
Indefeasible right of usage |  |  | 46,017 |  |  |  | 66,539 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 112,556 |
Brand name |  |  | 7,040 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,040 |
Customer base |  |  | 15,512 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,512 |
Goodwill |  |  | 32,834 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,834 |
Other |  |  | 38,321 |  |  |  | 5,016 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (588 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42,749 |
Construction in progress |  |  | 142,875 |  |  |  | 620,463 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (638,357 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,656 |  |  |  | 127,637 |
Total |  |  | 14,482,018 |  |  |  | 1,172,847 |  |  |  | (8,624 | ) |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,479 |  |  |  | 15,678,873 |
Accumulated amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunication licenses |  |  | 1,878,895 |  |  |  | 537,162 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,173 |  |  |  | 2,419,230 |
Computer software |  |  | 4,237,996 |  |  |  | 537,805 |  |  |  | (8,120 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,219 |  |  |  | 1,980 |  |  |  | 4,770,880 |
Transmission line software |  |  | 58,203 |  |  |  | 3,498 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 767 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 62,468 |
Central betting system operating right |  |  | 10,588 |  |  |  | 903 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,491 |
Indefeasible right of usage |  |  | 18,785 |  |  |  | 4,489 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,274 |
Brand name |  |  | 5,808 |  |  |  | 704 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,512 |
Customer base |  |  | 11,286 |  |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,774 |
Other |  |  | 24,468 |  |  |  | 8,366 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,834 |
Total |  |  | 6,246,029 |  |  |  | 1,093,415 |  |  |  | (8,120 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,986 |  |  |  | 5,153 |  |  |  | 7,338,463 |
Net book amount |  |  | 8,235,989 |  |  |  | 79,432 |  |  |  | (504 | ) |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | (1,986 | ) |  |  | 27,326 |  |  |  | 8,340,410 |

Amortization expenses for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015 amounting to TL 1,095,401, TL 921,812 and TL 549,251, respectively include impairment losses and are recognized in cost of revenue.

Impairment losses on intangible assets for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015 are TL 1,986, TL 3,181 and nil respectively and are recognized in amortization expenses.

F-56

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

12. | Intangible assets (continued)

Computer software includes capitalized software development costs that meet the definition of an intangible asset. The amount of capitalized development costs is TL 124,504 for the year ended 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: TL 126,916).

The amortization expenses related to capitalized software development costs for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015 amounting to TL 37,532, TL 30,148 and TL 28,560, respectively are recognized in cost of revenue.

Cost |  | Balance at 1 January 2016 |  |  | Additions |  |  | Disposals |  |  | Transfers |  |  | Impairment |  |  | Effects of movements in exchange rates |  |  | Balance at 31 December 2016 |
Telecommunication licenses |  |  | 3,950,729 |  |  |  | 34,494 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 4,021,090 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 33,122 |  |  |  | 8,039,431 |
Computer software |  |  | 5,342,056 |  |  |  | 329,836 |  |  |  | (6,444 | ) |  |  | 390,248 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,709 |  |  |  | 6,076,405 |
Transmission line software |  |  | 71,506 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 71,602 |
Central betting system operating right |  |  | 11,907 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,981 |
Indefeasible right of usage |  |  | 42,132 |  |  |  | 3,885 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 46,017 |
Brand name |  |  | 7,040 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,040 |
Customer base |  |  | 15,512 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,512 |
Goodwill |  |  | 32,834 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,834 |
Other |  |  | 29,713 |  |  |  | 8,607 |  |  |  | (184 | ) |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,321 |
4.5G license not yet available for use |  |  | 3,984,954 |  |  |  | 33,316 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,018,270 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Construction in progress |  |  | 52,597 |  |  |  | 478,179 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (391,496 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,595 |  |  |  | 142,875 |
Total |  |  | 13,540,980 |  |  |  | 888,413 |  |  |  | (6,632 | ) |  |  | 1,831 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57,426 |  |  |  | 14,482,018 |
Accumulated amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunication licenses |  |  | 1,429,944 |  |  |  | 445,069 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,886 |  |  |  | 1,878,895 |
Computer software |  |  | 3,771,710 |  |  |  | 454,111 |  |  |  | (2,972 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,147 |  |  |  | 4,237,996 |
Transmission line software |  |  | 52,058 |  |  |  | 3,615 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,530 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 58,203 |
Central betting system operating right |  |  | 9,663 |  |  |  | 925 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,588 |
Indefeasible right of usage |  |  | 15,446 |  |  |  | 3,339 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,785 |
Brand name |  |  | 5,104 |  |  |  | 704 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,808 |
Customer base |  |  | 10,111 |  |  |  | 1,175 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,286 |
Other |  |  | 14,307 |  |  |  | 9,693 |  |  |  | (183 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 651 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,468 |
Total |  |  | 5,308,343 |  |  |  | 918,631 |  |  |  | (3,159 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,181 |  |  |  | 19,033 |  |  |  | 6,246,029 |
Net book amount |  |  | 8,232,637 |  |  |  | (30,218 | ) |  |  | (3,473 | ) |  |  | 1,831 |  |  |  | (3,181 | ) |  |  | 38,393 |  |  |  | 8,235,989 |

F-57

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

13. | Impairment of assets

The Group’s cash-generating units (CGUs) are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the recoverable amount of the CGU is estimated. The recoverable amount of the CGU is its fair value less cost of disposal. Ukraine and Belarus CGUs were tested for impairment at 31 December 2017. None of these CGUs contains goodwill or an intangible asset with an indefinite useful life.

lifecell

At 31 December 2017, impairment of Ukraine CGU was tested using the assumption that lifecell was the CGU.

The recoverable amount of lifecell is determined based on fair value less cost of disposal calculations which require the use of assumptions. The calculations use cash flow projections based on financial budgets approved by management covering a six-year period. Cash flows beyond the six-year period are extrapolated using the estimated growth rate.

Sensitivity analysis was performed on the change in WACC by +0.5%/-0.5% (31 December 2016: +0.5%/-0.5%). The assumptions used in recoverable amount calculations of lifecell were:

A post-tax WACC rate of 26.5% for the period from 2018 to 2022, a post-tax WACC rate of 25.9% for the period after 2022 and a terminal growth rate of 6.0% were used to extrapolate cash flows beyond the 6-year forecasts period based on the business plans.

A post-tax WACC rate of 28.7% for the period from 2017 to 2021, a post-tax WACC rate of 27.9% for the period after 2021 and a terminal growth rate of 6.0% were used to extrapolate cash flows beyond the 5-year forecasts period based on the business plans. The pre-tax rate for disclosure purposes was 30.0%.

As the recoverable amount of lifecell was higher than its carrying amount, no impairment charge was recognized.

Belarusian Telecom

The aggregate carrying amount of goodwill arising from the acquisition of Belarusian Telecom was impaired at 31 December 2011. The cumulative impairment loss recognized in the statement of profit or loss is TL 228,774.

At 31 December 2017, impairment of Belarus CGU was tested using the assumption that Belarusian Telecom was the CGU.

The recoverable amount of Belarusian Telecom is determined based on fair value less cost of disposal calculations which require the use of assumptions. The calculations use cash flow projections based on financial budgets approved by management covering a five-year period. Cash flows beyond the five-year period are extrapolated using the estimated growth rate.

Sensitivity analysis was performed on the change in WACC by +0.5%/-0.5% (31 December 2016: +0.5%/-0.5%). The assumptions used in recoverable amount calculations of Belarusian Telecom were:

A post-tax WACC rate of 25.4% for the period from 2018 to 2022, a post-tax WACC rate of 24.9% for the period after 2022, and a terminal growth rate of 8.0% were used to extrapolate cash flows beyond the 5-year forecast period based on the business plan.

A post-tax WACC rate of 29.4% for the period from 2017 to 2021, a post-tax WACC rate of 28.7% for the period after 2021 and a terminal growth rate of 10.0% were used to extrapolate cash flows beyond the 5-year forecast period based on the business plan. The pre-tax rate for disclosure purposes was 30.9%.

As the recoverable amount of Belarusian Telecom was higher than its carrying amount, no impairment charge was recognized.

F-58

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

13. | Impairment of assets (continued)

Turkcell Superonline

As at 31 December 2017, the aggregate carrying amount of goodwill allocated to Turkcell Superonline is TL 32,834 (31 December 2016: TL 32,834). No impairment test was performed for goodwill allocated to Turkcell Superonline on the grounds of materiality.

14. | Investment properties

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Opening balance |  |  | 165,472 |  |  |  | 164,467 |
Addition |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,005 |
Disposal |  |  | (940 | ) |  |  | — |
Transfer to property, plant and equipment (*) |  |  | (64,594 | ) |  |  | — |
Closing balance |  |  | 99,938 |  |  |  | 165,472 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Opening balance |  |  | (119,202 | ) |  |  | (114,895 | )
Transfer to property, plant and equipment |  |  | 22,366 |  |  |  | — |
Depreciation and impairment charges during the year |  |  | (2,337 | ) |  |  | (3,530 | )
Disposal |  |  | 215 |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | — |  |  |  | (777 | )
Closing balance |  |  | (98,958 | ) |  |  | (119,202 | )
Net book amount |  |  | 980 |  |  |  | 46,270 |

| (*) | During the year, the Group transferred its building located in Istanbul, Tepebası from investment properties to property, plant and equipment due to the change in purpose of use.

Determination of the fair values of the Group’s investment properties

The Group engages qualified external valuers, authorized by the Capital Markets Board of Turkey, to perform the valuation of investment properties. Management works closely with the qualified external valuers to establish the appropriate valuation techniques and inputs to the model. The fair values of these investment properties were determined using a variety of valuation methods: direct capitalization approach and income capitalization approach, replacement cost approach and market approach. In estimating the fair values of the properties, the highest and best use of the property is its current use.

Rent income from investment properties during the year ended 31 December 2017 is TL 2,821 (31 December 2016: TL 2,317 and 31 December 2015: TL 1,836). Direct operating expenses for investment properties during the year ended 31 December 2017 is TL 22 (31 December 2016: TL 22 and 31 December 2015: TL 126).

F-59

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

14. | Investment properties (continued)

The Group’s investment properties and their fair values at 31 December 2017 and 2016 are as follows:

31 December 2017 |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Valuation Method
Investment properties in Izmir |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52,110 |  |  | Replacement cost approach
Investment properties in Gebze |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,690 |  |  | Income capitalization approach
Investment properties in Ankara |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,160 |  |  | Market approach
Investment properties in Istanbul |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,000 |  |  | Market approach
Investment properties in Adana |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,150 |  |  | Replacement cost approach
Investment properties in Balıkesir |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,112 |  |  | Replacement cost approach
Other investment properties |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,970 |  |  | Replacement cost approach
Other investment properties |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,146 |  |  | Market approach
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 109,338 |  |  |

31 December 2016 |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Valuation Method
Investment properties in İstanbul: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
– Istanbul Tepebasi |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 321,835 |  |  | Direct capitalization approach
– Kucukcekmece |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,890 |  |  | Replacement cost approach
Investment properties in Gebze |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,558 |  |  | Income capitalization approach
Investment properties in Izmir |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42,315 |  |  | Replacement cost approach
Other investment properties |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,419 |  |  | Market approach
Other investment properties |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,946 |  |  | Replacement cost approach
Other investment properties |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,410 |  |  | Direct capitalization approach
Total |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 418,373 |  |  |

Significant unobservable inputs and sensitivity of fair values of respective investment properties are as follows:

Fair values of the investment properties determined based on the “direct capitalization” approach will increase/(decrease) significantly, when there is a significant decrease/ (increase) in capitalization rate and a significant increase/(decrease) in current market rentals. Capitalization rate is calculated by dividing comparable properties’ annual net operating income by the selling price of the respective properties.

In the “income capitalization” approach, a significant increase/(decrease) in rentals will cause a significant increase/(decrease) in the fair value. In addition, a slight decrease/(increase) in risk premium and discount rate which are calculated by considering the current market conditions will cause a significant increase/(decrease) in the fair value.

In the “replacement cost approach”, a significant increase/(decrease) of construction costs and miscellaneous costs of any similar properties in the market will cause a significant increase/(decrease) in the fair value.

In the “market approach”, a significant increase/(decrease) in the market value of any properties which are located in the similar areas with similar conditions will cause a significant increase/(decrease) in the fair value.

