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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_______________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-K

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 001-11312
___________________________________________________
COUSINS PROPERTIES INCORPORATED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Georgia | 58-0869052
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
3344 Peachtree Road NE | Suite 1800 | Atlanta | Georgia | 30326-4802
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)
|  | (404) | 407-1000 |
| (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) |

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($1 par value) | CUZ | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
___________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ¨ No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ý | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ý
As of June 30, 2022, the aggregate market value of the common stock of Cousins Properties Incorporated held by non-affiliates was $4,456,109,057 based on the closing sales price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange. As of February 3, 2023, 151,531,398 shares of common stock were outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the Registrant’s proxy statement for the annual stockholders meeting to be held on April 25, 2023 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

Table of Contents

PART I |
Item 1. | Business | 2
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 5
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 17
Item 2. | Properties | 18
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 22
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 22
Item X. | Executive Officers of the Registrant | 23
PART II |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Stock and Related Stockholder Matters | 24
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 25
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk | 39
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 39
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 39
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 40
PART III |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 42
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 42
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 42
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 42
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 42
PART IV |
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 43
SIGNATURES | 48

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain matters contained in this report are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities laws and are subject to uncertainties and risks, as itemized herein. These forward-looking statements include information about possible or assumed future results of the business and our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans, and objectives. They also include, among other things, statements regarding subjects that are forward-looking by their nature, such as:
•guidance and underlying assumptions;
•business and financial strategy;
•future debt financings;
•future acquisitions and dispositions of operating assets or joint venture interests;
•future acquisitions and dispositions of land, including ground leases;
•future development and redevelopment opportunities, including fee development opportunities;
•future issuances and repurchases of common stock, limited partnership units, or preferred stock;
•future distributions;
•projected capital expenditures;
•market and industry trends;
•entry into new markets, changes in existing market concentrations, or exits from existing markets;
•future changes in interest rates and liquidity of capital markets; and
•all statements that address operating performance, events, investments, or developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future — including statements relating to creating value for stockholders.
Any forward-looking statements are based upon management's beliefs, assumptions, and expectations of our future performance, taking into account information that is currently available. These beliefs, assumptions, and expectations may change as a result of possible events or factors, not all of which are known. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements. Actual results may vary from forward-looking statements due to, but not limited to, the following:
•the availability and terms of capital;
•the ability to refinance or repay indebtedness as it matures;
•the failure of purchase, sale, or other contracts to ultimately close;
•the failure to achieve anticipated benefits from acquisitions, investments, or dispositions;
•the potential dilutive effect of common stock or operating partnership unit issuances;
•the availability of buyers and pricing with respect to the disposition of assets;
•changes in national and local economic conditions, the real estate industry, and the commercial real estate markets in which we operate (including supply and demand changes), particularly in Atlanta, Austin, Tampa, Phoenix, Charlotte, Dallas, and Nashville, including the impact of high unemployment, volatility in the public equity and debt markets, and international economic and other conditions;
•the impact of a public health crisis and the governmental and third-party response to such a crisis, which may affect our key personnel, our tenants, and the costs of operating our assets;
•sociopolitical unrest such as political instability, civil unrest, armed hostilities, or political activism, which may result in a disruption of day-to-day building operations;
•changes to our strategy in regard to our real estate assets may require impairment to be recognized;
•leasing risks, including the ability to obtain new tenants or renew expiring tenants, the ability to lease newly-developed and/or recently acquired space, the failure of a tenant to commence or complete tenant improvements on schedule or to occupy leased space, and the risk of declining leasing rates;
•changes in the needs of our tenants brought about by the desire for co-working arrangements, trends toward utilizing less office space per employee, and the effect of employees working remotely;
•any adverse change in the financial condition of one or more of our tenants;
•volatility in interest rates and insurance rates;
•inflation and continuing increases in the inflation rate;
•competition from other developers or investors;
•the risks associated with real estate developments (such as zoning approval, receipt of required permits, construction delays, cost overruns, and leasing risk);
•cyber security breaches;
•changes in senior management, changes in the Board of Directors, and the loss of key personnel;
•the potential liability for uninsured losses, condemnation, or environmental issues;
•the potential liability for a failure to meet regulatory requirements;
•the financial condition and liquidity of, or disputes with, joint venture partners;
•any failure to comply with debt covenants under credit agreements;
•any failure to continue to qualify for taxation as a real estate investment trust or meet regulatory requirements;
•potential changes to state, local, or federal regulations applicable to our business;
•material changes in the rates, or the ability to pay, dividends on common shares or other securities;
•potential changes to the tax laws impacting REITs and real estate in general; and
•those additional risks and factors discussed in reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") by the Company.
