Financial Instruments.

Overview

Investment

In the normal course of business, the Investment Funds may trade various financial instruments and enter into certain investment activities, which may give rise to off-balance-sheet risks, with the objective of capital appreciation or as economic hedges against other securities or the market as a whole. The Investment Funds' investments may include futures, options, swaps and securities sold, not yet purchased. These financial instruments represent future commitments to purchase or sell other financial instruments or to exchange an amount of cash based on the change in an underlying instrument at specific terms at specified future dates. Risks arise with these financial instruments from potential counterparty non-performance and from changes in the market values of underlying instruments.

Credit concentrations may arise from investment activities and may be impacted by changes in economic, industry or political factors. The Investment Funds routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, resulting in credit concentration with respect to the financial services industry. In the ordinary course of business, the Investment Funds may also be subject to a concentration of credit risk to a particular counterparty. The Investment Funds seek to mitigate these risks by actively monitoring exposures, collateral requirements and the creditworthiness of its counterparties.

The Investment Funds have entered into various types of swap contracts with other counterparties. These agreements provide that they are entitled to receive or are obligated to pay in cash an amount equal to the increase or decrease, respectively, in the value of the underlying shares, debt and other instruments that are the subject of the contracts, during the period from inception of the applicable agreement to its expiration. In addition, pursuant to the terms of such agreements, they are entitled to receive or obligated to pay other amounts, including interest, dividends and other distributions made in respect of the underlying shares, debt and other instruments during the specified time frame. They are also required to pay to the counterparty a floating interest rate equal to the product of the notional amount multiplied by an agreed-upon rate, and they receive interest on any cash collateral that they post to the counterparty at the federal funds or LIBOR in effect for such period.

The Investment Funds may trade futures contracts. A futures contract is a firm commitment to buy or sell a specified quantity of a standardized amount of a deliverable grade commodity, security, currency or cash at a specified price and specified future date unless the contract is closed before the delivery date. Payments (or variation margin) are made or received by the Investment Funds each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the value of the contract, and the whole value change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss by the Investment Funds. When the contract is closed, the Investment Funds record a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed.

The Investment Funds may utilize forward contracts to seek to protect their assets denominated in foreign currencies and precious metals holdings from losses due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and spot rates. The Investment Funds' exposure to credit risk associated with non-performance of such forward contracts is limited to the unrealized gains or losses inherent in such contracts, which are recognized in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

The Investment Funds may also enter into foreign currency contracts for purposes other than hedging denominated securities. When entering into a foreign currency forward contract, the Investment Funds agree to receive or deliver a fixed quantity of foreign currency for an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon future date unless the contract is closed before such date. The Investment Funds record unrealized gains or losses on the contracts as measured by the difference between the forward foreign exchange rates at the dates of entry into such contracts and the forward rates at the reporting date.

The Investment Funds may also purchase and write option contracts. As a writer of option contracts, the Investment Funds receive a premium at the outset and then bear the market risk of unfavorable changes in the price of the underlying financial instrument. As a result of writing option contracts, the Investment Funds are obligated to purchase or sell, at the holder's option, the underlying financial instrument. Accordingly, these transactions result in off-balance-sheet risk, as the Investment Funds' satisfaction of the obligations may exceed the amount recognized in our consolidated balance sheets.

Certain terms of the Investment Funds' contracts with derivative counterparties, which are standard and customary to such contracts, contain certain triggering events that would give the counterparties the right to terminate the derivative instruments. In such events, the counterparties to the derivative instruments could request immediate payment on derivative instruments in net liability positions. The aggregate fair value of all of the Investment Funds' derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that are in a liability position at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $17 million and $39 million, respectively.

Automotive

Federal-Mogul is exposed to market risk, such as fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and changes in interest rates, which may result in cash flow risks. To manage the volatility relating to these exposures, Federal-Mogul aggregates the exposures on a consolidated basis to take advantage of natural offsets. For exposures not offset within its operations, Federal-Mogul enters into various derivative transactions pursuant to its risk management policies, which prohibit holding or issuing derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes, and designation of derivative instruments is performed on a transaction basis to support hedge accounting. The changes in fair value of these hedging instruments are offset in part or in whole by corresponding changes in the fair value or cash flows of the underlying exposures being hedged. Federal-Mogul assesses the initial and ongoing effectiveness of its hedging relationships in accordance with its documented policy.

