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xbrli:shares iso4217:USD xbrli:pure iep:item iep:country iep:product iep:D utr:MMBbls iep:BarrelOfButane

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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from to

​ | ​ ​ ​ | ​ | ​
(Commission File Number) | (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) (Telephone Number) | (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
1-9516 | ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. | Delaware | 13-3398766

16690 Collins Avenue, PH-1

Sunny Isles Beach, FL 33160

(305) 422-4100

​ | ​ | ​ | ​

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Depositary Units of Icahn Enterprises L.P. Representing Limited Partner Interests | ​ | IEP |  | Nasdaq Global Select Market

​

​ | ​
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
​ | ​
​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

​ | ​
​ | ​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check One):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Large Accelerated Filer | ⌧ | ​ | Accelerated Filer | ◻ | ​ | Emerging Growth Company | ☐
Non-accelerated Filer | ◻ | ​ | Smaller Reporting Company | ☐ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ⌧

​

As of May 8, 2024, there were 451,194,040 of Icahn Enterprises’ depositary units outstanding.

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ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

​ | ​ | Page No.
​ | Forward-Looking Statements | 1
​ | ​ | ​
​ | PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION | ​
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 2
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 34
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 48
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 49
​ | ​ | ​
​ | PART II. OTHER INFORMATION | ​
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 50
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 50
Item 5. | Other Information | 50
Item 6. | Exhibits | 50

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Report contains certain statements that are, or may be deemed to be, “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. All statements included in this Report, other than statements that relate solely to historical fact, are “forward-looking statements.” Such statements include, but are not limited to, any statement that may predict, forecast, indicate or imply future results, performance, achievements or events, or any statement that may relate to strategies, plans or objectives for, or potential results of, future operations, financial results, financial condition, business prospects, growth strategy or liquidity, and are based upon management’s current plans and beliefs or current estimates of future results or trends. Forward-looking statements can generally be identified by phrases such as “believes,” “expects,” “potential,” “continues,” “may,” “should,” “seeks,” “predicts,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “projects,” “estimates,” “plans,” “could,” “designed,” “should be” and other similar expressions that denote expectations of future or conditional events rather than statements of fact.

Forward-looking statements include certain statements made under the caption, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” under Part I, Item 2 of this Report, but also forward-looking statements that appear in other parts of this Report. Forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on certain assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from trends, plans, or expectations set forth in the forward-looking statements. These include risks related to economic downturns, substantial competition and rising operating costs; the impacts from the Russia/Ukraine conflict and ongoing conflict in the Middle East, including economic volatility and the impacts of export controls and other economic sanctions; risks related to our investment activities, including the nature of the investments made by the private funds in which we invest, declines in the fair value of our investments, losses in the private funds and loss of key employees; risks related to our ability to continue to conduct our activities in a manner so as to not be deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or be taxed as a corporation; risks relating to short sellers and associated litigation and regulatory inquires; risks related to our general partner and controlling unitholder; pledges of our units by our controlling unitholder; risks related to our energy business, including the volatility and availability of crude oil, other feed stocks and refined products, declines in global demand for crude oil, refined products and liquid transportation fuels, unfavorable refining margin (crack spread), interrupted access to pipelines, significant fluctuations in nitrogen fertilizer demand in the agricultural industry and seasonality of results; risks relating to potential strategic transactions involving our Energy segment; risks related to our automotive activities and exposure to adverse conditions in the automotive industry, including as a result of the Chapter 11 filing of our automotive parts subsidiary; risks related to our food packaging activities, including competition from better capitalized competitors, inability of our suppliers to timely deliver raw materials, and the failure to effectively respond to industry changes in casings technology; supply chain issues; inflation, including increased costs of raw materials and shipping, including as a result of the Russia/Ukraine conflict and conflict in the Middle East; interest rate increases; labor shortages and workforce availability; risks related to our real estate activities, including the extent of any tenant bankruptcies and insolvencies; risks related to our home fashion operations, including changes in the availability and price of raw materials, manufacturing disruptions, and changes in transportation costs and delivery times. These risks and uncertainties also include the risks and uncertainties described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Additionally, there may be other factors not presently known to us or which we currently consider to be immaterial that may cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements.

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions, except unit amounts)
ASSETS | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 2,468 | ​ | $ | 2,951
Cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash | ​ |  | 2,565 | ​ |  | 2,995
Investments | ​ |  | 3,315 | ​ |  | 3,012
Due from brokers | ​ |  | 4,321 | ​ |  | 4,367
Accounts receivable, net | ​ |  | 447 | ​ |  | 485
Related party notes receivable, net | ​ | ​ | 11 | ​ | ​ | 11
Inventories, net | ​ |  | 1,039 | ​ |  | 1,047
Property, plant and equipment, net | ​ |  | 3,940 | ​ |  | 3,969
Deferred tax asset | ​ | ​ | 190 | ​ | ​ | 184
Derivative assets, net | ​ | ​ | 24 | ​ | ​ | 64
Goodwill | ​ |  | 288 | ​ |  | 288
Intangible assets, net | ​ |  | 452 | ​ |  | 466
Other assets | ​ |  | 1,004 | ​ |  | 1,019
Total Assets | ​ | $ | 20,064 | ​ | $ | 20,858
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Accounts payable | ​ | $ | 795 | ​ | $ | 830
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | ​ |  | 2,044 | ​ |  | 1,596
Deferred tax liabilities | ​ |  | 390 | ​ |  | 399
Derivative liabilities, net | ​ |  | 702 | ​ |  | 979
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value | ​ |  | 3,644 | ​ |  | 3,473
Due to brokers | ​ |  | 256 | ​ |  | 301
Debt | ​ |  | 6,608 | ​ |  | 7,207
Total liabilities | ​ |  | 14,439 | ​ |  | 14,785
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Commitments and contingencies (Note 18) | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Limited partners: Depositary units: 431,808,850 units issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and 429,033,241 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 | ​ |  | 3,550 | ​ |  | 3,969
General partner | ​ |  | (769) | ​ |  | (761)
Equity attributable to Icahn Enterprises | ​ |  | 2,781 | ​ |  | 3,208
Equity attributable to non-controlling interests | ​ |  | 2,844 | ​ |  | 2,865
Total equity | ​ |  | 5,625 | ​ |  | 6,073
Total Liabilities and Equity | ​ | $ | 20,064 | ​ | $ | 20,858

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See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net sales | ​ | $ | 2,244 | ​ | $ | 2,758
Other revenues from operations | ​ |  | 183 | ​ |  | 187
Net loss from investment activities | ​ |  | (96) | ​ |  | (443)
Interest and dividend income | ​ |  | 143 | ​ |  | 171
Loss on disposition of assets, net | ​ |  | (6) | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ |  | 2,468 | ​ |  | 2,673
Expenses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cost of goods sold | ​ |  | 1,987 | ​ |  | 2,260
Other expenses from operations | ​ |  | 153 | ​ |  | 158
Selling, general and administrative | ​ |  | 193 | ​ |  | 229
Loss on deconsolidation of subsidiary | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 226
Interest expense | ​ |  | 136 | ​ |  | 142
Other loss, net | ​ |  | 18 | ​ |  | 32
​ | ​ |  | 2,487 | ​ |  | 3,047
Loss before income tax (expense) benefit | ​ |  | (19) | ​ |  | (374)
Income tax (expense) benefit | ​ |  | (7) | ​ |  | 16
Net loss | ​ |  | (26) | ​ |  | (358)
Less: net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests | ​ |  | 12 | ​ |  | (88)
Net loss attributable to Icahn Enterprises | ​ | $ | (38) | ​ | $ | (270)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net loss attributable to Icahn Enterprises allocated to: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Limited partners | ​ | $ | (37) | ​ | $ | (265)
General partner | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | (5)
​ | ​ | $ | (38) | ​ | $ | (270)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic and Diluted loss per LP unit | ​ | $ | (0.09) | ​ | $ | (0.75)
Basic and Diluted weighted average LP units outstanding | ​ |  | 429 | ​ |  | 354
Distributions declared per LP unit | ​ | $ | 1.00 | ​ | $ | 2.00

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See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (UNAUDITED)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net loss | ​ | $ | (26) | ​ | $ | (358)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Translation adjustments | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | 4
Post-retirement benefits and other | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | 4
Comprehensive loss | ​ |  | (28) | ​ |  | (354)
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests | ​ |  | 12 | ​ |  | (88)
Comprehensive loss attributable to Icahn Enterprises | ​ | $ | (40) | ​ | $ | (266)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Comprehensive loss attributable to Icahn Enterprises allocated to: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Limited partners | ​ | $ | (39) | ​ | $ | (261)
General partner | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | (5)
​ | ​ | $ | (40) | ​ | $ | (266)

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See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Equity Attributable to Icahn Enterprises | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | General | ​ | Limited | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Non- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Partner’s | ​ | Partners’ | ​ | Total Partners’ | ​ | controlling | ​ | ​
​ |  | Deficit |  | Equity |  | Equity |  | Interests |  | Total Equity
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Balance, December 31, 2023 | ​ | $ | (761) | ​ | $ | 3,969 | ​ | $ | 3,208 | ​ | $ | 2,865 | ​ | $ | 6,073
Net (loss) income | ​ | ​ | (1) |  | ​ | (37) | ​ | ​ | (38) | ​ | ​ | 12 | ​ | ​ | (26)
Other comprehensive loss |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (2) |  | ​ | (2) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (2)
Partnership distributions payable |  | ​ | (9) |  | ​ | (430) |  | ​ | (439) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (439)
Partnership contributions |  | ​ | 1 |  | ​ | 50 |  | ​ | 51 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 51
Investment segment distributions to non-controlling interests |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (5) |  | ​ | (5)
Dividends and distributions to non-controlling interests in subsidiaries |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (28) |  | ​ | (28)
Changes in subsidiary equity and other |  | ​ | 1 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 1 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 1
Balance, March 31, 2024 |  | $ | (769) |  | $ | 3,550 |  | $ | 2,781 |  | $ | 2,844 |  | $ | 5,625

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Equity Attributable to Icahn Enterprises | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | General | ​ | Limited | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Non- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Partner’s | ​ | Partners’ | ​ | Total Partners’ | ​ | controlling | ​ | ​
​ |  | Deficit |  | Equity |  | Equity |  | Interests |  | Total Equity
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Balance, December 31, 2022 | ​ | $ | (747) | ​ | $ | 4,647 | ​ | $ | 3,900 | ​ | $ | 5,658 | ​ | $ | 9,558
Net loss | ​ | ​ | (5) |  | ​ | (265) | ​ | ​ | (270) | ​ | ​ | (88) | ​ | ​ | (358)
Other comprehensive income |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 4 |  | ​ | 4 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 4
Partnership distributions payable |  | ​ | (15) |  | ​ | (709) |  | ​ | (724) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (724)
Partnership contributions |  | ​ | 4 |  | ​ | 175 |  | ​ | 179 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 179
Investment segment contributions from non-controlling interests |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (80) |  | ​ | (80)
Dividends and distributions to non-controlling interests in subsidiaries |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (85) |  | ​ | (85)
Changes in subsidiary equity and other |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 2 |  | ​ | 2 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 2
Balance, March 31, 2023 |  | $ | (763) |  | $ | 3,854 |  | $ | 3,091 |  | $ | 5,405 |  | $ | 8,496

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See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ICAHN ENTERPRISES L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Cash flows from operating activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net loss | ​ | $ | (26) |  | $ | (358)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Net loss from securities transactions | ​ |  | 258 | ​ |  | 196
Purchases of securities | ​ |  | (784) | ​ |  | (380)
Proceeds from sales of securities | ​ |  | 660 | ​ |  | 565
Payments to cover securities sold, not yet purchased | ​ |  | (368) | ​ |  | (1,228)
Proceeds from securities sold, not yet purchased | ​ |  | 100 | ​ |  | 205
Changes in receivables and payables relating to securities transactions | ​ |  | 18 | ​ |  | 655
Changes in derivative assets and liabilities | ​ |  | (237) | ​ |  | 366
Loss on disposition of assets, net | ​ |  | 6 | ​ |  | —
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 129 | ​ |  | 122
Loss on deconsolidation of subsidiary | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 226
Deferred taxes | ​ |  | (16) | ​ |  | (60)
Other, net | ​ |  | 12 | ​ |  | (19)
Changes in other operating assets and liabilities | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | (25)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | ​ |  | (251) | ​ |  | 265
Cash flows from investing activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Capital expenditures | ​ |  | (68) | ​ |  | (58)
Turnaround expenditures | ​ | ​ | (12) | ​ | ​ | (8)
Proceeds from disposition of businesses and assets | ​ |  | 2 | ​ |  | —
Return of equity method investment | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | 19
Other, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (16)
Net cash used in investing activities | ​ |  | (75) | ​ |  | (63)
Cash flows from financing activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Investment segment distributions to non-controlling interests | ​ | ​ | (5) | ​ | ​ | (82)
Partnership contributions | ​ |  | 50 | ​ |  | 173
Dividends and distributions to non-controlling interests in subsidiaries | ​ |  | (28) | ​ |  | (85)
Proceeds from subsidiary borrowings | ​ |  | 7 | ​ |  | 16
Repayments of subsidiary borrowings | ​ |  | (607) | ​ |  | (19)
Other, net | ​ |  | (4) | ​ |  | (2)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | ​ |  | (587) | ​ |  | 1
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | ​ |  | (913) | ​ |  | 203
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, beginning of period | ​ |  | 5,946 | ​ |  | 4,886
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, end of period | ​ | $ | 5,033 | ​ | $ | 5,089

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See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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1. Description of Business

Overview

Icahn Enterprises L.P. (“Icahn Enterprises”) is a master limited partnership formed in Delaware on February 17, 1987. References to “we,” “our” or “us” herein include both Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. (“Icahn Enterprises Holdings”) and their subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires.

Icahn Enterprises owns a 99% limited partner interest in Icahn Enterprises Holdings. Icahn Enterprises Holdings and its subsidiaries own substantially all of our assets and liabilities and conduct substantially all of our operations. Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc. (“Icahn Enterprises GP”), which is indirectly owned and controlled by Mr. Carl C. Icahn, owns a 1% general partner interest in each of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings as of March 31, 2024, representing an aggregate 1.99% general partner interest in Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings. Mr. Icahn and his affiliates owned approximately 85% of our outstanding depositary units as of March 31, 2024.

Description of Continuing Operating Businesses

We are a diversified holding company owning subsidiaries currently engaged in the following continuing operating businesses: Investment, Energy, Automotive, Food Packaging, Real Estate, Home Fashion and Pharma. We also report the results of our Holding Company, which includes the results of certain subsidiaries of Icahn Enterprises (unless otherwise noted), and investment activity and expenses associated with our Holding Company. See Note 14, “Segment Reporting,” for a reconciliation of each of our reporting segment’s results of operations to our consolidated results. Certain additional information with respect to our segments is discussed below.

Investment

Our Investment segment is comprised of various private investment funds (“Investment Funds”) in which we have general partner interests and through which we invest our proprietary capital. As general partner, we provide investment advisory and certain administrative and back-office services to the Investment Funds but do not provide such services to any other entities, individuals or accounts. We and certain of Mr. Icahn’s family members and affiliates are the only investors in the Investment Funds. Interests in the Investment Funds are not offered to outside investors. We had interests in the Investment Funds with a fair value of approximately $3.2 billion at each of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Energy

We conduct our Energy segment through our majority owned subsidiary, CVR Energy, Inc. (“CVR Energy”). CVR Energy is a diversified holding company primarily engaged in the petroleum refining and marketing businesses as well as in the nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing businesses through its holdings in CVR Partners, LP, a publicly traded limited partnership (“CVR Partners”). CVR Energy is an independent petroleum refiner and marketer of high value transportation fuels primarily in the form of gasoline and diesel fuels, as well as renewable diesel. CVR Partners produces and markets nitrogen fertilizers in the form of urea ammonium nitrate and ammonia. CVR Energy holds 100% of the general partner interest and approximately 37% of the outstanding common units of CVR Partners as of March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, we owned approximately 66% of the total outstanding common stock of CVR Energy.

Automotive

We conduct our Automotive segment through our wholly owned subsidiaries, Icahn Automotive Group LLC (“Icahn Automotive”) and AEP PLC LLC (“AEP PLC”). The Automotive segment is engaged in providing a full range of automotive repair and maintenance services, along with the sale of any installed parts or materials related to automotive services (“Automotive Services”) to its customers, as well as sales of automotive aftermarket parts and retailed merchandise (“Aftermarket Parts”). In addition to its primary businesses, the Automotive segment leases available and excess real estate in certain locations under long-term operating leases.

