Organization and Basis of Presentation (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

Basis of Presentation

The following is a description of the significant accounting and reporting policies that the Company and its subsidiaries follow in preparing and presenting their consolidated financial statements, which conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and to general practices within the banking industry. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates that are particularly susceptible to change in the near term are used in connection with the determination of the allowances for loan losses; the valuation of mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”); the evaluation of goodwill for impairment; the evaluation of other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) of securities; and the evaluation of the need for a valuation allowance on the Company’s deferred tax assets.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and other entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. All inter-company accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. The Company currently has certain unconsolidated subsidiaries in the form of wholly-owned statutory business trusts, which were formed to issue guaranteed capital securities (“capital securities”). See Note 8, “Borrowed Funds,” for additional information regarding these trusts.

When necessary, certain reclassifications are made to prior-year amounts to conform to the current-year presentation. In the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock is presented on a gross basis to conform to the presentation for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For cash flow reporting purposes, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, and money market investments, which include federal funds sold and reverse repurchase agreements. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents totaled $557.9 million and $537.7 million, respectively. Included in cash and cash equivalents at those dates were $138.6 million and $119.2 million, respectively, of interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions, primarily consisting of balances due from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Also included in cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2016 and 2015 were federal funds sold of $6.8 million and $4.6 million, respectively. In addition, the Company had $250.0 million in pledged reverse repurchase agreements outstanding at December 31, 2016 and 2015.

In accordance with the monetary policy of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “FRB”), the Company was required to maintain total reserves with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York of $162.1 million and $158.3 million, respectively, at December 31, 2016 and 2015, in the form of deposits and vault cash. The Company was in compliance with this requirement at both dates.

Securities Held to Maturity and Available for Sale

Securities Held to Maturity and Available for Sale

The securities portfolio primarily consists of mortgage-related securities and, to a lesser extent, debt and equity (together, “other”) securities. Securities that are classified as “available for sale” are carried at their estimated fair value, with any unrealized gains or losses, net of taxes, reported as accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in stockholders’ equity. Securities that the Company has the intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as “held to maturity” and carried at amortized cost, less the non-credit portion of OTTI recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”), net of tax.

The fair values of our securities—and particularly our fixed-rate securities—are affected by changes in market interest rates and credit spreads. In general, as interest rates rise and/or credit spreads widen, the fair value of fixed-rate securities will decline. As interest rates fall and/or credit spreads tighten, the fair value of fixed-rate securities will rise. We regularly conduct a review and evaluation of our securities portfolio to determine if the decline in the fair value of any security below its carrying amount is other than temporary. If we deem any such decline in value to be other than temporary, the security is written down to its current fair value, creating a new cost basis, and the resultant loss (other than the OTTI of debt securities attributable to non-credit factors) is charged against earnings and recorded in “Non-interest income.” Our assessment of a decline in fair value requires judgment as to the financial position and future prospects of the entity that issued the investment security, as well as a review of the security’s underlying collateral. Broad changes in the overall market or interest rate environment generally will not lead to a write-down.

In accordance with OTTI accounting guidance, unless we have the intent to sell, or it is more likely than not that we may be required to sell a security before recovery, OTTI is recognized as a realized loss in earnings to the extent that the decline in fair value is credit-related. If there is a decline in fair value of a security below its carrying amount and we have the intent to sell it, or it is more likely than not that we may be required to sell the security before recovery, the entire amount of the decline in fair value is charged to earnings.

Premiums and discounts on securities are amortized to expense and accreted to income over the remaining period to contractual maturity using a method that approximates the interest method, and are adjusted for anticipated prepayments. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

As a member of the FHLB of New York (the “FHLB-NY”), the Company is required to hold shares of FHLB-NY stock, which is carried at cost. The Company’s holding requirement varies based on certain factors, including its outstanding borrowings from the FHLB-NY. In connection with the FDIC-assisted acquisitions of AmTrust Bank (“AmTrust”) and Desert Hills Bank (“Desert Hills”), the Company acquired stock in the FHLBs of Cincinnati and San Francisco, all of which was redeemed in the fourth quarter of 2015. Accordingly, all of the Company’s FHLB stock was FHLB-NY stock at December 31, 2016 and 2015.

The Company conducts a periodic review and evaluation of its FHLB stock to determine if any impairment exists. The factors considered in this process include, among others, significant deterioration in FHLB earnings performance, credit rating, or asset quality; significant adverse changes in the regulatory or economic environment; and other factors that could raise significant concerns about the creditworthiness and the ability of the applicable FHLB to continue as a going concern.

