Share-Based Payments

The following is a brief description of each of our share-based compensation plans:

2005 Omnibus Stock Plan

The Parent's 2005 Omnibus Stock Plan ("Stock Plan") was approved effective as of April 1, 2005 by stockholders on April 27, 2005. With the Stock Plan's approval, no further grants were available under the: (i) Parent's Stock Option Plan III, as amended ("Stock Option Plan III"); (ii) Parent's Stock Option Plan for Directors, as amended ("Stock Option Plan for Directors"); or (iii) Parent's Stock Compensation Plan for Non-employee Directors, as amended ("Stock Compensation Plan for Non-employee Directors"), but awards outstanding under these plans and the Parent's Stock Option Plan II, as amended ("Stock Option Plan II"), under which future grants ceased being available on May 22, 2002, shall continue in effect according to the terms of those plans and any applicable award agreements.

Stockholders approved the amendment and restatement of the Stock Plan effective as of May 1, 2010 (the “Amended Stock Plan”) on April 28, 2010. Under the Amended Stock Plan, the Parent's Board of Directors' Salary and Employee Benefits Committee ("SEBC") may grant stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), phantom stock, stock bonuses, and other awards in such amounts and with such terms and conditions as it shall determine, subject to the provisions of the Amended Stock Plan. Each award granted under the Amended Stock Plan (except unconditional stock grants and the cash component of Director compensation) shall be evidenced by an agreement containing such restrictions as the SEBC may, in its sole discretion, deem necessary or desirable and which are not in conflict with the terms of the Amended Stock Plan. The maximum exercise period for an option grant under this plan is 10 years from the date of the grant. During 2013, we granted, net of forfeitures, 376,163 RSUs. During 2012, we granted, net of forfeitures, 326,213 RSUs. During 2011, we granted, net of forfeitures, 402,925 RSUs. No options to purchase common stock were granted in 2013, 2012, or 2011. As of December 31, 2013, 4,233,305 shares of the Parent's common stock were authorized under the Amended Stock Plan, and 3,445,663 shares remained available for issuance pursuant to outstanding stock options and RSUs granted under the Stock Plan and the Amended Stock Plan.

During the vesting period, dividend equivalent units ("DEUs") are earned on RSUs. The DEUs are reinvested in the Parent's common stock at fair value on each dividend payment date. We accrued 23,505 DEUs in 2013; 32,558 DEUs in 2012; and 41,469 DEUs in 2011. In addition, 39,296 DEUs were vested in 2013, 48,224 DEUs were vested in 2012, and 33,532 were vested in 2011. The DEUs are subject to the same vesting period and conditions set forth in the award agreements for the related RSUs.

Cash Incentive Plan

The Parent's Cash Incentive Plan (“Cash Incentive Plan”) was approved effective April 1, 2005 by stockholders on April 27, 2005. Stockholders approved the amendment and restatement of the Cash Incentive Plan effective as of May 1, 2010 (the “Amended Cash Incentive Plan”) on April 28, 2010. Under the Amended Cash Incentive Plan, the SEBC may grant cash incentive units in such amounts and with such terms and conditions as it shall determine, subject to the provisions of the Amended Cash Incentive Plan. The initial dollar value of these grants will be adjusted to reflect the percentage increase or decrease in the total shareholder return on the Parent's common stock over a specified performance period. In addition, for certain grants, the number of units granted will be adjusted to reflect our performance on specified indicators as compared to targeted peer companies. Each award granted under the Amended Cash Incentive Plan shall be evidenced by an agreement containing such restrictions as the SEBC may, in its sole discretion, deem necessary or desirable and which are not in conflict with the terms of the Amended Cash Incentive Plan. We granted, net of forfeitures, 55,365 cash incentive units during 2013, 46,961 cash incentive units during 2012, and 46,879 cash incentive units during 2011.

Stock Option Plan II

As of December 31, 2013, 298,680 shares of the Parent's common stock remained available in the reserve for Stock Option Plan II, under which future grants ceased being available on May 22, 2002. Under Stock Option Plan II, employees were granted qualified and nonqualified stock options, with or without SARs, and restricted or unrestricted stock: (i) at not less than fair value on the date of grant; and (ii) subject to certain vesting periods as determined by the SEBC. Restricted stock awards also could be subject to the achievement of performance objectives as determined by the SEBC. The maximum exercise period for an option grant under this plan was 10 years from the date of the grant.

Stock Option Plan III

As of December 31, 2013, there were 275,244 shares of the Parent's common stock in the reserve for Stock Option Plan III, under which future grants ceased being available with the approval of the Stock Plan. Under Stock Option Plan III, employees were granted qualified and nonqualified stock options, with or without SARs, and restricted or unrestricted stock: (i) at not less than fair value on the date of grant, and (ii) subject to certain vesting restrictions determined by the SEBC. Restricted stock awards also could be subject to achievement of performance objectives as determined by the SEBC. The maximum exercise period for an option grant under this plan was 10 years from the date of the grant.

Stock Option Plan for Directors

As of December 31, 2013, 114,000 shares of the Parent's common stock remained in the reserve for the Stock Option Plan for Directors, under which future grants ceased being available with the approval of the Stock Plan. Non-employee directors participated in this plan and automatically received an annual nonqualified option to purchase 6,000 shares of the Parent's common stock at not less than fair value on the date of grant, which is typically on March 1. Options under this plan vested on the first anniversary of the grant and must be exercised by the tenth anniversary of the grant.

