This note provides a list of the significant accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements to the extent they have not already been disclosed in the other notes below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated. The consolidated financial statements are for the Group consisting of the Company and its subsidiaries and the Group’s interest in an associate and a joint venture.

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (“IFRS IC”) applicable to companies reporting under IFRS. The financial statements comply with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

The accounting policies, presentation and methods of computation are consistent with those of the previous financial year and corresponding reporting period, unless otherwise stated.

The General Assembly has the power to amend and reissue the financial statements. The consolidated financial statements as at and for the year ended 31 December 2020 were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on 19 February 2021.

The consolidated financial statements as at and for the year ended 31 December 2021 were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on 17 February 2022 and updated to reflect subsequent events after the original date of authorization for inclusion in its annual report on Form 20-F.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are based on the statutory records, with adjustments and reclassifications for the purpose of fair presentation in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following measured at fair value:

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) Transactions and balances

Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at that date.

Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are measured at fair value are translated to the functional currency using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined. Translation differences on assets and liabilities carried at fair value are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss. For example, translation differences on non-monetary assets and liabilities such as assets held at fair value through profit or loss are recognized in profit or loss as part of the fair value gain or loss and translation differences on assets classified as at fair value through other comprehensive income are recognized in other comprehensive income.

Foreign exchange gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss, except:

●

For capitalized foreign exchange differences relating to borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs eligible for capitalization.

Foreign exchange differences are deferred in equity if they relate to qualifying cash flow hedges and qualifying net investment hedges or are attributable to part of the net investment in a foreign operation. Foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the statement of profit or loss on a net basis within finance income or finance costs.

(ii) Foreign operations

The results and financial position of foreign operations (none of which has the currency of a hyperinflationary economy) that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:

●

Assets and liabilities for each balance sheet presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that balance sheet,

●

Equity for each balance sheet presented is translated at historic cost at the date of transaction,

●

Income and expenses for each statement of profit or loss and statement of comprehensive income are translated at average monthly exchange rates (unless this is not a reasonable approximation of the cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the transaction dates, in which case income and expenses are translated at the dates of the transactions) and

●

All resulting exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the foreign currency translation reserve, in equity.

On consolidation, exchange differences arising from the translation of borrowings and other financial instruments designated as hedges of any net investment in foreign entities are recognized in other comprehensive income. When a foreign operation is sold or any borrowings forming part of the net investment are repaid the associated exchange differences are reclassified to profit or loss, as part of the gain or loss on sale.

Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation and translated at the closing rate.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(d) Use of estimates and judgments

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires the use of accounting estimates. Management also needs to exercise judgment in applying the Group’s accounting policies. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Alterations to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.

Information about significant areas of estimation, uncertainty and critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements are described below:

Allowance for doubtful receivables

The Group maintains an allowance for doubtful receivables for estimated losses resulting from the inability of the Group’s subscribers and customers to make required payments. The Group bases the allowance on the likelihood of recoverability of trade receivables, receivables from financial services and other receivables; when there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of asset and that events have an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or group of financial assets that could be reliably estimated. The allowance is periodically reviewed. The allowance charged to expenses is determined in respect of receivable balances, calculated as a specified percentage of the outstanding balance in each aging group, with the percentage of the allowance increasing as the aging of the receivable progresses.

Capitalization and useful lives of assets

The useful lives and residual values of the Group’s assets are estimated by management at the time the asset is acquired and regularly reviewed for appropriateness. The Group defines useful lives of its assets in terms of the assets’ expected utility to the Group. This judgment is based on the experience of the Group with similar assets. In determining the useful life of an asset, the Group also follows technical and/or commercial obsolescence arising on changes or improvements from a change in the market. The useful lives of the telecommunication licenses are based on the duration of the license agreements.

Gross versus net presentation of revenue

When the Group acts as principal in sale of goods or rendering of services, revenue from customers and costs with suppliers are reported on a gross basis. When the Group acts as agent in sale of goods or rendering of services, revenue from customers and costs related to suppliers are reported on a net basis, representing the net margin earned. Whether the Group is acting as principal or agent depends on management’s analysis of both legal form and substance of the agreement between the Group and its business partners; such judgments impact the amount of reported revenue and costs but do not impact reported assets, liabilities or cash flows.

Contracted handset sales

The Company, the distributors and dealers offer joint campaigns to the subscribers which may include the sale of device by the dealer and/or distributor and a communication service to be provided by the Company. The Company does not recognize any revenue for the device in these transactions by considering the factors below:

The Company is not the primary obligor for the sale of handset,

The Company does not have control over the sale prices of handsets,

The Company has no inventory risk.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(d) Use of estimates and judgments (continued)

Multiple performance obligations and price allocation

In arrangements which include multiple elements where the Group acts as principal, the Group considers that these bundled elements involve consideration in the form of a fixed fee or a fixed fee coupled with a continuing payment stream. A good or service is distinct if both of the following criteria are met:

●

The good or service is capable of being distinct,

●

The promise to transfer the good or service is distinct within the context of the contract.

The arrangement consideration is allocated to each performance obligation identified in the contract based on relative stand-alone selling prices. If an element of a transaction is not distinct, then it is accounted for as an integral part of the remaining elements of the transaction.

Income taxes

The calculation of income taxes involves a degree of estimation and judgment in respect of certain items whose tax treatment cannot be finally determined until resolution has been reached with the relevant tax authority or, as appropriate, through formal legal process.

As part of the process of preparing the consolidated financial statements, the Group is required to estimate the income taxes in each of the jurisdictions and countries in which it operates. This process involves estimating the actual current tax exposure together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items, such as deferred revenue and reserves for tax and accounting purposes.

The recognition of deferred tax assets is based upon whether it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which unrecognized tax losses and temporary differences can be utilized. Recognition, therefore, involves judgment regarding the future financial performance of the particular legal entity in which the deferred tax asset has been recognized.

Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets

As detailed and disclosed in Note 39, the Group is involved in a number of investigations and legal proceedings (both as a plaintiff and as a defendant) arising in the ordinary course of business. All these investigations and litigations are evaluated by the Group Management and disclosed (unless information concerning provisions are very sensitive, and full disclosure could prejudice the outcome of cases) or accounted for in the consolidated financial statements. Future results or outcome of these investigations and litigations might differ from these Group Management’s expectations. As at the reporting date, the Group Management believes that appropriate recognition criteria and measurement basis are applied to provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets and that sufficient information is disclosed in the notes to enable users to understand their nature, timing and amount by considering current conditions and circumstances.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(d) Use of estimates and judgments (continued)

Annual impairment review

The Group’s non-current are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs of disposal and value in use.