Loans

Loans

Loans, net, are carried at unpaid principal balances, including unearned discounts, purchase accounting (i.e., acquisition-date fair value) adjustments, net deferred loan origination costs or fees, and the allowances for loan losses.

Loans held for sale are originated by the Community Bank through its mortgage banking operation, and primarily are sold to government-sponsored enterprises (“GSEs”), with the servicing typically retained. The loans originated for sale by the mortgage banking operation are carried at fair value, which is primarily based on quoted market prices for securities backed by similar types of loans. The changes in fair value of these assets are largely driven by changes in mortgage interest rates subsequent to loan funding, and changes in the fair value of the servicing rights associated with the mortgage loans held for sale. In addition, loans originated as “held for investment” and subsequently designated as “held for sale” are transferred to held for sale at fair value.

The Company recognizes interest income on non-covered loans held for investment and held for sale using the interest method over the life of the loan. Accordingly, the Company defers certain loan origination and commitment fees, and certain loan origination costs, and amortizes the net fee or cost as an adjustment to the loan yield over the term of the related loan. When a loan is sold or repaid, the remaining net unamortized fee or cost is recognized in interest income.

Prepayment income on loans is recorded in interest income and only when cash is received. Accordingly, there are no assumptions involved in the recognition of prepayment income.

Two factors are considered in determining the amount of prepayment income: the prepayment penalty percentage set forth in the loan documents, and the principal balance of the loan at the time of prepayment. The volume of loans prepaying may vary from one period to another, often in connection with actual or perceived changes in the direction of market interest rates. When interest rates are declining, rising precipitously, or perceived to be on the verge of rising, prepayment income may increase as more borrowers opt to refinance and lock in current rates prior to further increases taking place.

A loan generally is classified as a “non-accrual” loan when it is 90 days or more past due or when it is deemed to be impaired because the Company no longer expects to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, management ceases the accrual of interest owed, and previously accrued interest is charged against interest income. A loan is generally returned to accrual status when the loan is current and management has reasonable assurance that the loan will be fully collectible. Interest income on non-accrual loans is recorded when received in cash.

Allowances for Loan Losses

Allowances for Loan Losses

Allowance for Losses on Non-Covered Loans

The allowance for losses on non-covered loans represents the Company’s estimate of probable and estimable losses inherent in the non-covered loan portfolio as of the date of the balance sheet. Losses on non-covered loans are charged against, and recoveries of losses on non-covered loans are credited back to, the allowance for losses on non-covered loans.

Although non-covered loans are held by either the Community Bank or the Commercial Bank, and a separate loan loss allowance is established for each, the total of the two allowances is available to cover all losses incurred. In addition, except as otherwise noted in the following discussion, the process for establishing the allowance for losses on non-covered loans is largely the same for each of the Community Bank and the Commercial Bank.

The methodology used for the allocation of the allowance for non-covered loan losses at December 31, 2016 and 2015 was generally comparable, whereby the Community Bank and the Commercial Bank segregated their loss factors (used for both criticized and non-criticized loans) into a component that was primarily based on historical loss rates and a component that was primarily based on other qualitative factors that are probable to affect loan collectability. In determining the respective allowances for non-covered loan losses, management considers the Community Bank’s and the Commercial Bank’s current business strategies and credit processes, including compliance with applicable regulatory guidelines and with guidelines approved by the respective Boards of Directors with regard to credit limitations, loan approvals, underwriting criteria, and loan workout procedures.

The allowance for losses on non-covered loans is established based on management’s evaluation of incurred losses in the portfolio in accordance with GAAP, and is comprised of both specific valuation allowances and general valuation allowances.

Specific valuation allowances are established based on management’s analyses of individual loans that are considered impaired. If a non-covered loan is deemed to be impaired, management measures the extent of the impairment and establishes a specific valuation allowance for that amount. A non-covered loan is classified as “impaired” when, based on current information and/or events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due under the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The Company applies this classification as necessary to non-covered loans individually evaluated for impairment in its portfolios. Smaller-balance homogenous loans and loans carried at the lower of cost or fair value are evaluated for impairment on a collective, rather than individual, basis. Loans to certain borrowers who have experienced financial difficulty and for which the terms have been modified, resulting in a concession, are considered troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) and are classified as impaired.

