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Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments

7. Financial Instruments

Overview

Investment

In the normal course of business, the Investment Funds may trade various financial instruments and enter into certain investment activities, which may give rise to off-balance-sheet risks, with the objective of capital appreciation or as economic hedges against other securities or the market as a whole. The Investment Funds’ investments may include futures, forwards, options, swaps and securities sold, not yet purchased. These financial instruments represent future commitments to purchase or sell other financial instruments or to exchange an amount of cash based on the change in an underlying instrument at specific terms at specified future dates. Risks arise with these financial instruments from potential counterparty non-performance and from changes in the market values of underlying instruments.

Credit concentrations may arise from investment activities and may be impacted by changes in economic, industry or political factors. The Investment Funds routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, resulting in credit concentration with respect to the financial services industry. In the ordinary course of business, the Investment Funds may also be subject to a concentration of credit risk to a particular counterparty. The Investment Funds seek to mitigate these risks by actively monitoring exposures, collateral requirements and the creditworthiness of their counterparties.

The Investment Funds have entered into various types of swap contracts with other counterparties. These agreements provide that they are entitled to receive or are obligated to pay in cash an amount equal to the increase or decrease, respectively, in the value of the underlying shares, debt and other instruments that are the subject of the contracts, during the period from inception of the applicable agreement to its expiration. In addition, pursuant to the terms of such agreements, they are entitled to receive or obligated to pay other amounts, including interest, dividends and other distributions made in respect of the underlying shares, debt and other instruments during the specified time frame. They are also entitled to receive from or required to pay to the counterparty a floating interest rate equal to the product of the notional amount multiplied by an agreed-upon rate. They also receive interest on any cash collateral that they post to the counterparty and pay interest on any cash collateral posted by the counterparty at an agreed-upon rate.

The Investment Funds may trade futures contracts. A futures contract is a firm commitment to buy or sell a specified quantity of a standardized amount of a deliverable grade commodity, security, currency or cash at a specified price and specified future date unless the contract is closed before the delivery date. Payments (or variation margin) are made or received by the Investment Funds each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the value of the contract, and the whole value change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss by the Investment Funds. When the contract is closed, the Investment Funds record a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed.

The Investment Funds may utilize forward contracts in securities, or to seek to protect their assets denominated in foreign currencies and precious metals holdings from losses due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and spot rates. The Investment Funds’ exposure to credit risk associated with non-performance of such forward contracts is limited to the unrealized gains or losses inherent in such contracts, which are recognized in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

The Investment Funds may also enter into foreign currency contracts for purposes other than hedging denominated securities. When entering into a foreign currency forward contract, the Investment Funds agree to receive or deliver a fixed quantity of foreign currency for an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon future date unless the contract is closed before such date. The Investment Funds record unrealized gains or losses on the contracts as measured by the difference between the forward foreign exchange rates at the dates of entry into such contracts and the forward rates at the reporting date.

The Investment Funds may also purchase and write option contracts. As a writer of option contracts, the Investment Funds receive a premium at the outset and then bear the market risk of unfavorable changes in the price of the underlying financial instrument. As a result of writing option contracts, the Investment Funds are obligated to purchase or sell, at the holder’s option, the underlying financial instrument. Accordingly, these transactions result in off-balance-sheet risk, as the Investment Funds’ satisfaction of the obligations may exceed the amount recognized in our consolidated balance sheets.

Certain terms of the Investment Funds’ contracts with derivative counterparties, which are standard and customary to such contracts, contain certain triggering events that would give the counterparties the right to terminate the derivative instruments. In such events, the counterparties to the derivative instruments could request immediate payment on derivative instruments in net liability positions. There were no Investment Funds’ derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features in a liability position as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following table summarizes the volume of our Investment segment’s derivative activities based on their notional exposure, categorized by primary underlying risk:


		December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
		Long Notional Exposure			Short Notional Exposure			Long Notional Exposure			Short Notional Exposure

			(in millions)
Primary underlying risk:
Equity contracts		$	1,813		$	1,845		$	1,882		$	2,350
Credit contracts⁽¹⁾			185			55			—			435
Commodity contracts			—			90			—			409

(1)

The short notional amount on our credit default swap positions was approximately $213 million at December 31, 2024. However, because credit spreads cannot compress below zero, our downside short notional exposure to loss is approximately $55 million as of December 31, 2024. The short notional amount on our credit default swap positions was approximately $2.5 billion as of December 31, 2023. However, because credit spreads cannot compress below zero, our downside short notional exposure to loss is $0.4 billion as of December 31, 2023.