Fair value measurements and valuation process

Some of the Company’s assets and liabilities are measured at fair value for financial reporting purposes. In estimating the fair value of an asset or liability, the Company uses market-observable data to the extent it is available. The management works closely with the qualified external experts to establish the appropriate valuation techniques and inputs to the model. Information about the valuation techniques and inputs used in determining the fair value of various assets and liabilities is disclosed in Note 37.

(e) Changes in accounting policies

Other than the adoption of the new and revised standards as explained in Note 2(z), the Group did not make any significant changes to its accounting policies during the current year.

(f) Changes in accounting estimates

If the application of changes in the accounting estimates affects the financial results of a specific period, the changes in the accounting estimates are applied in that specific period, if they affect the financial results of current and following periods; the accounting estimate is applied prospectively in the period in which such change is made. A change in the measurement basis applied is a change in an accounting policy, and is not a change in an accounting estimate.

The Company does not have significant changes in accounting estimates during the year.

(g) Comparative information and revision of prior period financial statements

The Group divided its reporting segment into two groups according to its previous assessment. Relevant groups had been established within the framework of an integrated communication and technology service delivery strategy and in a way to ensure economic integrity. Considering current developments, the Management has made an evaluation regarding the updating of the reportable segments according to the strategies of the Company, and has planned to add the Techfin reportable segment. Turkcell Finansman A.S. (“Turkcell Finansman”), Turkcell Odeme Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell Odeme”), Paycell LLC (“Paycell”) and Turkcell Sigorta Aracilik Hizmetleri A.S (“Turkcell Sigorta”) will be included in Techfin reportable segment. The operating results of the mentioned companies were disclosed in the Other reportable segment within the scope of the previous reporting framework. In addition to the mentioned changes, Turkcell Satis ve Dijital Is Servisleri Hizmetleri A.S. (“Turkcell Satis”), which are reported under Turkcell Turkey reportable segment is separated as digital business services and other Turkcell Satis operations: integrated corporate business solutions, city hospitals, equipment and corporate terminal activities will be continued to be reported under Turkcell Turkey reportable segment as digital business services, while other Turkcell Satis operations which include retail channel operations, smart devices management and consumer electronics sales through digital channels will be reported in the Other reportable segment.

The Group has made the above-mentioned classifications in the notes (Note 5 and Note 6) to the consolidated financial statements as of 31 December 2020. These classifications have no impact on operating profit, profit for the year and cash flow statement.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(h) Principles of consolidation and equity accounting

(i) Business combinations

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The consideration transferred in a business combination comprises:

●

The fair value of the assets transferred,

●

Liabilities incurred to the former owners of the acquired business,

●

Equity interests issued by the Group,

●

The fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement, and

●

The fair value of any pre-existing equity interest in the subsidiary.

Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are, with limited exceptions, measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date.

Goodwill is measured as the excess of the consideration transferred, amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity, and acquisition-date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquired entity over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired. If those amounts are less than the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the business acquired, the difference is recognized directly in profit or loss as a bargain purchase. The Group recognizes any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquired entity’s net identifiable assets.

Where settlement of any part of cash consideration is deferred, the amounts payable in the future are discounted to their present value as at the date of exchange. The discount rate used is the entity’s incremental borrowing rate, being the rate at which a similar borrowing could be obtained from an independent financier under comparable terms and conditions.

Contingent consideration is classified either as equity or a financial liability. Amounts classified as a financial liability are subsequently remeasured to fair value with changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss. Contingent consideration classified as equity is not subject to remeasurement. Instead, any gain or loss at settlement is recorded as an adjustment to equity through other comprehensive income.

If the business combination is achieved in stages, the acquisition date carrying value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree is remeasured to fair value at the acquisition date. Any gains or losses arising from such remeasurement are recognized in profit or loss.

(ii) Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries comprise all entities over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group. They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(h) Principles of consolidation and equity accounting (continued)

(ii) Subsidiaries (continued)

The Company reassesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control listed above.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the transferred asset.

Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

Non-controlling interests in the results and equity of subsidiaries are shown separately in the consolidated statement of profit or loss, statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of financial position, respectively.

Non-controlling interest has not been attributed to Belarus Telekom is financed solely by the Company and management’s assessment of relevant articles of the share purchase agreement with the non-controlling shareholder.

(iii) Changes in ownership interests

The Group treats transactions with non-controlling interests that do not result in a loss of control as transactions with equity owners of the Group. A change in ownership interest results in an adjustment between the carrying amounts of the controlling and non-controlling interests to reflect their relative interests in the subsidiary. Any difference between the amount of the adjustment to the non-controlling and any consideration paid or received is recognized in a separate reserve within equity attributable to owners of the Company.

When the Group ceases to consolidate or equity account for an investment because of a loss of control, joint control or significant influence, any retained interest in the entity is remeasured to its fair value with the change in carrying amount recognized in profit or loss. This fair value becomes the initial carrying amount for the purposes of subsequently accounting for the retained interest as an associate, joint venture or financial asset. In addition, any amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income in respect of that entity are accounted for as if the Group had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. This may mean that amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss.

If the ownership interest in a joint venture or an associate is reduced but joint control or significant influence is retained, only a proportionate share of the amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss where appropriate.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(h) Principles of consolidation and equity accounting (continued)

(iv) Business combinations under common control

Business combinations between entities or businesses under common control are excluded from the scope of IFRS 3. In a business combination under common control, assets and liabilities of the acquired entity are stated at predecessor carrying values. Any difference between the consideration given and the aggregate book value of the assets and liabilities of the acquired entity at the date of the transaction is recognized in equity. The acquired entity’s results and financial position are incorporated as if both entities (acquirer and acquiree) had always been combined, or using the results from the date when either entity joined the Group, where such a date is later.

(v) Put option over shares relating to non-controlling interests

Where a put option is written by the Group on shares in an existing subsidiary held by non-controlling interests, the Group recognizes a financial liability at the present value of the redemption amount to reflect the put option.