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##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

15. | Investments accounted for using the equity method

The tables below provide summarised financial information for the Group’s associate. The information disclosed reflects the amounts presented in the financial statement of the associate and not the Group’s share of those amounts. They have been amended to reflect adjustments made by the Group when using the equity method, including modifications for differences in accounting policy. (The summarised financial information is presented in USD):

|  | Ownership |  |  | Current assets |  |  | Non-current assets |  |  | Total assets |  |  | Current liabilities |  |  | Non-current liabilities |  |  | Non-controlling interest |  |  | Equity attributable to the parent |  |  | Total liabilities and equity |
31 December 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fintur (associate) |  |  | 41.45 | % |  |  | 770,402 |  |  |  | 923,237 |  |  |  | 1,693,639 |  |  |  | 316,504 |  |  |  | 482,668 |  |  |  | 189,441 |  |  |  | 705,026 |  |  |  | 1,693,639 |

|  | Revenue |  |  | Profit for the year* |  |  | Other comprehensive loss for the year (*) |  |  | Total comprehensive loss for the year (*) |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fintur (associate) |  |  | 1,325,535 |  |  |  | 327,194 |  |  |  | (592,741 | ) |  |  | (265,547 | )

| (*) | Attributable to the parent.

Reconciliation of the summarized financial information to the carrying amount in the consolidated financial statements:

|  | 2015 |
Net assets of Fintur |  |  | 2,049,934 |
The Group’s share |  |  | 849,697 |
Goodwill |  |  | 132,242 |
Carrying amount |  |  | 981,939 |

As at 1 October 2016, Fintur has been classified as asset held for sale and reported as a discontinued operation (Note 16).

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

16. | Asset held for sale and discontinued operations

Disposal of Fintur

Classification

On 1 October 2016, the Group announced its intention to exit from jurisdictions in which Fintur operates and initiated an active program to locate a buyer. Starting from 1 October 2016, Fintur has been classified as held for sale and reported as a discontinued operation.

The Group is still committed to the plan to exit from jurisdictions in which Fintur operates and the delay in the initial one-year period to complete the sale was caused by events and circumstances beyond the Group’s control. The Group has taken necessary actions to respond to those circumstances and Fintur is being actively marketed at reasonable prices given the change in circumstances.

Presentation

Fintur is classified as held for sale and reported as a discontinued operation and therefore disclosed separately on a single line as discontinued operation in the consolidated statements of profit or loss, comprehensive income and cash flows. Investment in Fintur is presented as held for sale in the consolidated statement of financial position. Comparative periods in the consolidated statements of profit or loss, comprehensive income and cash flows are restated to reflect the classification of Fintur as a discontinued operation.

Measurement

Equity accounting for Fintur ceased from 1 October 2016, and in accordance with IFRS 5, Fintur has been measured at the lower of carrying amount and fair value less costs of disposal. As at 31 December 2017, carrying value of investment in Fintur is TL 1,294,938 (31 December 2016: TL 1,222,757) which is lower than the fair value less costs of disposal indicating that no impairment is required at 31 December 2017.

The reconciliation of statement of profit or loss statement of Fintur is listed below (The financial statements are presented in USD);

|  | 1 January – 30 September 2016 |  |  | 1 January – 31 December 2015 |
Revenue |  |  | 617,214 |  |  |  | 1,325,535 |
Cost of sales |  |  | (369,104 | ) |  |  | (674,334 | )
Gross profit |  |  | 248,110 |  |  |  | 651,201 |
Selling and marketing expenses |  |  | (69,983 | ) |  |  | (123,244 | )
General and administrative expenses |  |  | (69,818 | ) |  |  | (95,380 | )
Other operating (expenses), net |  |  | (31,258 | ) |  |  | (23,850 | )
Operating profit |  |  | 77,051 |  |  |  | 408,727 |
Finance (expense)/income, net |  |  | (61,203 | ) |  |  | 162,357 |
Profit before income tax |  |  | 15,848 |  |  |  | 571,084 |
Total income tax |  |  | (30,947 | ) |  |  | (128,121 | )
(Loss)/profit for period |  |  | (15,099 | ) |  |  | 442,963 |
Attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-owners of the parent |  |  | (28,695 | ) |  |  | 327,194 |
-non-controlling interests |  |  | 13,596 |  |  |  | 115,769 |
(Loss)/profit for period |  |  | (15,099 | ) |  |  | 442,963 |

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

17. | Other non-current assets

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 197,431 |  |  |  | 183,029 |
Receivables from the Public Administration |  |  | 72,848 |  |  |  | 72,848 |
Deposits and guarantees given |  |  | 23,999 |  |  |  | 29,201 |
VAT receivable |  |  | 4,429 |  |  |  | 28,772 |
Advances given for property, plant and equipment |  |  | 12,078 |  |  |  | 217,658 |
Others |  |  | 45,835 |  |  |  | 43,726 |
|  |  | 356,620 |  |  |  | 575,234 |

18. | Deferred tax assets and liabilities

Recognized deferred tax assets and liabilities

Deferred tax assets and liabilities at 31 December 2017 and 2016 are attributable to the following:

|  | Assets |  |  | Liabilities |  |  | Net |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets |  |  | 41,903 |  |  |  | 3,516 |  |  |  | (680,134 | ) |  |  | (532,547 | ) |  |  | (638,231 | ) |  |  | (529,031 | )
Investment |  |  | 32,926 |  |  |  | 33,242 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,926 |  |  |  | 33,242 |
Reserve for employee termination benefits and provisions (*) |  |  | 202,112 |  |  |  | 55,288 |  |  |  | (64 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 202,048 |  |  |  | 55,288 |
Asset classified as held for sale |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (92,327 | ) |  |  | (90,209 | ) |  |  | (92,327 | ) |  |  | (90,209 | )
Trade and other payables |  |  | 11,717 |  |  |  | 57,686 |  |  |  | (26,091 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14,374 | ) |  |  | 57,686 |
Tax losses carried forward |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,508 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,508 |
Tax allowances |  |  | 10,775 |  |  |  | 32,200 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,775 |  |  |  | 32,200 |
Other assets and liabilities |  |  | 31,916 |  |  |  | 65,905 |  |  |  | (87,795 | ) |  |  | (33,494 | ) |  |  | (55,879 | ) |  |  | 32,411 |
Deferred tax assets/(liabilities) |  |  | 331,349 |  |  |  | 249,345 |  |  |  | (886,411 | ) |  |  | (656,250 | ) |  |  | (555,062 | ) |  |  | (406,905 | )
Offsetting |  |  | (235,289 | ) |  |  | (198,090 | ) |  |  | 235,289 |  |  |  | 198,090 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net deferred tax assets/ (liabilities) |  |  | 96,060 |  |  |  | 51,255 |  |  |  | (651,122 | ) |  |  | (458,160 | ) |  |  | (555,062 | ) |  |  | (406,905 | )

| (*) | The Company has treated provisions recognized for legal claims (Note 36) as being deductible for tax purposes and recognized deferred tax assets amounting to TL 74,975 in the consolidated financial statements.

Movement in deferred tax assets/(liabilities) for the years ended 31 December 2017 and 2016 were as follows:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Opening balance |  |  | (406,905 | ) |  |  | (64,822 | )
Income statement charge |  |  | (133,791 | ) |  |  | (222,497 | )
Tax charge relating to components of other comprehensive income |  |  | (6,449 | ) |  |  | (7,066 | )
Prior year corporate tax base differences |  |  | (2,729 | ) |  |  | (109,640 | )
Exchange differences |  |  | (5,188 | ) |  |  | (2,880 | )
Closing balance, net |  |  | (555,062 | ) |  |  | (406,905 | )

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

18. | Deferred tax assets and liabilities (continued)

The Group did not recognise deferred income tax assets of TL 502,523 in respect of tax losses amounting to TL 2,698,248 that can be carried forward against future taxable income. The unused tax losses were mainly incurred by lifecell and Belarusian Telecom that are not likely to generate taxable income in the foreseeable future.

Unused tax losses will expire at the following dates:

Expiration Date |  | Amount |
2018 |  |  | 8,911 |
2019 |  |  | 9,394 |
2020 |  |  | 8,775 |
2021 |  |  | 4,467 |
2022 |  |  | 3,506 |
2023 |  |  | 281 |
2024 |  |  | 128,314 |
2025 |  |  | 803,533 |
Indefinite |  |  | 1,731,067 |
Total |  |  | 2,698,248 |

19. | Trade receivables and accrued revenue

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Receivables from subscribers |  |  | 1,369,948 |  |  |  | 1,223,183 |
Undue assigned contracted receivables |  |  | 347,596 |  |  |  | 1,215,314 |
Accrued revenue |  |  | 632,631 |  |  |  | 558,169 |
Accounts and notes receivable |  |  | 498,397 |  |  |  | 293,238 |
|  |  | 2,848,572 |  |  |  | 3,289,904 |

Trade receivables are shown net of provision for impairment amounting to TL 705,213 at 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: TL 964,080). Movements in provision for impairment of trade receivables and due from related parties are disclosed in Note 33. The accounts and notes receivable represent receivables from distributors and roaming receivables. The Group’s exposure to currency risk and credit risk arising from trade receivables are disclosed in Note 33.

Letters of guarantee received with respect to the accounts and notes receivable amounted to TL 339,543 and TL 156,647 at 31 December 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The undue assigned contracted receivables are the remaining portion of the assigned receivables from the distributors related to the handset campaigns which will be collected from subscribers in instalments by the Company. When monthly instalment is billed to the subscriber, that portion is transferred to “Receivables from subscribers”. The Company measures the undue assigned contracted receivables at amortized cost, bears the credit risk and recognizes interest income throughout the contract period.

The accrued revenue represents accrued revenue from subscribers. Due to the high volume of subscribers, there are different billing cycles. Accordingly, an accrual is made at the end of each reporting period to accrue revenue for services rendered but not billed. Contracted receivables related to handset campaigns, which will be billed after one year is presented under non-current trade receivables amounting to TL 131,392 (31 December 2016: TL 217,492).

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

20. | Receivables from financial services

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Current receivables from financial services |  |  | 2,950,523 |  |  |  | 1,486,906 |
Non-current receivables from financial services |  |  | 1,297,597 |  |  |  | 909,466 |
|  |  | 4,248,120 |  |  |  | 2,396,372 |

Movements in provision for impairment of receivables from financial services are disclosed in Note 33.

Starting from 2016 the Group and its distributors have offered handset campaigns where subscribers can buy handsets using loans placed by Turkcell Finansman. The Group assumes credit risk in these transactions. Turkcell Finansman collects the loan from the subscriber during the contract period and does not recognize handset revenue since it is not acting as principal in the handset sale.

21. | Inventory

As of 31 December 2017 inventories amounting to TL 104.102 which consist of mainly mobile phone, modem, tablet, sim card and tower construction materials (31 December 2016: TL 131,973).

22. | Other current assets

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 322,388 |  |  |  | 294,540 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 183,806 |  |  |  | 289 |
Receivables from the Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications |  |  | 143,669 |  |  |  | 32,299 |
Subscriber acquisition costs |  |  | 138,177 |  |  |  | 108,628 |
Receivables from tax office |  |  | 93,917 |  |  |  | 52,561 |
Advances given to suppliers |  |  | 55,754 |  |  |  | 57,020 |
VAT receivable |  |  | 38,934 |  |  |  | 49,211 |
Special communication tax to be collected from subscribers |  |  | 38,318 |  |  |  | 36,941 |
Other |  |  | 145,642 |  |  |  | 138,646 |
|  |  | 1,160,605 |  |  |  | 770,135 |

Prepaid expenses mainly comprise of prepaid rent expenses and frequency usage fees.

Subscriber acquisition costs are bonus payments to dealers for acquisition of subscribers contracted for a period of time.

As at 31 December 2017, restricted cash amounting to TL 183,483 represents the deposits as guarantees in connection with the foreign currency loans utilized by Turkcell Finansman and restricted cash amounting to TL 323 represents the time deposits at a local bank as guarantees in connection with the loans utilized by Azerinteltek.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

23. | Cash and cash equivalents

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Cash in hand |  |  | 192 |  |  |  | 223 |
Banks |  |  | 4,712,141 |  |  |  | 6,051,472 |
– Demand deposits |  |  | 603,553 |  |  |  | 569,826 |
– Time deposits |  |  | 4,108,588 |  |  |  | 5,481,646 |
Other cash and cash equivalents |  |  | — |  |  |  | 657 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 4,712,333 |  |  |  | 6,052,352 |

As at 31 December 2017, the average effective interest rates of TL, USD and EUR time deposits are 14.3%, 5.8% and 2.2% (31 December 2016:11.0%, 3.6% and 2.0%) respectively.

As at 31 December 2017, average maturity of time deposits is 32 days (31 December 2016: 49 days).

24. | Equity

Share capital

As at 31 December 2017, share capital represents 2,200,000,000 (31 December 2016: 2,200,000,000) authorized, issued and fully paid shares with a par value of TL 1 each. In this respect, share capital presented in the consolidated financial statements refers to nominal amount of registered share capital.

Every holder of shares are entitled to receive dividends as declared and approved and is entitled to one vote at a meeting in person or by proxy.