The words “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “plans,” “may,” “intend,” “will,” or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Although we believe that our plans, intentions, and expectations reflected in any forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that such plans, intentions, or expectations will be achieved. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of future events, new information, or otherwise, except as required under U.S. federal securities laws.

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PART I
Item 1.Business
Corporate Profile
Cousins Properties Incorporated (the “Registrant” or “Cousins”) is a Georgia corporation, that has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”). Cousins conducts substantially all of its business through Cousins Properties LP ("CPLP"), a Delaware limited partnership. Cousins owns in excess of 99% of CPLP, and CPLP is consolidated with Cousins for financial reporting purposes. CPLP also owns Cousins TRS Services LLC ("CTRS"), a taxable entity that owns and manages its own real estate portfolio and performs certain real estate related services for other parties. Cousins' common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “CUZ.” Cousins, CPLP, their subsidiaries, and CTRS combined are hereafter referred to as “we,” “us,” “our,” and the “Company.”
Our operations are conducted principally in the office real estate segment which we review by geographical area.
Company Strategy
Our strategy is to create value for our stockholders through ownership of the premier office portfolio in the Sun Belt markets of the United States, with a particular focus on Atlanta, Austin, Tampa, Phoenix, Charlotte, Dallas, and Nashville. This strategy is based on a disciplined approach to capital allocation that includes opportunistic acquisitions, selective developments, and timely dispositions of non-core assets, with a goal of maintaining a portfolio of newer and more efficient properties with lower capital expenditure requirements. This strategy is also based on a simple, flexible, and low-leveraged balance sheet that allows us to pursue compelling growth opportunities at the most advantageous points in the cycle. We utilize our strong local operating platforms within each of our major markets to implement this strategy.
Recent Notable Business Developments
Since 2016 we have completed two significant transactions including a merger with Parkway Properties, Inc. and a merger with TIER REIT, Inc. These transactions are consistent with our strategy and have created value for our stockholders through both growth and repositioning our portfolio.
In addition to the transactions noted above, over the past five years, we have acquired 2.6 million square feet of operating properties for $974 million in gross purchase price, completed 2.9 million square feet of development at total project costs of $1.2 billion, and sold 5.5 million square feet of operating properties for $1.3 billion in gross sales price.
2022 Activities
During 2022, we completed several financing transactions consistent with our strategy of maintaining a flexible and low-leveraged balance sheet. The following is a summary of our significant 2022 activities:
Development Activity
•Completed development of 300 Colorado, a 369,000 square foot office property in Austin, TX.
•Completed development of 100 Mill, a 288,000 square foot office property in Phoenix, AZ.
•Continued development of two projects located in our Austin and Nashville markets. These projects include 786,000 square feet of office space, and our share of the total expected project costs total $428.5 million.
Investment Activity
•Purchased our partner's 10% interest in 8000 and 10000 Avalon for $43.4 million. The purchase price included a promote to our partner in excess of its partnership interest and represented a negotiated fair value of $301.5 million for the entire 480,000 square feet of office space.
Disposition Activity
•Sold our 50% interest in Carolina Square, a 468,000 square foot mixed-use property in Chapel Hill, NC, to our joint venture partner for a gross price of $105.0 million.
•An unconsolidated joint venture sold a 3.0 acre land parcel in the Victory submarket of Uptown Dallas for a gross price of $23.1 million.
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Financing Activity
•Closed a new $1.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility with a maturity date of April 2027.
•Closed a $400 million Term Loan with an initial maturity date of March 2025 and four consecutive extension options for six months each.
•Amended our $350 million Term Loan, with an initial maturity date of August 2024 and four consecutive extension options for six months each, changing the base interest rate to SOFR, and entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap, fixing the underlying SOFR rate at 4.23% through maturity.
•Repaid in full our Promenade Tower and Legacy Union mortgages with maturity dates of October 2022 and January 2023, respectively.
•Amended and extended the two existing mortgages on our Terminus properties in Atlanta through January 2031 for a combined $221 million.
•Settled outstanding forward contracts to sell 2.6 million shares of common stock. These forward contracts were executed in the third and fourth quarters of 2021 at a gross average price of $39.92.
Portfolio Activity
•Leased or renewed 2.0 million square feet of office space, including 997,000 square feet of new and expansion leases, representing 50% of total leasing activity.
•Increased second generation net rent per square foot by 9.5% on a cash-basis.
•Increased same property net operating income by 1.0% on a cash-basis.