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On January 31, 2023, a subsidiary of Icahn Automotive, IEH Auto Parts Holding LLC and its subsidiaries (collectively “Auto Plus”), an aftermarket parts distributor held within our Automotive segment, filed voluntary petitions in the United States Bankruptcy Court. As a result of Auto Plus’s filings for bankruptcy protections on January 31, 2023, we no longer controlled the operations of Auto Plus, therefore, we deconsolidated Auto Plus as of January 31, 2023. See Note 3, “Subsidiary Bankruptcy and Deconsolidation”, for a detailed discussion of the Auto Plus bankruptcy and deconsolidation.

Food Packaging

We conduct our Food Packaging segment through our majority owned subsidiary, Viskase Companies, Inc. (“Viskase”). Viskase is a producer of cellulosic, fibrous and plastic casings used to prepare and package processed meat products. As of March 31, 2024, we owned approximately 90% of the total outstanding common stock of Viskase.

Real Estate

We conduct our Real Estate segment through various wholly owned subsidiaries. Our Real Estate segment consists of investment properties which includes land, retail, office and industrial properties leased to corporate tenants, the development and sale of single-family homes, and the operations of a resort and two country clubs.

Home Fashion

We conduct our Home Fashion segment through our wholly owned subsidiary, WestPoint Home LLC (“WPH”). WPH’s business consists of manufacturing, sourcing, marketing, distributing and selling home fashion consumer products.

Pharma

We conduct our Pharma segment through our wholly owned subsidiary, Vivus LLC, formerly Vivus, Inc. (“Vivus”). Vivus is a specialty pharmaceutical company with two approved therapies, two product candidates in active clinical development and two product candidates in early stage development.

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2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

We conduct and plan to continue to conduct our activities in such a manner as not to be deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”). Therefore, no more than 40% of our total assets can be invested in investment securities, as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act. In addition, we do not invest or intend to invest in securities as our primary business. We structure and intend to continue structuring our investments to be taxed as a partnership rather than as a corporation under the applicable publicly traded partnership rules of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended.

Events beyond our control, including significant appreciation or depreciation in the market value of certain of our publicly traded holdings or adverse developments with respect to our ownership of certain of our subsidiaries, could result in our inadvertently becoming an investment company that is required to register under the Investment Company Act. Following such events or certain transactions (such as the sale of an operating business), an exemption under the Investment Company Act would provide us up to one year to take steps to avoid becoming classified as an investment company. We expect to take steps to avoid becoming classified as an investment company, but no assurance can be made that we will successfully be able to take the steps necessary to avoid becoming classified as an investment company.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) related to interim financial statements. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The financial information contained herein is unaudited; however, management believes all adjustments have been made that are necessary to present fairly the results for the interim periods. All such adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature.

Principles of Consolidation

Our condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of (i) Icahn Enterprises and (ii) the wholly and majority owned subsidiaries of Icahn Enterprises, in addition to variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which we are the primary beneficiary. In evaluating whether we have a controlling financial interest in entities that we consolidate, we consider the following: (1) for voting interest entities, including limited partnerships and similar entities that are not VIEs, we consolidate these entities in which we own a majority of the voting interests; and (2) for VIEs, we consolidate these entities in which we are the primary beneficiary. See below for a discussion of our VIEs. Kick-out rights, which are the rights underlying the limited partners’ ability to dissolve the limited partnership or otherwise remove the general partners, held through voting interests of partnerships and similar entities that are not VIEs are considered the equivalent of the equity interests of corporations that are not VIEs. For entities over which the Company does not have significant influence, the Company accounts for its equity investment at fair value, except for the Company’s equity interest in Auto Plus.

Except for our Investment segment and Holding Company, for equity investments in which we own 50% or less but greater than 20%, we generally account for such investments using the equity method. All other such equity investments are accounted for at fair value.

Consolidated Variable Interest Entities

We determined that Icahn Enterprises Holdings is a VIE because it is a limited partnership that lacks both substantive kick-out and participating rights. Although Icahn Enterprises is not the general partner of Icahn Enterprises Holdings, Icahn Enterprises is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of Icahn Enterprises Holdings principally based on its 99% limited partner interest in Icahn Enterprises Holdings, as well as our related party relationship with the general partner, and therefore continues to consolidate Icahn Enterprises Holdings. Icahn Enterprises Holdings and its

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subsidiaries own substantially all of our assets and liabilities and therefore, the balance sheets of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings are substantially the same.

During 2023, we established a captive insurance program to supplement the insurance coverage of the officers, directors, employees and agents of the Company, its subsidiaries and our general partner, in addition to our newly established commercial insurance program. We hold assets in a protected cell, which we are the primary beneficiary of, and therefore consolidate the protected cell. At March 31, 2024, total assets related to the protected cell were $104 million and included in restricted cash in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications from the prior year presentation have been made to conform to the current year presentation, which did not have an impact on previously reported net income and equity and are not deemed material.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash, accounts receivable, due from brokers, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities and due to brokers are deemed to be reasonable estimates of their fair values because of their short-term nature. See Note 5, “Investments,” and Note 6, “Fair Value Measurements,” for a detailed discussion of our investments and other non-financial assets and/or liabilities.

The fair value of our long-term debt is based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues or on the current rates offered to us for debt of the same remaining maturities. The carrying value and estimated fair value of our long-term debt as of March 31, 2024 was approximately $6.6 billion and $6.4 billion, respectively. The carrying value and estimated fair value of our long-term debt as of December 31, 2023 was approximately $7.2 billion and $6.9 billion, respectively.

Cash Flow

Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents on our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows is comprised of (i) cash and cash equivalents and (ii) cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash.

Cash Held at Consolidated Affiliated Partnerships and Restricted Cash

Our cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships balance was $791 million and $1,068 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships relates to our Investment segment and consists of cash and cash equivalents held by the Investment Funds that, although not legally restricted, are not used for the general operating needs of the Investment segment or Icahn Enterprises.

Our restricted cash balance was $1,774 million and $1,927 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Restricted cash includes, but is not limited to, our Investment segment’s cash pledged and held for margin requirements on derivative transactions and cash held related to our captive insurance program.

Revenue From Contracts With Customers and Contract Balances

Due to the nature of our business, we derive revenue from various sources in various industries. With the exception of all of our Investment segment’s and our Holding Company’s revenues, and our Real Estate and Automotive segment’s leasing revenue, our revenue is generally derived from contracts with customers in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Such revenue from contracts with customers is included in net sales and other revenues from operations in the condensed consolidated statements of operations, however, our Real Estate and Automotive segment’s leasing revenue, as disclosed in Note 11, “Leases,” is also included in other revenues from operations. Related contract assets are included in accounts receivable, net or other assets and related contract liabilities are included in accrued expenses and

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other liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Our disaggregation of revenue information includes our net sales and other revenues from operations for each of our reporting segments as well as additional disaggregation of revenue information for our Energy and Automotive segments. See Note 14, “Segment Reporting,” for our complete disaggregation of revenue information. In addition, we disclose additional information with respect to revenue from contracts with customers and contract balances for our Energy and Automotive segments below.

Energy

Our Energy segment’s deferred revenue is a contract liability that relates to fertilizer sales contracts requiring customer prepayment prior to product delivery to guarantee a price and supply of nitrogen fertilizer. Deferred revenue is recorded at the point in time in which a prepaid contract is legally enforceable and the associated right to consideration is unconditional prior to transferring product to the customer. An associated receivable is recorded for uncollected prepaid contract amounts. Contracts requiring prepayment are generally short-term in nature and revenue is recognized at the point in time in which the customer obtains control of the product. In addition, it includes deferred revenue associated with agreements entered into with third-party investors that has allowed our Energy segment to monetize certain tax credits available under Section 45Q of the Internal Revenue Code (the “45Q Transaction”). Our Energy segment had deferred revenue of $52 million and $49 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, our Energy segment recorded revenue of $5 million and $12 million, respectively, with respect to deferred revenue outstanding as of the beginning of each respective period.

As of March 31, 2024, our Energy segment had $14 million of remaining performance obligations for contracts with an original expected duration of more than one year. Our Energy segment expects to recognize $4 million of these performance obligations as revenue by the end of 2024, an additional $5 million during 2025, and the remaining balance in 2026.

Automotive

Our Automotive segment had deferred revenue with respect to extended warranty plans of $43 million and $45 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, our Automotive segment recorded deferred revenue of $6 million and $6 million, respectively, outstanding as of the beginning of each period.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, which amends guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. The guidance clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring the fair value. The guidance also clarifies that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. The amendment requires the following disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions: the fair value of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions; the nature and remaining duration of the restriction(s); and the circumstances that could cause a lapse in the restriction(s). The amended guidance is effective January 1, 2024 on a prospective basis. We adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2024. The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) – Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires enhanced income tax disclosures that reflect how operations and related tax risks, as well as how tax planning and operational opportunities, affect the tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. This standard is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2025 with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on our consolidated financial statements.

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In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which includes requirements for more robust disclosures of significant segment expenses and measures of a segment’s profit and loss used in assessing performance. This standard is effective for the Company’s annual period beginning January 1, 2024 and interim periods beginning January 1, 2025 with early adoptions permitted. The Company is still evaluating the effects of adopting this new accounting guidance on its disclosures.

3. Subsidiary Bankruptcy and Deconsolidation

​

On January 31, 2023, Auto Plus, an Aftermarket Parts distributor held within our Automotive segment, filed voluntary petitions (the “Chapter 11 Cases”) in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas (the “Bankruptcy Court”) seeking relief under Chapter 11 of Title 11 of the United States Code. On May 2, 2023, the Bankruptcy Court approved a global settlement in the Chapter 11 Cases between Auto Plus, its non-Auto Plus affiliates, and the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors appointed in the Chapter 11 Cases (the “Committee”) that provides for a guaranteed recovery to unsecured creditors, the payment of all administrative and priority claims in the Chapter 11 Cases, and the resolution of all disputes between Auto Plus, its non-Auto Plus affiliates, and the Committee. On May 19, 2023, the Bankruptcy Court approved five sales of Auto Plus’ assets to five different bidders pursuant to Section 363 of the Bankruptcy Code, comprising a significant majority of Auto Plus’ total assets (the “363 Sales”). AEP PLC was the buyer for one of the 363 Sales, pursuant to a credit bid of $10 million for a portion of its senior secured debtor-in-possession loan to Auto Plus. The last of the 363 Sales closed on June 12, 2023. The proceeds of the 363 Sales have been and will continue to be used to satisfy obligations to Auto Plus’ creditors. On June 16, 2023, the Bankruptcy Court entered an order approving Auto Plus’ Third Amended Combined Disclosure Statement and Joint Plan of Liquidation (the “Bankruptcy Plan”). The effective date of the Bankruptcy Plan occurred on October 6, 2023. The Bankruptcy Plan provides for the orderly liquidation of Auto Plus and distribution of its assets.

​

As a result of the filing of the Chapter 11 Cases, the Company determined that it no longer controls Auto Plus under the criteria set out in FASB ASC Topic 810, “Consolidation” and deconsolidated its investment effective January 31, 2023. In order to deconsolidate Auto Plus, we removed the carrying values of the assets and liabilities of Auto Plus as of January 31, 2023 and recorded our investment in Auto Plus at zero resulting in a non-cash charge of $226 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

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4. Related Party Transactions

Our second amended and restated agreement of limited partnership expressly permits us to enter into transactions with our general partner or any of its affiliates, including buying or selling properties from or to our general partner and any of its affiliates and borrowing and lending money from or to our general partner and any of its affiliates, subject to limitations contained in our partnership agreement and the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act. The indentures governing our indebtedness contain certain covenants applicable to transactions with affiliates.

Investment Funds

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total fair market value of investments in the Investment Funds made by Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (excluding us and Brett Icahn) was approximately $2.1 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively, representing approximately 39% of the Investment Funds’ assets under management as of each respective date. Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (excluding us and Brett Icahn) made no redemptions from the Investment Funds during the three months ended March 31, 2024, and redeemed $80 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

We pay for expenses pertaining to the operation, administration and investment activities of our Investment segment for the benefit of the Investment Funds (including salaries, benefits and rent). Based on an expense-sharing arrangement, certain expenses borne by us are reimbursed by the Investment Funds. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, $5 million and $3 million, respectively, was allocated to the Investment Funds based on this expense-sharing arrangement.

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Auto Plus and AEP PLC

As discussed in Note 3. “Subsidiary Bankruptcy and Deconsolidation,” Auto Plus was deconsolidated as of January 31, 2023. Subsequent to January 31, 2023, Auto Plus had certain transactions with entities within our Automotive and Real Estate segments. Agreements and transactions include (i) lease agreements between Auto Plus and entities in the Automotive segment in which Auto Plus is the lessee, (ii) lease agreements between Auto Plus and entities in the Automotive segment in which Auto Plus is the lessor, (iii) auto parts purchases by entities in the Automotive segment from Auto Plus, (iv) auto parts sales from entities within the Automotive segment to Auto Plus, and (v) lease agreements between entities in the Real Estate segment and Auto Plus in which Auto Plus is the lessee.

For the two months from the date of deconsolidation of January 31, 2023 through March 31, 2023, the total lease revenues of entities within the Automotive segment from leases with Auto Plus was $2 million. Total inventory purchases of entities within the Automotive segment from Auto Plus were $3 million.

For the two months from the date of deconsolidation of January 31, 2023 through March 31, 2023, the total lease revenues of entities within the Real Estate segment from Auto Plus were $2 million.

Note Receivable from Auto Plus

In connection with the Auto Plus bankruptcy filing, we entered into a priming, senior secured, super priority debtor-in-possession credit facility with Auto Plus (the “DIP Credit Facility”) on January 31, 2023, under which (i) we agreed to provide new loans in an aggregate amount of up to $75 million and (ii) subject to final approval of the DIP Credit Facility by the Bankruptcy Court, all the loans under our pre-petition credit facility with Auto Plus would be rolled-up and converted into loans under the DIP Credit Facility. On May 2, 2023, we converted and rolled up our related party note receivable with our existing loans under the DIP Credit Facility. We estimated our cash to be collected for the repayment of the note receivable to be $11 million at March 31, 2024.

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AEP PLC

In connection with the Auto Plus auction, AEP PLC acquired $10 million of assets mostly comprised of Aftermarket Parts inventory during the year ended December 31, 2023. The transaction was considered an asset acquisition, as the group of assets acquired by AEP PLC does not meet the definition of a business defined in FASB ASC Topic 805. The results of AEP PLC are consolidated within our Automotive segment at March 31, 2024 and were not material.

Other Related Party Agreements

On October 1, 2020, we entered into a manager agreement with Brett Icahn, the son of Carl C. Icahn, and affiliates of Brett Icahn. Under the manager agreement, Brett Icahn serves as the portfolio manager of a designated portfolio of assets within the Investment Funds over a seven-year term, subject to veto rights by our Investment segment and Carl C. Icahn. On May 5, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the manager agreement, which allows the Investment Funds to add, from time to time, two additional separately tracked portfolios, in addition to the existing portfolios, which will not be subject to the manager agreement. Additionally, Brett Icahn provides certain other services, at our request, which may entail research, analysis and advice with respect to a separate designated portfolio of assets within the Investment Funds. Subject to the terms of the manager agreement, at the end of the seven-year term, Brett Icahn will be entitled to receive a one-time lump sum payment as described in and computed pursuant to the manager agreement. Brett Icahn will not be entitled to receive from us any other compensation (including any salary or bonus) in respect of the services he is to provide under the manager agreement other than restricted depositary units granted under a restricted unit agreement. In accordance with the manager agreement, Brett Icahn will co-invest with the Investment Funds in certain positions, will make cash contributions to the Investment Funds in order to fund such co-investments and will have a special limited partnership interest in the Investment Funds through which the profit and loss attributable to such co-investments will be allocated to him. Brett Icahn had net redemptions of $5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024, and had no redemptions in the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 Brett Icahn had investments in the Investment Funds with a total fair market value of $21 million and $28 million, respectively. We also entered into a guaranty agreement with an affiliate of Brett Icahn, pursuant to which we guaranteed the payment of certain amounts required to be distributed by the Investment Funds to such affiliate pursuant to the terms and conditions of the manager agreement.