Reserve for put option over shares relating to non-controlling interests included in equity arises from the difference between the fair value of the put option written by Fintur Holdings B.V. (“Fintur”) on non-controlling shares in one of its subsidiaries and the derecognized non-controlling interests relating to that put option.

(vi) Investments in associates and joint ventures

An associate is an entity over which the Group has significant influence, but not control or joint control. This is generally the case where the Group holds between 20% and 50% of the voting rights. Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method of accounting after initially being recognized at cost.

A joint venture is a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the joint arrangement. The results and assets and liabilities of joint ventures are incorporated in these consolidated financial statements using the equity method of accounting.

Under the equity method of accounting, an investment in an associate is initially recognized at cost and adjusted thereafter to recognize the Group’s share of the post-acquisition profits or losses of the investee in profit or loss, and the Group’s share of movements in other comprehensive income of the investee in other comprehensive income. Dividends received or receivable from associates are recognized as a reduction in the carrying amount of the investment.

When the Group’s share of losses in an equity-accounted investment equals or exceeds its interest in that entity, including any other unsecured long-term receivables, the Group does not recognize further losses, unless it has incurred obligations or made payments on behalf of the other entity.

Unrealized gains on transactions between the Group and its associates are eliminated to the extent of the Group’s interest in these entities. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Accounting policies of equity accounted investees have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(h) Principles of consolidation and equity accounting (continued)

(vi) Investments in associates and joint ventures (continued)

On acquisition of an associate, any excess of the cost of the investment over the Group’s share of the net fair values of the associate’s identifiable assets and liabilities is recognized as goodwill, which is included in the carrying amount of the investment. Any excess of the Group’s share of the net fair value of the associate’s identifiable assets and liabilities over the cost of the investment is included as part of the Group’s share of the associate profit or loss in the period in which the investment is acquired.

The carrying amount of equity-accounted investments is tested for impairment. The Group measures an associate that is classified as held for sale at the lower of its carrying amount at the date of classification as held for sale and fair value less costs of disposal. Equity accounting ceases once an associate is classified as held for sale.

(i) Financial instruments

Classification

From 1 January 2018, the Group classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:

Those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through OCI or through profit or loss) and

Those to be measured at amortized cost.

The classification depends on the Group’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.

For assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in profit or loss or OCI. For investments in equity instruments that are not held for trading, this will depend on whether the Group has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI).

The Group reclassifies debt investments when and only when its business model for managing those assets changes.

Recognition and derecognition

Regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized on trade date, the date on which the Group commits to purchase or sell the asset. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Group has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership.

Measurement

At initial recognition, the Group measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss (FVPL), transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at FVPL are expensed in profit or loss.

Financial assets with embedded derivatives are considered in their entirety when determining whether their cash flows are solely payment of principal and interest.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) Financial instruments (continued)

Measurement (continued)

(i) Debt instruments

Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Group’s business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. There are three measurement categories into which the Group classifies its debt instruments:

Amortized cost: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortized cost. Interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest rate method. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition is recognized directly in profit or loss.

FVOCI: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the assets’ cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at FVOCI. Movements in the carrying amount are taken through OCI, except for the recognition of impairment gains or losses, interest income and foreign exchange gains and losses which are recognized in profit or loss. When the financial asset is derecognized, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in OCI is reclassified from equity to profit or loss. Interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest rate method.

FVPL: Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortized cost or FVOCI are measured at FVPL. A gain or loss on a debt instruments that is subsequently measured at FVPL is recognized in profit or loss in the period in which it arises.

(ii) Equity instruments

The Group subsequently measures all equity investments at fair value. Where the Group’s management has elected to present fair value gains and losses on equity investments in OCI, there is no subsequent reclassification of fair value gains and losses to profit or loss following the derecognition of the investment. Dividends from such investments continue to be recognized in profit or loss as other income when the Group’s right to receive payments is established.

Changes in the fair value of financial assets at FVPL are recognized in the statement of profit or loss as applicable. Impairment losses (and reversal of impairment losses) on equity investments measured at FVOCI are not reported separately from other changes in fair value.

Impairment

From 1 January 2018, the Group assesses on a forward looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its debt instruments carried at amortized cost and FVOCI. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk.

Loss allowances are measured on either of the following bases.

●

12 month expected credit losses (ECLs): these are ECLs that result from possible default events within the 12 months after the reporting date and

●

Lifetime ECLs: these are ECLs that result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) Financial instruments (continued)

Measurement (continued)

Loss allowances are measured on either of the following bases. (Continued)

The Group applies simplified lifetime ECL measurement for all group companies except Turkcell Finansman which applies both 12 month and lifetime ECL (general approach). Financial instruments subject to ECL measurement mainly consist of trade receivables.

Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the statement of financial position where the Group has a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts, and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Cash and cash equivalents

For the purpose of presentation in the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand, deposits held at call with financial institutions and other short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

Trade receivables

Trade receivables are amounts due from customers for goods sold or services performed in the ordinary course of business. If collection of the amounts is expected in one year or less they are classified as current assets. If not, they are presented as non-current assets.

Trade receivables are recognized initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less provision for impairment. See Note 37 for a description of the Group’s impairment policies.

Trade and other payables

These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the Group prior to the end of financial year which are unpaid. Trade and other payables are presented as current liabilities unless payment is not due within 12 months after the reporting period. They are recognized initially at their fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Related parties

A related party is a person or entity that is related to the Group.

(a)A person or a close member of that person’s family is related to the Group if that person:

(i)

has control or joint control of the Group

(ii)

has significant influence over the Group; or

(iii)

is a member of the key management personnel of the Group or of a parent of the Group.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) Financial instruments (continued)

Related parties (continued)

(b)An entity is related to the Group if any of the following conditions applies:

(i)

The entity and the Group are members of the same group (which means that each parent, subsidiary and fellow subsidiary is related to the others).

(ii)

One entity is an associate or joint venture of the other entity (or an associate or joint venture of a member of a group of which the other entity is a member).

(iii)

Both entities are joint ventures of the same third party.

(iv)

One entity is a joint venture of a third entity and the other entity is an associate of the third entity.

(v)

The entity is a post-employment benefit plan for the benefit of employees of either the Group or an entity related to the Group. If the Group is itself such a plan, the sponsoring employers are also related to the Group.

(vi)

The entity is controlled or jointly controlled by a person identified in (a).

(vii)

A person identified in (a) (i) has significant influence over the entity or is a member of the key management personnel of the entity (or of a parent of the entity).