Companies with their shareholding percentage are as follows:

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
|  | (%) |  |  | TL |  |  | (%) |  |  | TL |
Turkcell Holding A.Ş. (“Turkcell Holding”) |  |  | 51,00 |  |  |  | 1.122.000 |  |  |  | 51,00 |  |  |  | 1.122.000 |
Public Share |  |  | 48,95 |  |  |  | 1.077.004 |  |  |  | 48,95 |  |  |  | 1.077.004 |
Other |  |  | 0,05 |  |  |  | 996 |  |  |  | 0,05 |  |  |  | 996 |
Total |  |  | 100,00 |  |  |  | 2.200.000 |  |  |  | 100,00 |  |  |  | 2.200.000 |
Inflation adjustment to share capital |  |  |  |  |  |  | (52.352 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (52.352 | )
Inflation adjusted capital |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.147.648 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.147.648 |

As at 31 December 2017, total number of shares pledged as security is 995,509 (2016: 995,509).

Legal reserves

The legal reserves consist of first and second reserves, appropriated in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code (“TCC”). The TCC stipulates that the first legal reserve is appropriated out of statutory profits at the rate of 5% per annum, until the total reserve reaches 20% of a company’s paid-in share capital. The second legal reserve is appropriated at the rate of 10% per annum of all cash dividends in excess of 5% of the paid-in share capital. Under the TCC, the legal reserves can only be used to offset losses and are not available for any other usage unless they exceed 50% of paid-in share capital.

Treasury shares

During 2016, the Company purchased 6,815,563 of its shares on-market with prices ranging from full TL 8.92 to full TL 9.99. The buy-back was approved by the Board of Directors on 27 July 2016. Total cost of TL 65,607 was deducted from equity.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

24. | Equity (continued)

Dividends

Turkcell:

On 23 March 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors has recommended payment of a dividend amounting to TL 1,200,000 (equivalent to USD 340,987 as of 31 December 2016) out of profits for the year ended 31 December 2015 This represents a gross cash dividend of full TL 0.5454545 (net TL 0.4636364) (equivalent to full USD 0.15 and USD 0.13, respectively as of 31 December 2016) per share. The proposed dividend was discussed and rejected by the shareholders at the Ordinary General Assembly Meeting dated 29 March 2016.

On 25 May 2017, the Company’s General Assembly has approved payment of a dividend amounting to TL 3,000,000 (equivalent to USD 841,633 as of 25 May 2017, the date of the Ordinary General Assembly Meeting) out of profits for the period from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2016. This represents a gross cash dividend of full TL 1.3636364 (equivalent to full USD 0.3825604 as of 25 May 2017, the date of the Ordinary General Assembly Meeting) per share. The Company paid TL 3,000,000 in total including withholding taxes in three instalments on 15 June, 15 September and 15 December 2017 to the shareholders.

Inteltek:

According to the resolution of the General Assembly Meeting of Inteltek dated 31 March 2017, the shareholders decided to pay a dividend amounting to TL 63,528 out of profits for the year ended 31 December 2016 (remaining amount after deducting interim dividends for the six-month period ended 30 June 2016 amounting to TL 20,455) and a dividend out legal reserves amounting to TL 11,585. The aggregate amount of dividends were paid as of 31 December 2017. According to the the resolution of General Assembly Meeting of Inteltek dated 25 December 2017, shareholders decided to pay dividend amounting to TL 28,402 for the first 9 months of 2017 profit. The related dividend payment was made in January 2018.

Azerinteltek:

According to the four different resolution of the General Assembly Meeting of Azerinteltek within 2017, shareholders decided to pay dividend amounting to 13,131 AZN (31 December 2017: 27,838 TL) from the profit realized for the last quarter of 2016, first, second and third quarter of 2017.The related dividend payment was made in 2017.

According to resolution of the General Assembly Meeting of Azerinteltek , in January 2018, Board of Directors has been decided to pay dividend amounting 5.288 AZN (31 December 2017: 11.620 TL) from the profit realized for the last quarter of 2017. The related dividends were made in 2018.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

25. | Earnings per share

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit attributable to owners of the Company |  |  | 1,979,129 |  |  |  | 1,492,088 |  |  |  | 2,067,654 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of shares (*) |  |  | 2,193,184,437 |  |  |  | 2,193,184,437 |  |  |  | 2,200,000,000 |
Basic and diluted earnings per share for profit attributable to owners of the Company (in full TL) |  |  | 0.90 |  |  |  | 0.68 |  |  |  | 0.94 |

| (*) | Refer to Note 24 – Treasury shares

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit from continuing operations attributable to owners of the Company |  |  | 1,979,129 |  |  |  | 1,534,252 |  |  |  | 1,700,318 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of shares (*) |  |  | 2,193,184,437 |  |  |  | 2,193,184,437 |  |  |  | 2,200,000,000 |
Basic and diluted earnings per share for profit from continuing operations attributable to owners of the Company (in full TL) |  |  | 0.90 |  |  |  | 0.70 |  |  |  | 0.77 |

| (*) | Refer to Note 24 – Treasury shares

26. | Other non-current liabilities

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Consideration payable in relation to the acquisition of Belarusian Telecom |  |  | 323,691 |  |  |  | 295,062 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 85,646 |  |  |  | 74,241 |
Deposits and guarantees received from dealers |  |  | — |  |  |  | 58,244 |
|  |  | 409,337 |  |  |  | 427,547 |

Consideration payable in relation to the acquisition of Belarusian Telecom represents present value of the long-term contingent consideration payables to the seller. Payment of USD 100,000 (equivalent to TL 377,190 as of 31 December 2017) is contingent on the financial performance of Belarusian Telecom, and based on management’s estimations, the amount is expected to be paid during the first quarter of 2021 (31 December 2016: the first quarter of 2020). Discount rate used for calculating present value of the consideration payable in relation to the acquisition of Belarusian Telecom as of 31 December 2017 is 4.8% (31 December 2016: 5.6%).

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

27. | Loans and borrowings

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured bank loans |  |  | 6,376,981 |  |  |  | 5,300,756 |
Debt securities issued |  |  | 1,770,482 |  |  |  | 1,589,227 |
Finance lease liabilities |  |  | 108,164 |  |  |  | 41,539 |
Secured bank loans |  |  | 2,368 |  |  |  | 3,580 |
|  |  | 8,257,995 |  |  |  | 6,935,102 |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured bank loans |  |  | 2,643,112 |  |  |  | 1,581,135 |
Current portion of unsecured bank loans |  |  | 1,513,425 |  |  |  | 922,867 |
Current portion of secured bank loans |  |  | 2,022 |  |  |  | 2,054 |
Current portion of finance lease liabilities |  |  | 14,556 |  |  |  | 6,575 |
Current portion of long-term debt securities issued |  |  | 105,039 |  |  |  | 94,473 |
Debt securities issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | 238,956 |
|  |  | 4,278,154 |  |  |  | 2,846,060 |

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

27. | Loans and borrowings (continued)

Terms and conditions of outstanding loans are as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
|  | Currency |  |  | Interest rate type |  |  | Nominal interest rate |  |  | Payment period |  |  | Carrying amount |  |  | Nominal interest Rate |  |  | Payment period |  |  | Carrying amount |
Unsecured bank loans (*) |  |  | USD |  |  |  | Floating |  |  |  | Libor+2.0%-Libor+3.3% |  |  |  | 2018-2020 |  |  |  | 2,880,615 |  |  |  | Libor+2.0%-Libor+2.6% |  |  |  | 2017-2020 |  |  |  | 1,984,533 |
Unsecured bank loans (*) |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | Floating |  |  |  | Euribor+1.2%-Euribor+2.2% |  |  |  | 2018-2026 |  |  |  | 5,511,579 |  |  |  | Euribor+1.2%-Euribor+2.2% |  |  |  | 2017-2025 |  |  |  | 3,593,110 |
Unsecured bank loans |  |  | TL |  |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 11.1%-15.5% |  |  |  | 2018-2019 |  |  |  | 1,620,391 |  |  |  | 10.4%-12.6% |  |  |  | 2017-2018 |  |  |  | 1,819,944 |
Unsecured bank loans |  |  | UAH |  |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 11%-14.5% |  |  |  | 2018 |  |  |  | 520,933 |  |  |  | 13.5%-18.6% |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  |  | 407,171 |
Secured bank loans (**) |  |  | BYN |  |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 12%-16% |  |  |  | 2018-2020 |  |  |  | 4,390 |  |  |  | 12%-16% |  |  |  | 2017-2020 |  |  |  | 5,634 |
Debt securities issued |  |  | USD |  |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 5.8% |  |  |  | 2018-2025 |  |  |  | 1,875,521 |  |  |  | 5.8% |  |  |  | 2017-2025 |  |  |  | 1,683,700 |
Debt securities issued |  |  | TL |  |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10.7% |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  |  | 238,956 |
Finance lease liabilities |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 3.4% |  |  |  | 2018-2024 |  |  |  | 116,797 |  |  |  | 3.4% |  |  |  | 2017-2024 |  |  |  | 48,034 |
Finance lease liabilities |  |  | USD |  |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 22.5% |  |  |  | 2018 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 18%-28% |  |  |  | 2017-2018 |  |  |  | 80 |
Finance lease liabilities |  |  | TL |  |  |  | Fixed |  |  |  | 27.5%-27.7% |  |  |  | 2018-2020 |  |  |  | 5,882 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,536,149 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,781,162 |

| (*) | Secured by blocked deposit amounting to EUR 26,350 and USD 17,100 (equivalent to TL 183,483 as at 31 December 2017), in connection with the foreign currency loans utilized by Turkcell Finansman.

| (**) | Belarusian Telecom pledged its certain property, plant and equipment to secure these bank loans. Also, these bank loans are secured by the Government of the Republic of Belarus (Note 33).

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

27. | Loans and borrowings (continued)

Finance lease liabilities are payable as follows:

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
|  | Future minimum lease payments |  |  | Future finance charges |  |  | Recognized as a liability |  |  | Future minimum lease payments |  |  | Future finance charges |  |  | Recognized as a liability |
Within one year |  |  | 17,447 |  |  |  | 2,891 |  |  |  | 14,556 |  |  |  | 7,908 |  |  |  | 1,333 |  |  |  | 6,575 |
Between 1-5 years |  |  | 55,722 |  |  |  | 5,541 |  |  |  | 50,181 |  |  |  | 26,506 |  |  |  | 3,752 |  |  |  | 22,754 |
More than 5 years |  |  | 60,401 |  |  |  | 2,418 |  |  |  | 57,983 |  |  |  | 19,859 |  |  |  | 1,074 |  |  |  | 18,785 |
|  |  | 133,570 |  |  |  | 10,850 |  |  |  | 122,720 |  |  |  | 54,273 |  |  |  | 6,159 |  |  |  | 48,114 |

For the majority of the borrowings, the fair values are not materially different to their carrying amounts, since the interest payable on those borrowings is either close to current market rates or the borrowings are of a short-term nature.

Details of the Group’s exposure to risks arising from current and non-current borrowings are set out in Note 33.

28. | Employee benefits

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Retirement pay liability provision |  |  | 149,449 |  |  |  | 120,755 |
Unused vacation provision |  |  | 48,217 |  |  |  | 43,798 |
|  |  | 197,666 |  |  |  | 164,553 |

Provision for annual leave

As 31 December 2017 and 2016, provision for annual leave amounted to TL 48,217 and TL 43,798, respectively.

Provision for employee termination benefits

Movements in provision for employee termination benefits are as follows:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
1 January |  |  | 120,755 |  |  |  | 74,435 |
Service cost |  |  | 32,696 |  |  |  | 25,933 |
Remeasurements |  |  | 3,738 |  |  |  | 34,532 |
Interest expense |  |  | 13,877 |  |  |  | 8,361 |
Benefit payments |  |  | (21,617 | ) |  |  | (22,506 | )
31 December |  |  | 149,449 |  |  |  | 120,755 |

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

28. | Employee benefits (continued)

The sensitivity of provision for employee termination benefits to changes in the significant actuarial assumptions is:

31 December 2017 |  | Discount Rate |  |  | Inflation Rate |
Sensivity Level |  | 1% increase |  |  | 1% decrease |  |  | 1% increase |  |  | 1% decrease |
Change in assumption |  |  | (14.6% | ) |  |  | 18.1 | % |  |  | 18.3 | % |  |  | (14.3% | )
Impact on provision for employee termination benefits |  |  | (21,820 | ) |  |  | 27,050 |  |  |  | 27,349 |  |  |  | (21,371 | )

31 December 2016 |  | Discount Rate |  |  | Inflation Rate |
Sensivity Level |  | 1% increase |  |  | 1% decrease |  |  | 1% increase |  |  | 1% decrease |
Change in assumption |  |  | (14.7% | ) |  |  | 18.1 | % |  |  | 18.6 | % |  |  | (15.1% | )
Impact on provision for employee termination benefits |  |  | (17,751 | ) |  |  | 21,857 |  |  |  | 22,460 |  |  |  | (18,234 | )

The above sensitivity analyses are based on a change in an assumption while holding all other assumptions constant. In practice, this is unlikely to occur, and changes in some of the assumptions may be correlated.