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5. Investments

Investments

Investments and securities sold, not yet purchased consist of equities, bonds, bank debt and other corporate obligations, all of which are reported at fair value in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. In addition, our Investment segment has certain derivative transactions which are discussed in Note 7, “Financial Instruments.” The carrying value and detail by security type, including business sector for equity securities, with respect to investments and securities sold, not yet purchased held by our Investment segment consist of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Investments: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Equity securities: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Communications | ​ | $ | 12 | ​ | $ | —
Consumer, cyclical | ​ |  | 281 | ​ |  | 260
Energy | ​ |  | 781 | ​ |  | 708
Utilities | ​ |  | 943 | ​ |  | 1,012
Healthcare | ​ |  | 543 | ​ |  | 440
Technology | ​ |  | 129 | ​ |  | 139
Materials | ​ |  | 322 | ​ |  | 52
Industrial | ​ |  | 132 | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ |  | 3,143 | ​ |  | 2,611
Debt securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Financials | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 158
Real Estate | ​ | ​ | 42 | ​ | ​ | 44
Communications | ​ | ​ | 18 | ​ | ​ | 85
​ | ​ |  | 60 | ​ |  | 287
​ | ​ | $ | 3,203 | ​ | $ | 2,898
Liabilities | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Equity securities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Consumer, non-cyclical | ​ | $ | 22 | ​ | $ | 41
Consumer, cyclical | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3
Energy | ​ |  | 2,536 | ​ |  | 2,146
Utilities | ​ |  | 436 | ​ |  | 610
Materials | ​ |  | 309 | ​ |  | 350
Industrial | ​ | ​ | 166 | ​ | ​ | 138
​ | ​ | ​ | 3,469 | ​ | ​ | 3,288
Debt securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Materials | ​ | ​ | 175 | ​ | ​ | 185
​ | ​ | $ | 3,644 | ​ | $ | 3,473
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

The portion of unrealized (losses) and gains that relates to securities still held by our Investment segment, primarily equity securities, was $(339) million and $(208) million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

​

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Other Segments and Holding Company

With the exception of certain equity method investments at our operating subsidiaries and our Holding Company disclosed in the table below, our investments are measured at fair value in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The carrying value of investments held by our other segments and our Holding Company consist of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Equity method investments | ​ | $ | 98 | ​ | $ | 100
Held to maturity debt investments measured at amortized cost | ​ | ​ | 11 | ​ | ​ | 11
Other investments measured at fair value | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | 3
​ | ​ | $ | 112 | ​ | $ | 114

​

There were no unrealized gains and (losses) that relates to equity securities still held by our other segments and Holding Company for each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

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6. Fair Value Measurements

U.S. GAAP requires enhanced disclosures about assets and liabilities that are measured and reported at fair value and has established a hierarchal disclosure framework that prioritizes and ranks the level of market price observability used in measuring assets and liabilities at fair value. Market price observability is impacted by a number of factors, including the type of, and the characteristics specific to, the assets and liabilities. Assets and liabilities with readily available active quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices generally will have a higher degree of market price observability and a lesser degree of judgment used in measuring fair value.

Assets and liabilities measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following categories:

Level 1 – Quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets and liabilities as of the reporting date.

Level 2 – Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date, and fair value is determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies where all significant inputs are observable. The inputs and assumptions of our Level 2 assets and liabilities are derived from market observable sources including reported trades, broker/dealer quotes and other pertinent data.

Level 3 – Pricing inputs are unobservable for the assets and liabilities and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the assets and liabilities. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation. Fair value is determined using comparable market transactions and other valuation methodologies, adjusted as appropriate for liquidity, credit, market and/or other risk factors.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and consideration of factors specific to the assets and liabilities. Significant transfers, if any, between the levels within the fair value hierarchy are recognized at the beginning of the reporting period when changes in circumstances require such transfers.

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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes the valuation of our assets and liabilities by the above fair value hierarchy levels measured on a recurring basis:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, 2024 | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Investments (Note 5) | ​ | $ | 3,105 | ​ | $ | 60 | ​ | $ | 41 | ​ | $ | 3,206 | ​ | $ | 2,730 | ​ | $ | 129 | ​ | $ | 42 | ​ | $ | 2,901
Derivative assets, net (Note 7) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 24 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 24 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 64 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 64
​ | ​ | $ | 3,105 | ​ | $ | 84 | ​ | $ | 41 | ​ | $ | 3,230 | ​ | $ | 2,730 | ​ | $ | 193 | ​ | $ | 42 | ​ | $ | 2,965
Liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Securities sold, not yet purchased (Note 5) | ​ | $ | 3,469 | ​ | $ | 175 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3,644 | ​ | $ | 3,288 | ​ | $ | 185 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3,473
Derivative liabilities, net (Note 7) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 702 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 702 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 979 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 979
RFS obligations (Note 18) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 294 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 294 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 329 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 329
​ | ​ | $ | 3,469 | ​ | $ | 1,171 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 4,640 | ​ | $ | 3,288 | ​ | $ | 1,493 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 4,781

​

​

A ssets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis for Which We Use Level 3 Inputs to Determine Fair Value

​

Energy

​

CVR Partners performed a non-recurring fair value measurement of the equity interest received as part of the 45Q Transaction. Such valuation used a combination of the market approach and the discounted cash flow methodology with key inputs including the discount rate, contractual and expected future cash flows, and market multiples. CVR Partners determined the estimated fair value of the consideration received to be $46 million in the first quarter of 2023.

​

Holding Company

​

The estimated fair value of the Company’s note receivable from Auto Plus was measured at January 31, 2023 using the income approach with Level 3 inputs by discounting the forecasted cash inflows associated with the note using an estimated market discount rate. The Company measured the fair value of the related party note using the practical expedient for a collateral-dependent loan in accordance with ASC Topic 326 to determine the allowance based on the fair value of collateral less costs to sell. The collateral for the note primarily consists of cash and accounts receivable. The Company estimated the fair value of the accounts receivable by using an average from a range of expected cash collection projections. We determined the estimated fair value to be $11 million at March 31, 2024.

​

7. Financial Instruments

Overview

Investment

In the normal course of business, the Investment Funds may trade various financial instruments and enter into certain investment activities, which may give rise to off-balance-sheet risks, with the objective of capital appreciation or as economic hedges against other securities or the market as a whole. The Investment Funds’ investments may include futures, forwards, options, swaps and securities sold, not yet purchased. These financial instruments represent future commitments to purchase or sell other financial instruments or to exchange an amount of cash based on the change in an underlying instrument at specific terms at specified future dates. Risks arise with these financial instruments from potential counterparty non-performance and from changes in the market values of underlying instruments.

Credit concentrations may arise from investment activities and may be impacted by changes in economic, industry or political factors. The Investment Funds routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services

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industry, resulting in credit concentration with respect to the financial services industry. In the ordinary course of business, the Investment Funds may also be subject to a concentration of credit risk to a particular counterparty. The Investment Funds seek to mitigate these risks by actively monitoring exposures, collateral requirements and the creditworthiness of their counterparties.

The Investment Funds have entered into various types of swap contracts with other counterparties. These agreements provide that they are entitled to receive or are obligated to pay in cash an amount equal to the increase or decrease, respectively, in the value of the underlying shares, debt and other instruments that are the subject of the contracts, during the period from inception of the applicable agreement to its expiration. In addition, pursuant to the terms of such agreements, they are entitled to receive or obligated to pay other amounts, including interest, dividends and other distributions made in respect of the underlying shares, debt and other instruments during the specified time frame. They are also required to pay to the counterparty a floating interest rate equal to the product of the notional amount multiplied by an agreed-upon rate, and they receive interest on any cash collateral that they post to the counterparty at the federal funds, or the overnight bank funding rate in effect for such period.

The Investment Funds may trade futures contracts. A futures contract is a firm commitment to buy or sell a specified quantity of a standardized amount of a deliverable grade commodity, security, currency or cash at a specified price and specified future date unless the contract is closed before the delivery date. Payments (or variation margin) are made or received by the Investment Funds each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the value of the contract, and the whole value change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss by the Investment Funds. When the contract is closed, the Investment Funds record a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed.

The Investment Funds may utilize forward contracts in securities, or to seek to protect their assets denominated in foreign currencies and precious metals holdings from losses due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and spot rates. The Investment Funds’ exposure to credit risk associated with non-performance of such forward contracts is limited to the unrealized gains or losses inherent in such contracts, which are recognized in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Investment Funds may also enter into foreign currency contracts for purposes other than hedging denominated securities. When entering into a foreign currency forward contract, the Investment Funds agree to receive or deliver a fixed quantity of foreign currency for an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon future date unless the contract is closed before such date. The Investment Funds record unrealized gains or losses on the contracts as measured by the difference between the forward foreign exchange rates at the dates of entry into such contracts and the forward rates at the reporting date.

The Investment Funds may also purchase and write option contracts. As a writer of option contracts, the Investment Funds receive a premium at the outset and then bear the market risk of unfavorable changes in the price of the underlying financial instrument. As a result of writing option contracts, the Investment Funds are obligated to purchase or sell, at the holder’s option, the underlying financial instrument. Accordingly, these transactions result in off-balance-sheet risk, as the Investment Funds’ satisfaction of the obligations may exceed the amount recognized in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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Certain terms of the Investment Funds’ contracts with derivative counterparties, which are standard and customary to such contracts, contain certain triggering events that would give the counterparties the right to terminate the derivative instruments. In such events, the counterparties to the derivative instruments could request immediate payment on derivative instruments in net liability positions. There were no Investment Funds’ derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features in a liability position as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The following table summarizes the volume of our Investment segment’s derivative activities based on their notional exposure, categorized by primary underlying risk:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, 2024 | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ |  | Long Notional Exposure |  | Short Notional Exposure |  | Long Notional Exposure |  | Short Notional Exposure
​ | ​ | ​ | (in millions)
Primary underlying risk: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity contracts | ​ | $ | 2,033 | ​ | $ | 2,292 | ​ | $ | 1,882 | ​ | $ | 2,350
Credit contracts(1) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 392 | ​ | ​ | — |  | ​ | 435
Commodity contracts |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 321 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 409

(1) | The short notional amount on our credit default swap positions was approximately $2.4 billion and $2.5 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. However, because credit spreads cannot compress below zero, our downside short notional exposure to loss is approximately $0.4 billion and $0.4 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Certain derivative contracts executed by each of the Investment Funds with a single counterparty are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis where a legal right of offset exists under an enforceable netting agreement. Values for the derivative financial instruments, principally swaps, forwards, over-the-counter options and other conditional and exchange contracts, are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis.

The following table presents the fair values of our Investment segment’s derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments in accordance with U.S. GAAP:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Derivative Assets | ​ | Derivative Liabilities
​ |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | (in millions)
Equity contracts | ​ | $ | 52 | ​ | $ | 11 | ​ | $ | 739 | ​ | $ | 999
Credit contracts | ​ |  | 14 | ​ |  | 39 | ​ |  | 2 | ​ |  | 2
Commodity contracts | ​ |  | 5 | ​ |  | 14 | ​ |  | 9 | ​ |  | 3
Sub-total | ​ |  | 71 | ​ |  | 64 | ​ |  | 750 | ​ |  | 1,004
Netting across contract types(1) | ​ |  | (57) | ​ |  | (25) | ​ |  | (57) | ​ |  | (25)
Total(1) | ​ | $ | 14 | ​ | $ | 39 | ​ | $ | 693 | ​ | $ | 979

(1) | Excludes netting of cash collateral received and posted. The total collateral posted at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $1.6 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, across all counterparties, which are included in cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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The following table presents the amount of gain (loss) recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for our Investment segment’s derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity contracts | $ | 236 | ​ | $ | (284)
Credit contracts |  | (43) | ​ |  | 36
Commodity contracts |  | (30) | ​ |  | 1
​ | $ | 163 | ​ | $ | (247)

(1) | Gains (losses) recognized on derivatives are classified in net (loss) gain from investment activities in our condensed consolidated statements of operations for our Investment segment.

Energy

CVR Energy’s businesses are subject to fluctuations of commodity prices caused by supply and economic conditions, weather, interest rates, and other factors. To manage price risk on crude oil and other inventories and to fix margins on future sales and purchases, CVR Energy from time to time enters into various commodity derivative transactions and holds derivative instruments, such as futures and swaps, which it believes provide an economic hedge on future transactions, but such instruments are not designated as hedge instruments. CVR Energy may enter into forward purchase or sale contracts associated with its feedstocks, expected future gasoline and diesel production and/or renewable identification numbers (“RINs”).

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, CVR Energy had swap positions for crack spreads of 7 million barrels of refined products, and 11 million barrels outstanding, respectively. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, CVR Energy had less than 1 million barrels and no future contracts, respectively. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, CVR Energy had forward contracts of 1 million barrels and less than 1 million barrels, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, CVR Energy had open fixed-price commitments to purchase a net 16 million RINs.

The following table presents the fair value of our Energy segment’s derivatives and the effect of the collateral netting:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Derivative Assets | ​ | Derivative Liabilities
​ |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | (in millions)
Commodity contracts | ​ | $ | 20 | ​ | $ | 31 | ​ | $ | 19 | ​ | $ | 6
Netting across contract types(1) | ​ |  | (10) | ​ |  | (6) | ​ |  | (10) | ​ |  | (6)
Total(1) | ​ | $ | 10 | ​ | $ | 25 | ​ | $ | 9 | ​ | $ | —

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| (1) | Excludes netting of derivatives primarily related to initial margin requirements of $4 million and $13 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which was not offset against derivatives liabilities, net in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

​

Certain derivative instruments within our Energy segment contain credit risk-related contingent provisions associated with our Energy segments’ credit ratings. If our Energy segments’ credit rating were to be downgraded, it would allow the counterparty to require our Energy segment to post collateral or to request, immediate, full settlement of derivative instruments in liability positions. As of March 31, 2024, the aggregate fair value of derivative liabilities in our Energy segments’ derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features was $9 million, for which no collateral has been posted.

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(Losses) gains recognized on derivatives for our Energy segment were $(18) million and $45 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Gains and losses recognized on derivatives for our Energy segment are included in cost of goods sold on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

8. Related Party Notes Receivable, Net

Related party notes receivable and its related allowance for expected credit losses consists of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, 2024
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Related party notes receivable, gross | ​ | $ | 23
Less: Allowance for expected credit losses | ​ | ​ | 12
Related party notes receivable, net | ​ | $ | 11
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Allowance for expected credit losses: | ​ | ​ | ​
Beginning Balance as of December 31, 2023 | ​ | $ | 12
Credit loss provision | ​ | ​ | -
Write-offs | ​ | ​ | -
Ending Balance as of March 31, 2024 | ​ | $ | 12

​

There were no write-offs associated with related party notes receivable for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. See Note 7, “Financial Instruments,” for additional information related to the fair value of the related party notes receivable.

9. Inventories, Net

Inventories, net consists of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Raw materials | ​ | $ | 345 | ​ | $ | 367
Work in process | ​ |  | 110 | ​ |  | 95
Finished goods | ​ | ​ | 584 | ​ |  | 585
​ | ​ | $ | 1,039 | ​ | $ | 1,047

​

​

​

​

10. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net

Goodwill consists of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, 2024 | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ |  | Gross |  | ​ | ​ |  | Net |  | Gross |  | ​ | ​ |  | Net
​ | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Carrying
​ | ​ | Amount | ​ | Impairment | ​ | Value | ​ | Amount | ​ | Impairment | ​ | Value
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Automotive | ​ | $ | 337 | ​ | $ | (87) |  | $ | 250 | ​ | $ | 337 | ​ | $ | (87) |  | $ | 250
Food Packaging | ​ | ​ | 6 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6 | ​ | ​ | 6 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6
Home Fashion | ​ |  | 22 | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | 19 | ​ |  | 22 | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | 19
Pharma | ​ | ​ | 13 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 13 | ​ | ​ | 13 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 13
​ | ​ | $ | 378 | ​ | $ | (90) | ​ | $ | 288 | ​ | $ | 378 | ​ | $ | (90) | ​ | $ | 288

​

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Intangible assets, net consists of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, 2024 | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ |  | Gross |  | ​ | ​ |  | Net |  | Gross |  | ​ | ​ |  | Net
​ | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Carrying
​ | ​ | Amount | ​ | Amortization | ​ | Value | ​ | Amount | ​ | Amortization | ​ | Value
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Definite-lived intangible assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Customer relationships | ​ | $ | 392 | ​ | $ | (234) | ​ | $ | 158 | ​ | $ | 392 | ​ | $ | (229) | ​ | $ | 163
Developed technology | ​ | ​ | 254 | ​ | ​ | (97) | ​ | ​ | 157 | ​ | ​ | 254 | ​ | ​ | (90) | ​ | ​ | 164
Other | ​ |  | 164 | ​ |  | (103) | ​ |  | 61 | ​ |  | 164 | ​ |  | (101) | ​ |  | 63
​ | ​ | $ | 810 | ​ | $ | (434) | ​ | $ | 376 | ​ | $ | 810 | ​ | $ | (420) | ​ | $ | 390
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Indefinite-lived intangible assets | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | $ | 76 | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | $ | 76
Intangible assets, net | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | $ | 452 | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | $ | 466

​

Amortization expense associated with definite-lived intangible assets was $14 million and $15 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

We utilize the straight-line method of amortization, recognized over the estimated useful lives of the assets.