Management generally measures impairment on an individual loan and determines the extent to which a specific valuation allowance is necessary by comparing the loan’s outstanding balance to either the fair value of the collateral, less the estimated cost to sell, or the present value of expected cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate. Generally, when the fair value of the collateral, net of the estimated costs to sell, or the present value of the expected cash flows is less than the recorded investment in the loan, any shortfall is promptly charged off.

Management also follows a process to assign general valuation allowances to non-covered loan categories. General valuation allowances are established by applying management’s loan loss provisioning methodology, and reflect the inherent risk in outstanding held-for-investment loans. This loan loss provisioning methodology considers various factors in determining the appropriate quantified risk factors to use to determine the general valuation allowances. The factors assessed begin with the historical loan loss experience for each major loan category. Management also takes into account an estimated historical loss emergence period (which is the period of time between the event that triggers a loss and the confirmation and/or charge-off of that loss) for each loan portfolio segment.

The allocation methodology consists of the following components: First, we determine an allowance for loan losses based on a quantitative loss factor for loans evaluated collectively for impairment. This quantitative loss factor is based primarily on historical loss rates, after considering loan type, historical loss and delinquency experience, and loss emergence periods. The quantitative loss factors applied in the methodology are periodically re-evaluated and adjusted to reflect changes in historical loss levels, loss emergence periods, or other risks. Lastly, management allocates an allowance for loan losses based on qualitative loss factors. These qualitative loss factors are designed to account for losses that may not be provided for by the quantitative loss component due to other factors evaluated by management, which include, but are not limited to:

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Changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices;

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Changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various market segments;

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Changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and in the terms of loans;

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Changes in the volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of non-accrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans;

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Changes in the quality of the Company’s loan review system;

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Changes in the value of the underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans;

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The existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations;

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Changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; and

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The effect of other external factors, such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements, on the level of estimated credit losses in the existing portfolio.

By considering the factors discussed above, management determines an allowance for non-covered loan losses that is applied to each significant loan portfolio segment to determine the total allowance for losses on non-covered loans.

The Company uses a rolling 24-quarter look-back period to determine the allowance for loan losses on non-covered loans because it believes that this produces an appropriate reflection of its historical loss experience.

In order to determine their overall adequacy, each of the respective non-covered loan loss allowances is reviewed quarterly by management and the Board of Directors of the Community Bank or the Commercial Bank, as applicable.

Loans, or portions of loans, are charged off in the period that such loans, or portions thereof, are deemed uncollectible. The collectability of individual loans is determined through an assessment of the financial condition and repayment capacity of the borrower and/or through an estimate of the fair value of any underlying collateral. For non-real estate-related consumer credits, the following past-due time periods determine when charge-offs are typically recorded: (1) Closed-end credits are charged off in the quarter that the loan becomes 120 days past due; (2) Open-end credits are charged off in the quarter that the loan becomes 180 days past due; and (3) Both closed-end and open-end credits are typically charged off in the quarter that the credit is 60 days past the date the Company received notification that the borrower has filed for bankruptcy.

An allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained separate from the allowances for non-covered loan losses and is included in “Other liabilities” in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

Allowance for Losses on Covered Loans

The Company has elected to account for the loans acquired in the AmTrust and Desert Hills acquisitions (the “covered loans”) based on expected cash flows. This election is in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 310-30, “Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality” (“ASC 310-30”). In accordance with ASC 310-30, the Company maintains the integrity of a pool of multiple loans accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows.

Covered loans are reported exclusive of the FDIC loss share receivable. The covered loans acquired in the AmTrust and Desert Hills acquisitions are reviewed for collectability based on the expectations of cash flows from these loans. Covered loans have been aggregated into pools of loans with common characteristics. In determining the allowance for losses on covered loans, the Company periodically performs an analysis to estimate the expected cash flows for each of the loan pools. A provision for losses on covered loans is recorded to the extent that the expected cash flows from a loan pool have decreased for credit-related items since the acquisition date. Accordingly, during the loss share recovery period, if there is a decrease in expected cash flows due to an increase in estimated credit losses compared to the estimates made at the respective acquisition dates, the decrease in the present value of expected cash flows will be recorded as a provision for covered loan losses charged to earnings, and the allowance for covered loan losses will be increased. During the loss share recovery period, a related credit to non-interest income and an increase in the FDIC loss share receivable will be recognized at the same time, and will be measured based on the applicable loss sharing agreement percentage.