Defined contribution plans

Obligations for contribution to defined contribution plans are recognized as an expense in the consolidated statement of profit or loss as incurred. The Group incurred TL 8,107, TL 7,722 and TL 8,364 in relation to defined contribution retirement plan for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Share based payments

The Group has a share performance based payment plan (cash settled incentive plan) in order to build a common interest with its shareholders, support sustainable success, and ensure loyalty of key employees. The KPIs of the plan are; the total shareholder return in excess of weighted average cost of capital (WACC), and ranking of total shareholder return in comparison with BIST-30 and peer group. Bonus amount is determined according to these evaluations, and it is distributed over a three-year payment plan.

As of 31 December 2017, the Group recognized expenses of TL 29,413 regarding this plan (31 December 2016: None).

29. | Deferred revenue

Deferred revenue primarily consists of right of use sold but not used by prepaid subscribers and it is classified as current at 31 December 2017 and 2016. The amount of deferred revenue is TL 193,381 and TL 93,800 as at 31 December 2017 and 2016, respectively.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

30. | Provisions

Non-current provisions:

|  | Legal claims |  |  | Obligations for dismantling, removing and site restoration |  |  | Total |
Balance at 1 January 2017 |  |  | 6,889 |  |  |  | 180,652 |  |  |  | 187,541 |
Provisions recognized/(reversed) |  |  | 4,256 |  |  |  | (8,461 | ) |  |  | (4,205 | )
Unwinding of discount |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,328 |  |  |  | 15,328 |
Transfer to current provisions |  |  | (2,258 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,258 | )
Effect of changes in exchange rates |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,012 |  |  |  | 1,012 |
Balance at 31 December 2017 |  |  | 8,887 |  |  |  | 188,531 |  |  |  | 197,418 |

|  | Legal claims |  |  | Obligations for dismantling, removing and site restoration |  |  | Total |
Balance at 1 January 2016 |  |  | 4,103 |  |  |  | 126,516 |  |  |  | 130,619 |
Provisions recognized/(reversed) |  |  | 4,312 |  |  |  | 52,031 |  |  |  | 56,343 |
Unwinding of discount |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,308 | ) |  |  | (1,308 | )
Transfer to current provisions |  |  | (1,526 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,526 | )
Effect of changes in exchange rates |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,413 |  |  |  | 3,413 |
Balance at 31 December 2016 |  |  | 6,889 |  |  |  | 180,652 |  |  |  | 187,541 |

Provision for legal claims are recognized for the probable cash outflows related to legal disputes. Refer to Note 36.

The Group is required to incur certain costs in respect of a liability to dismantle and remove assets and to restore sites on which the assets were located. The dismantling costs are calculated according to best estimate of future expected payments discounted at a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability.

It is expected that the obligations for dismantling, removing and site restoration will be realized in accordance with the useful life of GSM services materials.

Additions to obligations for dismantling, removing and site restoration during the period are non-cash transactions and are recorded against property, plant and equipment.

Obligations for dismantling, removing and site restoration are discounted using a discount rate of 5.6% at 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: 5.4%).

F-73

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

30. | Provisions (continued)

Current provisions:

|  | Legal claims |  |  | Bonus |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
Balance at 1 January 2016 |  |  | 10,260 |  |  |  | 141,855 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 152,115 |
Provisions recognized/(reversed) |  |  | 140,457 |  |  |  | 251,005 |  |  |  | 785 |  |  |  | 392,247 |
Amounts used |  |  | (134,019 | ) |  |  | (220,269 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (354,288 | )
Transfers from non-current provisions |  |  | 1,526 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,526 |
Effect of changes in exchange rates |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 842 |
Balance at 31 December 2016 |  |  | 18,266 |  |  |  | 173,391 |  |  |  | 785 |  |  |  | 192,442 |

|  | Legal claims |  |  | Bonus (*) |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
Balance at 1 January 2017 |  |  | 18,266 |  |  |  | 173,391 |  |  |  | 785 |  |  |  | 192,442 |
Provisions recognized/(reversed) (**) |  |  | 583,788 |  |  |  | 318,603 |  |  |  | (785 | ) |  |  | 901,606 |
Amounts used |  |  | (1,188 | ) |  |  | (263,080 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (264,268 | )
Transfer from non-current provisions |  |  | 2,258 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,258 |
Unwinding of discount |  |  | 2,531 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,531 |
Effect of changes in exchange rates |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 606 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 630 |
Balance at 31 December 2017 |  |  | 605,679 |  |  |  | 229,520 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 835,199 |

| (*) | Includes share-based payment (Note 28).

| (**) | Refer to Note 36.1 and 36.3.

31. | Trade and other payables

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Payable to suppliers |  |  | 2,527,152 |  |  |  | 1,718,788 |
Taxes payable |  |  | 415,650 |  |  |  | 302,346 |
Accrued treasury share, universal service fund contribution and contributions to the ICTA’s expenses |  |  | 305,208 |  |  |  | 262,748 |
Accrued selling and marketing expenses |  |  | 79,011 |  |  |  | 58,879 |
4.5G license fees payable |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,522,615 |
Other |  |  | 369,445 |  |  |  | 236,615 |
|  |  | 3,696,466 |  |  |  | 4,101,991 |

Payable to suppliers arises in the ordinary course of business.

Taxes payables include VAT payables, special communications taxes payable, frequency usage fees payable to the ICTA and personnel income taxes payable.

The Company is obliged to pay the Undersecretariat of the Treasury (the “Turkish Treasury”) a monthly treasury share equal to 15% of gross revenue. Of such fee, 10% is paid to the Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications of Turkey for a universal service fund. In addition, the Company pays annual contributions in an amount equal to 0.35% of gross revenue to the ICTA’s expenses.

Accrued selling and marketing expenses mainly result from services received from third parties related to the marketing activities of the Group but not yet invoiced.

F-74

##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

32. | Derivative financial instruments

The Group has the following derivative financial assets and liabilities:

Derivative financial assets:

Participating cross currency swap and FX swap contracts at 31 December 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |
Buy |  |  | Sell |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency |  | Notional amount |  |  | Currency |  |  | Notional amount |  |  | Fair value (TL) |  |  | Maturity
USD |  |  | 47,304 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 39,835 |  |  |  | 1,005 |  |  | 02 January 2018
TL |  |  | 69,680 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 20,000 |  |  |  | 6,554 |  |  | 27 August 2018
TL |  |  | 81,480 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 20,000 |  |  |  | 9,965 |  |  | 14 December 2018
TL |  |  | 95,550 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 25,000 |  |  |  | 72 |  |  | 24 January 2019
TL |  |  | 67,410 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 18,000 |  |  |  | 1,498 |  |  | 28 January 2019
TL |  |  | 98,625 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 25,000 |  |  |  | 17,354 |  |  | 13 June 2019
TL |  |  | 52,164 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 14,620 |  |  |  | 4,465 |  |  | 16 July 2019
TL |  |  | 69,744 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 19,780 |  |  |  | 6,996 |  |  | 22 July 2019
TL |  |  | 203,600 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 27,198 |  |  | 23 July 2019
TL |  |  | 435,000 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 150,000 |  |  |  | 142,085 |  |  | 16 September 2020
TL |  |  | 386,500 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | (4,645 | ) |  | 16 September 2020
TL |  |  | 293,500 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 90,071 |  |  | 16 September 2020
TL |  |  | 242,873 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 70,500 |  |  |  | 33,535 |  |  | 16 September 2020
TL |  |  | 194,000 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | (2,951 | ) |  | 16 September 2020
TL |  |  | 1,650,000 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 500,000 |  |  |  | 627,385 |  |  | 25 October 2025
TL |  |  | 275,850 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 60,000 |  |  |  | 1,078 |  |  | 22 April 2026
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 961,665 |  |  |

At 31 December 2017, total derivative financial assets of TL 981,396 also include accrued interest income of TL 19,731.

Participating cross currency swap and FX swap contracts at 31 December 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |
Buy |  |  | Sell |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency |  | Notional amount |  |  | Currency |  |  | Notional amount |  |  | Fair value (TL) |  |  | Maturity
TL |  |  | 18,455 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 86 |  |  | 3 January 2017
TL |  |  | 73,400 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 20,000 |  |  |  | 598 |  |  | 24 Mar 2017
TL |  |  | 824,750 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  |  | 116,674 |  |  | 12 April 2021
TL |  |  | 328,600 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 47,949 |  |  | 12 April 2021
TL |  |  | 495,000 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 150,000 |  |  |  | 81,534 |  |  | 12 April 2021
TL |  |  | 435,000 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 150,000 |  |  |  | 84,416 |  |  | 16 September 2020
TL |  |  | 293,500 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 51,481 |  |  | 16 September 2020
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 382,738 |  |  |

At 31 December 2016, total derivative financial assets of TL 390,958 also include accrued interest income of TL 8,220.

F-75

##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

32. | Derivative financial instruments (continued)

Derivative financial liabilities:

Participating cross currency swap and FX swap contracts at 31 December 2017 |  |  |
Buy |  |  | Sell |  |  |
Currency |  | Notional amount |  |  | Currency |  |  | Notional amount |  |  | Fair value (TL) |  |  | Maturity
TL |  |  | 470,232 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 122,680 |  |  |  | (2,465 | ) |  | 2 January 2018
TL |  |  | 180,023 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 47,250 |  |  |  | (545 | ) |  | 2 January 2018
TL |  |  | 141,001 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 36,786 |  |  |  | (726 | ) |  | 3 January 2018
TL |  |  | 219,162 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 57,245 |  |  |  | (1,043 | ) |  | 4 January 2018
TL |  |  | 115,022 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 30,150 |  |  |  | (435 | ) |  | 5 January 2018
TL |  |  | 17,204 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 4,500 |  |  |  | (284 | ) |  | 10 January 2018
TL |  |  | 15,916 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 3,500 |  |  |  | (157 | ) |  | 10 January 2018
TL |  |  | 91,556 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 20,140 |  |  |  | (620 | ) |  | 22 January 2018
TL |  |  | 137,834 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 30,400 |  |  |  | (601 | ) |  | 05 February 2018
TL |  |  | 82,013 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 17,860 |  |  |  | (1,413 | ) |  | 19 February 2018
TL |  |  | 1,143 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | (25 | ) |  | 5 Mart 2018
TL |  |  | 97,997 |  |  |  | EUR |  |  |  | 21,500 |  |  |  | (2,154 | ) |  | 19 December 2019
TL |  |  | 269,451 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 70,500 |  |  |  | (5,010 | ) |  | 22 December 2020
Total |  |  |  | (15,478 | ) |  |
Currency forward contracts at 31 December 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |
Buy |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency |  |  | Notional amount |  |  | Fair value (TL) |  |  | Maturity
USD |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | (2,246 | ) |  | 30 January 2018
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,246 | ) |  |

At 31 December 2017, total derivative financial liabilities of TL 110,108 also include accrued interest expense of TL 92,384.

Derivative financial liabilities:

Participating cross currency swap and FX swap contracts at 31 December 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Buy |  |  | Sell |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency |  | Notional amount |  |  | Currency |  |  | Notional amount |  |  | Fair value (TL) |  |  | Maturity |
TL |  |  | 21,009 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 5,960 |  |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | 3 January 2017 |
TL |  |  | 7,050 |  |  |  | USD |  |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 3 January 2017 |
Total |  |  |  | (73) |

Currency forward contracts at 31 December 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Buy |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency |  | Notional amount |  |  | Fair value (TL) |  |  | Maturity |
USD |  |  | 30,071 |  |  |  | (1,286 | ) |  |  | 28 February 2017 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,286 | ) |  |  |  |

At 31 December 2016, total derivative financial liabilities of TL 41,726 also include accrued interest expense of TL 40,367.

For information about the methods and assumptions used in determining the fair value of derivatives please refer to Note 2i.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

33. | Financial instruments

Credit risk

Exposure to credit risk:

The carrying amount of financial assets represents the maximum credit exposure. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is:

|  |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Trade receivables |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 3,004,206 |  |  |  | 3,525,297 |
Receivables from financial services |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 4,248,120 |  |  |  | 2,396,372 |
Cash and cash equivalents* |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 4,712,141 |  |  |  | 6,052,129 |
Participating cross currency swap and FX swap contracts |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 981,396 |  |  |  | 390,958 |
Other current assets** |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 316,042 |  |  |  | 93,376 |
Held to maturity investments |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,992 |  |  |  | — |
Due from related parties |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 5,299 |  |  |  | 5,861 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,279,196 |  |  |  | 12,463,993 |

| * | Cash in hand is excluded from cash and cash equivalents.

| ** | Prepaid expenses and advances given are excluded from other current assets and other non-current assets.