(viii)The entity, or any member of a group of which it is a part, provides key management personnel services to the reporting entity or to the parent of the reporting entity

Borrowings

Borrowings are initially recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognized in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities are recognized as transaction costs of the loan to the extent that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down. In this case, the fee is deferred until the draw down occurs. To the extent there is no evidence that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down, the fee is capitalized as a prepayment for liquidity services and amortized over the period of the facility to which it relates.

Borrowings are removed from the statement of financial position when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognized in profit or loss.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) Financial instruments (continued)

Derivatives and hedging activities

Derivative instruments are initially recognized at the acquisition cost reflecting the fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured at fair value. The derivative instruments of the Group mainly consist of participating cross currency swap contracts, cross currency /interest rate swap contracts, foreign currency swap contracts and currency forward contracts instruments. These derivative transactions, even though providing effective economic hedges under the Group risk management position, do not generally qualify for hedge accounting under the specific rules and are therefore treated as derivatives held for trading in the consolidated financial statements. The fair value changes for these derivatives are recognised in the consolidated income statement.

Fair values of foreign exchange forwards, interest rate and foreign exchange swaps (IRS, Cross Currency Swaps etc.) and options are calculated with market levels of interest rates and Central Bank of Republic of Turkey (“CBRT”) exchange rates via valuation methods and pricing instruments correspondent with market standards. If market levels are not available for valuation date, fair value for forward contracts will be the value of the discounted future value of the difference between contract price level and forward value of CBRT exchange rate with risk free rates for the period. Interest rate and currency swaps will be valued with the difference of the discounted cash flows of each leg of the swaps using risk free rates and CBRT exchange rates. Option transactions will be valued with option pricing models using risk free rates and CBRT exchange rates.

At inception of the hedge relationship, the Group documents the economic relationship between hedging instruments and hedged items including whether changes in the cash flows of the hedging instruments are expected to offset changes in the cash flows of hedged items. The Group documents its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking its hedge transactions. The hedging transactions of the Group that qualify for hedge accounting are accounted for as follows:

(i) Fair value hedge

Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualified as fair value hedges are recorded in the income statement, together with any changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk. The change in the fair value of hedged asset or liability attributable to the hedged risk is recorded as part of the carrying value of the hedged asset or liability during the effective hedging relationship. If the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, the adjustment to the carrying amount of a hedged item, for which the effective interest method is used, is amortised using a recalculated effective interest rate.

(ii) Cash flow hedge

Hedges of exposures to variability in cash flows that are attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction and could affect profit and loss are designated as cash flow hedges by the Group in accordance with IFRS 9 hedge accounting requirement.

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges is recognized in the cash flow hedge reserve within equity. The gain or loss relating to the ineffective portion is recognized immediately in profit or loss. Gains or losses relating to the effective portion of the change in intrinsic value of the options are recognized in the cash flow hedge reserve within equity. The changes in the time value of the options that relate to the hedged item (“aligned time value”) are recognized within OCI in the costs of hedging reserve within equity.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) Financial instruments (continued)

Derivatives and hedging activities (continued)

Amounts accumulated in equity are reclassified in the periods when the hedged item affects profit or loss, as follows:

Where the hedged item subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial asset, both the deferred hedging gains and losses and the deferred time value of the option contracts or deferred forward points, if any, are included within the initial cost of the asset. The deferred amounts are ultimately recognized in profit or loss as the hedged item affects profit or loss.

The gain or loss relating to the effective portion of the interest rate swaps hedging variable rate borrowings is recognized in profit or loss within finance cost at the same time as the interest expense on the hedged borrowings.

The new effectiveness test model may be qualitative depending on the complexity of hedging relationship provided that it is prospective only. The 80-125% range in IAS 39 is replaced by an objectives-based test that focuses on the economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument, and the effect of credit risk on that economic relationship.

Under IFRS 9, at inception of the hedge relationship, the Group documents the economic relationship between hedging instruments and hedged items including whether changes in the cash flows of the hedging instruments are expected to offset changes in the cash flows of hedged items. The Group documents its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking its hedge transactions. When a hedging instrument expires, or is sold or terminated, or when a hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative deferred gain or loss and deferred costs of hedging in equity at that time remains in equity until the forecast transaction occurs, resulting in the recognition of a non-financial asset. When the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss and deferred costs of hedging that were reported in equity are immediately reclassified to profit or loss.

Under IFRS 9, a hedging relationship is discontinued in its entirety when as a whole it ceases to meet the qualifying criteria after considering the rebalancing of the hedging relationship. Voluntary discontinuation when the qualifying criteria are met is prohibited. Hedge accounting is discontinued when the risk management objective for the hedging relationship has changed, the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, there is no longer an economic relationship between the hedged item and hedging instrument or when the effect of credit risk starts dominating the value changes that result from the economic relationship.

When the Group discontinues hedge accounting for a cash flow hedge it shall account for the amount that has been accumulated in the cash flow hedge reserve in accordance as follows;

If the hedged future cash flows are still expected to occur, that amount shall remain in the cash flow hedge reserve until the future cash flows occur.

When a hedging instrument expires, or is sold or terminated, or when a hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative deferred gain or loss and deferred costs of hedging in equity at that time remains in equity until the forecast transaction occurs, resulting in the recognition of a non-financial asset. When the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss and deferred costs of hedging that were reported in equity are immediately reclassified to profit or loss.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(i) Financial instruments (continued)

Derivatives and hedging activities (continued)

(iii) Foreign currency hedge of net investments in foreign operations

Foreign exchange gains or losses on the hedging instrument relating to the effective portion of the foreign currency hedge of net investments in foreign operations are recognized in other comprehensive income while any gains or losses relating to the ineffective portion is recognized in the income statement. Tax effects of foreign exchange gains or losses on the hedging instrument relating to the effective portion of the foreign currency hedge of net investments in foreign operations is recognized under other comprehensive income as well (Note 36)

On disposal of the foreign operation, the cumulative value of any such gains or losses recorded in equity is transferred to the income statement (Note 17).