See Note 6, “Allowances for Loan Losses” for a further discussion of the allowances for losses on non-covered and covered loans.

FDIC Loss Share Receivable

FDIC Loss Share Receivable

The FDIC loss share receivable is initially recorded at fair value and is measured separately from the covered loans acquired in the AmTrust and Desert Hills acquisitions as it is not contractually embedded in any of the covered loans. The loss share receivable related to estimated future loan losses is not transferable should the Company sell a covered loan prior to foreclosure or maturity. The loss share receivable represents the present value of the estimated cash payments expected to be received from the FDIC for future losses on covered assets, based on the credit adjustment estimated for each covered asset and the applicable loss sharing percentages. These cash flows are then discounted at a market-based rate to reflect the uncertainty of the timing and receipt of the loss sharing reimbursements from the FDIC. The amount ultimately collected for this asset is dependent upon the performance of the underlying covered assets, the passage of time, and claims submitted to the FDIC.

The FDIC loss share receivable is reduced as losses are recognized on covered loans and loss sharing payments are received from the FDIC. Realized losses in excess of acquisition-date estimates will result in an increase in the FDIC loss share receivable. Conversely, if realized losses are lower than the acquisition-date estimates, the FDIC loss share receivable will be reduced.

Decreases in estimated reimbursements from the FDIC, if any, are recognized in income prospectively over the lives of the related covered loans (or, if shorter, over the remaining term of the related loss sharing agreement). Related additions to the accretable yield on covered loans are recognized in income prospectively over the lives of the loans. Increases in estimated reimbursements will be recognized in interest income in the same period that they are identified, and an allowance for loan losses for the related loans recorded.

The Company’s FDIC loss sharing agreements pertaining to the remaining covered loans acquired in connection with the AmTrust and Desert Hills acquisitions are scheduled to expire in December 2019 and March 2020, respectively.

Goodwill Impairment

Goodwill Impairment

Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized.

ASC Topic 350 - Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”) requires companies to test goodwill for impairment annually and more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. Testing goodwill for impairment requires companies to compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill.

ASC 350 also provides for an optional qualitative assessment for testing goodwill for impairment that may allow companies to skip the annual two-step test. The qualitative assessment permits companies to assess whether it is more likely than not (i.e., a likelihood of greater than 50%) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company concludes based on the qualitative assessment that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company is required to perform the two-step test. If the Company concludes based on the qualitative assessment that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, it has completed its goodwill impairment test and does not need to perform the two-step test.

Under step one of the two-step test, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying value (including goodwill). If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an indication of goodwill impairment exists for the reporting unit and the entity must perform step two (measurement) of the impairment test. Under step two, an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill over the implied fair value of that goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation, and the residual fair value after this allocation is the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. Fair value of the reporting unit is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, step two does not need to be performed.

The Company performs its annual impairment review of goodwill at December 31st, and when a triggering event occurs between annual impairment tests. No impairment losses were recorded in 2016, 2015, or 2014.

Core Deposit Intangibles

Core Deposit Intangibles

Core deposit intangible (“CDI”) is a measure of the value of checking and savings deposits acquired in a business combination. The fair value of the CDI stemming from any given business combination is based on the present value of the expected cost savings attributable to the core deposit funding, relative to an alternative funding source. CDI is amortized over the estimated useful lives of the existing deposit relationships acquired, but does not exceed 10 years. The Company evaluates such identifiable intangibles for impairment when an indication of impairment exists. No impairment charges were required to be recorded on the Company’s CDI in 2016, 2015, or 2014. If an impairment loss is determined to exist in the future, the loss will be reflected as an expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the period in which such impairment is identified.

Premises and Equipment, Net

Premises and Equipment, Net

Premises, furniture, fixtures, and equipment are carried at cost, less the accumulated depreciation computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets (generally 20 years for premises and three to ten years for furniture, fixtures, and equipment). Leasehold improvements are carried at cost less the accumulated amortization computed on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the related lease term or the estimated useful life of the improvement.

Depreciation and amortization are included in “Occupancy and equipment expense” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss), and amounted to $32.8 million, $31.5 million, and $27.8 million, respectively, in the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company recognizes the right to service mortgage loans for others as a separate asset referred to as “mortgage servicing rights,” or “MSRs.” MSRs are generally recognized when loans are sold whole or in part (i.e., as a “participation”), servicing retained. Both of the Company’s two classes of MSRs (i.e., residential and participation) are initially recorded at fair value. While residential MSRs continue to be carried at fair value, participation MSRs are subsequently amortized and carried at the lower of their fair value or amortized amount on a quarterly basis. The amortization is recorded in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing income.

