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Debt | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2021
Debt Disclosure [Abstract] |
Debt | 9. Debt Liability for sale of future royalties In July 2020, the Company entered into the Royalty Purchase Agreement. As RPI’s interest is explicitly limited, the $650.0 million cash consideration was classified as debt and is recorded as “liability for sale of future royalties-current” and “liability for sale of future royalties-noncurrent” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet based on the timing of the expected payments to be made to RPI. The fair value for the liability for sale of future royalties at the time of the transaction was based on the Company’s estimates of future royalties expected to be paid to RPI over the life of the arrangement, which was determined using forecasts from market data sources, which are considered Level 3 inputs. The liability will be amortized using the effective interest method over the life of the arrangement, in accordance with ASC 470 and ASC 835. The initial annual effective interest rate was determined to be 11.0%. The Company will utilize the prospective method to account for subsequent changes in the estimated future payments to be made to RPI and will update the effective interest rate on a quarterly basis. Issuance costs related to the transaction were determined to be immaterial. ​ The following table shows the activity within the “liability for sale of future royalties- current” and “liability for sale of future royalties- noncurrent” accounts for the three month period ended March 31, 2021: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Three Months Ended March 31, | ​
Liability for sale of future royalties- (current and noncurrent) | ​ | 2021 | ​
Beginning balance as of December 31, 2020 | ​ | $ | 679,762 | ​
Less: Non-cash royalty revenue payable to RPI | ​ | ​ | (2,858) | ​
Plus: Non-cash interest expense recognized | ​ | ​ | 18,080 | ​
Ending balance | ​ | $ | 694,984 | ​
Effective interest rate as of March 31, 2021 | ​ |  | 10.6 | %
​ Non-cash interest expense is recorded in the statement of operations within “Interest expense, net”. ​ 2026 Convertible Notes In September 2019, the Company issued, at par value, $287.5 million aggregate principal amount of 1.50% convertible senior notes due 2026, which included an option to purchase up to an additional $37.5 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes, which was exercised in full by the initial purchasers. The 2026 Convertible Notes bear cash interest at a rate of 1.50% per year, payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on March 15, 2020. The 2026 Convertible Notes will mature on September 15, 2026, unless earlier repurchased or converted. The net proceeds to the Company from the offering were $279.3 million after deducting the initial purchasers’ discounts and commissions and the offering expenses payable by the Company. The 2026 Convertible Notes are governed by an indenture (the "2026 Convertible Notes Indenture") with U.S Bank National Association as trustee (the "2026 Convertible Notes Trustee"). Holders may convert their 2026 Convertible Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding March 15, 2026 only under the following circumstances:
| ● | during any calendar quarter commencing on or after December 31, 2019 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day;
| ● | during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the trading price (as defined in the 2026 Convertible Notes Indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of 2026
|  | Convertible Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day;
| ● | during any period after the Company has issued notice of redemption until the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the relevant redemption date; or
| ● | upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.
On or after March 15, 2026, until the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert their 2026 Convertible Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or any combination thereof at the Company’s election. The conversion rate for the 2026 Convertible Notes was initially, and remains, 19.0404 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $52.52 per share of the Company’s common stock. The conversion rate may be subject to adjustment in some events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. The Company is not permitted to redeem the 2026 Convertible Notes prior to September 20, 2023. The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2026 Convertible Notes, at its option, if the last reported sale price of its common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect on the last trading day of, and for at least 19 other trading days (whether or not consecutive) during, any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the 2026 Convertible Notes, which means that the Company is not required to redeem or retire the 2026 Convertible Notes periodically. If the Company undergoes a “fundamental change” (as defined in the 2026 Convertible Notes Indenture), subject to certain conditions, holders of the 2026 Convertible Notes may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or part of their 2026 Convertible Notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. The 2026 Convertible Notes represent senior unsecured obligations and will rank senior in right of payment to the Company’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the notes, equal in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated, effectively junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) incurred by the Company’s subsidiaries. The 2026 Convertible Notes Indenture contains customary events of default with respect to the 2026 Convertible Notes, including that upon certain events of default (including the Company’s failure to make any payment of principal or interest on the 2026 Convertible Notes when due and payable) occurring and continuing, the 2026 Convertible Notes Trustee by notice to the Company, or the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the outstanding 2026 Convertible Notes by notice to the Company and the Convertible Notes Trustee, may, and the 2026 Convertible Notes Trustee at the request of such holders (subject to the provisions of the 2026 Convertible Notes Indenture) shall, declare 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all the 2026 Convertible Notes to be due and payable. In case of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization, involving the Company or a significant subsidiary, 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on the 2026 Convertible Notes will automatically become due and payable. Upon such a declaration of acceleration, such principal and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, will be due and payable immediately. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06, the Company accounted for the 2026 Convertible Notes as a liability and equity component where the carrying value of the liability component was valued based on a similar instrument. In accounting for the issuance of the 2026 Convertible Notes, the Company separated the 2026 Convertible Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that did not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the 2026 Convertible Notes as a whole. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount, referred to as the debt discount, was amortized to interest expense over the seven-year term of the 2026 Convertible Notes. The equity component was not re-measured as long as it continued to meet the conditions for equity classification. The equity component recorded at issuance related to the 2026 Convertible Notes was $123.0 million and was recorded in additional paid-in capital. In accounting for the transaction costs related to the issuance of the 2026 Convertible Notes, the Company allocated the total costs incurred to the liability and equity components of the 2026 Convertible Notes based on their relative values. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component were amortized to interest expense over the seven-year term of the 2026 Convertible Notes, and transaction costs attributable to the equity component were netted with the equity components in stockholders’ equity. Additionally, the Company initially recorded a net deferred tax liability of $25.3 million in connection with the 2026 Convertible Notes. Effective January 1, 2021 the Company adopted ASU 2020-06. After adoption, the Company now accounts for the 2026 Convertible Notes as a single liability measured at amortized cost. As the equity component is no longer required to be split into a separate component, the Company recorded an adjustment for the initial $123.0 million that was allocated to additional paid in capital and $16.1 million of life to date interest expense recorded as amortization of debt discount. Additionally, the net deferred tax liability recorded for the 2026 Convertible Notes was reversed. The principal amount of the liability over its carrying amount is amortized to interest expense over the seven-year term of the 2026 Convertible Notes. Since the 2026 Convertible Notes are classified as a single liability, there is no debt discount required to be amortized. The 2026 Convertible Notes consist of the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liability component |  | March 31, 2021 | ​ | December 31, 2020
Principal | ​ | $ | 287,500 | ​ | $ | 287,500
Less: Debt issuance costs | ​ |  | (6,457) | ​ |  | (4,058)
Less: Debt discount, net(1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (106,065)
Net carrying amount | ​ | $ | 281,043 | ​ | $ | 177,377
(1) | Included in the consolidated balance sheets within convertible senior notes (due 2026) and amortized to interest expense over the remaining life of the 2026 Convertible Notes using the effective interest rate method.
As of March 31, 2021, the remaining contractual life of the 2026 Convertible Notes is approximately 5.5 years. The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the 2026 Convertible Notes: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31, | ​
​ |  | 2021 |  | ​ | 2020 | ​
Contractual interest expense | ​ | $ | 1,069 | ​ | $ | 1,076 | ​
Amortization of debt issuance costs | ​ |  | 277 | ​ | ​ | 124 | ​
Amortization of debt discount | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,234 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 1,346 | ​ | $ | 4,434 | ​
Effective interest rate of the liability component | ​ |  | 1.9 | % | ​ | 10.2 | %
​ 2022 Convertible Notes In August 2015, the Company issued, at par value, $150.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.00% convertible senior notes due 2022. The 2022 Convertible Notes bear cash interest at a rate of 3.00% per year, payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15 of each year, beginning on February 15, 2016. The 2022 Convertible Notes will mature on August 15, 2022, unless earlier repurchased or converted. The net proceeds to the Company from the offering were $145.4 million after deducting the initial purchasers’ discounts and commissions and the offering expenses payable by the Company. The 2022 Convertible Notes are governed by an indenture (the "2022 Convertible Notes Indenture") with U.S Bank National Association as trustee (the "2022 Convertible Notes Trustee"). Holders may convert their 2022 Convertible Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 15, 2022 only under the following circumstances:
| ● | during any calendar quarter commencing on or after September 30, 2015 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day;
| ● | during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the trading price (as defined in the 2022 Convertible Notes Indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of 2022 Convertible Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day;
| ● | during any period after the Company has issued notice of redemption until the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the relevant redemption date; or
| ● | upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.