Credit quality:

The maximum exposure to credit risk for trade receivables and receivables from financial services arising from sales transactions including those classified as due from related parties at the reporting date by type of customer is:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Receivable from subscribers |  |  | 2,472,596 |  |  |  | 3,061,130 |
Receivables from financial services |  |  | 4,248,120 |  |  |  | 2,396,372 |
Receivables from distributors and other operators |  |  | 516,352 |  |  |  | 376,204 |
Other |  |  | 20,557 |  |  |  | 93,824 |
|  |  | 7,257,625 |  |  |  | 5,927,530 |

The aging of trade receivables and due from related parties at 31 December 2017 and 2016:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Not past due |  |  | 2,124,719 |  |  |  | 3,138,043 |
Past due up to 3 months |  |  | 317,649 |  |  |  | 285,561 |
Past due 3 to 6 months |  |  | 95,738 |  |  |  | 48,775 |
Past due over 6 months |  |  | 471,399 |  |  |  | 58,779 |
|  |  | 3,009,505 |  |  |  | 3,531,158 |

The aging of receivables from financial services at 31 December 2017 and 2016:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Not past due |  |  | 3,659,521 |  |  |  | 2,350,375 |
Past due up to 3 months |  |  | 513,925 |  |  |  | 16,533 |
Past due 3 to 6 months |  |  | 39,233 |  |  |  | 20,227 |
Past due over 6 months |  |  | 35,441 |  |  |  | 9,237 |
|  |  | 4,248,120 |  |  |  | 2,396,372 |

F-77

##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

33. | Financial instruments (continued)

Credit risk (continued)

As at 31 December 2017, trade receivables, due from related parties and receivables from financial services of TL 1,473,385 (2016: TL 439,112) were past due but not impaired. These relate to a number of independent customers for whom there is no recent history of default.

The other classes within trade receivables, due from related parties and receivables from financial services do not contain impaired assets and are not past due. Based on the credit history of these other classes, it is expected that these amounts will be received when due. The Group holds TL 339,543 (2016: TL 156,647) collateral in relation to these receivables.

Impairment losses

Individual receivables which are known to be uncollectible are written off by reducing the carrying amount directly. The other receivables are assessed collectively to determine whether there is objective evidence that an impairment has been incurred but not yet been identified. The Group considers that there is evidence of impairment if any of the following indicators are present:

| • |  | significant financial difficulties of the customer

| • |  | probability that the customer will enter bankruptcy or financial reorganisation, and

| • |  | default or delinquency in payments

Receivables for which an impairment provision was recognized are written off against the provision when there is no expectation of recovering additional cash.

Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss within administrative expense (Note 10). Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited against administrative expense (Note 10).

Movements in the provision for impairment of trade receivables and due from related parties are as follows:

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Opening balance |  |  | 964,311 |  |  |  | 816,373 |
Provision for impairment recognized during the year |  |  | 180,948 |  |  |  | 452,767 |
Amounts collected |  |  | (224,460 | ) |  |  | (251,553 | )
Exchange differences |  |  | 3,128 |  |  |  | 5,038 |
Receivables written off during the year as uncollectible |  |  | (138,529 | ) |  |  | (58,314 | )
Unused amount reversed (*) |  |  | (79,958 | ) |  |  | — |
Closing balance |  |  | 705,440 |  |  |  | 964,311 |

| (*) | The Company signed a transfer of claim agreement with a debt management company to transfer some of its doubtful receivables stemming from the years between 1998 to 2016. Transferred doubtful receivables comprise of balances that the Company started legal proceedings.

Movements in the provision for impairment of receivables from financial services are as follows:

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Opening |  |  | 10,170 |  |  |  | — |
Provision for impairment recognized during the year |  |  | 117,293 |  |  |  | 11,593 |
Amounts collected |  |  | (37,503 | ) |  |  | (1,423 | )
Unused amount reversed (*) |  |  | (16,968 | ) |  |  | — |
Closing balance |  |  | 72,992 |  |  |  | 10,170 |

| (*) | The Company signed a transfer of claim agreement with a debt management company to transfer some of its doubtful receivables stemming from the year 2017. Transferred doubtful receivables comprise of balances that the Company started legal proceedings.

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##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

33. | Financial instruments (continued)

Liquidity risk

The table below analyses the Group’s financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on their contractual maturities for:

| - | all non-derivative financial liabilities, and

| - | gross settled derivative financial instruments for which the contractual maturities are essential for an understanding of the timing of the cash flows.

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
|  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Contractual cash flows |  |  | 6 months or less |  |  | 6-12 Months |  |  | 1-2 years |  |  | 2-5 years |  |  | More than 5 Years |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Contractual cash flows |  |  | 6 months or less |  |  | 6-12 months |  |  | 1-2 years |  |  | 2-5 years |  |  | More than 5 Years |
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured bank loans |  |  | 4,390 |  |  |  | (5,011 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,117 | ) |  |  | (2,045 | ) |  |  | (1,849 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,634 |  |  |  | (7,691 | ) |  |  | (1,123 | ) |  |  | (1,077 | ) |  |  | (2,015 | ) |  |  | (3,476 | ) |  |  | — |
Unsecured bank loans |  |  | 10,533,518 |  |  |  | (11,094,697 | ) |  |  | (3,275,230 | ) |  |  | (955,637 | ) |  |  | (2,575,807 | ) |  |  | (3,035,914 | ) |  |  | (1,252,109 | ) |  |  | 7,804,758 |  |  |  | (8,458,901 | ) |  |  | (1,332,478 | ) |  |  | (1,330,322 | ) |  |  | (1,433,790 | ) |  |  | (3,187,687 | ) |  |  | (1,174,624 | )
Finance lease liabilities |  |  | 122,720 |  |  |  | (133,570 | ) |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | (17,429 | ) |  |  | (16,789 | ) |  |  | (38,933 | ) |  |  | (60,401 | ) |  |  | 48,114 |  |  |  | (54,273 | ) |  |  | (70 | ) |  |  | (7,837 | ) |  |  | (6,648 | ) |  |  | (19,859 | ) |  |  | (19,859 | )
Debt securities issued |  |  | 1,875,521 |  |  |  | (2,753,486 | ) |  |  | (54,221 | ) |  |  | (54,221 | ) |  |  | (108,442 | ) |  |  | (325,326 | ) |  |  | (2,211,276 | ) |  |  | 1,922,656 |  |  |  | (2,824,066 | ) |  |  | (298,767 | ) |  |  | (48,767 | ) |  |  | (97,535 | ) |  |  | (292,604 | ) |  |  | (2,086,393 | )
Trade and other payables* |  |  | 2,527,152 |  |  |  | (2,548,365 | ) |  |  | (2,548,365 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,241,403 |  |  |  | (3,266,123 | ) |  |  | (3,266,123 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Due to related parties |  |  | 6,980 |  |  |  | (6,980 | ) |  |  | (6,980 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,201 |  |  |  | (11,201 | ) |  |  | (11,201 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Consideration payable in relation to acquisition of Belarusian Telecom (Note 31) |  |  | 323,691 |  |  |  | (377,190 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (377,190 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 295,062 |  |  |  | (351,920 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (351,920 | ) |  |  | — |
Derivative financial liabilities Participating Cross Currency Swap and FX swap contracts |  |  | 107,862 |  |  |  | 23,428 |  |  |  | 18,982 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,446 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 40,440 |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Buy |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,838,554 |  |  |  | 1,471,106 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 367,448 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 28,059 |  |  |  | 28,059 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Sell |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,815,126 | ) |  |  | (1,452,124 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (363,002 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (28,013 | ) |  |  | (28,013 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Currency forward contracts |  |  | 2,246 |  |  |  | (2,246 | ) |  |  | (2,246 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,286 |  |  |  | (1,286 | ) |  |  | (1,286 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Buy |  |  |  |  |  |  | 190,185 |  |  |  | 190,185 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 105,826 |  |  |  | 105,826 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Sell |  |  |  |  |  |  | (192,431 | ) |  |  | (192,431 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (107,112 | ) |  |  | (107,112 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
TOTAL |  |  | 15,504,080 |  |  |  | (16,898,117 | ) |  |  | (5,868,078 | ) |  |  | (1,028,404 | ) |  |  | (2,698,637 | ) |  |  | (3,779,212 | ) |  |  | (3,523,786 | ) |  |  | 13,370,554 |  |  |  | (14,975,415 | ) |  |  | (4,911,002 | ) |  |  | (1,388,003 | ) |  |  | (1,539,988 | ) |  |  | (3,855,546 | ) |  |  | (3,280,876 | )

| * | Advances received, license fee accruals, taxes and withholding taxes payable are excluded from trade and other payables.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

33. | Financial instruments (continued)

Foreign exchange risk

The Group’s exposure to foreign exchange risk at the end of the reporting period, based on notional amounts, was as follows:

|  | 31 December 2016 |
|  | USD |  |  | EUR |
Foreign currency denominated assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 244 |  |  |  | 2,131 |
Due from related parties |  |  | 1,210 |  |  |  | 388 |
Trade receivables and accrued income |  |  | 14,178 |  |  |  | 61,841 |
Other current assets |  |  | 19,929 |  |  |  | 7,144 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 807,372 |  |  |  | 378,057 |
|  |  | 842,933 |  |  |  | 449,561 |
Foreign currency denominated liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and borrowings-non-current |  |  | (483,910 | ) |  |  | (959,482 | )
Debt securities issued-non-current |  |  | (451,588 | ) |  |  | — |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  | (99,273 | ) |  |  | — |
Loans and borrowings-current |  |  | (80,029 | ) |  |  | (21,985 | )
Debt securities issued-current |  |  | (26,845 | ) |  |  | — |
Trade and other payables-current |  |  | (175,083 | ) |  |  | (425,992 | )
Due to related parties |  |  | (398 | ) |  |  | (334 | )
|  |  | (1,317,126 | ) |  |  | (1,407,793 | )
Derivative financial instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Participating cross currency swap and FX swap contracts |  |  | 257,960 |  |  |  | 525,000 |
Currency forward contracts |  |  | (30,071 | ) |  |  | — |
Net exposure |  |  | (246,304 | ) |  |  | (433,232 | )
|  | 31 December 2017 |
|  | USD |  |  | EUR |
Foreign currency denominated assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | 2,681 |
Due from related parties |  |  | 571 |  |  |  | 407 |
Trade receivables and accrued income |  |  | 18,890 |  |  |  | 57,283 |
Other current assets |  |  | 43,039 |  |  |  | 35,049 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 688,717 |  |  |  | 237,697 |
|  |  | 751,289 |  |  |  | 333,117 |
Foreign currency denominated liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and borrowings-non-current |  |  | (557,180 | ) |  |  | (960,629 | )
Debt securities issued-non-current |  |  | (469,387 | ) |  |  | — |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  | (85,816 | ) |  |  | — |
Loans and borrowings-current |  |  | (206,535 | ) |  |  | (285,827 | )
Debt securities issued-current |  |  | (27,848 | ) |  |  | — |
Trade and other payables-current |  |  | (328,323 | ) |  |  | (29,442 | )
Due to related parties |  |  | (1,172 | ) |  |  | (394 | )
|  |  | (1,676,261 | ) |  |  | (1,276,292 | )
Derivative financial instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Participating cross currency swap and FX swap contracts |  |  | 937,011 |  |  |  | 748,650 |
Currency forward contracts |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | — |
Net exposure |  |  | 62,039 |  |  |  | (194,525 | )

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

33. | Financial instruments (continued)

Exposure to currency risk (continued)

Sensitivity analysis

The basis for the sensitivity analysis to measure foreign exchange risk is an aggregate corporate-level currency exposure. The aggregate foreign exchange exposure is composed of all assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. The analysis excludes net foreign currency investments.

