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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2014
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block] | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. As discussed in Note 1, “Description of Business and Basis of Presentation,” we operate in several diversified segments. The accounting policies related to the specific segments or industries are differentiated, as required, in the list of significant accounting policies set out below. Principles of Consolidation Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of (i) Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings and (ii) the wholly and majority owned subsidiaries of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings, in addition to those entities in which we have a controlling interest as a general partner interest. In evaluating whether we have a controlling financial interest in entities that we consolidate, we consider the following: (1) for voting interest entities, we consolidate these entities in which we own a majority of the voting interests; and (2) for limited partnership entities, we consolidate these entities if we are the general partner of such entities and for which no substantive kick-out rights (the rights underlying the limited partners' ability to dissolve the limited partnership or otherwise remove the general partners are collectively referred to as “kick-out” rights) or participating rights exist. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Except for our Investment segment, for those investments in which we own 50% or less but greater than 20%, we account for such investments using the equity method, while investments in affiliates of 20% or less are accounted for under the cost method. Reclassifications Certain reclassifications from the prior year presentation have been made to conform to the current year presentation. Use of Estimates in Preparation of Financial Statements The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the period. The more significant estimates include: (1) the valuation allowances of accounts receivable and inventory; (2) the valuation of goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets; (3) deferred tax assets; (4) environmental liabilities; (5) fair value of investments and derivatives; and (6) post-employment benefit liabilities. Actual results may differ from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider short-term investments, which are highly liquid with original maturities of three months or less at date of purchase, to be cash equivalents. Cash Held at Consolidated Affiliated Partnerships and Restricted Cash Cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships primarily consists of cash and cash equivalents held by our Investment Funds (as defined herein) that, although not legally restricted, is not available to fund the general liquidity needs of the Investment segment or Icahn Enterprises. Restricted cash primarily relates to cash pledged and held for margin requirements on derivative transactions. Our consolidated restricted cash balance was approximately $1.3 billion and $330 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Investments and Related Transactions Investment Investment Transactions and Related Investment Income (Loss). Investment transactions of the Investment Funds are recorded on a trade date basis. Realized gains or losses on sales of investments are based on the first-in, first-out or the specific identification method. Realized and unrealized gains or losses on investments are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. Interest income and expenses are recorded on an accrual basis and dividends are recorded on the ex-dividend date. Premiums and discounts on fixed income securities are amortized using the effective yield method. Investments held by the Investment segment are accounted for as trading securities. Our Investment segment applies the fair value option to those investments that are otherwise subject to the equity method. Valuation of Investments. Securities of the Investment Funds that are listed on a securities exchange are valued at their last sales price on the primary securities exchange on which such securities are traded on such date. Securities that are not listed on any exchange but are traded over-the-counter are valued at the mean between the last “bid” and “ask” price for such security on such date. Securities and other instruments for which market quotes are not readily available are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by the applicable General Partner. Foreign Currency Transactions. The books and records of the Investment Funds are maintained in U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars are translated into U.S. dollars at the rate of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date. Transactions during the period denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars are translated at the rate of exchange applicable on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency translation gains and losses are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. The Investment Funds do not isolate that portion of the results of operations resulting from changes in foreign exchange rates on investments from the fluctuations arising from changes in the market prices of securities. Such fluctuations are reflected in “Net gain (loss) from investment activities” in the consolidated statement of operations. Fair Values of Financial Instruments. The fair values of the Investment Funds' assets and liabilities that qualify as financial instruments under applicable U.S. GAAP approximate the carrying amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets. Securities Sold, Not Yet Purchased. The Investment Funds may sell an investment they do not own in anticipation of a decline in the fair value of that investment. When the Investment Funds sell an investment short, they must borrow the investment sold short and deliver it to the broker-dealer through which they made the short sale. A gain, limited to the price at which the Investment Funds sold the investment short, or a loss, unlimited in amount, will be recognized upon the cover of the short