On or after February 15, 2022, until the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert their 2022 Convertible Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, the Company will pay cash up to the aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Convertible Notes to be converted and deliver shares of its common stock in respect of the remainder, if any, of its conversion obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of 2022 Convertible Notes being converted. The conversion rate for the 2022 Convertible Notes was initially, and remains, 17.7487 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2022 Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $56.34 per share of the Company’s common stock. The conversion rate may be subject to adjustment in some events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. The Company was not permitted to redeem the 2022 Convertible Notes prior to August 20, 2018. As of August 20, 2018, the Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2022 Convertible Notes, at its option, if the last reported sale price of its common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect on the last trading day of, and for at least 19 other trading days (whether or not consecutive) during, any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2022 Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the 2022 Convertible Notes, which means that the Company is not required to redeem or retire the 2022 Convertible Notes periodically. There have been no redemptions to date. If the Company undergoes a “fundamental change” (as defined in the 2022 Convertible Notes Indenture), subject to certain conditions, holders of the 2022 Convertible Notes may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or part of their 2022 Convertible Notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2022 Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. The 2022 Convertible Notes represent senior unsecured obligations and will rank senior in right of payment to the Company’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the notes, equal in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated, effectively junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, and structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) incurred by the Company’s subsidiaries. The 2022 Convertible Notes Indenture contains customary events of default with respect to the 2022 Convertible Notes, including that upon certain events of default (including the Company’s failure to make any payment of principal or interest on the 2022 Convertible Notes when due and payable) occurring and continuing, the 2022 Convertible Notes Trustee by notice to the Company, or the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the outstanding 2022 Convertible Notes by notice to the Company and the Convertible Notes Trustee, may, and the 2022 Convertible Notes Trustee at the request of such holders (subject to the provisions of the 2022 Convertible Notes Indenture) shall, declare 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all the 2022 Convertible Notes to be due and payable. In case of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization, involving the Company or a significant subsidiary, 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on the 2022 Convertible Notes will automatically become due and payable. Upon such a declaration of acceleration, such principal and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, will be due and payable immediately. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06, the Company accounted for the 2022 Convertible Notes as a liability and equity component where the carrying value of the liability component was valued based on a similar instrument. In accounting for the issuance of the 2022 Convertible Notes, the Company separated the 2022 Convertible Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that did not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the 2022 Convertible Notes as a whole. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount, referred to as the debt discount, was amortized to interest expense over the seven-year term of the 2022 Convertible Notes. The equity component was not re-measured as long as it continued to meet the conditions for equity classification. The equity component recorded at issuance related to the 2022 Convertible Notes was $57.5 million and was recorded in additional paid-in capital. In accounting for the transaction costs related to the issuance of the 2022 Convertible Notes, the Company allocated the total costs incurred to the liability and equity components of the 2022 Convertible Notes based on their relative values. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component were amortized to interest expense over the seven-year term of the 2022 Convertible Notes, and transaction costs attributable to the equity component are netted with the equity components in stockholders’ equity. Additionally, the Company initially recorded a net deferred tax liability of $22.3 million in connection with the 2022 Convertible Notes. Effective January 1, 2021 the Company adopted ASU 2020-06. After adoption, the Company now accounts for the 2022 Convertible Notes as a single liability measured at amortized cost. As the equity component is no longer required to be split into a separate component, the Company recorded an adjustment for the initial $57.5 million that was allocated to additional paid in capital and $38.7 million of life to date interest expense recorded as amortization of debt discount. Additionally, the net deferred tax liability recorded for the 2022 Convertible Notes was reversed. The principal amount of the liability over its carrying amount is amortized to interest expense over the seven-year term of the 2022 Convertible Notes. Since the 2022 Convertible Notes are classified as a single liability, there is no debt discount required to be amortized. The 2022 Convertible Notes consist of the following: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liability component |  | March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Principal | ​ | $ | 150,000 | ​ | $ | 150,000
Less: Debt issuance costs | ​ |  | (1,005) | ​ |  | (865)
Less: Debt discount, net (1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (17,372)
Net carrying amount | ​ | $ | 148,995 | ​ | $ | 131,763
(1) | Included in the consolidated balance sheets within convertible senior notes (due 2022) and amortized to interest expense over the remaining life of the 2022 Convertible Notes using the effective interest rate method.
As of March 31, 2021, the remaining contractual life of the 2022 Convertible Notes is approximately 1.4 years. The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the 2022 Convertible Notes: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended March 31, |
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
Contractual interest expense | ​ | $ | 1,110 | ​ | $ | 1,119 | ​
Amortization of debt issuance costs | ​ |  | 175 | ​ |  | 111 | ​
Amortization of debt discount | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,225 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 1,285 | ​ | $ | 3,455 | ​
Effective interest rate of the liability component | ​ |  | 3.5 | % |  | 11.0 | %
​

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