10% strengthening of the TL, UAH, BYN against the following currencies at 31 December 2017 and 31 December 2016 would have increased/(decreased) profit or loss before by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that all other variables, in particular interest rates, remain constant.

|  | Profit or loss |
|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
USD |  |  | (23,400 | ) |  |  | 86,679 |
EUR |  |  | 87,838 |  |  |  | 160,725 |

10% weakening of the TL, UAH, BYN against the following currencies at 31 December 2017 and 31 December 2016 would have increased/(decreased) profit or loss before tax by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that all other variables, in particular interest rates, remain constant.

|  | Profit or loss |
|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
USD |  |  | 23,400 |  |  |  | (86,679 | )
EUR |  |  | (87,838 | ) |  |  | (160,725 | )

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##### Table of Contents

TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

33. | Financial instruments (continued)

Interest rate risk

As at 31 December 2017 and 2016 the interest rate profile of the Group’s interest-bearing financial instruments was as follows:

|  |  |  |  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
|  | Note |  |  | Effective Interest Rate |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Effective interest rate |  |  | Carrying Amount |
Fixed rate instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits |  |  | 23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.8 | % |  |  | 2,590,025 |  |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  | 2,817,650 |
EUR |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.2 | % |  |  | 1,069,303 |  |  |  | 2.0 | % |  |  | 1,383,978 |
TL |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14.3 | % |  |  | 436,224 |  |  |  | 11.0 | % |  |  | 1,243,843 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12.9 | % |  |  | 13,036 |  |  |  | 11.1 | % |  |  | 36,175 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 22 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 64,503 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
EUR |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 118,983 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
TL |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 320 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Finance lease obligations |  |  | 27 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28.1 | % |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | 20.7 | % |  |  | (80 | )
EUR |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.4 | % |  |  | (116,797 | ) |  |  | 3.4 | % |  |  | (48,034 | )
TL |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27.6 | % |  |  | (5,882 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Unsecured bank loans |  |  | 27 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TL fixed rate loans |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14.7 | % |  |  | (1,620,391 | ) |  |  | 12.1 | % |  |  | (1,819,944 | )
UAH fixed rate loans |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13.9 | % |  |  | (520,933 | ) |  |  | 15.0 | % |  |  | (407,171 | )
Secured bank loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BYN fixed rate loans |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11.6 | % |  |  | (4,390 | ) |  |  | 11.9 | % |  |  | (5,634 | )
Trade and other payables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EUR fixed rate payables |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2.6 | % |  |  | (1,522,615 | )
Debt securities issued |  |  | 27 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.8 | % |  |  | (1,875,521 | ) |  |  | 5.8 | % |  |  | (1,683,700 | )
TL |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10.7 | % |  |  | (238,956 | )
Variable rate instruments |  |  | 27 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD floating rate loans |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.2 | % |  |  | (2,880,615 | ) |  |  | 3.2 | % |  |  | (1,984,533 | )
EUR floating rate loans |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.1 | % |  |  | (5,511,579 | ) |  |  | 2.3 | % |  |  | (3,593,110 | )

| (*) | Includes 4.5G license payables related to the frequency bands which the Company has been awarded with. The last instalment of 4.5G license payable amounting to TL 1,534,702 was paid on 26 April 2017.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

33. | Financial instruments (continued)

Sensitivity analysis

Cash flow sensitivity analysis for variable rate instruments:

An increase/decrease of interest rates by 100 basis points would have (decreased)/increased equity and profit or loss by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that all other variables, in particular foreign exchange rates, remain constant. The analysis is performed on the same basis at 31 December 2017 and 2016:

|  | Profit or loss |  |  | Equity |
|  | 100 bps increase |  |  | 100 bps decrease |  |  | 100 bps increase |  |  | 100 bps decrease |
31 December 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable rate instruments (financial liability) |  |  | (83,922 | ) |  |  | 83,922 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash flow sensitivity (net) |  |  | (83,922 | ) |  |  | 83,922 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
31 December 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable rate instruments (financial liability) |  |  | (55,776 | ) |  |  | 55,776 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash flow sensitivity (net) |  |  | (55,776 | ) |  |  | 55,776 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

Fair values

Fair value of the Group’s financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis

This section explains the judgements and estimates made in determining the fair values of the financial instruments that are recognized and measured at fair value in the financial statements. To provide an indication about the reliability of the inputs used in determining fair value, the Group has classified its financial instruments into the three levels prescribed under the accounting standards. An explanation of each level is as follows:

| • |  | Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date;

| • |  | Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and

| • |  | Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

|  | Fair values
|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |  |  | Fair value hierarchy |  |  | Valuation techniques
FX swap contracts |  |  | (4,675 | ) |  |  | 611 |  |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Present value of the estimated future cash flows based on observable yield curves and end period FX rates
Participating cross currency swap contracts (*) |  |  | 950,862 |  |  |  | 382,054 |  |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Present value of the estimated future cash flows based on unobservable yield curves and end period FX rates
Currency forward contracts |  |  | (2,246 | ) |  |  | (1,286 | ) |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Forward exchange rates at the balance sheet date

| (*) | Participating cross currency swap contracts include EUR-TL interest and currency swap contracts, EUR put and call options, amounting to nominal value of EUR 560,000 and also USD-TL interest and

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

33. | Financial instruments (continued)

Fair values (continued)

| currency swap contracts and put and call options amounting to nominal value of USD 400,000 in total. The EUR-TL participating cross currency swap contracts, which are EUR 100,000, EUR 150,000 and EUR 250,000, was combined into one contract as of 26 May 2017 and the maturity of the contracts was extended to 23 October 2025. Additionally, cross currency swap contracts include EUR-TL interest and currency swap contracts nominal value of EUR 43,585 and USD-TL interest and currency swap contracts amounting to nominal value of USD 298,611 in total. Cross currency swap contracts include EUR-TL, cross currency swap contracts nominal value of EUR 184,900 and USD-TL currency swap contracts amounting to nominal value of USD 238,400 in total. Regarding these contracts, TL 92,384 accrual of interest expense and TL 19,731 accrual of interest income has been reflected to consolidated financial statements as at 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: TL 40,367 and TL 8,220 respectively). Since bid-ask spread is unobservable input; in valuation of participating cross currency swap contracts, prices in bid- ask price range which were considered the most appropriate were used instead of mid prices. If mid prices were used in the valuation the fair value of participating cross currency swap contracts would have been TL 129,870 lower as at 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: TL 23,291).

There were no transfers between fair value hierarchy levels during the year.

Movements in the participating cross currency swap contracts for the years ended 31 December 2017 and 31 December 2016 are stated below:

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Opening balance |  |  | 382,054 |  |  |  | — |
Fair value gains recognized in profit or loss |  |  | 568,808 |  |  |  | 382,054 |
Closing balance |  |  | 950,862 |  |  |  | 382,054 |

Valuation inputs and relationships to fair value

The following table summarizes the quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in level 3 fair value measurement of contingent consideration.

|  | Fair value at |  | Inputs |  |
|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |  |  | Unobservable Inputs |  | 31 December 2017 |  | 31 December 2016 |  | Relationship of unobservable inputs to fair value
Contingent consideration |  |  | 323,691 |  |  |  | 295,062 |  |  | Risk-adjusted discount rate |  | 4.8% |  | 5.6% |  | A change in the discount rate by 100 bps would increase/decrease FV by TL (9,834) and TL 10,241 respectively.
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Expected settlement date |  | first quarter of 2021 |  | first quarter of 2020 |  | If expected settlement date changes by 1 year FV would increase/decrease by TL (14,884) and TL 15,602 respectively.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

33. | Financial instruments (continued)

Fair values (continued)

Changes in the consideration payable in relation to acquisition of Belarusian Telecom for the years ended 31 December 2017 and 31 December 2016 are stated below:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Opening balance |  |  | 295,062 |  |  |  | 235,281 |
Gains recognized in profit or loss |  |  | 28,629 |  |  |  | 59,781 |
Closing balance |  |  | 323,691 |  |  |  | 295,062 |

Financial assets:

Carrying values of significant portion of financial assets do not differ significantly from their fair values due to their short-term nature.

Financial liabilities:

Fair values of financial liabilities are assumed to approximate their carrying values due to their short term nature and floating interest rates.

As at 31 December 2017, the fair value of debt securities issued by the Company with a nominal value of USD 500,000 and fixed interest rate (Note 27), is TL 2,063,972.

As at 31 December 2016, the fair value of debt securities issued by the Company and Turkcell Finansman, with a nominal value of USD 500,000 and TL 500,000 comparatively, and fixed interest rate (Note 27), is TL 1,921,199.

34. | Operating leases

Lease contracts, which mainly comprise leases of radio, transmission, office and internet capacity, expire on various dates. The leases have varying terms, escalation clauses and renewal rights. On renewal, the terms of the leases are renegotiated.

Commitments for minimum lease payments in relation to non-cancellable operating leases are payable as follows:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Within one year |  |  | 144,424 |  |  |  | 163,336 |
Later than one year but not later than five years |  |  | 346,832 |  |  |  | 345,374 |
Later than five years |  |  | 167,227 |  |  |  | 101,328 |
|  |  | 658,483 |  |  |  | 610,038 |

Rental expense relating to operating leases are as follows:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Minimum lease payments |  |  | 812,385 |  |  |  | 837,575 |  |  |  | 751,816 |
Contingent rentals |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,733 |
Total |  |  | 812,385 |  |  |  | 837,575 |  |  |  | 753,549 |

Rental expenses have been recognized within cost of sales and administration expenses for the years ended 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

35. | Guarantees and purchase obligations

At 31 December 2017, outstanding purchase commitments with respect to property, plant and equipment, inventory, advertising and sponsorship amount to TL 592,956 (31 December 2016: TL 915,868). Payments for these commitments will be made within 3 years.

The Group is contingently liable in respect of letters of guarantee obtained from banks and given to public institutions and private entities, and financial guarantees provided to subsidiaries amounting to TL 4,926,916 at 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: TL 2,370,723).

At 31 December 2017, the Company has commitments regarding lifecell’s 3G license amounting to UAH 217,793 (equivalent to TL 29,269 as at 31 December 2017).

36. | Commitments and Contingencies

The following disclosures comprise of material legal lawsuits, investigations and in-depth investigations against the Company.

License Agreements

Turkcell:

On 27 April 1998, the Company signed the Agreement for grant of concession for the establishment and Operation of the Pan-European Mobile Telephone System, GSM (hereinafter referred to as the “License Agreement”) with the Turkish Ministry. In accordance with the License Agreement, the Company was granted a 25 year license for the provision of GSM services for a license fee of $500,000.

3G License

On 30 April 2009, the Company signed a separate License Agreement with ICTA which provides authorization for providing IMT 2000/UMTS services and establishment and operation of the required infrastructure. Turkcell acquired the A license providing the widest frequency band for a consideration of EUR 358,000 (excluding VAT). The license is effective for duration of 20 years starting from 30 April 2009. According to the agreement, Turkcell has provided IMT 2000/UMTS services starting from 30 July 2009.

4.5G License

The 4.5 licensing process is finalized by signing of IMT License Commitments Document by Turkcell and therefore, ICTA granted Turkcell 4.5G License on 27 October 2015. The 4.5G License is effective for 13 years until 30 April 2029. According to the License, Turkcell started to provide 4.5G services on 1 April 2016.

Belarusian Telecom:

Belarusian Telecom owns a license issued on 28 August 2008 for a period of 10 years and was valid till 28 August 2018. According to the Sale and Purchase Agreement signed, the State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus committed to grant the license from the acquisition date of 26 August 2008 for a period of 10 years. In accordance with the Edict of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated 26 November 2015, numbered 475, the license is now issued without limitation of the period of validity. Starting from 1 March 2016, the license is valid from the date of the licensing authority’s decision on its issue and for an unlimited period. Under the terms of its license, Belarusian Telecom is required to gradually increase its geographical coverage until the end of 2018. Belarusian Telecom has fulfilled all coverage requirements except covering all Belarusian settlements. The number of uncovered settlements is 657 out of a total of 22,552 settlements.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

36. | Commitments and Contingencies (continued)

License Agreements (continued)

lifecell:

lifecell owns twelve activity licenses, for GSM 900, GSM 1800, a technology neutral license, issued for 3G, one license for international and long-distance calls and eight PSTN licenses for eight regions in Ukraine. As of December 31, 2017, lifecell owned 28 frequency use licenses for IMT-2000 (UMTS), GSM-900, GSM-1800, CDMA-800, Wi-fi and microwave Radiorelay and Broadband Radio Access, which are regional and national. 3G activity and frequency licenses were issued in March 2015, reissued due to company name change in March 2016 and are valid for 15 years. Additionally, lifecell holds a specific number range – three NDC codes for mobile networks, sixteen permissions on a number resource for short numbers, eleven permissions on a number resource for SS-7 codes (7 regional and 4 international), one permission on a number resource for Mobile Network Code, nine permissions on a number resource for local ranges for PSTN licenses, two permissions on a service codes for alternative routing selection for international and long-distance fixed telephony and one permission on a code for global telecommunication service “800”.

Inteltek:

On 12 August 2008, Spor Toto conducted a tender which allowed private companies to organize fixed odds and paramutual betting games based on sports competitions. Inteltek gave the best offer for the tender. On 29 August 2008, Inteltek signed a contract with Spor Toto, receiving the rights to operate the fixed odds and paramutual betting games based on sports competitions for the next ten years. New commission rate, which is 1.4% of the takings arising from the operation of the fixed odds and paramutual betting games based on sports competitions (until 1 March 2009, commission rate was 7% of gross takings), is applicable starting from March 2009. As at 31 December 2017, Inteltek has a letter of guarantee of TL 159,752 (31 December 2016: TL 159,752) provided to Spor Toto.

Inteltek has a mobile agency agreement with Spor Toto, receiving the rights to assign mobile sub agencies to operate the fixed odds and paramutual betting games based on sports competitions. As at 31 December 2017, Inteltek has a letter of guarantee of TL 25,000 (31 December 2016: TL 25,000) provided to Spor Toto for mobile agency agreement. The targeted payout is 50% of the turnover balance including VAT. The fact that Inteltek is obliged to pay the difference between the realized and the targeted payout balances, whenever the pool balance falls negative, creates an excess payment risk.