(j) Property, plant and equipment

(i) Recognition and measurement

Items of property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less depreciation and impairment losses. Property, plant and equipment related to the Company and its subsidiaries operating in Turkey are adjusted for the effects of inflation during the hyperinflationary period ended on 31 December 2005. Since the inflation accounting commenced on 1 January 2011, property, plant and equipment related to the subsidiaries operating in Belarus are adjusted for the effects of inflation. However, the decrease in inflation rate in subsequent years led the three-year cumulative rate as of the end of 2014 to decrease to 65%. Accordingly, the economy of Belarus was considered as transitioning out of hyperinflationary status and in 2015 it was determined to be appropriate to cease applying IAS 29. Therefore, subsidiaries operating in Belarus ceased applying IAS 29 in 2015.

Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. The cost of self-constructed assets includes cost of materials and direct labor, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to a working condition for its intended use and the costs of dismantling and removing the items and restoring the site on which they are located, if any.

Purchased software that is integral to the functionality of the related equipment is capitalized as part of that equipment. When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items of property, plant and equipment.

Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing proceeds with the carrying amount. These are included in profit or loss.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(j) Property, plant and equipment (continued)

(i) Recognition and measurement (continued)

Changes in the obligation to dismantle, remove assets on sites and to restore sites on which they are located, other than changes deriving from the passing of time, are added or deducted from the cost of the assets in the period in which they occur. The amount deducted from the cost of the asset shall not exceed the balance of the carrying amount on the date of change, and any excess balance is recognized immediately in profit or loss. An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset’s carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

(ii) Subsequent costs

Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as a separate asset is derecognized when replaced. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred.

(iii) Depreciation

Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost, net of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives.

Land is not depreciated.

The estimated useful lives are as follows:


Mobile network infrastructure	4 - 20	years
Fixed network infrastructure	3 - 25	years
Call center equipment	4 - 8	years
Buildings	21 - 25	years
Equipment, fixtures and fittings	2 - 10	years
Motor vehicles	4 - 6	years
Electricity power plant	20	years
Leasehold improvements	3 - 5	years

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period.

(iv) Borrowing costs

General and specific borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalized during the period that is required to complete and prepare the asset for its intended use or sale. Qualifying assets are assets that necessarily take a substantial period to get ready for their intended use or sale.

Other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(k) Intangible assets

(i) Telecommunication licenses

Separately acquired telecommunication licenses are stated at historical cost adjusted for the effects of inflation during the hyperinflationary period, where applicable, less amortization and impairment losses.

Amortization

Amortization is recognized in the statement of profit or loss on a straight-line basis by reference to the license period. The useful lives for telecommunication licenses are as follows:


Telecommunications licenses		3 – 25 years

The Company has been granted the 2G, 3G and 4.5G licenses on 27 April 1998, 30 July 2009 and 26 August 2015, respectively. The licenses are effective for 25, 20 and 13 years, respectively.

(ii) Computer software

Acquired computer software licenses are capitalized based on the costs incurred to acquire and bring to use the specific software.

Costs associated with maintaining computer software programs are recognized as an expense as incurred.

Development costs that are directly attributable to the design and testing of identifiable and unique software products controlled by the Group are recognized as intangible assets when the following criteria are met:

●

It is technically feasible to complete the software such that it will be available for use,

●

Management intends to complete the software and use or sell it,

●

There is an ability to use or sell the software,

●

It can be demonstrated how the software will generate probable future economic benefits,

●

Adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the software are available and

●

The expenditure attributable to the software during its development can be reliably measured.

Directly attributable costs that are capitalized as part of the software include employee costs and an appropriate portion of relevant overheads.

Research expenditure and development expenditure that do not meet the criteria above are recognized as an expense as incurred. Development costs previously recognized as an expense are not recognized as an asset in a subsequent period.

Capitalized development costs are recorded as intangible assets and amortized from the point at which the asset is ready for use.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(k) Intangible assets (continued)

Amortization

Amortization is recognized in the statement of profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives. The useful lives for computer software are as follows:


Computer software		3 – 8 years

Amortization methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period.

(iii) Other intangible assets

Other intangible assets that are acquired by the Group which have finite useful lives are stated at historical cost adjusted for the effects of inflation during the hyperinflationary period, where applicable, less amortization and impairment losses. Indefeasible Rights of Use (“IRU”) are rights to use a portion of an asset’s capacity granted for a fixed period of time. IRUs are recognized as intangible asset when the Group has specific indefeasible rights to use an identified portion of an underlying asset and the duration of the right is for the major part of the underlying asset’s useful economic life. IRUs are amortized over the shorter of the underlying asset’s useful economic life and the contract term.

Amortization

Amortization is recognized in the statement of profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives. The useful lives for computer software are as follows:


Indefeasible right of use	15	years
Transmission line software	5 - 10	years
Brand name	9 - 10	years
Customer base	2 - 15	years
Subscriber acquisition cost	2 - 6	years
Electricity production license	20	years

Amortization methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period.

Goodwill

Goodwill on acquisitions of subsidiaries is included in intangible assets. Goodwill is not amortized but it is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired, and is carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses. Gains and losses on the disposal of an entity include the carrying amount of goodwill relating to the entity sold.

Goodwill is allocated to cash-generating units for the purpose of impairment testing. The allocation is made to those cash-generating units or groups of cash-generating units that are expected to benefit from the business combination in which the goodwill arose. The units or groups of units are identified at the lowest level at which goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes, being the operating segments.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(l) Investment properties

Recognition and measurement

Investment properties are properties held for rental yields and/or for capital appreciation (including property under construction for such purposes). Investment properties are stated at historical cost less depreciation and impairment losses.

An investment property is derecognized upon disposal or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from the disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the property (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in profit or loss in the period in which the property is derecognized.

Depreciation

Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost, net of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful lives are as follows:


Investment Property		25 - 45 years

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period.

(m) Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Cost of inventory is determined using the weighted average method and comprises all costs of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Costs of purchased inventory are determined after deducting rebates and discounts. At 31 December 2021 and 2020, inventories mainly consisted of mobile phone and its accessories, tablet, sim-cards, tower construction materials and other electronic products.

(n) Impairment of assets

Goodwill and intangible assets that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortization and are tested annually for impairment, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they might be impaired. Other assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

Value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from an asset or cash-generating unit. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels (cash-generating units) for which there are separately identifiable cash inflows which are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at the end of each reporting period.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(o) Employee benefits

(i) Short-term obligations

Liabilities for salaries including non-monetary benefits that are expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service are recognized in respect of employees’ services up to the end of the reporting period and are measured at the amounts expected to be paid when the liabilities are settled. The liabilities are presented as employee benefit obligations in the statement of financial position.

