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Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net | 9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net Goodwill consists of the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022
​ |  | Automotive |  | Food Packaging |  | Home Fashion |  | Pharma |  | Metals |  | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Gross carrying amount, Jan 1 | ​ | $ | 337 | ​ | $ | 6 | ​ | $ | 24 | ​ | $ | 13 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 380
Foreign Exchange |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (2) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (2)
Gross carrying amount, Dec 31 |  | ​ | 337 |  | ​ | 6 |  | ​ | 22 |  | ​ | 13 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 378
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accumulated impairment, Jan 1 |  | ​ | (87) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (3) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (90)
Impairment |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | —
Accumulated impairment, Dec 31 |  | ​ | (87) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (3) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (90)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net carrying value, Dec 31 | ​ | $ | 250 | ​ | $ | 6 | ​ | $ | 19 | ​ | $ | 13 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 288
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2021
​ |  | Automotive |  | Food Packaging |  | Home Fashion |  | Pharma |  | Metals |  | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Gross carrying amount, Jan 1 | ​ | $ | 337 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | 13 | ​ | $ | 4 |  | $ | 384
Dispositions |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (4) |  | ​ | (4)
Foreign exchange |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | —
Gross carrying amount, Dec 31 |  | ​ | 337 |  | ​ | 6 |  | ​ | 24 |  | ​ | 13 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 380
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accumulated impairment, Jan 1 |  | ​ | (87) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (3) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (90)
Impairment |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | —
Accumulated impairment, Dec 31 |  | ​ | (87) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (3) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (90)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net carrying value, Dec 31 | ​ | $ | 250 | ​ | $ | 6 | ​ | $ | 21 | ​ | $ | 13 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 290
​ Intangible assets, net consists of the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2022 | ​ | December 31, 2021
​ |  | Gross |  | ​ | ​ |  | Net |  | Gross |  | ​ | ​ |  | Net
​ | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Carrying
​ | ​ | Amount | ​ | Amortization | ​ | Value | ​ | Amount | ​ | Amortization | ​ | Value
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Definite-lived intangible assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Customer relationships | ​ | $ | 393 | ​ | $ | (212) | ​ | $ | 181 | ​ | $ | 394 | ​ | $ | (192) |  | $ | 202
Developed technology | ​ | ​ | 254 | ​ | ​ | (62) | ​ | ​ | 192 | ​ | ​ | 254 | ​ | ​ | (34) |  | ​ | 220
Other | ​ |  | 167 | ​ |  | (90) | ​ |  | 77 | ​ |  | 167 | ​ |  | (77) | ​ |  | 90
​ | ​ | $ | 814 | ​ | $ | (364) | ​ | $ | 450 | ​ | $ | 815 | ​ | $ | (303) | ​ | $ | 512
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Indefinite-lived intangible assets | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | $ | 83 | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | $ | 83
Intangible assets, net | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | $ | 533 | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | $ | 595
​ Amortization expense associated with definite-lived intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $61 million, $62 million and $44 million, respectively. We utilize the straight-line method of amortization, recognized over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated future amortization expense for our definite-lived intangible assets is as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Year |  | Amount
​ | ​ | (in millions)
2023 | ​ | $ | 59
2024 | ​ |  | 57
2025 | ​ |  | 56
2026 | ​ |  | 36
2027 | ​ |  | 36
Thereafter | ​ |  | 206
​ | ​ | $ | 450
​ Impairment of Goodwill When performing the quantitative analysis for goodwill impairment testing, we base the fair value of our reporting units on consideration of various valuation methodologies, including projecting future cash flows discounted at rates commensurate with the risks involved (“DCF”). Assumptions used in a DCF require the exercise of significant judgment, including judgment about appropriate discount rates and terminal values, growth rates, and the amount and timing of expected future cash flows. The forecasted cash flows are based on current plans and for years beyond that plan, the estimates are based on assumed growth rates. We believe that our assumptions are consistent with the plans and estimates used to manage the underlying businesses. The discount rates, which are intended to reflect the risks inherent in future cash flow projections, used in a DCF are based on estimates of the weighted-average cost of capital of a market participant. Such estimates are derived from our analysis of peer companies and consider the industry weighted average return on debt and equity from a market participant perspective. Automotive We perform the annual goodwill impairment test for our Automotive segment as of October 1 of each year, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist. During 2022 and 2021, our Automotive segment considered qualitative factors to determine that goodwill at its Service reporting unit did not require further testing for impairment. During the first quarter of 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our Automotive segment’s operations, we performed an interim goodwill impairment analysis. At such time, our Automotive segment had $250 million of goodwill, all of which was allocated to its Service reporting unit. Based on the interim impairment analysis, we determined that the fair value of our Automotive segment’s Service reporting unit was significantly in excess of its carrying value and therefore, no impairment is required. For our Automotive segment’s annual impairment test for 2020, our Automotive segment considered qualitative factors to determine that goodwill at its Service reporting unit did not require further testing for impairment. Home Fashion We perform the annual goodwill impairment test for our Home Fashion segment as of October 1 of each year, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist. During the second quarter of 2020, our Home Fashion segment impaired a portion of its goodwill in the amount of $3 million.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for goodwill and intangible assets. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144416 + Details
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