Kibris Telekom:

On 27 April 2007, Kibris Telekom signed the License Agreement for Installation and Operation of a Digital, Cellular, Mobile Telecommunication System (“Mobile Communication License Agreement”) with the Ministry of Communications and Public Works of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus which is effective from 1 August 2007, replacing the previous GSM-Mobile Telephony System Agreement dated 25 March 1999. In accordance with the Mobile Communication License Agreement, Kibris Telekom was granted an 18 year GSM 900, GSM 1800 and IMT 2000/UMTS license for GSM 900, GSM 1800 frequencies while the usage of IMT 2000/UMTS frequency bands is subject to the fulfillment of certain conditions.

On 14 March 2008, Kibris Telekom was awarded a 3G infrastructure license at a cost of $10,000 including VAT, which was paid at the end of March 2008. Under the terms of the license, the system had to be operational by mid-October 2008. In 2010, Kibris Telekom has completed the radio transmission (air link) project providing direct international voice and data connection with mainland and started using it from the third quarter of 2010. The Project is the only direct connection in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus besides Telecommunication Authority.

Azerinteltek:

Azerinteltek, in which Inteltek’s shareholding is 51%, was established on 19 January 2010, and authorized to organize, operate, manage and develop the fixed-odds and para-mutual sports betting games by the

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

36. | Commitments and Contingencies (continued)

License Agreements (continued)

Ministry of Youth and Sports of Azerbaijan for a period of 10 years. The agreement signed with Azeridmanservis which is founded by the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Azerbaijan is renewed with the same terms and conditions in accordance with the new legislation enforced in Azerbaijan regarding the betting games based on sports on 30 September 2010. Azerinteltek officially commenced sports betting games on 18 January 2011. On 4 March 2015, Azerinteltek authorization of organizing, operating, managing and developing the fixed-odds and para-mutual sports betting games of was extended till 2 March 2025.

Since January 1, 2013, Azerinteltek was authorized for the sales of lottery tickets as a main distributor by Azerlotereya. As at 1 January 2016, the authorization for the sales of lottery tickets decided to be extended yearly.

Management believes that the Group is in compliance with the terms and conditions of the license agreements in all material respects as at 31 December 2017 and 2016.

36.1 | Dispute on Treasury Share Amounts

Turkcell has the 2G and 3G Concession Agreements which was signed with the regulatory party in Turkey for rendering mobile telecommunication services.

According to the 2G and 3G Concession Agreements, The Company is obliged to pay each month 15% of its monthly gross sales; with the exception of the interest for late payment of the amounts charged to its subscribers and of the indirect taxes, fiscal obligations such as fees and duties and the invoiced amounts recorded in the accounts to the Treasury as treasury share. The Company is obliged to pay 90% of this share to Treasury and 10% of the remaining as the universal services share to the Ministry. The Company is also obliged to pay once a year 0.35% of its gross sale as the Authority contribution share.

As “Applicable Law and Settlement of Disputes” of the 2G and 3G Concession Agremeent, the parties agreed that the disputes shall be settled by three arbitrators to be appointed in accordance with the arbitration rules of the International Chamber of Commerce for 2G while the Council of State is authorized to solve the disputes arising from the agreement and its annexes thereof for 3G.

The Undersecretariat of Treasury and ICTA alleged that Company made deficient treasury payments in the past, The Company objected to these claims.

After then, the Company has resolved the following within the scope of Provisional Article 13 added to the Telegraph and Telephone Law No.406 dated 4 February 1924 of the Law on the Amendment of Certain Tax Laws and Other Laws No. 7061 published in the Official Gazette dated December 5th, 2017: to restructure relevant disputes and their interest fees and to choose the method of increasing tax base from the options in order to restructure relevant disputes and their interest fees for the periods for which examination is ongoing or has not been yet initiated. The Company applied for restructure, and according to the Law The Company submitted waiver petition or accepted the cases related to the restructured amounts. It is expected that the Courts grant decisions about the statement of waiver/acceptance of the aforementioned cases.

Based on the Laws stated above, the total amount, including principal and interest, calculated is TL 206,365 and is TL 209,159, respectively. The payment will be made in 6 equal installments in two-month periods, starting from January 31st, 2018. The total payment including interest on installments is TL 436,300.

Based on the management opinion, the probability of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits to settle the obligation is certain, thus, including discount TL 417,668 provision is recognized in the consolidated financial statements as at and for the period ended 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: None).

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

36. | Commitments and Contingencies (continued)

36.2 | Dispute on Special Communication Tax

Large Tax Payers Office levied Special Communication Tax (SCT) and tax penalty on the Company amounting to TL 527,639 in total, of which SCT amounting 211,056 and penalty amounting to TL 316,583 based on the claim stated on Tax Investigation Reports related to SCT prepared for the years 2008-2012. The Company filed lawsuits in the Tax Courts for the cancellation of each tax and tax penalty claim. In some of the cases, The Court decided in favour of The Company or in favour of the Court. The parties appealed the decisions regarding the parts against them.

The Large Tax Payers Office has collected TL 80,355 calculated for the parts against the Company for the assessment of the SCT for the year 2011 by offsetting the receivables of the Company from Public Administrations.

As per the Law no. 6736, the Company filed applications for the restructuring of penalties and interest on the SCT regarding the dispute on the tax amount for the years 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. Tax Office rejected the application for the year 2011 and the case is pending for the year 2011; accepted the other restructuring applications for the years 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012 and the Company paid the restructuring amount of TL 117,058.

Limited tax investigation for the period of 2013 has been started in 2014 and the result of investigation has not yet been notified to Turkcell. Large Tax Payers Office has begun the limited tax investigation for the period of 2013. For the year of 2014, 2015 and 2016 a new investigation has been initiated.

Based on the probable payment including interest in case of restructuring the SCT for the year 2013 as per the Law no. 6736, the Company accrued provisions in the consolidated financial statements as at and for the period ended 31 December 2017 amounting to 24,175 TL including discount (31 December 2016: 14,866).

36.3 | Investigation initiated by ICTA on subscription numbers and radio utilization and usage fees

ICTA commenced in-depth investigations, against the GSM operators for the years, 2004-2009, 2010-2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014. As a result of the investigations, ICTA imposed administrative fines to the Company amounting TL 11,240 in total and decided to warn the Company. The administrative fines were paid within 1 month following the notification of the decision of ICTA, with 25% discount. The Company filed lawsuits for the cancellation of aforementioned administrative fines and ICTA’s administrative acts. ICTA filed lawsuits against Company for the collection of the radio utilization and usage fee amount which was alleged that the Company paid deficiently.

The Company has resolved the following based on the Laws No. 7061 as explained in detailed note 36.1 to restructure radio fees which are in dispute and respective penalty, default interest regarding these disputes. The Company applied for restructure, and according to the Law The Company submitted waiver petition or accepted the cases related to the restructured amounts. It is expected that the Courts grant decisions about the statement of waiver/acceptance of the aforementioned cases.

The total amount, including principal and interest, calculated within the scope of clause 2 is TL 156,637. The payment will be made in 6 equal installments in two-month periods, starting from 31 January 2018. The total payment including interest on installments is TL 164,469.

Based on the management opinion, the probability of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is certain, thus, including discount TL 157,446 provision is recognized in the consolidated financial statements as at and for the period ended 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: None).

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

36. | Commitments and Contingencies (continued)

36.4 | Disputes regarding the Law on the Protection of Competition

On the grounds of the investigation initiated by the Competition Board on the grounds that the Company violated the competitive environment through abusing its dominant position in the Turkish mobile market and it was decided to apply administrative fine amounting to TL 91,942 on the Company. A lawsuit was filed by the Company. The case is still pending.

The payment order has been sent to the Company by the Tax Office. The Company filed a lawsuit for the stay of execution and cancellation of the payment order. The Court accepted the lawsuit and cancelled the payment order. Tax Office appealed the decision. The Company replied the appeal request. Appeal process is still pending.

Three private companies filed a lawsuits against the Company in relation with this case claiming in total of TL 113,084 together with up to 3 times of the loss amount to be determined by the court for its material damages by reserving its rights for surpluses allegedly. The cases are still pending.

Based on the management opinion, the probability of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is uncertain, thus, no provision is recognized in the consolidated financial statements as at and for the period ended 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: None).

36.5 | Other ongoing lawsuits and investigations

Within consolidated financial statements prepared as of 31 December 2017, obligations which are related to following ongoing disputes have been evaluated.

Based on the management opinion, an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is deemed to be less than probable, thus, no provision is recognized in the consolidated financial statements as at and for the period ended 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: None).

Subject |  | 31 December 2017 Anticipated Maximum Risk (excluding accrued interest) |  |  | 31 December 2016 Anticipated Maximum Risk (excluding accrued interest) |  |  | 31 December 2017 Provision |  |  | 31 December 2016 Provision |
Disputes related with ICTA |  |  | 13,367 |  |  |  | 22,544 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

In addition, Tax Audit Committee carries out limited tax investigations regarding the Company’s VAT and corporate tax practices for the years 2012, 2013 and 2014 and VAT practices for the years 2015 and 2016. Based on the management opinion, the probability of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is uncertain, thus, no provision is recognized in the consolidated financial statements as at and for the period ended 31 December 2017.

37. | Related parties

Transactions with key management personnel

Key management personnel comprise of the Group’s members of the Board of Directors and chief officers.

There are no loans to key management personnel as of 31 December 2017 and 2016.

The Group provide additional benefits to key management personnel and contribution to retirement plans based on a pre-determined ratio of compensation.

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |  |  | 31 December 2015 |
Short-term benefits (*) |  |  | 74,696 |  |  |  | 50,001 |  |  |  | 52,767 |
Termination benefits |  |  | 604 |  |  |  | 10,064 |  |  |  | 13,454 |
Long-term benefits |  |  | 548 |  |  |  | 479 |  |  |  | 655 |
|  |  | 75,848 |  |  |  | 60,544 |  |  |  | 66,876 |

| (*) | Includes share-based payment.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

37. | Related parties (continued)

The following balances are outstanding at the end of the reporting period in relation to transactions with related parties:

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Due from related parties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telia Sonera International Carrier AB (“Telia”) |  |  | 1,256 |  |  |  | 607 |
Kyivstar GSM JSC (“Kyivstar”) |  |  | 1,061 |  |  |  | 75 |
GSM Kazakhstan Ltd (“Kazakcell”) |  |  | 830 |  |  |  | 937 |
Azercell Telekom MMC (“Azercell”) |  |  | 364 |  |  |  | 446 |
MegaFon OJSC (“Megafon”) |  |  | 281 |  |  |  | 1,387 |
Hobim Bilgi Islem Hizmetleri AS (“Hobim”) (*) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,223 |
Vimpelcom OJSC (“Vimpelcom”) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 586 |
Other |  |  | 1,507 |  |  |  | 600 |
|  |  | 5,299 |  |  |  | 5,861 |

| (*) | Hobim is not a related party effective from 20 June 2017.

Due from related parties is shown net of allowance for doubtful receivables amounting to TL 227 at 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: TL 231).

Due from Megafon, Telia, Vimpelcom, Azercell, Millenicom and Kyivstar resulted from telecommunications services.

Due from Kazakcell, mainly resulted from software services and telecommunications services

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Due to related parties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Kyivstar GSM JSC (“Kyivstar”) |  |  | 2,346 |  |  |  | 2,382 |
Wind Telecomunicazioni S.P.A. |  |  | 1,738 |  |  |  | — |
Vimpelcom (Bvı) Ltd. |  |  | 1,552 |  |  |  | 100 |
Geocell LLC (“Geocell”) |  |  | 447 |  |  |  | 445 |
Megafon |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 892 |
Hobim (*) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,260 |
Other |  |  | 880 |  |  |  | 1,122 |
|  |  | 6,980 |  |  |  | 11,201 |

| (*) | Hobim is not a related party effective from 20 June 2017.

Due to Kyivstar, Megafon, Geocell, Wind Telecomunicazioni S.P.A. and Vimpelcom (Bvı) Ltd.mainly resulted from telecommunications services received.