(ii) Termination benefits

In accordance with the labor law in Turkey, the Company and its subsidiaries in Turkey are required to make lump-sum payments to employees who have completed one year of service and whose employment is terminated without cause or who retire, are called up for military service or die. Such payments are calculated based on 30 days’ pay up to a of maximum full TL 8.2 as at 31 December 2021 (31 December 2020: TL 7.1), per year of employment at the rate of pay applicable at the date of retirement or termination. Termination benefits paid to key executive officers are presented as other expenses. Reserve for employee termination benefits is computed and reflected in the consolidated financial statements on a current basis. Discount rate used for calculating employee termination benefit as of 31 December 2021 is 2.9% (31 December 2020: 3.0%). The reserve is calculated by estimating the present value of future probable obligation of the Company and its subsidiaries in Turkey arising from retirement of employees. Reserve for employee termination benefits is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method.

(iii) Defined contribution plans

For defined contribution plans, the Group pays contributions to publicly or privately administered pension insurance plans on a mandatory, contractual or voluntary basis. The Group has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are recognized as employee benefit expense when they are due. Prepaid contributions are recognized as an asset to the extent that a cash refund or a reduction in the future payments is available.

(iv) Share-based payments

The Group provides a cash-settled share-based payment plan for selected employees in return for their services. For cash-settled share-based payment transactions, the Group measures services received and the liability incurred at the fair value of the liability. Liabilities for cash-settled share-based payment plan are recognized as employee benefit expense over the relevant service period. The fair value of the liability is re-measured at each reporting date and at the settlement date. Any changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss for the period.

(v) Personnel bonus

Provision for bonus is provided when the bonus is a legal obligation, or past practice would make the bonus a constructive obligation and the Group is able to make a reliable estimate of the obligation.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(p) Provisions

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation.

Where there are a number of similar obligations, the likelihood that an outflow will be required in settlement is determined by considering the class of obligations as a whole. A provision is recognized even if the likelihood of an outflow with respect to any one item included in the same class of obligations may be small.

Provisions are measured at the present value of management’s best estimate of the outflow required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. The discount rate used to determine the present value is a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as interest expense.

Onerous contracts

Present obligation arising under an onerous contract is recognized and measured as a provision. An onerous contract is considered to exist where the Group has a contract under which the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it.

Dismantling, removal and restoring sites obligation

The Group is required to incur certain costs in respect of a liability to dismantle and remove assets and to restore sites on which the assets were located. The dismantling costs are calculated according to best estimate of future expected payments discounted at a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability.

(q) Revenue

Revenue is recognized at the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the performance obligation. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. Revenue is recognized when control is transferred to the customer.

Revenue from telecommunication services includes postpaid and prepaid revenue from voice, data, messaging and value-added services, interconnect revenue, monthly fixed fees, SIM card sales and roaming revenue. The Company transfers control of these services over time and, therefore, satisfies the performance obligations and recognizes revenue from telecommunication services over time.

With respect to prepaid revenue, the Group generally collects cash in advance by selling prepaid top up to distributors. In such cases, the Group does not recognize revenue until subscribers use the telecommunication services.

Services may be bundled with other products and services and these bundled elements involve consideration in the form of a fixed fee or a fixed fee coupled with a continuing payment stream. A good or service is distinct if both of the following criteria are met:

●

The good or service is capable of being distinct,

●

The promise to transfer the good or service is distinct within the context of the contract.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(q) Revenue (continued)

The arrangement consideration is allocated to each performance obligation identified in the contract on a relative stand-alone selling price. If an element of a transaction is not a distinct, then it is accounted for as an integral part of the remaining elements of the transaction.

Revenue from device sales is recognized when control of the device has transferred, being the time when delivered to the end customer. For device sales made to intermediaries, revenue is recognized at the time when control of the device has been transferred, being when the products are delivered to the intermediary.

The Group, the distributors and dealers offer joint campaigns to the subscribers which may include the sale of device by the dealer and/or the distributor and the sale of communication service by the Group. In certain campaigns, dealers make the handset sale to the subscribers, the instalments of which will be collected by the Group based on the letters of undertaking signed by the subscribers. With the letter of undertaking, the dealer assigns its receivables from handset sales to the distributor and the distributor assigns its receivables to the Group.

The Group pays the distributor the net present value of the instalments to be collected from the subscribers and recognizes contracted receivables in its statement of financial position. The undue portion of assigned receivables from the distributors which were paid upfront by the Group is classified as “undue assigned contracted receivables” in trade receivables (Note 20). When monthly installment is invoiced to the subscriber, related portion is presented as “receivables from subscribers”. The Group collects the contracted receivables in installments during the contract period and does not recognize any revenue for the handset in these transactions when the Group does not act as principal for the sale of handset.

The Group and distributors started to offer the option to buy a device through consumer financing loan, which will be collected by Turkcell Finansman. The Group carries a risk of collection in these transactions. Turkcell Finansman collects the purchased credit from the subscriber during the contract period and does not record revenue related to the device when it does not act as principal for the sale of device. Revenue from financial services comprise of interest income generated from consumer financing activities. Interest income is recognized as it accrues, using the effective interest method.

Monthly fixed fees represent a fixed amount charged to postpaid subscribers on a monthly basis without regard to the level of usage. Fixed fees are recognized on a monthly basis when billed. Monthly fixed fees are included in telecommunication services revenues.

Call center revenues are recognized at the time services are rendered during the contractual period.

When the Group sells goods or services as a principal, revenue and operating costs are recorded on a gross basis. When the Group sells goods or services as an agent, revenue and operating costs are recorded on a net basis, representing the net margin earned. Whether the Group is considered to be acting as principal or agent in the transaction depends on management’s analysis described below and such judgments impact the amount of reported revenue and operating costs but do not impact reported assets, liabilities or cash flows:

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(q) Revenue (continued)

Indicators that an entity is a principal:

●

The entity is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service,

●

The entity has inventory risk before the specified good or service has been transferred to a customer or after transfer of control to the customer,

●

The entity has discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service.

The Company and the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure of Turkey, Directorate General of Communications mutually agreed to extend the contract, to establish and operate mobile communication infrastructure and operation in uncovered areas, until 31 December 2021 and to add mobile broadband services to the existing infrastructure providing GSM services under Universal Service Law and to operate the new and existing networks together. As of 31 December 2021, the Company has recognized TL 252,049 (31 December 2020: TL 223,965) revenue from its operations related to this contract. Since the Company acts as principal, revenue and operating costs are reported on a gross basis in the consolidated financial statements.