Financial instruments including cash equivalents, derivative contracts, and accounts receivable, expose Federal-Mogul to

counter-party credit risk for non-performance. Federal-Mogul’s counterparties for cash equivalents and derivative contracts are

banks and financial institutions that meet its requirement of high credit standing. Federal-Mogul's counterparties for derivative

contracts are substantial investment and commercial banks with significant experience using such derivatives. Federal-Mogul

manages its credit risk through policies requiring minimum credit standing and limiting credit exposure to any one counterparty

and through monitoring counter-party credit risks. Federal-Mogul's concentration of credit risk related to derivative

contracts at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was not material.

Energy

CVR Refining enters into commodity swap contracts in order to fix the margin on a portion of future production. Additionally, CVR Refining may enter into price and basis swaps in order to fix the price on a portion of its commodity purchases and product sales. The physical volumes are not exchanged and these contracts are net settled with cash. The contract fair value of the commodity swaps is reflected on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value currently recognized in the consolidated statements of operations. Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets (Level 2) are considered to determine the fair values for the purpose of marking to market the hedging instruments at each period end. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, CVR Refining had open commodity swap instruments consisting of 14.3 million and 4.0 million barrels of crack spreads, respectively, primarily to fix the margin on a portion of its future gasoline and distillate production. Additionally, as of December 31, 2017, CVR Refining had open forward purchase and sale commitments for 5.8 million barrels of Canadian crude oil priced at fixed differentials that are not considered probable of physical settlement and are accounted for as derivatives.

Consolidated Derivative Information

Certain derivative contracts executed by the Investment Funds with a single counterparty, by our Automotive segment with a single counterparty or by our Energy segment with a single counterparty are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis where a legal right of offset exists under an enforceable netting agreement. Values for the derivative financial instruments, principally swaps, forwards, over-the-counter options and other conditional and exchange contracts, are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis. As a result, the net exposure to counterparties is reported in either other assets or accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the consolidated fair values of our derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments in accordance with U.S GAAP:



	Asset Derivatives⁽¹⁾						Liability Derivatives
	December 31,						December 31,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
	(in millions)
Equity contracts	$	—		$	15		$	1,159		$	1,104
Credit contracts	—			17			17			39
Commodity contracts	7			2			106			11
Sub-total	7			34			1,282			1,154
Netting across contract types⁽²⁾	(7		)	(15		)	(7		)	(15		)
	$	—		$	19		$	1,275		$	1,139


⁽¹⁾	Net asset derivatives are located within other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.


⁽²⁾	Excludes netting of cash collateral received and posted. The total collateral posted at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $542 million and $634 million, respectively, across all counterparties.

The following table presents the amount of gain (loss) recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for our derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:



	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income⁽¹⁾
	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
	(in millions)
Equity contracts	$	(1,815	)	$	(1,609	)	$	(1	)
Foreign exchange contracts	—			35			160
Credit contracts	(42		)	44			489
Interest rate contracts	—			(28		)	—
Commodity contracts	(182		)	(101		)	57
	$	(2,039	)	$	(1,659	)	$	705


⁽¹⁾	Gains (losses) recognized on derivatives are classified in net gain from investment activities in our consolidated statements of operations for our Investment segment and are included in other income, net for all other segments.

The volume of our derivative activities based on their notional exposure, categorized by primary underlying risk, is as follows:



	December 31, 2017				December 31, 2016
	Long Notional Exposure		Short Notional Exposure		Long Notional Exposure		Short Notional Exposure
Primary underlying risk:	(in millions)
Equity contracts	$	243	$	6,660	$	112	$	14,094
Credit contracts⁽¹⁾	—		391		202		472
Commodity contracts	20		911		16		754


⁽¹⁾	The short notional amount on our credit default swap positions is approximately $2.5 billion and $2.6 billion as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. However, because credit spreads cannot compress below zero, our downside short notional exposure to loss is approximately $391 million and $472 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Non-Derivative Instruments Designated as Hedging Instruments

As of December 31, 2017, Federal-Mogul has foreign currency denominated debt, of which $884 million is designated as a net investment hedge in certain foreign subsidiaries and affiliates of Federal-Mogul. Changes to its carrying value are included in other comprehensive loss as translation adjustments and other. These debt instruments are discussed further in Note 10, “Debt.” The amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 was a loss of $85 million.