The Group’s exposure to currency risk related to outstanding balances with related parties is disclosed in Note 33.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

37. | Related parties (continued)

The following transactions occurred with related parties:

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Revenue from related parties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales to Kyivstar |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunications services |  |  | 30,875 |  |  |  | 30,964 |  |  |  | 41,728 |
Sales to Telia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunications services |  |  | 10,020 |  |  |  | 15,761 |  |  |  | 16,955 |
Sales to Vimpelcom |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunications services |  |  | 7,230 |  |  |  | 20,775 |  |  |  | 20,489 |
Sales to Megafon |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunication services |  |  | 6,362 |  |  |  | 11,773 |  |  |  | 14,958 |
Sales to Azercell |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunication services |  |  | 1,583 |  |  |  | 2,585 |  |  |  | 4,183 |
Sales to Krea (*) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Call center services, fixed line services, rent and interest charges |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,422 |  |  |  | 4,831 |
Sales to Millenicom (**) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunication services |  |  | — |  |  |  | 997 |  |  |  | 8,861 |
Sales to KVK Teknoloji (***) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Simcard SIM card and prepaid card sales |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 217,080 |
Sales to other related parties |  |  | 4,962 |  |  |  | 3,149 |  |  |  | 6,049 |
|  |  | 61,032 |  |  |  | 89,426 |  |  |  | 335,134 |

Transactions with related parties

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Related party expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charges from Kyivstar |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunications services |  |  | 49,178 |  |  |  | 47,595 |  |  |  | 49,608 |
Charges from Hobim (****) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Invoicing and archiving services |  |  | 16,993 |  |  |  | 31,832 |  |  |  | 29,570 |
Charges from Vimpelcom |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunications services |  |  | 10,853 |  |  |  | 2,721 |  |  |  | 4,348 |
Charges from Megafon |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunications services |  |  | 5,169 |  |  |  | 3,162 |  |  |  | 4,342 |
Charges from Telia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunications services |  |  | 3,120 |  |  |  | 2,499 |  |  |  | 3,409 |
Charges from Azercell |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunications services |  |  | 734 |  |  |  | 1,361 |  |  |  | 28 |
Charges from Krea |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Digital television broadcasting services |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,975 |  |  |  | 15,826 |
Charges from KVK Teknoloji |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dealer activation fees and others |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 76,743 |
Charges from other related parties |  |  | 11,832 |  |  |  | 8,497 |  |  |  | 15,151 |
|  |  | 97,879 |  |  |  | 103,642 |  |  |  | 199,025 |

| (*) | Transactions with Krea include transactions until 26 August 2016.

| (**) | Transactions with Millenicom include transactions until 21 January 2016.

| (***) | KVK Teknoloji is not a related party effective from 6 July 2015. Transactions with KVK Teknoloji include transactions until that date.

(****) Transactions with Hobim include transactions until 20 June 2017.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

37. | Related parties (continued)

Transactions with related parties (continued)

Transactions with Kyivstar:

Kyivstar, an entity under common control with Alfa, is rendering and receiving telecommunications services such as interconnection and roaming.

Transactions with Hobim:

Hobim, one of the leading data processing and application service provider companies in Turkey, is owned by Cukurova Group. The Company has entered into invoice printing and archiving agreements with Hobim under which Hobim provides the Company with monthly invoice printing services, manages archiving of invoices and subscription documents. Prices of the agreements are determined through alternative proposals’ evaluation.

Transactions with Vimpelcom:

Vimpelcom, an entity under common control with Alfa, is rendering and receiving telecommunications services such as interconnection and roaming.

Transactions with Megafon:

Megafon, a subsidiary of Sonera, is rendering and receiving telecommunications services such as interconnection and roaming.

Transactions with Telia:

Telia, a subsidiary of Sonera, is rendering and receiving telecommunications services such as interconnection and roaming.

Transactions with Azercell:

Azercell, a subsidiary of Sonera, is rendering and receiving telecommunications services such as interconnection and roaming.

Transactions with Krea:

Çukurova Holding has signed a share purchase agreement with BeIN Media Group LLC related to the sale of their shares in Krea. Share transfer has finalized as at 26 August 2016.

Krea, a direct-to-home digital television service company under the Digiturk brand name.

There are no specific agreements between Turkcell and digital channels branded under Digiturk name. Every year, as in every other media channel, standard ad spaces are purchased on a spot basis. Also, Krea provides instant football content related to Spor Toto Super League to the Company to be delivered to mobile phones and tablets.

The Company has agreements for fixed telephone, leased line, corporate internet, and data center services provided by the Company’s subsidiary Turkcell Superonline.

Transactions with KVK Teknoloji:

KVK Teknoloji shares held by Cukurova Group were acquired by MV Holding on 6 July 2015. The Company has a distributorship agreement with KVK Teknoloji.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

38. | Subsidiaries

The Group’s ultimate parent company is Turkcell Holding. Subsidiaries of the Company as at 31 December 2017 and 31 December 2016 are as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  | Effective Ownership Interest |
Subsidiaries Name |  | Country of Incorporation |  | Business |  | 31 December 2017 (%) |  |  | 31 December 2016 (%) |
Kibris Telekom |  | Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus |  | Telecommunications |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Turkcell Global Bilgi |  | Turkey |  | Customer relations management |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Turktell |  | Turkey |  | Information technology, value added GSM services and entertainment investments |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Turkcell Superonline |  | Turkey |  | Telecommunications, television services and content services |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Turkcell Satis |  | Turkey |  | Sales and delivery |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Eastasia |  | Netherlands |  | Telecommunications investments |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Turkcell Teknoloji |  | Turkey |  | Research and development |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Global Tower |  | Turkey |  | Telecommunications infrastructure business |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Financell |  | Netherlands |  | Financing business |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Rehberlik |  | Turkey |  | Directory Assistance |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Lifecell Ventures |  | Netherlands |  | Telecommunications investments |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Beltel |  | Turkey |  | Telecommunications investments |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Turkcell Gayrimenkul |  | Turkey |  | Property investments |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Global LLC |  | Ukraine |  | Customer relations management |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
UkrTower |  | Ukraine |  | Telecommunications infrastructure business |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Turkcell Europe |  | Germany |  | Telecommunications |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Turkcell Odeme (1) |  | Turkey |  | Payment services and e-money licence |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Lifecell |  | Ukraine |  | Telecommunications |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Turkcell Finansman |  | Turkey |  | Consumer financing services |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Beltower |  | Republic of Belarus |  | Telecommunications Infrastructure business |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Turkcell Enerji (2) |  | Turkey |  | Electricity energy trade and wholesale and retail electricity sales |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | — |
Paycell (3) |  | Ukraine |  | Payment services and e-money licence |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | — |
Lifecell Digital (4) |  | Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus |  | Telecommunications |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | — |
Belarusian Telecom |  | Republic of Belarus |  | Telecommunications |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 80 |
Lifetech |  | Republic of Belarus |  | Research and development |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 80 |
Inteltek |  | Turkey |  | Information and Entertainment Services |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 55 |
Azerinteltek |  | Azerbaijan |  | Information and Entertainment Services |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 28 |

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

38. | Subsidiaries (continued)

| (1) | Turkcell Odeme operating under “Paycell” brand has been authorized by the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (“BRSA”) to operate as an “electronic money institution” and to provide intermediation service for invoice payments. The decision was published in the Official Gazette on 22 July 2017.

| (2) | Turkcell Enerji that will be engaged in electricity energy trade, wholesale sales and retail sales was incorporated on 20 February 2017. The Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Turktell and has obtained its electricity supply license upon approval from Energy Market Regulatory Authority (“EMRA”) as at 11 May 2017.

| (3) | The company “Paycell LLC” which is established in Ukraine by lifecell and wholly owned by the company granted the “financial company” status on September 21, 2017. Paycell LLC will apply for financial services and local money transfer licenses to provide digital payment services to customers via credit device sales and e-money.

| (4) | The transactions in relation to the incorporation of Lifecell Digital Limited in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (“TRNC”), which will offer services as an internet service provider, by our wholly-owned subsidiary Kıbrıs Mobile Telekomünikasyon Limited based in TRNC is completed as at 14 December 2017.

Details of non-wholly owned subsidiaries that have material non-controlling interests to the Company are disclosed below:

Name of subsidiary |  | Place of incorporation and principal place of business |  |  | Proportion of ownership interests and voting rights held by non-controlling interest |  |  | Profit/(loss) allocated to non-controlling interests |  |  | Accumulated non- controlling interests |
|  |  |  |  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |  |  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |  |  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Inteltek |  |  | Turkey |  |  |  | 45.00 | % |  |  | 45.00 | % |  |  | 35,924 |  |  |  | 39,346 |  |  |  | 46,072 |  |  |  | 50,863 |
Individually immaterial subsidiaries with non – controlling interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,706 |  |  |  | 12,369 |  |  |  | 9,855 |  |  |  | 5,769 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 58,630 |  |  |  | 51,715 |  |  |  | 55,927 |  |  |  | 56,632 |

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

38. | Subsidiaries (continued)

Summarized financial information in respect of Inteltek is set out below. The summarized financial information below represents amounts before intragroup eliminations.

Inteltek

|  | 31 December 2017 |  |  | 31 December 2016 |
Current assets |  |  | 223,119 |  |  |  | 191,199 |
Non-current assets |  |  | 9,290 |  |  |  | 17,367 |
Current liabilities |  |  | 125,286 |  |  |  | 30,516 |
Non-current liabilities |  |  | 4,742 |  |  |  | 65,020 |
Equity attributable to owners |  |  | 102,381 |  |  |  | 113,030 |
|  |  | 2017 |  |  |  | 2016 |
Revenue |  |  | 184,025 |  |  |  | 178,408 |
Expenses |  |  | (104,194 | ) |  |  | (90,973 | )
Profit for the year |  |  | 79,831 |  |  |  | 87,435 |
Other comprehensive income/(loss) for the year |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | (618 | )
Dividend paid to non-controlling interests |  |  | (46,582 | ) |  |  | (44,888 | )
Net cash inflow from operating activities |  |  | 73,575 |  |  |  | 69,497 |
Net cash inflow from investing activities |  |  | 19,930 |  |  |  | 17,470 |
Net cash outflow from financing activities |  |  | (75,113 | ) |  |  | (119,751 | )
Effects of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 8,574 |  |  |  | 18,213 |
Net cash outflow/(inflow) |  |  | 26,966 |  |  |  | (14,571 | )

39. | Cash flow information

Net debt reconciliation:

|  | Debt securities issued |  |  | Loans |  |  | Financial Leasings |  |  | Total |
Balance at 1 January 2017 |  |  | 1,922,656 |  |  |  | 7,810,392 |  |  |  | 48,114 |  |  |  | 9,781,162 |
Cash inflows |  |  | 209,808 |  |  |  | 24,030,222 |  |  |  | 72,421 |  |  |  | 24,312,451 |
Cash outflows |  |  | (503,391 | ) |  |  | (22,768,911 | ) |  |  | (1,068 | ) |  |  | (23,273,370 | )
Other non-cash movements |  |  | 246,448 |  |  |  | 1,466,205 |  |  |  | 3,253 |  |  |  | 1,715,906 |
Balance at 31 December 2017 |  |  | 1,875,521 |  |  |  | 10,537,908 |  |  |  | 122,720 |  |  |  | 12,536,149 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,712,333 |
Net debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,823,816 | )

40. | Subsequent events

Fintur, in which the Group holds 41.45% stake, has completed the transfer of its 99.99% total shareholding in Geocell LLC to Silknet JSC on 20 March 2018, a joint stock company organized under the laws of Georgia, for a total consideration of USD 153,000 upon receiving the necessary regulatory approvals. The transaction has no impact on consolidated financial statements since Fintur is classified as “assets held for sale” in the statement of financial position.

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TURKCELL ILETISIM HIZMETLERI AS

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As at and for the year ended 31 December 2017

(All amounts disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and notes have been rounded off to the nearest thousand currency units and are expressed in Turkish Liras unless otherwise stated.)

40. | Subsequent events (continued)

2600 MHz frequency tender as part of the 4G License Tender, which the Group’s fully owned subsidiary lifecell based in Ukraine had applied to participate, has been held on 31 January 2018. At the tender, lifecell has been awarded with the license for 15 years bidding UAH 909,251 (TL 129,155) for 15 MHz frequency band, the total of Lot 1 and Lot 2. Payment amounting to UAH 909,251 (equivalent to TL 129,155) of license was made in cash on 1 March 2018.

1800 MHz frequency tender as part of the 4G License Tender, which the Group’s fully owned subsidiary lifecell based in Ukraine had applied to participate, was held on 6 March 2018. As a result of the tender, lifecell was awarded with the license for 15 years for 15 MHz frequency band on Lot 1 with its UAH 795,000 bid.

The 2017 General Assembly will be held on March 29, 2018 and the Board of Directors has proposed a dividend distribution for the year 2017 amounting to TL 1,239,500 which represented approximately 63% of distributable net income for the year 2017 on 15 February 2018. Dividend distribution decision is subject to approval of the General Assembly. This distribution is proposed to be paid in three equal installments on June 18, 2018, September 17, 2018 and December 17, 2018. The dividend amount is in line with the Group’s dividend policy approved during the Ordinary General Assembly Meeting held on March 26, 2015 and without deduction for tax settlements provisioned as disclosed on January 30, 2018.

Fintur, in which the Group holds 41.45% stake, has transferred its 51.3% total shareholding in Azertel Telekomunikasyon Yatirim Diş Ticaret A.Ş (“Azertel”) to Azerbaijan International Telecom LLC (“Azintelecom”), a fully state owned company by the Republic of Azerbaijan, at the price of EUR 221,700 on 5 March 2018. The signing of definitive agreement, the transfer of shares to Azintelecom and the transfer of proceeds to Fintur were completed simultaneously. The transaction has no impact on consolidated financial statements since Fintur is classified as “assets held for sale” in the statement of financial position.

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