The revenue recognition policy for other revenues is to recognize revenue as services are provided.

Contract costs eligible for capitalization as incremental costs of obtaining a contract comprise commission on sale relating to prepaid and postpaid contracts with acquired or retained subscribers. Contract costs are capitalized in the month of service activation if the Group expects to recover those costs. Contract costs comprise sales commissions to dealers and to own salesforce which can be directly attributed to an acquired or retained contract. Contract costs are classified as intangible assets in the consolidated financial statements. The asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over the customer lifetime, consistent with the pattern of recognition of the associated revenue.

(r) Income taxes

The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period’s taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate for each jurisdiction adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses.

Income tax expense is recognized in the statement of profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(r) Income taxes (continued)

The current income tax charge is calculated based on the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period in the countries where the Company’s subsidiaries and associates operate and generate taxable income. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate based on amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities. Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. However, deferred tax liabilities are not recognized if they arise from the initial recognition of goodwill. Deferred income tax is also not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the end of the reporting period and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realized or the deferred income tax liability is settled. Deferred tax assets are recognized only if it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to utilize those temporary differences and tax losses.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are not recognized for temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax bases of investments in foreign operations where the Company is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Companies within the Group may be entitled to claim special tax deductions for investments in qualifying assets or in relation to qualifying expenditure (e.g., the Research and Development Tax Incentive regime in Turkey or other investment allowances). The Group accounts for such allowances as tax credits, which means that the allowance reduces income tax payable and current tax expense. A deferred tax asset is recognized for unclaimed tax credits that are carried forward as deferred tax assets.

(s) Earnings per share

The Group does not have any potential ordinary shares in issue, therefore basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) are equal. Since basic and diluted EPS are equal, the Group presents both basic and diluted EPS on one line described as “Basic and diluted EPS”.

Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the financial year, excluding treasury shares. In Turkey, entities can increase their share capital by distributing “Bonus share” to shareholders from retained earnings. In computing earnings per share, such “Bonus share” distributions are treated as issued shares. Accordingly, the retrospective effect for such share distributions is taken into consideration when determining the weighted-average number of shares outstanding.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(t) Government grants

Grants from the government are recognized at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and the Group will comply with all attached conditions.

Government grants relating to costs are deferred and recognized in profit or loss over the period necessary to match them with the costs that they are intended to compensate.Government grants relating to property, plant and equipment are included in non-current liabilities as deferred government grants, and are credited to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the expected useful lives of the related assets.

(u) Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations

Non-current assets are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use, and a sale is considered highly probable. They are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs of disposal.

An impairment loss is recognized for any initial or subsequent write-down of the asset to fair value less costs of disposal. A gain is recognized for any subsequent increases in fair value less costs of disposal of an asset, but not in excess of any cumulative impairment loss previously recognized. A gain or loss not previously recognized by the date of the sale of the non-current asset is recognized at the date of derecognition.

An associate must meet the conditions to be classified as held for sale. It is first measured in accordance with applicable standards. Such standard is IAS 28, whereby the share of profits and remeasurement of carrying amounts are done in accordance with normal associate rules up to the point of classification as held for sale.

The associate is then measured in accordance with IFRS 5. It is measured at the lower of carrying amount and fair value less costs of disposal. Equity accounting is ceased from the date the held for sale criteria are met.

Non-current assets classified as held for sale are presented separately from the other assets in the statement of financial position.

A discontinued operation is a component of the entity that has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale and that represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations, is part of a single coordinated plan to dispose of such a line of business or area of operations, or is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale. The results of discontinued operations are presented separately in the statement of profit or loss.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(v) Equity

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.

Where any Group company purchases the Company’s equity instruments, for example as the result of a share buy-back plan, the consideration paid, including any directly attributable incremental costs (net of income taxes) is deducted from equity attributable to the owners of the Company as treasury shares until the shares are cancelled or reissued. Where such ordinary shares are subsequently reissued, any consideration received, net of any directly attributable incremental transaction costs and the related income tax effects, is included in equity attributable to the owners of the Company.

(w) Dividends

Provision is made for any dividend declared, being appropriately authorized and no longer at the discretion of the Company, on or before the end of the reporting period but not distributed at the end of the reporting period.

(x) Subsequent events

Events after the reporting date; includes all events between the reporting date and the date on which the financial statements are authorized for issue, even if any announcement of profit or other selected financial information has been made publicly disclosed.

In case of events requiring correction after the reporting date, the Group corrects this new situation accordingly. Events that are not required to be adjusted subsequent to the reporting date are disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

(y) Leases

At inception of a contract, the Group assesses whether a contract is, or contains a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, The Group assesses whether:

The contract involved the use of an identified asset - this may be specified explicitly or implicitly;

The asset should be physically distinct or represent substantially all of the capacity of a physically distinct asset. If the supplier has a substantive substitution right, the asset is not identified;

The Group has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of an asset throughout the period of use and

The Group has the right to direct use of the asset. The Group has the right when it has the decision-making rights that are most relevant to changing the how and for what purpose the asset is used. If these decisions are predetermined;

The Group has the right to operate the asset or,

The Group designed the asset in a way that predetermines how and for what purpose it is used.

At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains a lease component, the Group allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative stand-alone prices.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(y) Leases (continued)

Right of use asset

The Group recognizes a right-of use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date.

The right of use asset is initially recognized at cost comprising of:

Amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability,

Any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, less any lease incentives received,

Any initial direct costs incurred by the Group and

An estimate of costs to be incurred by the lessee in dismantling and removing the underlying asset, restoring the site on which it is located or restoring the underlying asset to the condition required by the terms and conditions of the lease, unless those costs are incurred to produce inventories. The lessee incurs the obligation for those costs either at the commencement date or as a consequence of having used the underlying asset during a particular period.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end date of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end date of the lease term. The estimated useful lives of right-of-use assets are determined on the same basis as those property and equipment. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability (Note 31).

Lease Liability

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Group’s incremental borrowing rate. The Group uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate.

Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following:

Fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments,

Variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as the commencement date,

Amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee and

The exercise price under a purchase option that the Group is reasonably certain to exercise, lease payments in an optional renewable period if the Group is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option, and penalties for early termination of a lease if the Group is reasonably certain to terminate early.