Sustainability
Our sustainability strategy is focused on developing and maintaining resilient buildings that are operated in an environmentally and socially responsible manner, thereby encouraging office users to select us for their corporate operations, while enhancing the communities in which our buildings are located. Over the long-term, we believe properties that reflect these priorities will remain attractive to office users and investors, and as a result, we anticipate that this philosophy will continue to create value for our stockholders. We seek these outcomes through creating and maintaining a resilient portfolio of high quality office buildings by prioritizing investments and operational activities that result in a highly efficient and healthy portfolio, investing in the professional development and wellness of our employees, and continually seeking ways to support and serve our communities. Our corporate governance is guided by our commitment to conduct our business in accordance with the highest ethical principles, the oversight and direction of an experienced and diverse board of directors, and an integrated approach to risk management.
We have been an advocate and practitioner of energy conservation measures and sustainability initiatives for many years and continually evaluate the characteristics of existing buildings to determine feasible improvements that maximize operating efficiencies, reduce the consumption of energy, water, and waste, and increase waste diversion through recycling and other efforts. In our 2021 Environmental, Social, and Governance ("ESG") Report, published in 2022, we released goals to reduce energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and water usage, each over a 2018 base year, by 25% by the year 2023, and to maintain LEED and Energy Star ratings on 75% of our operating properties.
In the development and operation of our office buildings, we look to relevant industry standards for guidelines on energy performance and other measures. In particular, we are influenced by EnergyStar, LEED, BOMA 360, and FitWel (Health and Safety). As part of our pragmatic approach to sustainability, we carefully consider the guidelines and ratings when designing our new developments and improvements to existing office buildings, and we seek to include the guidelines or ratings where we believe adoption of the guidelines or receipt of ratings will have a positive effect on our leasing efforts, asset valuation, operational excellence, and/or resource consumption. In addition, we evaluate the proximity to transit options, with a strong preference for nearby bus and rail transit. We also include climate assessments in our review of development opportunities and our evaluation of operating buildings, including the risks of extreme temperatures, floods, hurricanes, and droughts. When planning development projects, we take all of the foregoing into account, and we strive to design highly-sustainable buildings, generally taking advantage of LEED and/or BOMA 360 certification process and designation.
Our Board-level Sustainability Committee was established in 2022 and advises the Board and provides oversight of management on sustainability objectives and strategy. The Committee, alongside management, monitors and evaluates the Company's progress in achieving its sustainability performance goals and commitments related to climate action and resilience. This oversight is complementary to that of two other key committees - the Compensation & Human Capital
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Committee (oversight of human capital matters, including diversity, inclusion, retention, succession planning, and executive compensation) and the Nominating & Governance Committee (oversight of our adherence to corporate governance best practices).
We publish reports reflecting our corporate social responsibility practices (including sustainability), which are available on the Sustainability page of our website at www.cousins.com. Since 2016, we have participated in the annual Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark ("GRESB") assessment, which validates ESG performance data of property portfolios around the world and creates peer benchmarks for use by investors and managers. In each of these GRESB assessments, we received a rating of "Green Star," the highest rating within the assessment, with a total score each year above the GRESB overall participant average. Since 2017, we have scored at or above our peer group average in the GRESB Public Disclosure assessment, which GRESB has indicated is intended to represent an overall measure of disclosure by listed real estate companies on matters related to the environment, social, and governance practices, based on a selection of indicators aligned with the GRESB Annual Sustainability Benchmark assessment. Our 2022 scores (based on 2021 data), along with additional information on our sustainability and other corporate social responsibility initiatives, will be included under the caption "Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility" in the Proxy Statement relating to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Except for the documents specifically incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K, information contained on our website or that can be accessed through our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Competition
We compete against other real estate owners with similar properties located in our markets and distinguish ourselves to tenants and buyers primarily on the basis of location, rental rates and sales prices, services provided, proximity to public transit, reputation, design, condition, and resiliency of our facilities, operational efficiencies, and availability of amenities. We also compete against other real estate companies, financial institutions, pension funds, partnerships, individual investors, and others when attempting to acquire and develop properties.
Human Capital
Our executive offices are located at 3344 Peachtree Road NE, Suite 1800, Atlanta, Georgia 30326-4802, and we maintain regional offices in each of our additional key operating markets of Austin, Charlotte, Phoenix, Tampa, and Dallas.
We recognize that our achievements and progress on our corporate strategy are made possible by the attraction, development, and retention of our dedicated employees. We regularly evaluate, modify, and enhance our internal processes and technologies to increase employee engagement, productivity and efficiency, which benefits our operations and performance. We also invest in training and development opportunities to enhance our employees’ engagement, effectiveness, and well-being.