Stock Compensation Plan for Non-employee Directors

As of December 31, 2013 there were 94,290 shares of the Parent's common stock available for issuance pursuant to outstanding stock option awards under the Stock Compensation Plan for Non-employee Directors, under which future grants ceased being available with the approval of the Stock Plan. Under the Stock Compensation Plan for Non-employee Directors, Directors could elect to receive a portion of their annual compensation in shares of the Parent's common stock. There were no issuances under this plan in 2013, 2012, and 2011.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

On April 29, 2009, the Parent’s stockholders approved the Parent’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2009) (“ESPP”). This plan replaced the previous employee stock purchase savings plan under which no further purchases could be made as of July 1, 2009. Under the ESPP, there were 870,930 shares of the Parent's common stock available for purchase as of December 31, 2013. The ESPP is available to all employees who meet the plan's eligibility requirements. The ESPP provides for the issuance of options to purchase shares of common stock. The purchase price is the lower of: (i) 85% of the closing market price at the time the option is granted; or (ii) 85% of the closing price at the time the option is exercised. Shares are generally issued on June 30 and December 31 of each year. Under the ESPP, we issued 122,951 shares to employees during 2013, 129,081 shares during 2012, and 131,705 shares during 2011.

Agent Stock Purchase Plan

On July 27, 2010, the SEBC approved the Parent’s Amended and Restated Stock Purchase Plan for Independent Insurance Agencies ("Agent Plan") which made immaterial amendments to the plan approved by stockholders on April 26, 2006. Under the Agent Plan, there were 2,098,020 shares of the Parent’s common stock available for purchase as of December 31, 2013. The Agent Plan provides for quarterly offerings in which our independent retail insurance agencies and wholesale general agencies, and certain eligible persons associated with the agencies, with contracts with the Insurance Subsidiaries can purchase the Parent's common stock at a 10% discount with a one year restricted period during which the shares purchased cannot be sold or transferred. Under the Agent Plan, we issued 86,388 shares in 2013, 89,723 shares in 2012, and 111,427 shares in 2011, and charged to expense $0.2 million in each year, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $0.1 million in each year.

A summary of the stock option transactions under our share-based payment plans is as follows:



	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years	Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($ in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2012	1,096,754	$	19.36
Granted in 2013	—	—
Exercised in 2013	182,201	16.98
Forfeited or expired in 2013	11,114	26.59
Outstanding at December 31, 2013	903,439	$	19.75	3.92	$	6,705
Exercisable at December 31, 2013	903,439	$	19.75	3.92	$	6,705

The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $1.3 million during 2013, and $0.8 million in 2012 and 2011.

A summary of the RSU transactions under our share-based payment plans is as follows:



	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested RSU awards at December 31, 2012	1,137,370	$	16.54
Granted in 2013	396,713	21.03
Vested in 2013	416,753	15.01
Forfeited in 2013	20,550	17.24
Unvested RSU awards at December 31, 2013	1,096,780	$	18.73

As of December 31, 2013, total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSU awards granted under our stock plans was $4.5 million. That expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years. The total intrinsic value of RSU vested was $9.1 million for 2013, $8.4 million for 2012, and $6.6 million for 2011. In connection with the vested RSUs, the total value of the DEU shares that also vested was $0.9 million during both 2013 and 2012, and $0.6 million in 2011.

At December 31, 2013, the liability recorded in connection with our Cash Incentive Plan was $20.8 million. The fair value of the liability is re-measured at each reporting period through the settlement date of the awards, which is three years from the date of grant based on an amount expected to be paid. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed to approximate the projected fair value of the cash incentive units that, in accordance with the Cash Incentive Plan, is adjusted to reflect our performance on specified indicators as compared to targeted peer companies. The remaining cost associated with the cash incentive units is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.2 years. The cash incentive unit payments made were $4.7 million in 2013, and $3.0 million in 2012 and 2011.

In determining expense to be recorded for stock options granted under our share-based compensation plans, the fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black Scholes option valuation model ("Black Scholes"). The following are the significant assumptions used in applying Black Scholes: (i) the risk-free interest rate, which is the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equal remaining term; (ii) the expected term, which is based on historical experience of similar awards; (iii) the dividend yield, which is determined by dividing the expected per share dividend during the coming year by the grant date stock price; and (iv) the expected volatility, which is based on the volatility of the Parent's stock price over a historical period comparable to the expected term. In applying Black Scholes, we use the weighted average assumptions illustrated in the following table:



	ESPP
	2013		2012	2011
Risk-free interest rate	0.11	%	0.12	0.13
Expected term	6 months		6 months	6 months
Dividend yield	2.4	%	2.9	3.0
Expected volatility	19	%	24	19

The grant date fair value of RSUs is based on the market price of our common stock on the grant date, adjusted for the present value of our expected dividend payments. The expense recognized for share-based awards is based on the number of shares or units expected to be issued at the end of the performance period and the grant date fair value, and is amortized over the requisite service period.

The weighted-average fair value of options and stock per share, including RSUs granted for the Parent's stock plans, during 2013, 2012, and 2011 is as follows:



	2013		2012	2011
RSUs	$	21.03	17.62	17.17
ESPP:
Six month option	0.97		1.05	0.76
Discount of grant date market value	3.24		2.70	2.62
Total ESPP	4.21		3.75	3.38
Agent Plan:
Discount of grant date market value	2.40		1.76	1.62

Share-based compensation expense charged against net income before tax was $19.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 with a corresponding income tax benefit of $6.8 million. Share-based compensation expense that was charged against net income before tax was $13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and $10.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 with corresponding income tax benefits of $4.8 million and $3.5 million, respectively.