sale. Due From Brokers. Due from brokers represents cash balances with the Investment Funds' clearing brokers and is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. These funds as well as fully-paid for and marginable securities are essentially restricted to the extent that they serve as collateral against securities sold, not yet purchased. Due from brokers may also include unrestricted balances with derivative counterparties. Due To Brokers. Due to brokers represents margin debit balances collateralized by certain of the Investment Funds' investments in securities. Other Segments and Holding Company Investments in equity and debt securities are classified as either trading or available-for-sale based upon whether we intend to hold the investment for the foreseeable future. Trading securities are valued at quoted market value at each balance sheet date with the unrealized gains or losses reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value on our balance sheet. Unrealized holding gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of partners' equity and when sold are reclassified out of partners' equity to the consolidated statements of operations. For purposes of determining gains and losses, the cost of securities is based on specific identification. A decline in the market value of any available-for-sale security below cost that is deemed to be other than temporary results in an impairment that is charged to earnings and the establishment of a new cost basis for the investment. Dividend income is recorded when declared and interest income is recognized when earned. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash, accounts receivable, due from brokers, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities and due to brokers are deemed to be reasonable estimates of their fair values because of their short-term nature. See Note 5, “Investments and Related Matters,” and Note 6, “Fair Value Measurements,” for a detailed discussion of our investments. The fair value of our long-term debt is based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues or on the current rates offered to us for debt of the same remaining maturities. The carrying value and estimated fair value of our long-term debt as of December 31, 2014 was each approximately $11.6 billion. The carrying value and estimated fair value of our long-term debt as of December 31, 2013 was approximately $9.3 billion and $9.4 billion, respectively. Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities The fair value option gives entities the option to measure eligible financial assets, financial liabilities and firm commitments at fair value (i.e., the fair value option), on an instrument-by-instrument basis, that are otherwise not permitted to be accounted for at fair value pursuant to the provisions of the FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instrument s. The election to use the fair value option is available when an entity first recognizes a financial asset or financial liability or upon entering into a firm commitment. Subsequent changes in fair value must be recorded in earnings. In estimating the fair value for financial instruments for which the fair value option has been elected, we use the valuation methodologies in accordance to where the financial instruments are classified within the fair value hierarchy as discussed in Note 6, “Fair Value Measurements.” For our Investment segment, we apply the fair value option to our investments that would otherwise be accounted under the equity method. Derivatives From time to time, our subsidiaries enter into derivative contracts, including purchased and written option contracts, swap contracts, futures contracts and forward contracts. U.S. GAAP requires recognition of all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheet at their fair value. The accounting for changes in fair value depends on the intended use of the derivative and its resulting designation. For those derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments, a company must designate the hedging instrument, based upon the exposure being hedged, as a fair value hedge, cash flow hedge or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. Gains and losses related to a hedge are either recognized in income immediately to offset the gain or loss on the hedged item or are deferred and reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss and subsequently recognized in earnings when the hedged item affects earnings. The change in fair value of the ineffective portion of a financial instrument, determined using the hypothetical derivative method, is recognized in earnings immediately. The gain or loss related to financial instruments that are not designated as hedges are recognized immediately in earnings. Cash flows related to hedging activities are included in the operating section of the consolidated statements of cash flows. For further information regarding our derivative contracts, see Note 7, “Financial Instruments.” Accounts Receivable, Net An allowance for doubtful accounts is determined through analysis of the aging of accounts receivable at the date of the consolidated financial statements, assessments of collectability based on an evaluation of historic and anticipated trends, the financial condition of our customers, and an evaluation of the impact of economic conditions. Our allowance for doubtful accounts is an estimate based on specifically identified accounts as well as general reserves based on historical experience. Inventories, Net Inventories, net consists of the following:
| December 31,
| 2014 |  | 2013
| (in millions)
Raw materials | $ | 450 |  |  | $ | 499 |
Work in process | 244 |  |  | 252 |
Finished goods | 1,185 |  |  | 1,151 |
| $ | 1,879 |  |  | $ | 1,902 |