The Company bases the fair value of its MSRs on a valuation performed by a third-party valuation specialist. The specialist determines fair value based on the present value of estimated future net servicing income cash flows, and incorporates assumptions that market participants would use to estimate fair value, including estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rates, default rates, refinance rates, servicing costs, escrow account earnings, contractual servicing fee income, and ancillary income. The specialist and the Company evaluate, and periodically adjust, as necessary, these underlying inputs and assumptions to reflect market conditions and changes in the assumptions that a market participant would consider in valuing MSRs.

Changes in the fair value of MSRs occur primarily in connection with the collection/realization of expected cash flows, as well as changes in the valuation inputs and assumptions. Changes in the fair value of residential MSRs are reported in “Mortgage banking income” and changes in the value of participation MSRs are reported in “Other income” in the period during which such changes occur.

See Note 11, “Intangible Assets,” for additional information regarding the Company’s residential and participation MSRs.

Offsetting Derivative Positions

Offsetting Derivative Positions

In accordance with the applicable accounting guidance, the Company takes into account the impact of collateral and master netting agreements that allow it to settle all derivative contracts held with a single counterparty on a net basis, and to offset the net derivative position with the related collateral when recognizing derivative assets and liabilities. As a result, the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Condition reflect derivative contracts with negative fair values that are included in derivative assets, and contracts with positive fair values that are included in derivative liabilities, on a net basis.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain employees. These bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”) policies are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Condition at their cash surrender value. Income from these policies and changes in the cash surrender value are recorded in “Non-interest income” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s investment in BOLI was $949.0 million and $931.6 million, respectively. There were no additional purchases of BOLI during the years ended December 31, 2016 or 2015. The Company’s investment in BOLI generated income of $31.0 million, $27.5 million, and $27.2 million, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014.

Other Real Estate Owned

Other Real Estate Owned

Real estate properties acquired through, or in lieu of, foreclosure are sold or rented, and are recorded at fair value, less the estimated selling costs, at the date of acquisition. Following foreclosure, management periodically performs a valuation of the property, and the real estate is carried at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less the estimated selling costs. Expenses and revenues from operations and changes in valuation, if any, are included in “General and administrative” expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). At December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, the Company had other real estate owned (“OREO”) of $28.6 million and $39.9 million, including OREO of $17.0 million and $25.8 million that is covered under the Company’s FDIC loss sharing agreements.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Income tax expense consists of income taxes that are currently payable and deferred income taxes. Deferred income tax expense is determined by recognizing deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income in years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The Company assesses the deferred tax assets and establishes a valuation allowance when realization of a deferred asset is not considered to be “more likely than not.” The Company considers its expectation of future taxable income in evaluating the need for a valuation allowance.

The Company estimates income taxes payable based on the amount it expects to owe the various tax authorities (i.e., federal, state, and local). Income taxes represent the net estimated amount due to, or to be received from, such tax authorities. In estimating income taxes, management assesses the relative merits and risks of the appropriate tax treatment of transactions, taking into account statutory, judicial, and regulatory guidance in the context of the Company’s tax position. In this process, management also relies on tax opinions, recent audits, and historical experience. Although the Company uses the best available information to record income taxes, underlying estimates and assumptions can change over time as a result of unanticipated events or circumstances such as changes in tax laws and judicial guidance influencing its overall tax position.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

Under the New York Community Bancorp, Inc. 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2012 Stock Incentive Plan”), which was approved by the Company’s shareholders at its Annual Meeting on June 7, 2012, shares are available for grant as restricted stock or other forms of related rights. At December 31, 2016, the Company had 9,646,760 shares available for grant under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan, including 1,030,673 shares that were transferred from the New York Community Bancorp, Inc. 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2006 Stock Incentive Plan”), which was approved by the Company’s shareholders at its Annual Meeting on June 7, 2006 and reapproved at its Annual Meeting on June 2, 2011. Compensation cost related to restricted stock grants is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. For a more detailed discussion of the Company’s stock-based compensation, see Note 13, “Stock-Related Benefit Plans.”