11. Leases

All Segments and Holding Company

We have operating and finance leases primarily within our Automotive, Energy and Food Packaging segments. Our Automotive segment leases assets, primarily real estate (operating) and vehicles (financing). Our Energy segment leases certain pipelines, storage tanks, railcars, office space, land and equipment (operating and financing). Our Food Packaging segment leases assets, primarily real estate, equipment and vehicles (primarily operating). Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Right-of-use assets and related liabilities are recorded on the balance sheet for leases with an initial lease term in excess of twelve months and therefore, do not include any lease arrangements with initial lease terms of twelve months or less.

Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | March 31, |  | December 31,
​ | ​ | 2024 | ​ | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Operating Leases: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Right-of-use assets (other assets) | ​ | $ | 513 | ​ | $ | 526
Lease liabilities (accrued expenses and other liabilities) | ​ |  | 519 | ​ |  | 531
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Financing Leases: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Right-of-use assets (property, plant and equipment, net) | ​ |  | 54 | ​ |  | 55
Lease liabilities (debt) | ​ |  | 68 | ​ |  | 70

​

Additional information with respect to our operating leases as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is presented below. The lease terms and discount rates for our Energy, Automotive and Food Packaging segments represent weighted averages based on their respective lease liability balances.

​

​

​

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​

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Right-Of-Use |  | Lease |  | ​ |  | Discount |
Operating Leases as of March 31, 2024 | ​ | Assets | ​ | Liabilities | ​ | Lease Term | ​ | Rate |
​ | ​ | (in millions) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Energy | ​ | $ | 53 | ​ | $ | 50 | ​ | 5.3 years | ​ | 6.8% | ​
Automotive | ​ |  | 412 | ​ |  | 424 |  | 5.3 years |  | 5.9% | ​
Food Packaging | ​ |  | 21 | ​ |  | 24 |  | 9.0 years |  | 7.4% | ​
Other segments and Holding Company | ​ |  | 27 | ​ |  | 21 |  |  |  |  | ​
​ | ​ | $ | 513 | ​ | $ | 519 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Right-Of-Use |  | Lease |  | ​ |  | Discount | ​
Operating Leases as of December 31, 2023 | ​ | Assets | ​ | Liabilities | ​ | Lease Term | ​ | Rate | ​
​ | ​ | (in millions) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Energy | ​ | $ | 53 | ​ | $ | 49 | ​ | 5.4 years | ​ | 6.7% | ​
Automotive | ​ |  | 422 | ​ |  | 434 |  | 5.4 years |  | 5.9% | ​
Food Packaging | ​ |  | 22 | ​ |  | 25 |  | 9.1 years |  | 7.4% | ​
Other segments and Holding Company | ​ |  | 29 | ​ |  | 23 |  |  |  |  | ​
​ | ​ | $ | 526 | ​ | $ | 531 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, lease cost was comprised of (i) operating lease cost of $42 million and $41 million, respectively, (ii) amortization of financing lease right-of-use assets of $2 million and $1 million, respectively, and (iii) interest expense on financing lease liabilities of $2 million and $1 million, respectively.

Our Automotive segment accounted for $33 million of total lease cost for each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Lessor Arrangements

Automotive

Our Automotive segment leases available and excess real estate in certain locations under long-term operating leases. Our Automotive segment’s revenues from operating leases were $15 million and $16 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Revenues from operating leases are included in other revenue from operations in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Our Automotive segment’s expenses from operating leases including variable lease costs were $24 million and $28 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Expenses from operating leases are included in other expenses from operations in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Real Estate

Our Real Estate segment leases real estate, primarily commercial properties under long-term operating leases. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our Real Estate segment had assets leased to others included in property, plant and equipment of $255 million and $252 million, respectively, net of accumulated depreciation. Our Real Estate segment’s revenue from operating leases were $3 million and $5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Revenues from operating leases are included in other revenue from operations in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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12. Debt

Debt consists of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Holding Company: | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
6.375% senior unsecured notes due 2025 | ​ | $ | 749 | ​ | $ | 749
6.250% senior unsecured notes due 2026 | ​ |  | 1,238 | ​ |  | 1,238
5.250% senior unsecured notes due 2027 | ​ |  | 1,454 | ​ |  | 1,454
4.375% senior unsecured notes due 2029 | ​ | ​ | 708 | ​ | ​ | 708
9.750% senior unsecured notes due 2029 | ​ | ​ | 698 | ​ | ​ | 698
​ | ​ |  | 4,847 | ​ |  | 4,847
Reporting Segments: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Energy | ​ |  | 1,585 | ​ |  | 2,185
Automotive | ​ |  | 29 | ​ |  | 33
Food Packaging | ​ |  | 138 | ​ |  | 133
Real Estate | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | 1
Home Fashion | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | 8
​ | ​ |  | 1,761 | ​ |  | 2,360
Total Debt | ​ | $ | 6,608 | ​ | $ | 7,207

​

Energy

​

In February 2024, CVR Energy redeemed all its $600 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2025. As a result of this transaction, CVR Energy recognized a $1 million loss on extinguishment of debt for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

​

As of March 31, 2024, total availability under CVR Energy’s Amended and Restated ABL Credit Agreement (“CVR Energy ABL”) and CVR Partners ABL Credit Agreement (“CVR Partners ABL”) facilities aggregated to $294 million. CVR Energy ABL had $24 million of letters of credit outstanding as of March 31, 2024. The CVR Energy ABL matures on June 30, 2027, and the CVR Partners ABL on September 26, 2028.

Covenants

We and all of our subsidiaries are currently in compliance with all covenants and restrictions as described in the various executed agreements and contracts with respect to each debt instrument. These covenants include limitations on indebtedness, liens, investments, acquisitions, asset sales, dividends and other restricted payments and affiliate and extraordinary transactions.

Non-Cash Charges to Interest Expense

The amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums included in interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations was less than $1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

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13. Net Income (Loss) Per LP Unit

The components of the computation of basic and diluted income per LP unit of Icahn Enterprises are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net loss attributable to Icahn Enterprises | ​ | $ | (38) |  | $ | (270)
Net loss income attributable to Icahn Enterprises allocated to limited partners (98.01% allocation) | ​ | $ | (37) | ​ | $ | (265)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic loss per LP unit: | ​ | $ | (0.09) | ​ | $ | (0.75)
Basic weighted average LP units outstanding | ​ | ​ | 429 | ​ | ​ | 354
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Diluted loss income per LP unit: | ​ | $ | (0.09) | ​ | $ | (0.75)
Diluted weighted average LP units outstanding (1) | ​ |  | 429 | ​ |  | 354
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

(1)As their effect would have been anti-dilutive, approximately ten million and six million weighted average units have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per LP unit for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

​

LP Unit Transactions

Unit Distributions

On February 26, 2024, we declared a quarterly distribution in the amount of $1.00 per depositary unit in which each depositary unitholder had the option to make an election to receive either cash or additional depositary units. Because the depositary unitholders had the election to receive the distribution either in cash or additional depositary units, we recorded a unit distribution liability of $439 million as the unit distribution had not been made as of March 31, 2024. In addition, the unit distribution liability, which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, is considered a potentially dilutive security and is considered in the calculation of diluted income per LP unit as disclosed above. Any difference between the liability recorded and the amount representing the aggregate value of the number of depositary units distributed and cash paid would be charged to equity.

In April 2024, we distributed an aggregate 19,186,659 depositary units to unitholders who did not elect to receive cash, of which an aggregate of 18,016,077 depositary units were distributed to Mr. Icahn and his affiliates. In connection with these distributions, aggregate cash distributions to all depositary unitholders that made a timely election to receive cash was $97 million, of which $55 million was distributed to Mr. Icahn and his affiliates in April 2024.

At-The-Market Offerings

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we sold 2,775,609 depositary units pursuant to the Open Market Sale Agreement, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $50 million. As of March 31, 2024, we continue to have an Open Market Sale Agreement and Icahn Enterprises may sell its depositary units for up to an additional $99 million in aggregate gross sale proceeds pursuant to this agreement.

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Repurchase Authorization

On May 9, 2023, the Board of Directors of the General Partner approved a repurchase program which authorizes Icahn Enterprises or affiliates of Icahn Enterprises to repurchase up to an aggregate of $500 million worth of any of our outstanding fixed-rate senior unsecured notes issued by Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Finance Corp. and up to an aggregate of $500 million worth of the depositary units issued by Icahn Enterprises (the “Repurchase Program”). The repurchases of senior notes or depositary units may be done for cash from time to time in the open market, through tender offers or in privately negotiated transactions upon such terms and at such prices as management may determine. The authorization of the Repurchase Program is for an indefinite term and does not expire until later terminated by the Board of Directors of Icahn Enterprises GP. As of March 31, 2024, the Company has not repurchased any of the Company’s depositary units and the Company has repurchased $92 million worth of senior notes in aggregate under the Repurchase Program.

​

14. Segment Reporting

We report segment information based on the various industries in which our businesses operate and how we manage those businesses in accordance with our investment strategies, which may include: identifying and acquiring undervalued assets and businesses, often through the purchase of distressed securities; increasing value through management, financial or other operational changes; and managing complex legal, regulatory or financial issues, which may include bankruptcy or insolvency, environmental, zoning, permitting and licensing issues. Therefore, although many of our businesses are operated under separate local management, certain of our businesses are grouped together when they operate within a similar industry, comprising similarities in products, customers, production processes and regulatory environments, and when such businesses, when considered together, may be managed in accordance with one or more investment strategies specific to those businesses. Among other measures, we assess and measure segment operating results based on net income from continuing operations attributable to Icahn Enterprises. Certain terms of financings for certain of our businesses impose restrictions on the business’ ability to transfer funds to us, including restrictions on dividends, distributions, loans and other transactions.

Condensed Statements of Operations

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
​ |  | Investment |  | Energy |  | Automotive |  | Food Packaging |  | Real Estate |  | Home Fashion |  | Pharma |  | Holding Company |  | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Revenues: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net sales | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,863 | ​ | $ | 219 | ​ | $ | 101 | ​ | $ | 1 | ​ | $ | 36 | ​ | $ | 24 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,244
Other revenues from operations |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 165 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 17 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 1 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 183
Net loss from investment activities |  | ​ | (96) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (96)
Interest and dividend income |  | ​ | 105 |  | ​ | 13 |  | ​ | 1 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 24 |  | ​ | 143
Loss on disposition of assets, net |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (1) |  | ​ | (5) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (6)
​ |  | ​ | 9 |  | ​ | 1,875 |  | ​ | 380 |  | ​ | 101 |  | ​ | 18 |  | ​ | 36 |  | ​ | 25 |  | ​ | 24 |  | ​ | 2,468
Expenses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cost of goods sold |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 1,713 |  | ​ | 152 |  | ​ | 80 |  | ​ | 1 |  | ​ | 27 |  | ​ | 14 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 1,987
Other expenses from operations |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 139 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 14 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 153
Selling, general and administrative |  | ​ | 4 |  | ​ | 42 |  | ​ | 102 |  | ​ | 13 |  | ​ | 5 |  | ​ | 10 |  | ​ | 10 |  | ​ | 7 |  | ​ | 193
Interest expense |  | ​ | 25 |  | ​ | 33 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 3 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 75 |  | ​ | 136
Other loss (income), net |  | ​ | 20 |  | ​ | (4) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 2 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 18
​ |  | ​ | 49 |  | ​ | 1,784 |  | ​ | 393 |  | ​ | 98 |  | ​ | 20 |  | ​ | 37 |  | ​ | 24 |  | ​ | 82 |  | ​ | 2,487
(Loss) income before income tax (expense) benefit |  | ​ | (40) |  | ​ | 91 |  | ​ | (13) |  | ​ | 3 |  | ​ | (2) |  | ​ | (1) |  | ​ | 1 |  | ​ | (58) |  | ​ | (19)
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (13) |  | ​ | 4 |  | ​ | (1) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 3 |  | ​ | (7)
Net (loss) income |  | ​ | (40) |  | ​ | 78 |  | ​ | (9) |  | ​ | 2 |  | ​ | (2) |  | ​ | (1) |  | ​ | 1 |  | ​ | (55) |  | ​ | (26)
Less: net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests |  | ​ | (17) |  | ​ | 29 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 12
Net (loss) income attributable to Icahn Enterprises | ​ | $ | (23) | ​ | $ | 49 | ​ | $ | (9) | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | (2) | ​ | $ | (1) | ​ | $ | 1 | ​ | $ | (55) | ​ | $ | (38)
Supplemental information: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Capital expenditures | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 47 | ​ | $ | 16 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 1 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 68
Depreciation and amortization | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 92 | ​ | $ | 19 | ​ | $ | 6 | ​ | $ | 3 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 7 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 129

​

​

​

​

​

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
​ |  | Investment |  | Energy |  | Automotive |  | Food Packaging |  | Real Estate |  | Home Fashion |  | Pharma |  | Holding Company |  | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (in millions) |  | ​ | ​
Revenues: |  |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Net sales | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,286 | ​ | $ | 287 | ​ | $ | 118 | ​ | $ | 7 | ​ | $ | 40 | ​ | $ | 20 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,758
Other revenues from operations | ​ |  | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 170 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 16 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 1 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 187
Net loss from investment activities | ​ |  | (443) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (443)
Interest and dividend income | ​ |  | 144 |  | ​ | 5 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 22 |  | ​ | 171
​ | ​ |  | (299) |  | ​ | 2,291 |  | ​ | 457 |  | ​ | 118 |  | ​ | 23 |  | ​ | 40 |  | ​ | 21 |  | ​ | 22 |  | ​ | 2,673
Expenses: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cost of goods sold | ​ |  | — |  | ​ | 1,926 |  | ​ | 193 |  | ​ | 91 |  | ​ | 6 |  | ​ | 32 |  | ​ | 12 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 2,260
Other expenses from operations | ​ |  | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 145 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 13 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 158
Selling, general and administrative | ​ |  | 3 |  | ​ | 46 |  | ​ | 132 |  | ​ | 14 |  | ​ | 4 |  | ​ | 10 |  | ​ | 13 |  | ​ | 7 |  | ​ | 229
Loss on deconsolidation of subsidiary | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 226 | ​ | ​ | 226
Interest expense | ​ |  | 45 |  | ​ | 23 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 3 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 71 |  | ​ | 142
Other loss (income), net | ​ |  | 28 |  | ​ | (3) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 7 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 32
​ | ​ |  | 76 |  | ​ | 1,992 |  | ​ | 470 |  | ​ | 115 |  | ​ | 23 |  | ​ | 42 |  | ​ | 25 |  | ​ | 304 |  | ​ | 3,047
(Loss) income before income tax (expense) benefit | ​ |  | (375) |  | ​ | 299 |  | ​ | (13) |  | ​ | 3 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (2) |  | ​ | (4) |  | ​ | (282) |  | ​ | (374)
Income tax (expense) benefit | ​ |  | — |  | ​ | (52) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 4 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 64 |  | ​ | 16
Net (loss) income | ​ |  | (375) |  | ​ | 247 |  | ​ | (13) |  | ​ | 7 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (2) |  | ​ | (4) |  | ​ | (218) |  | ​ | (358)
Less: net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests | ​ |  | (204) |  | ​ | 115 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 1 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (88)
Net (loss) income attributable to Icahn Enterprises | ​ | $ | (171) | ​ | $ | 132 | ​ | $ | (13) | ​ | $ | 6 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (2) | ​ | $ | (4) | ​ | $ | (218) | ​ | $ | (270)
Supplemental information: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Capital expenditures | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 44 | ​ | $ | 10 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 58
Depreciation and amortization | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 84 | ​ | $ | 19 | ​ | $ | 7 | ​ | $ | 3 | ​ | $ | 2 | ​ | $ | 7 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 122

​

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Disaggregation of Revenue

In addition to the condensed statements of operations by reporting segment above, we provide additional disaggregated revenue information for our Energy and Automotive segments below.