Automotive, Railcar, Food Packaging, and Home Fashion Segment Inventories. Our Automotive, Railcar, Food Packaging and Home Fashion segment inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined by using the first-in, first-out basis method ("FIFO"). The cost of manufactured goods includes the cost of materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead. Our Automotive, Railcar, Food Packaging and Home Fashion segments reserve for estimated excess, slow-moving and obsolete inventory as well as inventory whose carrying value is in excess of net realizable value. Energy Inventories. Our Energy segment inventories consist primarily of domestic and foreign crude oil, blending stock and components, work in progress, fertilizer products, and refined fuels and by-products. Inventories are valued at the lower of FIFO cost, or market for fertilizer products, refined fuels and by-products for all periods presented. Refinery unfinished and finished products inventory values were determined using the ability-to-bear process, whereby raw materials and production costs are allocated to work-in-process and finished goods based on their relative fair values. Other inventories, including other raw materials, spare parts and supplies, are valued at the lower of moving-average cost, which approximates FIFO, or market. The cost of inventories includes inbound freight costs. Due to the current crude environment and subsequent reduction in sales price for our Energy segment's petroleum business' refined products, our Energy segment recorded a lower of FIFO cost or market inventory adjustment of $37 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Metals Inventories. Inventories at our Metals segment are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the average cost method. The production and accounting process utilized by the Metals segment to record recycled metals inventory quantities relies on significant estimates. Our Metals segment relies upon perpetual inventory records that utilize estimated recoveries and yields that are based upon historical trends and periodic tests for certain unprocessed metal commodities. Over time, these estimates are reasonably good indicators of what is ultimately produced; however, actual recoveries and yields can vary depending on product quality, moisture content and source of the unprocessed metal. To assist in validating the reasonableness of the estimates, our Metals segment performs periodic physical inventories which involve the use of estimation techniques. Physical inventories may detect significant variations in volume, but because of variations in product density and production processes utilized to manufacture the product, physical inventories will not generally detect smaller variations. To help mitigate this risk, our Metals segment adjusts its physical inventories when the volume of a commodity is low and a physical inventory can more accurately estimate the remaining volume. Property, Plant and Equipment, Net Buildings and improvements, and machinery, equipment and furniture are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation unless declines in the values of the fixed assets are considered other than temporary, at which time the property is written down to net realizable value. Depreciation is principally computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the particular property or equipment, as follows: buildings and improvements, four to 40 years; furniture, fixtures and equipment, one to 40 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the life of the lease or the life of the improvement, whichever is shorter. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. The cost of additions and improvements is capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful lives of the assets. Railcars leased to others are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation unless declines in the values of the leased railcars are considered other than temporary, at which time they are written down to net realizable value. Railcars leased to others that were transferred from entities under common control are stated at net book value. Railcars are depreciated on a straight-line basis over 25 to 30 years from the original date placed in service. Real estate properties held for use or investment purposes, other than those accounted for under the financing method, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Where declines in the values of the properties are determined to be other than temporary, the cost basis of the property is written down to net realizable value. A property is classified as held for sale at the time management determines that certain criteria have been met. Properties held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value and are no longer depreciated. Land and construction in progress are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Interest is capitalized on expenditures for long-term projects until a salable or ready-for-use condition is reached. The interest capitalization rate is based on the interest rate on specific borrowings to fund the projects. Planned Major Maintenance Costs - Energy The direct-expense method of accounting is used for planned major maintenance activities. Maintenance costs are recognized as expense when maintenance services are performed. Planned major maintenance activities for CVR's nitrogen plant generally occur every two to three years. The required frequency of the maintenance varies by unit for the refineries, but generally is every four to five years. During an outage at CVR's Coffeyville refinery in 2014, our Energy segment accelerated certain planned turnaround activities scheduled for 2015 and incurred $6 million in turnaround expenses for the year ended December 31, 2014. CVR's Coffeyville refinery completed the second phase of a two-phase turnaround project during the first quarter of 2012. The first phase was completed during the fourth quarter of 2011. During the fluid catalytic cracking unit ("FCCU") outage at the Wynnewood refinery, our Energy segment accelerated certain planned turnaround activities previously scheduled for 2016 and incurred $1 million in turnaround expenses for the year ended December 31, 2014. The Wynnewood refinery completed a turnaround maintenance in the fourth quarter of 2012, incurring $102 million of expenses for the period May 5, 2012 through December 31, 2012. During the fourth quarter of 2012, CVR's nitrogen fertilizer facilities completed a previously scheduled major turnaround, incurring $5 million of expenses for the period May 5, 2012 through December 31, 2012. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net Goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets primarily include trademarks and trade names acquired in acquisitions. For a complete discussion of the impairment of goodwill and indefinite intangible-lived assets related to our various segments, see Note 3, “Operating Units,” and Note 8, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net.” Impairment of Goodwill We evaluate the carrying value of goodwill annually and between annual evaluations if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount. Such circumstances could include, but are not limited to: (1) a significant adverse change in legal factors or in business climate, (2) unanticipated competition, or (3) an adverse action or assessment by a regulator. Goodwill impairment testing involves a two-step process. Step 1 compares the fair value of our reporting units to their carrying values. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, no further analysis is necessary. The reporting unit fair value is based upon consideration of various valuation methodologies, including guideline transaction multiples, multiples of current earnings, and projected future cash flows discounted at rates commensurate with the risk involved. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, Step 2 must be completed to quantify the amount of impairment. Step 2 calculates the implied fair value of goodwill by deducting the fair value of all tangible and intangible assets, excluding goodwill, of the reporting unit, from the fair value of the reporting unit as determined in Step 1. The implied fair value of goodwill determined in this step is compared to the carrying value of goodwill. If the implied fair value of goodwill is less than the carrying value of goodwill, an impairment loss, equal to the difference, is recognized. Impairment of Intangible Assets We evaluate the recoverability of identifiable indefinite lived intangible assets annually or more frequently if impairment indicators exist. The impairment analysis compares the estimated fair value of these assets to the related carrying value, and impairment charge is recorded for any excess of carrying value over estimated fair value. The estimated fair value is based on consideration of various valuation methodologies, including guideline transaction multiples, multiples of earnings, and projected future cash flows discounted at rates commensurate with risk involved. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We evaluate the realizability of our long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Inherent in the reviews of the carrying amounts of the above assets are various estimates, including the expected usage of the asset. Assets must be tested at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows exist. Future cash flow estimates are, by their nature, subjective and actual results may differ materially from our estimates. If our ongoing estimates of future cash flows are not met, we may have to record impairment charges in future accounting periods to write the asset down to fair value. Our estimates of cash flows are based on the current regulatory, social and economic climates, recent operating information and budgets of the operating properties. Asset Retirement Obligations We record conditional asset retirement obligations (“ARO”) in accordance with applicable U.S. GAAP. As defined in applicable U.S. GAAP, ARO refers to a legal obligation to perform an asset retirement activity in which the timing and/or method of settlement are conditional on a future event. An entity is required to recognize a liability for the estimated fair value of an ARO when incurred if the fair value can be reasonably estimated. Our Automotive segment's primary asset retirement activities relate to the removal of hazardous building materials at its facilities. Our Automotive segment records the ARO liability when the amount can be reasonably estimated, typically upon the expectation that a facility may be closed or sold. Pension and Other Post-Employment Benefit Obligations Pension and other post-employment benefit costs are dependent upon assumptions used in calculating such costs. These assumptions include discount rates, health care cost trends, expected returns on plan assets and other factors. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, actual results that differ from the assumptions used are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, accordingly, generally affect recognized expense and the recorded obligation in future periods. Allocation of Net Profits and Losses in Consolidated Affiliated Partnerships Investment Net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments of the Investment Funds are allocated to the respective partners of the Investment Funds based on their percentage ownership in such Investment Funds on a monthly basis. Except for our limited partner interest, such allocations made to the limited partners of the Investment Funds are represented as non-controlling interests in our consolidated statements of operations. Income Per LP Unit For Icahn Enterprises, basic income (loss) per LP unit is based on net income or loss attributable to Icahn Enterprises allocable to limited partners. Net income or loss allocable to limited partners is divided by the weighted-average number of LP units outstanding. Diluted income (loss) per LP unit is based on basic income (loss) adjusted for interest charges applicable to the variable rate notes as well as the weighted-average number of units and equivalent units outstanding. For accounting purposes, earnings prior to dates of acquisitions or investments in joint ventures of entities under common control are excluded from the computation of basic and diluted income per LP unit as such earnings are allocated to our general partner or non-controlling interests. Accordingly, earnings from ARL prior to our investment on October 2, 2013 have been allocated to Mr. Icahn and his affiliates non-controlling interests, and therefore are excluded from the computation of basic and diluted income (loss) per LP unit. In addition, on August 24, 2012, Mr. Icahn and his affiliates contributed his interest of IEP Energy to us in exchange for our depositary units. Net income allocable to the general partner for