After initial recognition, the lease liability is measured (a) increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on lease liability; (b) reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made, and (c) remeasuring the carrying amount to reflect any reassessment or lease modifications or to reflect revised in-substance fixed lease payments.

Where, (a) there is a change in the lease term as a result of reassessment of certainty to exercise an extension option, or not to exercise a termination option as discussed above; or (b) there is a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset, assessed considering the events and circumstances in the context of a purchase option, the Group remeasures the lease liabilities to reflect changes to lease payments by discounting the revised lease payments using a revised discount rate. The Group determines the revised discount rate as the interest rate implicit in the lease for the remainder of the lease term, or the its incremental borrowing rate at the date of reassessment, if the interest rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(y) Leases (continued)

Lease Liability (continued)

Where, (a) there is a change in the amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee; or (b) there is a change in the future lease payments resulting from a change in an index or a rate used to determine those payments, including change to reflect changes in market rental rates following a market rent review, the Group remeasures the lease liabilities by discounting the revised lease payments using an unchanged discount rate, unless the change in lease payments results from a change in floating interest rates. In such case, the Group uses the revised discount rate that reflects changes in the interest rate.

The Group recognizes the amount of the remeasurement of lease liability as an adjustment to the right of use asset. Where the carrying amount of the right of use asset is reduced zero and there is further reduction in the measurement of the lease liability, the Group recognizes any remaining amount of the remeasurement in profit or loss.

The Group accounts for a lease modification as a separate lease if both:

The modification increases the scope of the lease by adding the right to use one or more underlying assets and

The consideration for the lease increases by an amount commensurate with the stand-alone price for the increase in scope and any appropriate adjustments to that stand-alone price to reflect the circumstances of the particular contract.

The Group as a Lessor

When the Group acts an intermediate lessor, it accounts for its interests in the head lease and the sub-lease separately. It assesses the lease classification of a sub-lease with reference to the right-of-use-asset arising from the head lease, not with reference to the underlying asset.

If an arrangement contains lease and non-lease components, the Group applies IFRS 15 to allocate the consideration in the contract.

(z) New standards and interpretations

i) Standards, amendments and interpretations applicable as at 31 December 2021

Amendments to IFRS 7, IFRS 4 and IFRS 16 Interest Rate Benchmark Reform Phase 2; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2021. The Phase 2 amendments address issues that arise from the implementation of the reforms, including the replacement of one benchmark with an alternative one. The Phase 2 amendments provide additional temporary reliefs from applying specific IAS 39 and IFRS 9 hedge accounting requirements to hedging relationships directly affected by IBOR reform. The Group has chosen early implementation of interest rate benchmark reform-Phase 2, and the alternative benchmark will be used from beginning on 1 January 2022.

Amendments to IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts – deferral of IFRS 9; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023. These amendments defer the date of application of IFRS 17 by two years to 1 January 2023 and change the fixed date of the temporary exemption in IFRS 4 from applying IFRS 9, Financial instrument until 1 January 2023.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(z) New standards and interpretations (continued)

i) Standards, amendments and interpretations applicable as at 31 December 2021 (continued)

Amendment to IFRS 16, ‘Leases’ - Covid-19 related rent concessions Extension of the Practical expedient; as of March 2021, this amendment extended till June 2022 and effective from 1 April 2021. As a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, rent concessions have been granted to lessees. Such concessions might take a variety of forms, including payment holidays and deferral of lease payments. On 28 May 2020, the IASB published an amendment to IFRS 16 that provides an optional practical expedient for lessees from assessing whether a rent concession related to COVID-19 is a lease modification. Lessees can elect to account for such rent concessions in the same way as they would if they were not lease modifications. In many cases, this will result in accounting for the concession as variable lease payments in the period(s) in which the event or condition that triggers the reduced payment occurs.

ii) Standards, amendments and interpretations that are issued but not effective as at 31 December 2021

IFRS 17, ‘Insurance contracts’; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023. This standard replaces IFRS 4, which currently permits a wide variety of practices in accounting for insurance contracts. IFRS 17 will fundamentally change the accounting by all entities that issue insurance contracts and investment contracts with discretionary participation features.

Amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of financial statements’ on classification of liabilities; effective date deferred until accounting periods starting not earlier than 1 January 2024. These narrow-scope amendments to IAS 1, ‘Presentation of financial statements’, clarify that liabilities are classified as either current or non-current, depending on the rights that exist at the end of the reporting period. Classification is unaffected by the expectations of the entity or events after the reporting date (for example, the receipt of a waiver or a breach of covenant). The amendment also clarifies what IAS 1 means when it refers to the ‘settlement’ of a liability.

A number of narrow-scope amendments to IFRS 3, IAS 16, IAS 37 and some annual improvements on IFRS 1, IFRS 9, IAS 41 and IFRS 16; effective from Annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2022.

Amendments to IFRS 3, ‘Business combinations’ update a reference in IFRS 3 to the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting without changing the accounting requirements for business combinations.

Amendments to IAS 16, ‘Property, plant and equipment’ prohibit a company from deducting from the cost of property, plant and equipment amounts received from selling items produced while the company is preparing the asset for its intended use. Instead, a company will recognise such sales proceeds and related cost in profit or loss.

Amendments to IAS 37, ‘Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets’ specify which costs a company includes when assessing whether a contract will be loss-making.

Annual improvements make minor amendments to IFRS 1, ‘First-time Adoption of IFRS’, IFRS 9, ‘Financial instruments’, IAS 41, ‘Agriculture’ and the Illustrative Examples accompanying IFRS 16, ‘Leases’.

2. Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies (continued)

(z) New standards and interpretations (continued)

ii) Standards, amendments and interpretations that are issued but not effective as at 31 December 2021 (continued)

Narrow scope amendments to IAS 1, Practice statement 2 and IAS 8; effective from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023. The amendments aim to improve accounting policy disclosures and to help users of the financial statements to distinguish between changes in accounting estimates and changes in accounting policies.

Amendment to IAS 12 – Deferred tax related to assets and liabilities arising from a single transaction; from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023. These amendments require companies to recognise deferred tax on transactions that, on initial recognition give rise to equal amounts of taxable and deductible temporary differences.

The Group does not expect material impact of new standards and interpretations on the Group’s accounting policies.