Energy

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Petroleum products | ​ | $ | 1,735 | ​ | $ | 2,060
Nitrogen fertilizer products | ​ |  | 128 | ​ |  | 226
​ | ​ | $ | 1,863 | ​ | $ | 2,286

​

Automotive

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Automotive Services | ​ | $ | 356 | ​ | $ | 369
Aftermarket Parts | ​ |  | 13 | ​ |  | 72
Total revenue from customers | ​ | ​ | 369 | ​ | ​ | 441
Lease revenue outside the scope of ASC 606 | ​ | ​ | 15 | ​ | ​ | 16
Total Automotive net sales and other revenues from operations | ​ | $ | 384 | ​ | $ | 457

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Condensed Balance Sheets

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, 2024
​ | ​ | Investment | ​ | Energy | ​ | Automotive | ​ | Food Packaging | ​ | Real Estate | ​ | Home Fashion | ​ | Pharma | ​ | Holding Company | ​ | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (in millions)
ASSETS | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 6 | ​ | $ | 644 | ​ | $ | 64 | ​ | $ | 7 | ​ | $ | 33 | ​ | $ | 4 | ​ | $ | 18 | ​ | $ | 1,692 | ​ | $ | 2,468
Cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash | ​ |  | 2,379 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4 | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 171 | ​ |  | 2,565
Investments | ​ |  | 3,203 | ​ |  | 98 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 14 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3,315
Accounts receivable, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 253 | ​ |  | 41 | ​ |  | 85 | ​ |  | 16 | ​ |  | 22 | ​ |  | 30 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 447
Inventories, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 601 | ​ |  | 213 | ​ |  | 118 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 85 | ​ |  | 22 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,039
Related party notes receivable, net | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 11 | ​ | ​ | 11
Property, plant and equipment, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,572 | ​ |  | 822 | ​ |  | 129 | ​ |  | 363 | ​ |  | 50 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4 | ​ |  | 3,940
Goodwill and intangible assets, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 174 | ​ |  | 333 | ​ |  | 23 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 19 | ​ |  | 191 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 740
Other assets | ​ |  | 4,352 | ​ |  | 287 | ​ |  | 477 | ​ |  | 98 | ​ |  | 71 | ​ |  | 20 | ​ |  | 7 | ​ |  | 227 | ​ |  | 5,539
Total assets | ​ | $ | 9,940 | ​ | $ | 4,629 | ​ | $ | 1,958 | ​ | $ | 460 | ​ | $ | 501 | ​ | $ | 203 | ​ | $ | 268 | ​ | $ | 2,105 | ​ | $ | 20,064
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | ​ | $ | 999 | ​ | $ | 1,506 | ​ | $ | 840 | ​ | $ | 136 | ​ | $ | 55 | ​ | $ | 44 | ​ | $ | 54 | ​ | $ | 553 | ​ | $ | 4,187
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value | ​ |  | 3,644 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3,644
Debt | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,585 | ​ |  | 29 | ​ |  | 138 | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,847 | ​ |  | 6,608
Total liabilities | ​ |  | 4,643 | ​ |  | 3,091 | ​ |  | 869 | ​ |  | 274 | ​ |  | 56 | ​ |  | 52 | ​ |  | 54 | ​ |  | 5,400 | ​ |  | 14,439
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity attributable to Icahn Enterprises | ​ |  | 3,202 | ​ |  | 811 | ​ |  | 1,089 | ​ |  | 169 | ​ |  | 440 | ​ |  | 151 | ​ |  | 214 | ​ |  | (3,295) | ​ |  | 2,781
Equity attributable to non-controlling interests | ​ |  | 2,095 | ​ |  | 727 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 17 | ​ |  | 5 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,844
Total equity | ​ |  | 5,297 | ​ |  | 1,538 | ​ |  | 1,089 | ​ |  | 186 | ​ |  | 445 | ​ |  | 151 | ​ |  | 214 | ​ |  | (3,295) | ​ |  | 5,625
Total liabilities and equity | ​ | $ | 9,940 | ​ | $ | 4,629 | ​ | $ | 1,958 | ​ | $ | 460 | ​ | $ | 501 | ​ | $ | 203 | ​ | $ | 268 | ​ | $ | 2,105 | ​ | $ | 20,064

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Investment | ​ | Energy | ​ | Automotive | ​ | Food Packaging | ​ | Real Estate | ​ | Home Fashion | ​ | Pharma | ​ | Holding Company | ​ | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (in millions)
ASSETS | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 23 | ​ | $ | 1,179 | ​ | $ | 104 | ​ | $ | 8 | ​ | $ | 22 | ​ | $ | 5 | ​ | $ | 26 | ​ | $ | 1,584 | ​ | $ | 2,951
Cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash | ​ |  | 2,799 | ​ |  | 7 | ​ |  | 9 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4 | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 173 | ​ |  | 2,995
Investments | ​ |  | 2,898 | ​ |  | 100 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 14 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3,012
Accounts receivable, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 286 | ​ |  | 41 | ​ |  | 89 | ​ |  | 16 | ​ |  | 26 | ​ |  | 27 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 485
Related party note receivable, net | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 11 | ​ | ​ | 11
Inventories, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 604 | ​ |  | 228 | ​ |  | 111 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 81 | ​ |  | 23 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,047
Property, plant and equipment, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,594 | ​ |  | 822 | ​ |  | 134 | ​ |  | 363 | ​ |  | 52 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4 | ​ |  | 3,969
Goodwill and intangible assets, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 179 | ​ |  | 335 | ​ |  | 23 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 19 | ​ |  | 198 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 754
Other assets | ​ |  | 4,425 | ​ |  | 310 | ​ |  | 480 | ​ |  | 101 | ​ |  | 69 | ​ |  | 17 | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | 224 | ​ |  | 5,634
Total assets | ​ | $ | 10,145 | ​ | $ | 5,259 | ​ | $ | 2,019 | ​ | $ | 466 | ​ | $ | 488 | ​ | $ | 203 | ​ | $ | 282 | ​ | $ | 1,996 | ​ | $ | 20,858
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | ​ | $ | 1,312 | ​ | $ | 1,553 | ​ | $ | 890 | ​ | $ | 148 | ​ | $ | 43 | ​ | $ | 42 | ​ | $ | 55 | ​ | $ | 62 | ​ | $ | 4,105
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value | ​ |  | 3,473 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3,473
Debt | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,185 | ​ |  | 33 | ​ |  | 133 | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,847 | ​ |  | 7,207
Total liabilities | ​ |  | 4,785 | ​ |  | 3,738 | ​ |  | 923 | ​ |  | 281 | ​ |  | 44 | ​ |  | 50 | ​ |  | 55 | ​ |  | 4,909 | ​ |  | 14,785
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity attributable to Icahn Enterprises | ​ |  | 3,243 | ​ |  | 795 | ​ |  | 1,096 | ​ |  | 168 | ​ |  | 439 | ​ |  | 153 | ​ |  | 227 | ​ |  | (2,913) | ​ |  | 3,208
Equity attributable to non-controlling interests | ​ |  | 2,117 | ​ |  | 726 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 17 | ​ |  | 5 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,865
Total equity | ​ |  | 5,360 | ​ |  | 1,521 | ​ |  | 1,096 | ​ |  | 185 | ​ |  | 444 | ​ |  | 153 | ​ |  | 227 | ​ |  | (2,913) | ​ |  | 6,073
Total liabilities and equity | ​ | $ | 10,145 | ​ | $ | 5,259 | ​ | $ | 2,019 | ​ | $ | 466 | ​ | $ | 488 | ​ | $ | 203 | ​ | $ | 282 | ​ | $ | 1,996 | ​ | $ | 20,858

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​

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15. Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded an income tax expense of $7 million on pre-tax loss of $19 million compared to an income tax benefit of $16 million on pre-tax loss of $374 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Our effective income tax rate was (40.8%) and 4.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the effective tax rate was lower than the statutory federal rate of 21%, for corporations, primarily due to partnership loss for which there was no tax benefit as such losses are allocated to the

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partners. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the effective tax rate was lower than the statutory federal rate of 21%, for corporations, primarily due to partnership loss for which there was no tax expense, as such losses are allocated to the partners and from changes in the valuation allowance.

16. Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss consists of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Translation | ​ | Post-Retirement | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Adjustments, Net | ​ | Benefits, Net | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | of Tax |  | of Tax |  | Total
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Balance, December 31, 2023 | ​ | $ | (33) | ​ | $ | (22) | ​ | $ | (55)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of tax | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2)
Balance, March 31, 2024 | ​ | $ | (35) | ​ | $ | (22) | ​ | $ | (57)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Translation | ​ | Post-Retirement | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Adjustments, Net | ​ | Benefits, Net | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | of Tax |  | of Tax |  | Total
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Balance, December 31, 2022 | ​ | $ | (45) | ​ | $ | (25) | ​ | $ | (70)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of tax | ​ |  | 4 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | ​ |  | 4 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4
Balance, March 31, 2023 | ​ | $ | (41) | ​ | $ | (25) | ​ | $ | (66)

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17. Other Loss, Net

Other loss, net consists of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Dividend expense | ​ | $ | (20) | ​ | $ | (28)
Equity earnings from non-consolidated affiliates | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​ | ​ | 2
Other | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | (6)
​ | ​ | $ | (18) | ​ | $ | (32)

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18. Commitments and Contingencies

Environmental Matters

Due to the nature of our business, certain of our subsidiaries’ operations are subject to numerous existing and proposed laws and governmental regulations designed to protect human health and safety and the environment, particularly regarding plant wastes and emissions and solid waste disposal. Our consolidated environmental liabilities on an undiscounted basis were $5 million and $19 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, primarily within our Energy segment, which are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We do not believe that environmental matters will have a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

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Energy

RFS Disputes - CVR Energy’s obligated-party subsidiaries are subject to the Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS”) implemented by the EPA which requires refiners to either blend renewable fuels into their transportation fuels or purchase renewable fuel credits, known as RINs, in lieu of blending, in an amount equal to the renewable volume obligation (“RVO”) for the applicable compliance year. CVR Energy’s obligated-party subsidiaries are not able to blend the substantial majority of their transportation fuels and, unless their obligations are waived or exempted by the EPA, must either purchase RINs on the open market or obtain waiver credits for cellulosic biofuels in order to comply with the RFS. CVR Energy’s obligated-party subsidiaries also purchase RINs generated from its renewable diesel operations to partially satisfy their RFS obligations.

One of CVR Energy’s obligated-party subsidiaries, Wynnewood Refining Company, LLC (“WRC”), qualifies as a “small refinery” defined under the RFS as a refinery with an average aggregate daily crude oil throughput for a calendar year no greater than 75,000 barrels, which enables WRC to seek small refinery exemptions (“SREs”) under the RFS should it be able to establish it suffered disproportionate economic hardship. WRC’s petitions for SREs for the 2017 to 2021 compliance periods were denied by the EPA in April and June 2022 based on a new standard for evaluating SREs announced by the EPA in December 2021 and retroactively applied (collectively, the “2022 Denials”). However, the EPA failed to act after the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (the “Fifth Circuit”) vacated the 2022 Denials and remanded the SRE petitions of WRC and certain other small refineries back to the EPA, finding that the 2022 Denials were impermissibly retroactive and that the EPA’s interpretation of the SRE provisions of the RFS was contrary to law and arbitrary and capricious as applied to the Fifth Circuit petitioners’ SRE petitions. As the mandate in the Fifth Circuit was issued in January 2024, WRC expects to file suit against the EPA for violating the RFS by failing to rule on those petitions within 90 days following issuance of the mandate as required. In WRC’s lawsuit against the EPA for the damages it sustained as a result of the EPA’s late grant of its SRE petition for the 2018 compliance period (which SRE petition was later denied by the EPA in the 2022 Denials), the United States Courts of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (the “DC Circuit”) held oral argument in April 2024, though no ruling has yet been issued.

Regarding WRC’s SRE petition for the 2022 compliance period which was denied by the EPA in July 2023 largely on the same grounds as the 2022 Denials, the Fifth Circuit stayed WRC’s obligations under the RFS for 2022 and held WRC’s lawsuit against the EPA in abeyance pending the outcome of the lawsuit file by certain other small refineries against the EPA in the DC Circuit related to the 2022 Denials. The DC Circuit held oral argument in April 2024, though no ruling has yet been issued.

Regarding WRC’s SRE petition for the 2023 compliance period, the EPA has failed to rule on WRC’s SRE petition within 90 days as required by the RFS. WRC filed suit against the EPA relating to such failure, but withdrew that suit in April 2024 following the EPA’s filing of a declaration that the EPA did not intend to pursue claims against WRC relating to the 2023 compliance period pending the outcome of the various SRE litigations. If the EPA fails to rule on WRC’s SRE petition, WRC expects to file suit against the EPA for this failure.

WRC’s challenges to the EPA’s Final Rules issued in June 2022 and June 2023 establishing the 2020 to 2022 RVOs and 2023 to 2025 RVOs, respectively, also remain pending.

CVR Energy cannot yet determine at this time the outcomes of these matters. While CVR Energy intends to prosecute these actions vigorously, if these matters are ultimately concluded in a manner adverse to CVR Energy, they could have a material effect on CVR Energy’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Our Energy segment recognized a benefit of approximately $51 million and $11 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, for CVR Energy’s obligated-party subsidiaries’ compliance with the RFS (based on the 2020 through 2024 annual RVO for the respective periods, excluding the impacts of any exemptions or waivers to which the obligated-party subsidiaries may be entitled). These recognized amounts are included in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of operations and represent costs to comply with the RFS obligation through purchasing of RINs not otherwise reduced by blending of ethanol, biodiesel, or renewable diesel. At each reporting period, to the extent RINs purchased or generated through blending are less than the RFS obligation (excluding the impact of exemptions or waivers to which CVR Energy’s obligated-party subsidiaries may be entitled), the remaining position is

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valued using RIN market prices at period end using each specific or closest vintage year. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, CVR Energy’s obligated-party subsidiaries’ RFS position was $294 million and $329 million, respectively, and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Clean Air Act Matter - CVR Energy’s indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, Coffeyville Resource Refining & Marketing, LLC (“CRRM”) and certain of its affiliates settled claims brought in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas (“D. Kan”) by the United States, on behalf of the EPA, and the State of Kansas, on behalf of the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (“KDHE”) seeking both statutory and stipulated penalties primarily relating to the Coffeyville Refinery’s flares, heaters, and related matters. The terms of the settlement are set forth in a Consent Decree (“CD”) that was entered by the D. Kan on January 10, 2024. The EPA and KDHE sought stipulated penalties under a 2012 Consent Decree (the “Stipulated Claims”), which amount CRRM previously deposited into a commercial escrow account which were legally restricted for use and included in Other current assets on CVR Energy’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets; those escrowed funds were released in February 2024 and the settlement amount was paid. The settlement did not and is not expected in the future to have a material adverse impact on CVR Energy’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

45Q Transaction

In January 2023, CVR Energy and its obligated-party subsidiaries entered into a joint venture and related agreements with unaffiliated third-party investors and others intended to qualify for certain tax credits available under Section 45Q of the Internal Revenue Code. Under the agreements entered into in connection with the 45Q Transactions, CVR Partners and certain of its subsidiaries are obligated to meet certain minimum quantities of carbon dioxide supply each year during the term of the agreement and could be subject to fees of up to $15 million per year, with an overall cap at $45 million, should it fail to perform.

Litigation

From time to time, we and our subsidiaries are involved in various lawsuits arising in the normal course of business. We do not believe that such normal routine litigation will have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations. See the matters described under the caption “Other” below.

Energy

Call Option Coverage Case – In April 2024, in the lawsuit (the “Delaware Coverage Case”) filed by CVR Energy and certain of its affiliates (the “Call Defendants”) against its primary and excess insurers (the “Insurers”) alleging breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing against the Insurers relating to their denial of coverage of the Call Defendants’ defense expenses and indemnity, as well as other conduct of the Insurers relating to the CVR Energy’s December 2022 settlement of the consolidated lawsuits (collectively, the “Call Option Lawsuits”) filed by purported former unitholders of CVR Refining on behalf of themselves and an alleged class of similarly situated unitholders against the Call Defendants relating to CVR Energy’s exercise of the call option under the CVR Refining Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership assigned to it by CVR Refining’s general partner including the August 2022 Stipulation, Compromise and Release (the “Settlement”), the Superior Court of the State of Delaware (the “Superior Court”) issued an order compelling the parties to engage in briefing as to the impact, if any, of the summary judgment granted in favor of the Insurers by the 434th Judicial District Court of Fort Bend County, Texas in the Insurer’s separate lawsuit (the “Texas Coverage Case”) against the Call Defendants seeking determination that the Insurers owe no indemnity coverage under policies with coverage limits of $50 million for the Settlement, which summary judgment the Call Defendants have appealed.