the period May 5, 2012 through August 23, 2012, the period in which Mr. Icahn and his affiliates' ownership in IEP Energy, other than Icahn Enterprises' ownership, were considered under common control and thus, were excluded from computation of basic and diluted income per LP unit. See Note 4, "Related Party Transactions-Energy," for further discussion regarding this transaction. Acquisition, Investments and Disposition of Entities under Common Control Acquisitions or investments of entities under common control are reflected in a manner similar to pooling of interests. The general partner's capital account or non-controlling interests, as applicable, are charged or credited for the difference between the consideration we pay for the entity and the related entity's basis prior to our acquisition or investment. Net gains or losses of an acquired entity prior to its acquisition or investment date are allocated to the general partner's capital account or non-controlling interests, as applicable. In allocating gains and losses upon the sale of a previously acquired common control entity, we allocate a gain or loss for financial reporting purposes by first restoring the general partner's capital account or non-controlling interests, as applicable, for the cumulative charges or credits relating to prior periods recorded at the time of our acquisition or investment and then allocating the remaining gain or loss ("Common Control Gains or Losses") among our general partner, limited partners and non-controlling interests, as applicable, in accordance with their respective ownership percentages. In the case of acquisitions of entities under common control, such Common Control Gains or Losses are allocated in accordance with their respective partnership percentages under the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership dated as of May 12, 1987, as amended from time to time (together with the partnership agreement of Icahn Enterprises Holdings, the “Partnership Agreement”) (i.e., 98.01% to the limited partners and 1.99% to the general partner). General Partnership Interest of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings The general partner's capital account generally consists of its cumulative share of our net income less cash distributions plus capital contributions. Additionally, in acquisitions of common control companies accounted for at historical cost similar to a pooling of interests, the general partner's capital account would be charged (or credited) in a manner similar to a distribution (or contribution) for the excess (or deficit) of the fair value of consideration paid over historical basis in the business acquired. Capital Accounts, as defined under the Partnership Agreement, are maintained for our general partner and our limited partners. The capital account provisions of our Partnership Agreement incorporate principles established for U.S. federal income tax purposes and are not comparable to the equity accounts reflected under U.S. GAAP in our consolidated financial statements. Under our Partnership Agreement, the general partner is required to make additional capital contributions to us upon the issuance of any additional depositary units in order to maintain a capital account balance equal to 1.99% of the total capital accounts of all partners. Generally, net earnings for U.S. federal income tax purposes are allocated 1.99% and 98.01% between the general partner and the limited partners, respectively, in the same proportion as aggregate cash distributions made to the general partner and the limited partners during the period. This is generally consistent with the manner of allocating net income under our Partnership Agreement; however, it is not comparable to the allocation of net income reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Pursuant to the Partnership Agreement, in the event of our dissolution, after satisfying our liabilities, our remaining assets would be divided among our limited partners and the general partner in accordance with their respective percentage interests under the Partnership Agreement (i.e., 98.01% to the limited partners and 1.99% to the general partner). If a deficit balance still remains in the general partner's capital account after all allocations are made between the partners, the general partner would not be required to make whole any such deficit. Income Taxes Except as described below, no provision has been made for federal, state, local or foreign income taxes on the results of operations generated by partnership activities, as such taxes are the responsibility of the partners. Provision has been made for federal, state, local or foreign income taxes on the results of operations generated by our corporate subsidiaries and these are reflected within continuing and discontinued operations. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets are limited to amounts considered to be realizable in future periods. A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets if management does not believe that we have met the “more likely than not” standard to allow recognition of such an asset. U.S. GAAP provides that the tax effects from an uncertain tax position can be recognized in the financial statements only if the position is “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained if the position were to be challenged by a taxing authority. The assessment of the tax position is based solely on the technical merits of the position, without regard to the likelihood that the tax position may be challenged. If an uncertain tax position meets the “more-likely-than-not” threshold, the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be recognized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority is recorded. See Note 14, “Income Taxes,” for additional information. Revenue and Expense Recognition Automotive Revenue Recognition: Federal-Mogul records sales when products are shipped and the risks and rewards of ownership have transferred to the customer, the sales price is fixed and determinable, and the collectability of revenue is reasonably assured. Accruals for sales returns and other allowances are provided at point of sale based upon past experience. Adjustments to such returns and