Certain derivative contracts executed by each of the Investment Funds with a single counterparty are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis where a legal right of offset exists under an enforceable netting agreement. Values for the derivative financial instruments, principally swaps, forwards, over-the-counter options and other conditional and exchange contracts, are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis.

The following table presents the fair values of our Investment segment’s derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments in accordance with U.S. GAAP:


		Derivative Assets						Derivative Liabilities
		December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023

			(in millions)
Equity contracts		$	81		$	11		$	853		$	999
Credit contracts			18			39			6			2
Commodity contracts			22			14			—			3
Sub-total			121			64			859			1,004
Netting across contract types⁽¹⁾			(103)			(25)			(103)			(25)
Total⁽¹⁾		$	18		$	39		$	756		$	979

(1)

Excludes netting of cash collateral received and posted. The total collateral posted at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $1.5 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, across all counterparties, which are included in cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash in the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the amount of gain (loss) recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for our Investment segment’s derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:


	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income⁽¹⁾
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022

Equity contracts	$	(201)		$	(903)		$	456
Credit contracts		(29)			(87)			(586)
Commodity contracts		16			(26)			(1)
	$	(214)		$	(1,016)		$	(131)

(1)	Gains (losses) recognized on derivatives are classified in net (loss) gain from investment activities in our consolidated statements of operations for our Investment segment.

Energy

CVR Energy’s businesses are subject to fluctuations of commodity prices caused by supply and economic conditions, weather, interest rates, and other factors. To manage price risk on crude oil and other inventories and to fix margins on future sales and purchases, CVR Energy from time to time enters into various commodity derivative transactions and holds derivative instruments, such as futures and swaps, which it believes provide an economic hedge on future transactions, but such instruments are not designated as hedge instruments. CVR Energy may enter into forward purchase or sale contracts associated with its feedstocks, expected future gasoline and diesel production and/or renewable identification numbers (“RINs”).

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, CVR Energy had swap positions for crack spreads of less than 1 million barrels and 11 million barrels of refined products, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, CVR Energy had future contracts of less than 1 million barrels and no future contracts, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, CVR Energy had forward contracts of less than 1 million barrels at each period. As of December 31, 2024, CVR Energy had open fixed-price commitments to purchase a net 7 million RINs. As of December 31, 2023, CVR Energy had open fixed-price commitments to sell a net of 11 million RINs.

The following table presents the fair value of our Energy segment’s derivatives and the effect of the collateral netting:


		Derivative Assets						Derivative Liabilities
		December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023

			(in millions)
Commodity contracts		$	17		$	31		$	13		$	6
Netting across contract types⁽¹⁾			(13)			(6)			(13)			(6)
Total⁽¹⁾		$	4		$	25		$	—		$	—

(1)

Excludes netting of derivatives primarily related to initial margin requirements of $3 million and $13 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which was not offset against derivatives liabilities, net in the consolidated balance sheets.

Certain derivative instruments within our Energy segment contain credit risk-related contingent provisions associated with our Energy segments’ credit ratings. If our Energy segments’ credit rating were to be downgraded, it would allow the counterparty to require our Energy segment to post collateral or to request, immediate, full settlement of derivative instruments in liability positions. There were no derivative liabilities in our Energy segments’ derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and no collateral has been posted.

Gains and (losses) recognized on derivatives for our Energy segment were $13 million, $5 million and $(55) million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Gains and (losses) recognized on derivatives for our Energy segment are included in cost of goods sold on the consolidated statements of operations.