While the Delaware Coverage Case and the Texas Coverage Case remain pending, CVR Energy does not expect the outcome of these lawsuits to have a material adverse impact on the CVR Energy’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

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Other Matters

Pension Obligations

Mr. Icahn, through certain affiliates, owns 100% of Icahn Enterprises GP and approximately 85% of Icahn Enterprises’ outstanding depositary units as of March 31, 2024. Applicable pension and tax laws make each member of a “controlled group” of entities, generally defined as entities in which there is at least an 80% common ownership interest, jointly and severally liable for certain pension plan obligations of any member of the controlled group. These pension obligations include ongoing contributions to fund the plan, as well as liability for any unfunded liabilities that may exist at the time the plan is terminated. In addition, the failure to pay these pension obligations when due may result in the creation of liens in favor of the pension plan or the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (the “PBGC”) against the assets of each member of the controlled group.

As a result of the more than 80% ownership interest in us by Mr. Icahn’s affiliates, we and our subsidiaries are subject to the pension liabilities of entities in which Mr. Icahn has a direct or indirect ownership interest of at least 80%, which includes the liabilities of pension plans sponsored by Viskase and ACF Industries LLC (“ACF”), an affiliate of Mr. Icahn. All the minimum funding requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, for the Viskase and ACF plans have been met as of March 31, 2024. If the plans were voluntarily terminated, they would be underfunded by an aggregate of approximately $39 million as of March 31, 2024. These results are based on the most recent information provided by the plans’ actuaries. These liabilities could increase or decrease, depending on a number of factors, including future changes in benefits, investment returns, and the assumptions used to calculate the liability. As members of the controlled group, we would be liable for any failure of Viskase or ACF to make ongoing pension contributions or to pay the unfunded liabilities upon a termination of the Viskase or ACF pension plans. In addition, other entities now or in the future within the controlled group in which we are included may have pension plan obligations that are, or may become, underfunded and we would be liable for any failure of such entities to make ongoing pension contributions or to pay the unfunded liabilities upon termination of such plans.

The current underfunded status of the pension plans of Viskase and ACF requires them to notify the PBGC of certain “reportable events,” such as if we cease to be a member of the Viskase or ACF controlled group, or if we make certain extraordinary dividends or stock redemptions. The obligation to report could cause us to seek to delay or reconsider the occurrence of such reportable events.

Starfire Holding Corporation (“Starfire”), which is 99.6% owned by Mr. Icahn, has undertaken to indemnify us and our subsidiaries from losses resulting from any imposition of certain pension funding or termination liabilities that may be imposed on us and our subsidiaries or our assets as a result of being a member of the Icahn controlled group, including ACF. The Starfire indemnity provides, among other things, that so long as such contingent liabilities exist and could be imposed on us, Starfire will not make any distributions to its stockholders that would reduce its net worth to below $250 million. Nonetheless, Starfire may not be able to fund its indemnification obligations to us.

Other

Icahn Enterprises L.P. was contacted on May 3, 2023 by the U.S. Attorney’s office for the Southern District of New York and on June 21, 2023 by the staff of the Division of Enforcement of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), seeking production of information relating to the Company and certain of its affiliates’ corporate governance, capitalization, securities offerings, disclosure, dividends, valuation, marketing materials, due diligence and other materials. We are cooperating with these requests and investigations and are providing documents in response to these requests for information. In addition, two putative securities class action lawsuits have been filed against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida alleging violations of the federal securities laws, Okaro v. Icahn Enterprises L.P. et al., Case No. 23-21773 (S.D. Fl.), and Levine v. Icahn Enterprises L.P. et al., Case No. 23-22009 (S.D. Fl.). These lawsuits have been consolidated and the court appointed a lead plaintiff on November 20, 2023. Plaintiffs filed their consolidated class action complaint on January 12, 2024, and we filed our motion to dismiss the consolidated class action complaint on March 12, 2024. A derivative complaint has also been filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida, naming the Company’s general partner, its directors, and certain

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current and former officers as defendants, and the Company as a nominal defendant, alleging breaches of fiduciary duties with respect to the Company’s disclosure, Patrick Pickney v. Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc. Case No. 1:23-cv-22932-KMW (S.D. Fl.). In addition, an action to compel inspection of our books and records was filed on November 22, 2023 in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, Bruno v. Icahn Enterprises, L.P. et al., Case No. 2023-1170-SEM.

We believe that we maintain a strong compliance program and, while no assurances can be made, and we are still evaluating these matters, we do not currently believe that these inquiries and litigations will have a material impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

19. Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Supplemental cash flow information consists of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Cash payments for interest | ​ | $ | (58) | ​ | $ | (83)
Cash payments for income taxes, net of payments | ​ |  | (25) | ​ |  | (5)
Partnership contributions receivable | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 6
Non-cash Investment segment distributions to non-controlling interests | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2)
Partnership distributions payable | ​ |  | 439 | ​ |  | (724)
Non-cash recognition of the related party note receivable | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 188

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20. Subsequent Events

Icahn Enterprises

Debt Repurchase and Sales

In November and December of 2023, we repurchased in the open market approximately $35 million aggregate principal amount of our 4.750% senior unsecured notes due 2024, $12 million aggregate principal amount of our 6.25% senior unsecured notes due 2026, $5 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2027, and $40 million aggregate principal amount of our 4.375% senior unsecured notes due 2029 for total cash paid of $84 million for a total aggregate principal amount $92 million. The Company cancelled and reduced the outstanding principal of the repurchased 4.750% senior unsecured notes due 2024, and the remaining repurchased notes of $57 million aggregate principal were extinguished but were not retired and are held in treasury. In April 2024, we sold the $12 million in aggregate principal amount of our 6.250% senior unsecured notes due 2026 and the $5 million in aggregate principal amount of our 5.250% senior unsecured notes due 2027, both previously repurchased and held in treasury, in the open market.

LP Unit Distribution

On May 6, 2024, the Board of Directors of the general partner of Icahn Enterprises declared a quarterly distribution in the amount of $1.00 per depositary unit, which will be paid on or about June 25, 2024 to depositary unitholders of record at the close of business on May 20, 2024. Depositary unitholders will have until June 12, 2024 to make a timely election to receive either cash or additional depositary units. If a unitholder does not make a timely election, it will automatically be deemed to have elected to receive the distribution in additional depositary units. Depositary unitholders who elect to receive (or who are deemed to have elected to receive) additional depositary units will receive units valued at the volume weighted average trading price of the units during the five consecutive trading days ending June 20, 2024. Icahn Enterprises will make a cash payment in lieu of issuing fractional depositary units to any unitholders electing to receive (or who are deemed to have elected to receive) depositary units.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion is intended to assist you in understanding our present business and the results of operations together with our present financial condition. This section should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2024 (this “Report”), as well as our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2024.

Executive Overview

Introduction

Icahn Enterprises L.P. (“Icahn Enterprises”) is a master limited partnership formed in Delaware on February 17, 1987 and headquartered in Sunny Isles Beach, Florida. We are a diversified holding company owning subsidiaries currently engaged in the following continuing operating businesses: Investment, Energy, Automotive, Food Packaging, Real Estate, Home Fashion and Pharma. We also report the results of our Holding Company, which includes the results of certain subsidiaries of Icahn Enterprises (unless otherwise noted), and investment activity and expenses associated with our Holding Company. References to “we,” “our,” “us” or “the Company” herein include Icahn Enterprises and its subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires.

Icahn Enterprises owns a 99% limited partner interest in Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. (“Icahn Enterprises Holdings”). Icahn Enterprises Holdings and its subsidiaries own substantially all of our assets and liabilities and conduct substantially all of our operations. Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc. (“Icahn Enterprises GP”), which is indirectly owned and controlled by Mr. Carl C. Icahn, owns a 1% general partner interest in each of Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings as of March 31, 2024 representing an aggregate 1.99% general partner interest in Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings. Mr. Icahn and his affiliates owned approximately 85% of Icahn Enterprises’ outstanding depositary units as of March 31, 2024.

Recent Developments

As previously disclosed, we are considering, with CVR Energy, Inc. (“CVI"), our majority owned subsidiary in our Energy segment, potential strategic transactions available to CVI and its subsidiaries, which may include the acquisition of additional entities, assets or businesses, including the acquisition of material amounts of refining assets through negotiated mergers and/or stock or asset purchase agreements by CVI or its subsidiaries, including strategic options involving CVR Partners, LP, a controlled subsidiary of CVI. There is no assurance that any of the aforementioned or previously disclosed or other transactions will develop or materialize, or if they do, as to their timing.

Results of Operations

Consolidated Financial Results

Our operating businesses comprise consolidated subsidiaries which operate in various industries and are managed on a decentralized basis. In addition to our Investment segment’s revenues from investment transactions, revenues for our operating businesses primarily consist of net sales of various products, services revenue, franchisor operations and leasing of real estate. Due to the structure and nature of our business, we primarily discuss the results of operations by individual reporting segment in order to better understand our consolidated operating performance. In addition to the summarized financial results below, refer to Note 14, “Segment Reporting,” to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a reconciliation of each of our reporting segment’s results of continuing operations to our consolidated results.

The conflict in the Middle East and the ongoing Russian/Ukraine conflict, can significantly impact the global oil, fertilizer, and agriculture markets. Such conflicts pose significant geopolitical risks to global markets, raise concerns of major implications, such as enforcement of sanctions, can contribute to further oil inventory tightening and price volatility, and can disrupt the production and trade of fertilizer, grains, and feedstock supply through several means,

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including trade restrictions and supply chain disruptions. The ultimate outcome of these conflicts and any associated market disruptions are difficult to predict and may affect our business, operations, and cash flows in unforeseen ways.

The comparability of our summarized consolidated financial results presented below is affected primarily by (i) the performance of the Investment Funds (as defined below), (ii) the results of operations of our Energy segment, impacted by the demand and pricing for its products and (iii) the deconsolidation of Auto Plus within our Automotive segment. Refer to our respective segment discussions and “Other Consolidated Results of Operations,” below for further discussion.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Net Income (Loss)
​ | ​ | Revenues | ​ | Net Income (Loss) | ​ | Attributable to Icahn Enterprises
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31, | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31, | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Investment | ​ | $ | 9 | ​ | $ | (299) | ​ | $ | (40) | ​ | $ | (375) | ​ | $ | (23) | ​ | $ | (171)
Holding Company | ​ |  | 24 | ​ |  | 22 | ​ |  | (55) | ​ |  | (218) | ​ |  | (55) | ​ |  | (218)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other Operating Segments: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Energy | ​ |  | 1,875 | ​ |  | 2,291 | ​ |  | 78 | ​ |  | 247 | ​ |  | 49 | ​ |  | 132
Automotive | ​ |  | 380 | ​ |  | 457 | ​ |  | (9) | ​ |  | (13) | ​ |  | (9) | ​ |  | (13)
Food Packaging | ​ |  | 101 | ​ |  | 118 | ​ |  | 2 | ​ |  | 7 | ​ |  | 2 | ​ |  | 6
Real Estate | ​ |  | 18 | ​ |  | 23 | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | —
Home Fashion | ​ |  | 36 | ​ |  | 40 | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | (2)
Pharma | ​ |  | 25 | ​ |  | 21 | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | (4) | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | (4)
Metals | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Other operating segments | ​ |  | 2,435 | ​ |  | 2,950 | ​ |  | 69 | ​ |  | 235 | ​ |  | 40 | ​ |  | 119
Consolidated | ​ | $ | 2,468 | ​ | $ | 2,673 | ​ | $ | (26) | ​ | $ | (358) | ​ | $ | (38) | ​ | $ | (270)

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Investment

We invest our proprietary capital through various private investment funds (“Investment Funds”). As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had investments with a fair market value of approximately $3.2 billion in the Investment Funds. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total fair market value of investments in the Investment Funds made by Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (excluding us and Brett Icahn) was approximately $2.1 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively.

Our Investment segment’s results of operations are reflected in net income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Our Investment segment’s net income (loss) is driven by the amount of funds allocated to the Investment Funds and the performance of the underlying investments in the Investment Funds. Future funds allocated to the Investment Funds may increase or decrease based on the contributions and redemptions by our Holding Company, Mr. Icahn and his affiliates and by Brett Icahn, Mr. Icahn’s son. Additionally, historical performance results of the Investment Funds are not indicative of future results as past market conditions, investment opportunities and investment decisions may not occur in the future. Changes in general market conditions coupled with changes in exposure to short and long positions have significant impact on our Investment segment’s results of operations and the comparability of results of operations year over year and as such, future results of operations will be impacted by our future exposures and future market conditions, which may not be consistent with prior trends. Refer to the “Investment Segment Liquidity” section of our “Liquidity and Capital Resources” discussion for additional information regarding our Investment segment’s exposure as of March 31, 2024.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, our Investment Funds’ returns were (0.8)% and (4.1)%, respectively. Our Investment Funds’ returns represent a weighted-average composite of the average returns, net of expenses.

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The following table sets forth the performance attribution for the Investment Funds’ returns.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31, | ​
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Long positions |  | 11.4 | % | 1.3 | %
Short positions |  | (13.4) | % | (6.2) | %
Other |  | 1.2 | % | 0.8 | %
​ |  | (0.8) | % | (4.1) | %

​

The following table presents net income (loss) for our Investment segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Long positions | ​ | $ | 596 | ​ | $ | 117
Short positions | ​ |  | (699) | ​ |  | (567)
Other | ​ |  | 63 | ​ |  | 75
​ | ​ | $ | (40) | ​ | $ | (375)

​

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Investment Funds’ negative performance was primarily driven by net losses in short positions. The negative performance of our Investment segment’s short positions was driven primarily by losses from our energy hedges totaling $341 million, losses from a broad market hedge of $177 million, and the aggregate performance of short positions with net losses across various sectors of $181 million. The positive performance of our Investment segment’s long positions was driven primarily by gains from the healthcare, utilities, and energy sectors totaling $559 million, and the aggregate performance of long positions with net gains across various sectors of $37 million.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Investment Funds’ negative performance was primarily driven by net losses in short positions, offset in part by net gains in long positions. The negative performance of our Investment segment’s short positions was driven primarily by losses from a broad market hedge of $365 million and the aggregate performance of short positions with net losses across various sectors of $202 million. The positive performance of our Investment segment’s long positions was driven by the positive performance from three healthcare sector investments aggregating $213 million.

Energy

Our Energy segment is primarily engaged in the petroleum refining and nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing businesses. The petroleum business accounted for approximately 93% and 90% of our Energy segment’s net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The results of operations of the petroleum business are primarily affected by the relationship between refined product prices and the prices for crude oil and other feedstocks that are processed and blended into petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel and jet fuel that are produced by a refinery (“refined products”). The cost to acquire crude oil and other feedstocks and the price for which refined products are ultimately sold depend on factors beyond our Energy segment’s control, including the supply of and demand for crude oil, as well as gasoline, distillate, and other refined products, which, in turn, depend on, among other factors, changes in domestic and foreign economies, driving habits, weather conditions, domestic and foreign political affairs, production levels, the availability or permissibility of imports and exports, the marketing of competitive fuels and the extent of government regulations. Because the petroleum business applies first-in, first-out accounting to value its inventory, crude oil price movements may impact gross margin as a result of changes in the value of its unhedged inventory. The effect of changes in crude oil prices on the petroleum

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business’ results of operations is partially influenced by the rate at which the processing of refined products adjusts to reflect these changes.

In addition to recent market conditions, such as the ongoing conflict in the Middle East and the impact of the Russia/Ukraine conflict, there are long-term factors that may impact the demand for and inventory of refined products. These factors include mandated renewable fuels standards, proposed climate change laws and regulations, and increased mileage and emissions standards for vehicles. The petroleum business is also subject to the EPA’s Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS”), which, each year, absent exemptions or waivers, requires the operating companies in our Energy segment to blend “renewable fuels” with their transportation fuels, purchase renewable identification numbers (“RINs”), to the extent available, in lieu of blending, or face liability. The price of RINs has been extremely volatile and the future cost of RINs for the petroleum business is difficult to estimate. Additionally, the cost of RINs is dependent upon a variety of factors, which include but are not limited to the availability of RINs for purchase, the actions of RINs market participants including non-obligated parties, the price at which RINs can be purchased, transportation fuel and renewable diesel production levels and pricing, the mix of the petroleum business’ petroleum products, the refining margin of the petroleum business and other factors, all of which can vary significantly from period to period, as well as certain waivers or exemptions to which the petroleum business’ obligated-party subsidiaries may be entitled. The costs to comply with the RFS are also impacted by, and dependent upon the outcome of, the numerous lawsuits filed by multiple refiners including the petroleum business’ obligated-party subsidiaries, biofuels groups and others. Refer to Note 18, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of RINs.