allowances are made as new information becomes available. Rebates: Federal-Mogul accrues for rebates pursuant to specific arrangements with certain of its customers, primarily in the aftermarket. Rebates generally provide for price reductions based upon the achievement of specified purchase volumes and are recorded as a reduction of sales as earned by such customers. Sales and Sales Related Taxes: Federal-Mogul collects and remits taxes assessed by various governmental authorities that are both imposed on and concurrent with revenue-producing transactions with its customers. These taxes may include, but are not limited to, sales, use, value-added, and some excise taxes. The collection of these taxes is reported on a net basis (excluded from revenues). Shipping and Handling Costs: Federal-Mogul recognizes shipping and handling costs as incurred as a component of cost of products sold in the consolidated statements of operations. Engineering and Tooling Costs: Pre-production tooling and engineering costs that Federal-Mogul will not own and that will be used in producing products under long-term supply arrangements are expensed as incurred unless the supply arrangement provides it with the noncancelable right to use the tools, or the reimbursement of such costs is agreed to by the customer. Pre-production tooling costs that are owned by Federal-Mogul are capitalized as part of machinery and equipment, and are depreciated over the shorter of the tool’s expected life or the duration of the related program. Research and Development: Federal-Mogul expenses research and development (“R&D”) costs as incurred. R&D expense, including product engineering and validation costs, was $192 million, $177 million and $179 million for 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Restructuring: Federal-Mogul's restructuring costs are comprised of two types: employee costs (contractual termination benefits) and facility closure costs. Termination benefits are accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 712, Compensation - Nonretirement Postemployment Benefits (“FASB ASC 712”), and are recorded when it is probable that employees will be entitled to benefits and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. Estimates of termination benefits are based on the frequency of past termination benefits, the similarity of benefits under the current plan and prior plans, and the existence of statutory required minimum benefits. Termination benefits are also accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations (“FASB ASC 420”), for one-time termination benefits and are recorded dependent upon future service requirements. Facility closure and other costs are accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC 420 and are recorded when the liability is incurred. Energy Revenue recognition: For our Energy segment, revenues for products sold are recorded upon delivery of the products to customers, which is the point at which title is transferred, the customer has the assumed risk of loss, and when payment has been received or collection is reasonably assumed. Deferred revenue represents customer prepayments under contracts to guarantee a price and supply of nitrogen fertilizer in quantities expected to be delivered in the next 12 months in the normal course of business. Excise and other taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are not included in reported revenues. Non-monetary product exchanges and certain buy/sell crude oil transactions which are entered into in the normal course of business are included on a net cost basis in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statement of operations. Our Energy segment also engages in trading activities, whereby it enters into agreements to purchase and sell refined products with third parties. Our Energy segment acts as a principal in these transactions, taking title to the products in purchases from counterparties, and accepting the risks and rewards of ownership. Our Energy segment records revenue for the gross amount of the sales transactions, and records cost of goods sold in our consolidated financial statements. Shipping Costs: For our Energy segment, pass-through finished goods delivery costs reimbursed by customers are reported in net sales, while an offsetting expense is included in cost of goods sold. Gaming Revenue Recognition and Promotional Allowances: Casino revenue represents the difference between wins and losses from gaming activities. Room, food and beverage and other operating revenues are recognized at the time the goods or services are provided. Tropicana collects taxes from customers at the point of sale on transactions subject to sales and other taxes. Revenues are recorded net of any taxes collected. The majority of our casino revenue is counted in the form of cash and chips and, therefore, is not subject to any significant or complex estimation. The retail value of rooms, food and beverage and other services provided to customers on a complimentary basis is included in gross revenues and then deducted as promotional allowances. Railcar Revenue recognition: Revenues from manufactured railcar sales are recognized following completion of manufacturing, inspection, customer acceptance and title transfer, which is when the risk for any damage or loss with respect to the railcars passes to the customer. Amounts billed prior to meeting revenue recognition criteria are accounted for as deferred revenue which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Revenues from railcar leasing are recognized on a straight-line basis per terms of the lease. If railcars are sold under a lease that is less than one year old, the proceeds from the railcars sold that were on lease will be shown on a gross basis in revenues and cost of revenues at the time of sale. Sales of leased railcars that have been on lease for more than one year are recognized as a net gain or loss from the disposal of the long-term asset as a component of earnings from operations. Revenues from railcar and industrial components are recorded at the time of product shipment, in accordance with our Railcar segment's contractual terms. Revenues from railcar maintenance services are recognized upon completion. Our Railcar segment