Retirement Plans

Retirement Plans

The Company’s pension benefit obligations and post-retirement health and welfare benefit obligations, and the related costs, are calculated using actuarial concepts in accordance with GAAP. The measurement of such obligations and expenses requires that certain assumptions be made regarding several factors, most notably including the discount rate and the expected rate of return on plan assets. The Company evaluates these critical assumptions on an annual basis. Other factors considered by the Company in its evaluation include retirement patterns, mortality rates, turnover, and the rate of compensation increase.

Under GAAP, actuarial gains and losses, prior service costs or credits, and any remaining transition assets or obligations that have not been recognized under previous accounting standards must be recognized in AOCL until they are amortized as a component of net periodic benefit cost.

Earnings (Loss) per Share (Basic and Diluted)

Earnings (Loss) per Share (Basic and Diluted)

Basic earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed using the same method as basic EPS, however, the computation reflects the potential dilution that would occur if outstanding in-the-money stock options were exercised and converted into common stock.

Unvested stock-based compensation awards containing non-forfeitable rights to dividends are considered participating securities, and therefore are included in the two-class method for calculating EPS. Under the two-class method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends. The Company grants restricted stock to certain employees under its stock-based compensation plans. Recipients receive cash dividends during the vesting periods of these awards, including on the unvested portion of such awards. Since these dividends are non-forfeitable, the unvested awards are considered participating securities and therefore have earnings allocated to them.

The following table presents the Company’s computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014:


	Years Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)	2016			2015			2014
Net income (loss)	$	495,401		$	(47,156	)	$	485,397
Less: Dividends paid on and earnings/(loss) allocated to participating securities		(3,795	)		(3,357	)		(3,425	)

Earnings/(loss) applicable to common stock	$	491,606		$	(50,513	)	$	481,972

Weighted average common shares outstanding		485,150,173			448,982,223			440,988,102

Basic earnings (loss) per common share	$	1.01		$	(0.11	)	$	1.09

Earnings (loss) applicable to common stock	$	491,606		$	(50,513	)	$	481,972

Weighted average common shares outstanding		485,150,173			448,982,223			440,988,102
Potential dilutive common shares ⁽¹⁾		—			—			—

Total shares for diluted earnings (loss) per share computation		485,150,173			448,982,223			440,988,102

Diluted earnings (loss) per common share and common share equivalents	$	1.01		$	(0.11	)	$	1.09

(1)

Options to purchase 58,560 shares of the Company’s common stock that were outstanding as of December 31, 2014 at a weighted average exercise price of $18.04 were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because their inclusion would have had an antidilutive effect. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were no stock options outstanding.

Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-04, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (“Topic 350”): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” Topic 350 currently requires an entity to perform a two-step test to determine the amount, if any, of goodwill impairment. In Step one, an entity compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the entity performs Step two and compares the implied fair value of goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill for that reporting unit. An impairment charge equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of goodwill for the reporting unit exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill is recorded, limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