Since 2022, our Energy segment has focused significant efforts on decarbonization initiatives including but not limited to the completion of the renewable diesel unit (“RDU”), the creation of an Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) committee and the publication of multiple ESG reports. In addition, our Energy segment achieved mechanical completion of the renewable stock feeder pretreater project at its Wynnewood Refinery in the fourth quarter of 2023 with the unit becoming operational during the first quarter of 2024. Our Energy segment expects to continue to explore options to decarbonize its business in areas with attractive economics, without sole reliance on government subsidies.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net sales | ​ | $ | 1,863 | ​ | $ | 2,286
Cost of goods sold | ​ |  | 1,713 | ​ |  | 1,926
Gross margin | ​ | $ | 150 | ​ | $ | 360

​

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Net sales for our Energy segment decreased by $423 million (19%) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the comparable prior year period due to a decrease in our petroleum business’ net sales, which decreased $325 million, as well as a decrease in our nitrogen fertilizer business’ net sales by $98 million over the comparable period. The decrease in the petroleum business’ net sales was due to lower refined product prices resulting from elevated inventory levels and reduced demand during the current period. The decrease in our nitrogen fertilizer business’ net sales was primarily due to a decrease in urea ammonium nitrate (“UAN”) and ammonia pricing conditions primarily due to lower natural gas prices and increased global supply of nitrogen fertilizers in the current period.

Cost of goods sold for our Energy segment decreased by $213 million (11%) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the comparable prior year period. The decrease was primarily due to declines in our petroleum business as a result of a decrease in net sales and unfavorable derivative impacts of $57 million from losses on open crack spread swap positions, partially offset by a decline in RFS expense of $85 million which includes a favorable RINs liability revaluation of $35 million. Gross margin for our Energy segment decreased by $210 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the comparable prior year period. Gross margin as a percentage of net sales was 8% and 16% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in gross margin as a percentage of net sales was primarily attributable to the petroleum business, which was primarily due to lower refining margins driven by increased inventory levels and lower demand in the current year.

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Automotive

Our Automotive segment’s results of operations are generally driven by the demand for automotive service and maintenance, which is impacted by general economic factors, vehicle miles traveled, and the average age of vehicles on the road, among other factors.

Our Automotive segment has been in the process of a multi-year transformation plan. As part of this plan, during the year ended December 31, 2022, our Automotive segment completed the separation of certain of its Automotive Services and Aftermarket Parts businesses into two separate operating companies. In January 2023, Auto Plus filed a voluntary bankruptcy petition seeking relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, which has reduced our Automotive segment’s assets, reduced the sales of our Automotive segment in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and prior periods, and will result in lower net sales from our Automotive segment in future periods. Our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 include the results of Auto Plus prior to its January 31, 2023 bankruptcy petition.

Our Automotive segment’s results include AEP PLC LLC (“AEP PLC”), which acquired $10 million in assets, mainly comprised of Aftermarket Parts inventory from the Auto Plus auction.

Our Automotive segment’s priorities include:

| ● | Positioning the Automotive Services business to take advantage of opportunities in the do-it-for-me market and vehicle fleets;

| ● | Improving inventory management and distribution network;

| ● | Investment in, and strategic review of, capital projects within Icahn Automotive’s owned and leased locations to increase leasing revenue, restructure lease liabilities, and reduce occupancy costs;

| ● | Strategic investment in brownfield and greenfield supplementing existing store footprints;

| ● | Investment in customer experience initiatives and selective upgrades in facilities;

| ● | Investment in employees with focus on training and career development; and

| ● | Business process improvements, including investments in our supply chain and information technology capabilities.

The following table presents our Automotive segment’s net sales and other revenue from operations, cost of goods sold and other expenses from operations and gross profit. Our Automotive segment’s results of operations include Automotive Services labor along with the sale of any installed parts or materials related to Automotive Services. Automotive Services labor revenues are included in other revenues from operations in our consolidated statements of operations, however, the sales of any installed parts or materials related to Automotive Services are included in net sales. Rental revenues and related expenses for properties leased to third parties, which are included in other revenues from operations and related expenses which are included in other expenses in our consolidated statements of operations, are excluded from the table below. Therefore, we discuss the combined results of our Automotive net sales and Automotive Services labor revenues below.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net sales and other revenues from operations | ​ | $ | 369 | ​ | $ | 441
Cost of goods sold and other expenses from operations | ​ |  | 267 | ​ |  | 310
Gross margin | ​ | $ | 102 | ​ | $ | 131

​

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Net sales and other revenues from operations for our Automotive segment for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased by $72 million (16%) as compared to the comparable prior year period. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in Aftermarket Parts sales of $59 million (82%) due to the deconsolidation of Auto Plus as of

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January 31, 2023. The decrease in the Automotive segment’s net sales was also partially due to a decrease in Automotive Services revenue of $13 million (4%), mainly due to lower car counts primarily from closed stores.

Cost of goods sold and other expenses from operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased by $43 million (14%) as compared to the comparable prior year period. The decrease was primarily driven by decreased Aftermarket Parts expenses of $27 million related to the deconsolidation of Auto Plus in the comparable prior year period. Gross margin on net sales and other revenue from operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased by $29 million (22%) from the comparable prior year period. Gross margin as a percentage of net sales and other revenue from operations was 28% and 30% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Food Packaging

Our Food Packaging segment’s results of operations are primarily driven by the production and sale of cellulosic, fibrous and plastic casings for the processed meat and poultry industry and derives a majority of its total net sales from customers located outside the United States.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased $17 million (14%) as compared to the comparable prior year period. The decrease was primarily due to lower volumes of $12 million and a decrease of $5 million in price and product mix. Cost of goods sold for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased $11 million (12%) compared to the comparable prior year period primarily due to effects of lower volume and corresponding lower absorption of manufacturing fixed costs. Gross margin as a percentage of net sales was 21% and 23% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Real Estate

Our Real Estate segment consists of investment properties which includes land, retail, office and industrial properties leased to corporate tenants, the development and sale of single-family homes, and the operations of a resort and two country clubs. Sales of single-family homes and investment properties are included in net sales in our consolidated statements of operations. Results from operations at investment properties and our country clubs are included in other revenues from operations in our consolidated statements of operations. Revenue from our real estate operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily derived from country club and resort operations. Revenue from our real estate operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily derived from the sale of single-family homes and resort operations.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased by $6 million (86%) as compared to the comparable prior year period primarily due to the decrease in single-family home sales as inventory is almost sold out. Cost of goods sold for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased $5 million (83%) compared to the prior year period primarily due to the aforementioned decrease in single-family home sales. Gross margin as a percentage of net sales was 0% and 14% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Other revenues from operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $1 million (6%) as compared to the comparable prior year period primarily due to the acquisition of a country club in the fourth quarter of 2023, increased occupancy and hotel rates at our resort and increased annual country club dues. Other expenses from operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $1 million (8%) compared to the prior year period.

Home Fashion

Our Home Fashion segment is significantly influenced by the overall economic environment, including consumer spending, at the retail level, for home textile products.

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased by $4 million (10%) as compared to the comparable prior year period mostly due to lower demand from our retail business. Cost of goods sold for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased by $5 million (16%) compared to the comparable prior year period mostly due to lower material costs and improved manufacturing efficiency. Gross margin as a percentage of net sales was 25% and 20% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Pharma

Our Pharma segment derives revenues primarily from the sale of its products directly to customers, wholesalers and pharmacies.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $4 million (20%) as compared to the comparable prior year period primarily due to higher prescription growth resulting in increased sales. Cost of goods sold for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased $2 million (17%) compared to the comparable prior year period due to increased sales. Gross margin as a percentage of net sales was 42% and 40% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Holding Company

Our Holding Company’s results of operations primarily reflect the interest expense on its senior unsecured notes for each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 and the loss on deconsolidation of one of its subsidiaries for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Other Consolidated Results of Operations

Loss on deconsolidation of subsidiary

As discussed in Note 3, “Subsidiary Bankruptcy and Deconsolidation”, to the consolidated financial statements, we deconsolidated Auto Plus effective as of January 31, 2023, resulting in a pretax loss on deconsolidation of subsidiary of $226 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Selling, General and Administrative

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Our consolidated selling, general and administrative costs during the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased by $36 million (16%) as compared to the comparable prior year period primarily due to lower expenses of our Automotive segment mainly related to the deconsolidation of Auto Plus, which included $28 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Interest Expense

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Our consolidated interest expense during the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased by $6 million (4%) as compared to the comparable prior year period. The decrease was primarily due to lower interest expense for our Investment segment of $20 million attributable to changes in short exposure composition. This decrease was partially offset by higher interest expense in our Energy and Holding Company segment of $10 million and $4 million, respectively, mainly due to the refinancing of bonds at higher rates than the comparative prior year period.

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Income Tax Expense

Certain of our subsidiaries are partnerships not subject to taxation in our condensed consolidated financial statements and certain other subsidiaries are corporations, or subsidiaries of corporations, subject to taxation in our condensed consolidated financial statements. Therefore, our consolidated effective tax rate generally differs from the statutory federal tax rate. Refer to Note 15, “Income Taxes,” to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of income taxes.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Holding Company Liquidity

We are a holding company. Our cash flow and our ability to meet our debt service obligations and make distributions with respect to depositary units depends on the cash flow resulting from divestitures, equity offerings and debt financings, interest income, returns on our interests in the Investment Funds and the payment of funds to us by our subsidiaries in the form of loans, dividends and distributions. We may pursue various means to raise cash from our subsidiaries. To date, such means include receipt of dividends and distributions from subsidiaries, obtaining loans or other financings based on the asset values of subsidiaries or selling debt or equity securities of subsidiaries through capital market transactions. To the degree any distributions and transfers are impaired or prohibited, our ability to make payments on our debt or distributions on our depositary units could be limited. The operating results of our subsidiaries may not be sufficient for them to make distributions to us. In addition, our subsidiaries are not obligated to make funds available to us and distributions and intercompany transfers from our subsidiaries to us may be restricted by applicable law or covenants contained in debt agreements and other agreements.

As of March 31, 2024, our Holding Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $1.7 billion and total debt of approximately $4.8 billion. As of March 31, 2024, our Holding Company had investments in the Investment Funds with a total fair market value of approximately $3.2 billion. We may redeem our direct investment in the Investment Funds upon notice. See “Investment Segment Liquidity” below for additional information with respect to our Investment segment liquidity. See “Consolidated Cash Flows” below for additional information with respect to our Holding Company liquidity.

Holding Company Borrowings and Availability

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | March 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | (in millions)
6.375% senior unsecured notes due 2025 |  | 749 | ​ |  | 749
6.250% senior unsecured notes due 2026 |  | 1,238 | ​ |  | 1,238
5.250% senior unsecured notes due 2027 |  | 1,454 | ​ |  | 1,454
4.375% senior unsecured notes due 2029 | ​ | 708 | ​ | ​ | 708
9.750% senior unsecured notes due 2029 |  | 698 | ​ |  | 698
​ | $ | 4,847 | ​ | $ | 4,847

​

Holding Company debt consists of various issues of fixed-rate senior unsecured notes issued by Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Finance Corp. (together the “Issuers”) and guaranteed by Icahn Enterprises Holdings (the “Guarantor”). Interest on each tranche of senior unsecured notes is payable semi-annually.

Each of our senior unsecured notes and the related guarantees are the senior unsecured obligations of the Issuers and rank equally with all of the Issuers’ and the Guarantor’s existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness and senior to all of the Issuers’ and the Guarantor’s existing and future subordinated indebtedness. Each of our senior unsecured notes and the related guarantees are effectively subordinated to the Issuers’ and the Guarantor’s existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the collateral securing such indebtedness. Each of our senior unsecured notes and

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the related guarantees are also effectively subordinated to all indebtedness and other liabilities of the Issuers’ subsidiaries other than the Guarantor.

The indentures governing our senior unsecured notes described above restrict the payment of cash distributions, the purchase of equity interests or the purchase, redemption, defeasance or acquisition of debt subordinated to the senior unsecured notes. The indentures also restrict the incurrence of debt or the issuance of disqualified stock, as defined in the indentures, with certain exceptions. In addition, the indentures require that on each quarterly determination date, Icahn Enterprises and the guarantor of the notes (currently only Icahn Enterprises Holdings) maintain certain minimum financial ratios, as defined therein. The indentures also restrict the creation of liens, mergers, consolidations and sales of substantially all of our assets, and transactions with affiliates. Additionally, the 6.375% senior unsecured notes due 2025, the 6.250% senior unsecured notes due 2026 and the 9.750% senior unsecured notes due 2029 are subject to optional redemption premiums in the event we redeem any of the notes prior to certain dates as described in the indentures.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all covenants, including maintaining certain minimum financial ratios, as defined in the indentures. Additionally, as of March 31, 2024, based on covenants in the indentures governing our senior unsecured notes, we are not permitted to incur additional indebtedness; however, we are permitted to issue new notes in connection with debt refinancings of existing notes.

Debt Repurchase and Sales

In November and December of 2023, we repurchased in the open market approximately $35 million aggregate principal amount of our 4.750% senior unsecured notes due 2024, $12 million aggregate principal amount of our 6.25% senior unsecured notes due 2026, $5 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2027, and $40 million aggregate principal amount of our 4.375% senior unsecured notes due 2029 for total cash paid of $84 million for a total aggregate principal amount $92 million. The Company cancelled and reduced the outstanding principal of the repurchased 4.750% senior unsecured notes due 2024, and the remaining repurchased notes of $57 million aggregate principal were extinguished but were not retired and are held in treasury. In April 2024, we sold the $12 million in aggregate principal amount of our 6.250% senior unsecured notes due 2026 and the $5 million in aggregate principal amount of our 5.250% senior unsecured notes due 2027, both previously repurchased and held in treasury, in the open market.

At-The-Market Offerings

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, Icahn Enterprises sold 2,775,609 depositary units pursuant to its Open Market Sale Agreement, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $50 million. We continue to have an Open Market Sale Agreement and Icahn Enterprises may sell its depositary units for up to an additional $99 million in aggregate gross sale proceeds pursuant to this agreement. No assurance can be made that any or all amounts will be sold during the term of the agreement, and we have no obligation to sell additional depositary units under the Open Market Sale Agreement. Depending on market conditions, we may continue to sell depositary units under the Open Market Sale Agreement, and, if appropriate, enter into a new Open Market Sale Agreement to continue our At-The-Market sales program. Our ability to access remaining capital under our At-The-Market program may be limited by market conditions at the time of any future potential sale. While we were able to sell depositary units during the three months ended March 31, 2024, there can be no assurance that any future capital will be available on acceptable terms or at all under this program.

LP Unit Distributions

On February 26, 2024, Icahn Enterprises declared a quarterly distribution in the amount of $1.00 per depositary unit in which each depositary unitholder had the option to make an election to receive either cash or additional depositary units. In connection with this distribution, aggregate cash distributions to all depositary unitholders that made a timely election to receive cash was $97 million, of which $55 million was distributed to Mr. Icahn and his affiliates in April 2024.

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On May 6, 2024, the Board of Directors of the general partner of Icahn Enterprises declared a quarterly distribution in the amount of $1.00 per depositary unit, which will be paid on or about June 25, 2024 to depositary unitholders of record at the close of business on May 20, 2024. Depositary unitholders will have until June 12, 2024 to make a timely election to receive either cash or additional depositary units. If a unitholder does not make a timely election, it will automatically be deemed to have elected to receive the distribution in additional depositary units. Depositary unitholders who elect to receive (or who are deemed to have elected to receive) additional depositary units will receive units valued at the volume weighted average trading price of the units during the five consecutive trading days ending June 20, 2024. Icahn Enterprises will make a cash payment in lieu of issuing fractional depositary units to any unitholders electing to receive (or who are deemed to have elected to receive) depositary units.