does not currently bundle railcar service contracts with new railcar sales. Revenues from engineering and field services are recognized as performed. Our Railcar segment records amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling as part of net sales and other revenues from operations in our consolidated statements of operations and records related costs in cost of goods sold and other expenses from operations. Our Railcar segment presents any sales tax assessed by a governmental authority that is directly imposed on a revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer on a net basis. Food Packaging Revenue Recognition: Revenues are recognized at the time products are shipped to the customer, under F.O.B. shipping point or F.O.B. port terms, which is the point at which title is transferred, the customer has the assumed risk of loss, and payment has been received or collection is reasonably assumed. Revenues are net of discounts, rebates and allowances. Viskase records all labor, raw materials, in-bound freight, plant receiving and purchasing, warehousing, handling and distribution costs as a component of costs of goods sold. Metals Revenue Recognition: PSC Metals' primary source of revenue is from the sale of processed ferrous scrap metal, non-ferrous scrap metals, steel pipe and steel plate. PSC Metals also generates revenues from sales of secondary plate and pipe, the brokering of scrap metals and from services performed. All sales are recognized when title passes to the customer. Revenues from services are recognized as the service is performed. Sales adjustments related to price and weight differences are reflected as a reduction of revenues when settled. Home Fashion Revenue Recognition: WPH records revenue when the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the price to the customer is fixed and determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, title and risk of loss pass from WPH to the customer when WPH delivers the merchandise to the designated point of delivery, to the designated point of destination or to the designated carrier, free on board. Provisions for certain rebates, sales incentives, product returns and discounts to customers are recorded in the same period the related revenue is recorded. Sales Incentives: Customer incentives are provided to major WPH customers. These incentives begin to accrue when a commitment has been made to the customer and are recorded as a reduction to sales. Real Estate Revenue Recognition: Revenue from real estate sales and related costs are recognized at the time of closing primarily by specific identification. Substantially all of the property comprising our net lease portfolio is leased to others under long-term net leases and we account for these leases in accordance with applicable U.S. GAAP. We account for our leases as follows: (i) under the financing method, (x) minimum lease payments to be received plus the estimated value of the property at the end of the lease are considered the gross investment in the lease and (y) unearned income, representing the difference between gross investment and actual cost of the leased property, is amortized to income over the lease term so as to produce a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment in the lease; and (ii) under the operating method, revenue is recognized as rentals become due, and expenses (including depreciation) are charged to operations as incurred. Environmental Liabilities We recognize environmental liabilities when a loss is probable and reasonably estimable. Such accruals are estimated based on currently available information, existing technology and enacted laws and regulations. Such estimates are based primarily upon the estimated cost of investigation and remediation required and the likelihood that other potentially responsible parties will be able to fulfill their commitments at the sites where we may be jointly and severally liable with such parties. We regularly evaluate and revise estimates for environmental obligations based on expenditures against established reserves and the availability of additional information. Foreign Currency Translation Exchange adjustments related to international currency transactions and translation adjustments for international subsidiaries whose functional currency is the U.S. dollar (principally those located in highly inflationary economies) are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. Translation adjustments of international subsidiaries for which the local currency is the functional currency are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Deferred taxes are not provided on translation adjustments as the earnings of the subsidiaries are considered to be permanently reinvested. Adoption of New Accounting Standards In February 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2013-04, which amends FASB ASC Topic 405, Liabilities. This ASU requires the measurement of obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements for which the total amount of the obligation is fixed at the reporting date as the sum of (1) the amount the reporting entity agreed to pay on the basis of its arrangement among its co-obligors and (2) any additional amount the reporting entity expects to pay on behalf of its co-obligors. This guidance also requires the disclosure of the nature and amount of the obligation as well as other information about those obligations. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2013. The adoption of this guidance during the first quarter of 2014 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In March 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-05, which amends FASB ASC Topic 830, Foreign Currency Matters. This ASU resolves the accounting for certain foreign currency matters with respect to the release of cumulative translation adjustment into net income within a foreign entity under certain circumstances. This ASU is effective prospectively for fiscal years (and interim reporting periods within those years) beginning after December 15, 2013. This ASU should be applied prospectively to derecognition events occurring after the effective date. The adoption of this guidance during the first quarter of 2014 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-11, which amends FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. This ASU requires that unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operation loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward, except in certain cases. This ASU is effective for fiscal years (and interim reporting periods within those years) beginning after December 15, 2013. The adoption of this guidance during the first quarter of 2014 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Recently Issued Accounting Standards In April 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-08, which amends FASB ASC Topic 205, Presentation of Financial Statements and FASB ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. This ASU is effective on a prospective basis applicable to activities that occur within annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2014, and interim periods within those years, and changes the requirements for reporting discontinued operations. Early adoption is permitted, but only for disposals that have not been reported in financial statements previously issued or available for issuance. We believe that ASU No. 2014-08 will reduce the number of dispositions that would qualify for discontinued operations at our parent company level, thereby reducing the complexity associated with the reporting and disclosure requirements of discontinued operations that would have been otherwise required previously. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, creating a new topic, FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, superseding revenue recognition requirements in FASB ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. This ASU requires that an entity recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, an entity is required to disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim reporting periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016, using one of two retrospective application methods. Early adoption is not permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows and disclosures. In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-12, which amends FASB Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. This ASU requires that a performance target that affects vesting and that could be achieved after the requisite service period be treated as a performance condition. A reporting entity should apply existing guidance in FASB ASC Topic 718 as it relates to awards with performance conditions that affect vesting to account for such awards. As such, the performance target should not be reflected in estimating the grant-date fair value of the award. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim reporting periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2015. We are currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows and disclosures. In November 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-17, which amends FASB Topic 805, Business Combinations. This ASU provides an acquired entity with an option to apply pushdown accounting in its separate financial statements upon occurrence of an event in which an acquirer obtains control of the acquired entity. The ASU became effective on November 18, 2014. The adoption of this guidance did not have any effect on our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows and disclosures. In January 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-01, which amends FASB ASU Topic 220-20, Income Statement - Extraordinary and Unusual Items. This ASU eliminates from GAAP the concept of extraordinary items. Although the ASU will eliminate the requirements in Subtopic 225-20 for reporting entities to consider whether an underlying event or transaction is extraordinary, the presentation and disclosure guidance for items that are unusual in nature or occur infrequently will be retained and will be expanded to include items that are both unusual in nature and infrequently occurring. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. A reporting entity may apply the amendments prospectively. A reporting entity also may apply the amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is permitted provided that the guidance is applied from the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. We currently anticipate that the adoption of this guidance will have no impact on our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows and disclosures. In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-02, which amends FASB ASU Topic 810, Consolidations. This ASU amends the current consolidation guidance, including introducing a separate consolidation analysis specific to limited partnerships and other similar entities. This ASU requires that limited partnerships and similar legal entities provide partners with either substantive substantive kick-out rights or substantive participating rights over the general partner in order to be considered a voting interest entity. The specialized consolidation model and guidance for limited partnerships and similar legal entities have been eliminated. There is no longer a presumption that a general partner should consolidate a limited partnership. For limited partnerships and similar legal entities that qualify as voting interest entities, a limited partner with a controlling financial interest should consolidate a limited partnership. A controlling financial interest may be achieved through holding a limited partner interest that provides substantive kick-out rights. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. We are currently evaluating the standard and the impact on our consolidated financial statements and footnote disclosures. Filing Status of Subsidiaries Federal-Mogul Corporation (“Federal-Mogul”), CVR Energy, Inc. ("CVR"), American Railcar Industries, Inc. (“ARI”) and Tropicana Entertainment Inc. (“Tropicana”) are each a public reporting entity under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and file annual, quarterly and current reports and proxy and information statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Each of these reports is publicly available at www.sec.gov.

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