To address concerns over the cost and complexity of the two-step goodwill impairment test, the amendments in ASU No. 2017-04 remove the second step of the test. An entity will apply a one-step quantitative test and record the amount of goodwill impairment as the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. ASU No. 2017-04 does not amend the optional qualitative assessment of goodwill impairment. An entity should apply the amendments in ASU No. 2017-04 on a prospective basis. An entity is required to disclose the nature of, and reason for, the change in accounting principle upon transition. That disclosure should be provided in the first annual period and in the interim period within the first annual period when the entity initially adopts ASU No. 2017-04. ASU No. 2017-04 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The adoption of ASU No. 2017-04 is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated statements of condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” ASU No. 2016-15 addresses the following eight specific cash flow issues: debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing; contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies (including bank-owned life insurance policies); distributions received from equity method investees; beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. ASU No. 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. ASU No. 2016-15 should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. The Company does not expect to early adopt ASU No. 2016-15 and its adoption is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated statements of condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” ASU No. 2016-13 amends guidance on reporting credit losses for assets held on an amortized cost basis and available-for-sale debt securities. For assets held at amortized cost, ASU No. 2016-13 eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold in current GAAP and, instead, requires an entity to reflect its current estimate of all expected credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to present the net amount expected to be collected. For available-for-sale debt securities, credit losses should be measured in a manner similar to current GAAP, however ASU No. 2016-13 will require that credit losses be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down. ASU No. 2016-13 affects entities holding financial assets and net investments in leases that are not accounted for at fair value through net income. The amendments affect loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off-balance sheet credit exposures, reinsurance receivables, and any other financial assets not excluded from the scope that have the contractual right to receive cash. The Company plans to adopt ASU No. 2016-13 effective January 1, 2020, using the required modified retroactive approach which includes presenting the cumulative effect of initial application along with supplementary disclosures. The Company is evaluating ASU No. 2016-13, initiating implementation efforts across the Company, and planning for loss modeling requirements consistent with lifetime expected loss estimates. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 could have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated statements of condition and results of operations. The extent of the impact upon adoption will likely depend on the characteristics of the Company’s loan portfolio and economic conditions at that date, as well as forecasted conditions thereafter.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” ASU No. 2016-09 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, classification on the statement of cash flows, and accounting for forfeitures. The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-09 prospectively, effective for the first quarter of 2016. Upon adoption, the Company recorded an immaterial cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. In addition, ASU No. 2016-09 requires that excess tax benefits and shortfalls be recorded as income tax benefit or expense in the income statement, rather than as equity. This resulted in an immaterial benefit to income tax expense in the first quarter of 2016. Relative to forfeitures, ASU No. 2016-09 allows an entity’s accounting policy election to either continue to estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest, as under current guidance, or account for forfeitures when they occur. The Company has elected to continue its existing practice of estimating the number of awards that will be forfeited. The income tax effects of ASU No. 2016-09 on the statement of cash flows are now classified as cash flows from operating activities, rather than cash flows from financing activities. The Company elected to apply this cash flow classification guidance prospectively and, therefore, prior periods have not been adjusted. ASU No. 2016-09 also requires the presentation of certain employee withholding taxes as a financing activity on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows; this is consistent with the manner in which the Company has presented such employee withholding taxes in the past. Accordingly, no reclassification for prior periods was required.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” ASU No. 2016-02 will require organizations that lease assets (hereinafter referred to as “lessees”) to recognize as assets and liabilities on the balance sheet the respective rights and obligations created by those leases. Under ASU No. 2016-02, a lessee will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than twelve months. ASU No. 2016-02 also will require disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements, providing additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. The Company plans to adopt ASU No. 2016-02 effective January 1, 2019 using the required modified retroactive approach, which includes presenting the cumulative effect of initial application along with supplementary disclosures. As a lessor and lessee, we do not anticipate the classification of our leases to change, but we expect to recognize substantially all of our leases for which we are the lessee as a lease liability and corresponding right-of-use asset on our consolidated statements of condition. The Company has assembled a project management team and is presently evaluating all of its leases as well as contracts that may contain embedded leases for compliance with the new lease accounting rules.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” The amendments in ASU No. 2016-01 require all equity investments to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized through net income (other than those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those resulting in consolidation of the investee). The amendments in ASU No. 2016-01 also require an entity to present separately in “Other comprehensive income” the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments. In addition, the amendments in ASU No. 2016-01 eliminate the requirement to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet for public business entities. In addition, ASU No. 2016-01 is the final version of proposed ASU No. 2013-220—Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10) and Proposed ASU No. 2013-221—Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10). ASU No. 2016-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated statements of condition or results of operations.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, “Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosures of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to continue as a Going Concern.” ASU No. 2014-15 provides guidance about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures if management concludes that substantial doubts exists or that its plans alleviate substantial doubt that was raised. The Company adopted ASU No. 2014-15 for the year ended December 31, 2016, with no impact to its financial statements and concluded that there were no conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition,” including most industry-specific revenue recognition guidance throughout the Industry Topics of the ASC. In addition, the amendments supersede the cost guidance in Subtopic 605-35, “Revenue Recognition—Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts,” and create new Subtopic 340-40, “Other Assets and Deferred Costs—Contracts with Customers.” In summary, the core principle of ASU No. 2014-09 is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company will adopt ASU No. 2014-09 effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach, which includes presenting the cumulative effect of initial application along with supplementary disclosures. ASU No. 2014-09 does not apply to the majority of our revenue streams. The Company is in the process of comparing our current revenue recognition policies to the requirements of ASU No. 2014-09 for those revenue streams that do fall under ASU No. 2014-09. While we have not identified any material differences in the amount and timing of revenue recognition for the revenue streams we have reviewed to date, our evaluation is not complete, and we have not concluded our determination of the overall impact of adopting ASU No. 2014-09. ASU No. 2014-09 will require that our revenue recognition policy disclosures include further detail regarding our performance obligations as to the nature, amount, timing, and estimates of revenue and cash flows generated from our contracts with customers that fall under the requirements of ASU No. 2014-09.