Repurchase Authorization

On May 9, 2023, the Board of Directors of Icahn Enterprises GP, the Company’s General Partner, approved a repurchase program which authorizes Icahn Enterprises or affiliates of Icahn Enterprises to repurchase up to an aggregate of $500 million worth of any of our outstanding fixed-rate senior unsecured notes issued by Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Finance Corp. and up to an aggregate of $500 million worth of the depositary units issued by Icahn Enterprises (the “Repurchase Program”). The repurchases of senior notes or depositary units may be done for cash from time to time in the open market, through tender offers or in privately negotiated transactions upon such terms and at such prices as management may determine. The authorization of the Repurchase Program is for an indefinite term and does not expire until later terminated by the Board of Directors of Icahn Enterprises GP. As of March 31, 2024, the Company has not repurchased any of the Company’s depositary units and the Company has repurchased $92 million worth of senior unsecured notes in aggregate under the Repurchase Program. See “Debt Repurchases and Sales” above.

​

Investment Segment Liquidity

In addition to investments by us and Mr. Icahn, the Investment Funds historically have access to significant amounts of cash available from prime brokerage lines of credit, subject to customary terms and market conditions.

Additionally, our Investment segment liquidity is driven by the investment activities and performance of the Investment Funds. As of March 31, 2024, the Investment Funds had a net short notional exposure of 27%. The Investment Funds’ long exposure was 99% (98% long equity and 1% long credit) and its short exposure was 126% (109% short equity, 11% short credit and 6% short commodity). The notional exposure represents the ratio of the notional exposure of the Investment Funds’ invested capital to the net asset value of the Investment Funds at March 31, 2024.

Of the Investment Funds’ 99% long exposure, 61% was comprised of the fair value of its long positions and 38% was comprised mostly of single name equity forward and swap contracts. Of the Investment Funds’ 126% short exposure, 69% was comprised of the fair value of its short positions (with certain adjustments) and 57% was comprised mostly of short broad market index swap derivative contracts, short credit default swap contracts and short commodity contracts.

With respect to both our long positions that are not notionalized (61% long exposure) and our short positions that are not notionalized (69% short exposure), each 1% change in exposure as a result of purchases or sales (assuming no change in value) would have a 1% impact on our cash and cash equivalents (as a percentage of net asset value). Changes in exposure as a result of purchases and sales as well as adverse changes in market value would also have an effect on funds available to us pursuant to prime brokerage lines of credit.

With respect to the notional value of our other short positions (57% short exposure), our liquidity would decrease by the balance sheet unrealized loss if we were to close the positions at quarter end prices. This would be offset by a release of restricted cash balances collateralizing these positions as well as an increase in funds available to us pursuant to certain prime brokerage lines of credit. If we were to increase our short exposure by adding to these short positions, we would be required to provide cash collateral equal to a small percentage of the initial notional value at counterparties that require cash as collateral and then post additional collateral equal to 100% of the mark to market on adverse changes in fair value. For our counterparties who do not require cash collateral, funds available from lines of credit would decrease.

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Investment Funds Redemption

Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (excluding us and Brett Icahn) made no redemptions from the Investment Funds during the three months ended March 31, 2024, and redeemed $80 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total fair market value of investments in the Investment Funds owned by the Company was approximately $3.2 billion, representing approximately 60% and 60% of the Investment Funds’ assets under management as of each respective date.

Other Segment Liquidity

Segment Cash and Cash Equivalents

Segment cash and cash equivalents (excluding our Investment segment) consists of the following:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Energy | ​ | $ | 644 | ​ | $ | 1,179
Automotive | ​ |  | 64 | ​ |  | 104
Food Packaging | ​ |  | 7 | ​ |  | 8
Real Estate | ​ |  | 33 | ​ |  | 22
Home Fashion | ​ |  | 4 | ​ |  | 5
Pharma | ​ |  | 18 | ​ |  | 26
​ | ​ | $ | 770 | ​ | $ | 1,344

Segment Borrowings and Availability

Segment debt consists of the following:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | March 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Energy | ​ | $ | 1,585 | ​ | $ | 2,185
Automotive | ​ |  | 29 | ​ |  | 33
Food Packaging | ​ |  | 138 | ​ |  | 133
Real Estate | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | 1
Home Fashion | ​ |  | 8 | ​ |  | 8
​ | ​ | $ | 1,761 | ​ | $ | 2,360

​

Energy

​

In February 2024, CVR Energy redeemed all of its $600 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2025. As a result of this transaction, CVR Energy recognized a $1 million loss on extinguishment of debt for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

​

Refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for information concerning terms, restrictions and covenants pertaining to our subsidiaries’ debt. As of March 31, 2024, all of our subsidiaries were in compliance with all debt covenants.

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Our segments have additional borrowing availability under certain revolving credit facilities as summarized below:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | March 31,
​ | ​ | 2024
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Energy | ​ | $ | 294
Food Packaging |  | ​ | 30
​ | ​ | $ | 324

​

The above outstanding debt and borrowing availability with respect to each of our continuing operating segments reflects third-party obligations.

Consolidated Cash Flows

Our consolidated cash flows are composed of the activities within our Holding Company, Investment segment and other operating segments. Our Holding Company’s cash flows are generally driven by cash flows resulting from our subsidiaries loans, dividends, distributions and contributions, as well as divestitures and acquisitions, equity offerings and debt financings, interest income and expense. Our Investment segment’s cash flows are primarily driven by investment transactions, which are included in net cash flows from operating activities due to the nature of its business, as well as contributions to and distributions from Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (including Icahn Enterprises and Icahn Enterprises Holdings) and Brett Icahn, which are included in net cash flows from financing activities. Our other operating segments’ cash flows are driven by the activities and performance of each business as well as transactions with our Holding Company, as discussed below.

The following table summarizes cash flow information for Icahn Enterprises’ reporting segments and our Holding Company:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
​ | ​ | Net Cash Used In | ​ | Net Cash Provided By (Used In)
​ | ​ | Operating | ​ | Investing | ​ | Financing | ​ | Operating | ​ | Investing | ​ | Financing
​ |  | Activities |  | Activities |  | Activities |  | Activities |  | Activities |  | Activities
​ | ​ | (in millions)
Holding Company | ​ | $ | 11 | ​ | $ | 46 | ​ | $ | 49 | ​ | $ | (24) | ​ | $ | 3 | ​ | $ | 174
Investment | ​ |  | (431) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (6) | ​ |  | 14 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (82)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other Operating Segments: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Energy | ​ |  | 177 | ​ |  | (55) | ​ |  | (664) | ​ |  | 247 | ​ |  | (34) | ​ |  | (122)
Automotive | ​ |  | (22) | ​ | ​ | (15) | ​ |  | (4) | ​ |  | 4 | ​ | ​ | (10) | ​ |  | 7
Food Packaging | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | 4 | ​ |  | 5 | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | 2
Real Estate | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | 15 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1)
Home Fashion | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3
Pharma | ​ |  | 7 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (15) | ​ |  | 7 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Other operating segments | ​ |  | 169 | ​ |  | (75) | ​ |  | (676) | ​ |  | 275 | ​ |  | (46) | ​ |  | (111)
Total before eliminations | ​ |  | (251) | ​ |  | (29) | ​ |  | (633) | ​ |  | 265 | ​ |  | (43) | ​ |  | (19)
Eliminations | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (46) | ​ |  | 46 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (20) | ​ |  | 20
Consolidated | ​ | $ | (251) | ​ | $ | (75) | ​ | $ | (587) | ​ | $ | 265 | ​ | $ | (63) | ​ | $ | 1

​

Eliminations

Eliminations in the table above relate to certain of our Holding Company’s transactions with our Investment and other operating segments. Our Holding Company’s net (investments in) distributions from the Investments Funds, when applicable, are included in cash flows from investing activities for our Holding Company and cash flows from financing activities for our Investment segment. Similarly, our Holding Company’s net distributions from (investments in) our

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other operating segments are included in cash flows from investing activities for our Holding Company and cash flows from financing activities for our other operating segments.

Holding Company

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | ​ | 2024 | 2023
​ | ​ | ​
Operating Activities: | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Cash payments for interest on senior unsecured notes | ​ | $ | (16) | ​ | $ | (43)
Interest and dividend income | ​ |  | 24 | ​ |  | 21
Net cash receipts for income taxes, net of payments | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | —
Operating transactions with subsidiaries | ​ |  | 13 | ​ |  | (1)
Operating costs and other | ​ |  | (11) | ​ |  | (1)
​ | ​ | $ | 11 | ​ | $ | (24)
Investing Activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Cash from operating segments | ​ |  | 51 | ​ |  | 41
Cash to operating segments | ​ |  | (5) | ​ |  | (21)
Related party note receivable disbursements and repayments, net | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (18)
Other investing activities, net | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1
​ | ​ | $ | 46 | ​ | $ | 3
Financing Activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Partnership contributions | ​ | $ | 50 | ​ | $ | 173
Other financing activities, net | ​ | ​ | (1) | ​ | ​ | 1
​ | ​ | $ | 49 | ​ | $ | 174
Increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 106 | ​ | $ | 153

​

The decrease in interest payments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 over the comparable period is primarily due to the redemption of $1.1 billion aggregate principal amount of our 4.750% senior unsecured notes due in 2024 in December 2023, which we paid interest of $26 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Operating transactions with subsidiaries includes the reimbursement of operating expenses to our Investment segment based on an expense-sharing agreement.

Cash from operating segments is made up of dividends, distributions, and repayments of intercompany loans that are eliminated in consolidation. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, this includes cash dividends received from our Energy segment of $33 million, cash distributions received from our Real Estate segment and Investment segment totaling $3 million, and repayments of intercompany loans from our Pharma segment of $15 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, this includes cash dividends received from our Energy segment of $36 million and cash distributions from our Real Estate segment of $5 million.

Cash to operating segments is made up of intercompany loans and contributions to operating segments that are eliminated in consolidation. Changes in cash to operating segments was mainly attributable to cash paid to our Automotive segment and Real Estate segment.

Partnership contributions represent sales in connection with our At-The-Market offerings pursuant to our Open Market Sale Agreements, as discussed above.

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Subsidiary Dividends

For the first quarter of 2024, our Energy segment declared a cash dividend of $0.50 per share, which is payable May 20, 2024 to shareholders of record as of May 13, 2024. Our portion of the dividend is estimated to be approximately $33 million in cash.

Investment Segment

Our Investment segment’s cash flows from operating activities for the comparable periods were attributable to its net investment transactions.

Our Investment segment’s cash flows used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was mainly attributable to Brett Icahn’s net redemptions from the Investment Funds of $5 million. Our Investment segment’s cash flows used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was mainly attributable to redemptions paid to Mr. Icahn and his affiliates (excluding us and Brett Icahn) of $82 million and Brett Icahn’s contributions to the funds of $2 million, respectively.

Other Operating Segments

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31,
​ |  | 2024 |  | 2023
​ | ​ | ​
Operating Activities: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Net cash flow from operating activities before changes in operating assets and liabilities | ​ | $ | 227 | ​ | $ | 317
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | ​ |  | (58) | ​ |  | (42)
​ | ​ | $ | 169 | ​ | $ | 275
Investing Activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Capital expenditures | ​ | $ | (68) | ​ | $ | (58)
Turnaround expenditures | ​ | ​ | (12) | ​ | ​ | (8)
Proceeds from sale of assets | ​ |  | 2 | ​ |  | —
Return of equity method investment | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | 19
Other | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1
​ | ​ | $ | (75) | ​ | $ | (46)
Financing Activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Proceeds from other borrowings | ​ | $ | 7 | ​ | $ | 16
Repayments of other borrowings | ​ | ​ | (607) | ​ | ​ | (19)
Dividends and distributions to non-controlling interests | ​ |  | (28) | ​ |  | (85)
Cash from Holding Company | ​ |  | 5 | ​ |  | 21
Cash to Holding Company | ​ |  | (50) | ​ |  | (41)
Other | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | (3)
​ | ​ | $ | (676) | ​ | $ | (111)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Decrease (increase) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | ​ | $ | (582) | ​ | $ | 118

​

Our other operating segments’ cash flows from operating activities before changes in operating assets and liabilities were primarily attributable to the results of our Energy segment during both periods. The change in cash flows from operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the comparable prior year was primarily due to a decrease in the operating results of our Energy segment primarily associated with decreased sales resulting from lower crude oil prices.

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Capital expenditures and turnaround expenditures are primarily from our Energy and Automotive segments and are primarily for maintenance and growth and includes the planned maintenance of one of its refineries in both periods.

Repayments of other borrowings are related to our Energy segment’s redemption of $600 million principal amount of its 5.25% senior unsecured notes due February 2025.

Distributions to non-controlling interests were from our Energy segment related to its regular quarterly dividends and distributions, excluding payments made to us.

Cash from Holding Company is made up of intercompany loans between our Holding Company and subsidiaries that are eliminated in consolidation. The changes in cash from Holding Company were mainly attributable to cash paid to our Automotive segment and Real Estate segment.

Cash to Holding Company is made up of dividends, distributions and intercompany loans that are eliminated consolidation. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, this includes cash dividends paid from our Energy segment of $33 million, cash distributions from our Real Estate segment totaling $2 million, and repayments of intercompany loans from our Pharma segment of $15 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, this includes cash dividends from our Energy segment of $36 million and cash distributions from our Real Estate segment of $5 million.

Consolidated Capital Expenditures

There have been no material changes to our planned capital expenditures as compared to the estimated capital expenditures for 2024 reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The critical accounting estimates used in the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements that we believe affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements presented in this Report are described in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and in the Notes to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Refer to Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to us.

​

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Except as discussed below, information about our quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk did not differ materially from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Market Risk

Our predominant exposure to market risk is related to our Investment segment and the sensitivities to movements in the fair value of the Investment Funds’ investments.

Investment

The fair value of the financial assets and liabilities of the Investment Funds primarily fluctuates in response to changes in the value of securities. The net effect of these fair value changes impacts the net gains from investment activities in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Investment Funds’ risk is regularly evaluated and is managed on a position basis as well as on a portfolio basis. Senior members of our investment team meet on a regular basis to assess and review certain risks, including concentration risk, correlation risk and credit risk for significant

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positions. Certain risk metrics and other analytical tools are used in the normal course of business by the Investment segment.

The Investment Funds hold investments that are reported at fair value as of the reporting date, which include securities owned, securities sold, not yet purchased and derivatives as reported on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Based on their respective balances as of March 31, 2024, we estimate that in the event of a 10% adverse change in the fair value of these investments, the fair values of securities owned, securities sold, not yet purchased and derivatives would be negatively impacted by approximately $320 million, $364 million and $667 million, respectively. However, as of March 31, 2024, we estimate that the impact to our share of the net gain (loss) from investment activities reported in our condensed consolidated statement of operations would be less than the change in fair value since we have an interest of approximately 60% in the Investment Funds.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

As of March 31, 2024, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of Icahn Enterprises’ and subsidiaries’ disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to the Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in such reports is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are, and will continue to be, subject to litigation from time to time in the ordinary course of business. Refer to Note 18, “Commitments and Contingencies” to the condensed consolidated financial statements, which is incorporated by reference into this Part II, Item 1 of this Report, for information regarding our lawsuits and proceedings. Except for the lawsuits and proceedings disclosed in Note 18, there were no material changes to our lawsuits and proceedings as compared to those reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There were no material changes to our risk factors during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to those reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

​

Item 5. Other Information

During our last fiscal quarter, no director or officer, as defined in Rule 16a-f(1), adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” each as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408.

​

Item 6. Exhibits

​ | ​ | ​
Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.1 | ​ | Employment Agreement with Andrew J. Teno, dated February 21, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed by Icahn Enterprises L.P. on February 21, 2024).
10.2 | ​ | Letter Agreement, dated February 21, 2024, by and among David Willetts, The Pep Boys – Manny, Moe & Jack LLC, and Pep Boys – Manny, Moe & Jack of Puerto Rico, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 8-K filed by Icahn Enterprises L.P. on February 21, 2024).
31.1 | ​ | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
31.2 | ​ | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
32.1 | ​ | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. 1350) and Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
101.SCH | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
104 | ​ | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL in Exhibit 101).

​

​

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

​ | Icahn Enterprises L.P.
​ | ​
​ | ​
​ | By: | Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc., its general partner
​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​
​ | By: | /s/ Andrew Teno
​ | ​ | Andrew Teno President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)
​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​
​ | By: | /s/ Ted Papapostolou
​ | ​ | Ted Papapostolou Chief Financial Officer and Director (Principal Financial Officer)
​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​
​ | By: | /s/ Robert Flint
​ | ​ | Robert Flint
​ | ​ | Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

​

Date: May 8, 2024

​

​

​

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