All of our employees are responsible for upholding our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code”) and our Core Values, which includes the embrace of diversity in the backgrounds, cultures, interests, and experiences within our Company, and we strive to have a workforce that reflects the diversity of qualified talent that is available in the markets we serve. Our Code and Core Values are available on our website at www.cousins.com. As of December 31, 2022, we had 286 full-time employees, which includes the seven executive officers listed on page 23, with women representing 40% of our workforce and with 42% of the workforce self-identifying as a minority. In addition, as of December 31, 2022, 48% of our supervisors and 33% of our Board of Directors, including the Chair of our Audit Committee, were women; and, 26% of our supervisors self-identify as a minority. We also recognize the importance of experienced leadership; as of December 31, 2022, the average tenure at Cousins for the executive team was twelve years.
We are committed to maintaining a healthy environment for our employees that enables them to be productive members of our team. Our priorities include professional development, health and wellness, and community engagement by our employees. Some of our engagement efforts include regular “townhall” events for all employees, where we update everyone on recent accomplishments and key initiatives; regular participation in employee engagement surveys; and sponsorship of community engagement opportunities and various health challenges.
We also strive to provide competitive pay, benefits, and services that help meet the varying needs of our employees. Our general total rewards packages include market-competitive pay, performance-conditioned annual incentive compensation, stock- and performance-based long-term incentive compensation for key employees, healthcare and retirement benefits, paid time off, and family leave. Through a combination of Company giving and direct voluntary participation by our employees, we donate funds to support meaningful organizations in communities across our geographical footprint.
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Environmental Matters
Our business operations are subject to various federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations governing land, water, and wetlands resources. Among these are certain laws and regulations under which an owner or operator of real estate could become liable for the costs of removal or remediation of certain hazardous or toxic substances present on or in such property. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. The presence of such substances, or the failure to properly remediate such substances, may subject the owner to substantial liability and may adversely affect the owner’s ability to develop the property or to borrow using such real estate as collateral.
We typically manage this potential liability through performance of Phase I Environmental Site Assessments and, as necessary, Phase II Environmental Site Assessments, which may include environmental sampling on properties we acquire or develop. Even with these assessments and testings, no assurance can be given that environmental liabilities do not exist, that the reports revealed all environmental liabilities, or that no prior owner created or permitted any material environmental condition not known to us. In certain situations, we have also sought to avail ourselves of legal and regulatory protections offered by federal and state authorities to prospective purchasers of property. Where applicable studies have resulted in the determination that remediation was required by applicable law, the necessary remediation is typically incorporated into the operational or development activity of the relevant property. We are not presently aware of any environmental liability that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, assets, or results of operations.
Certain environmental laws impose liability on a previous owner of a property to the extent that hazardous or toxic substances were present during the prior ownership period. A transfer of the property does not necessarily relieve an owner of such liability. Thus, although we are not aware of any such situation, we may have such liabilities on properties previously sold by us or our predecessors. We believe that we and our properties are in compliance in all material respects with applicable federal, state, and local laws, ordinances, and regulations governing the environment. For additional information, see Item 1A. Risk Factors - "Environmental issues."
Available Information
We make available free of charge on the “Investor Relations” page of our website, www.cousins.com, our reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q, and 8-K, and any amendments thereto, as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports are filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).
Our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Director Independence Standards, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (including our Vendor Code of Conduct), Bylaws, and the Charters of the Audit Committee, the Compensation & Human Capital Committee, the Nominating & Governance Committee, and the Sustainability Committee of the Board of Directors are also available on the “Investor Relations” page of our website. The information contained on our website is not incorporated herein by reference. Copies of these documents (without exhibits, when applicable) are also available free of charge upon request to us at 3344 Peachtree Road NE, Suite 1800, Atlanta, Georgia 30326-4802, Attention: Investor Relations or by telephone at (404) 407-1104 or by facsimile at (404) 407-1105. In addition, the SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Set forth below are the risks we believe investors should consider carefully in evaluating an investment in the securities of Cousins Properties Incorporated.
General Risks of Owning and Operating Real Estate
Our ownership of commercial real estate involves a number of risks, the effects of which could adversely affect our business.
General economic and market risks. In a general economic decline or recessionary climate, our commercial real estate assets may not generate sufficient cash to pay expenses, service debt, or cover operational, improvement, or maintenance costs, and, as a result, our results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected. Factors that may adversely affect the economic performance and value of our properties include, among other things:
•changes in the national, regional, and local economic climate;
•local real estate conditions such as an oversupply of rentable space caused by increased development of new properties, a reduction in demand for rentable space caused by a change in the preferences and requirements of our tenants (including space usage), such as work-from-home practices and utilization of open workspaces or "co-working" space, or economic conditions decreasing the desirability of our locations;
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•the attractiveness of our properties to tenants or buyers;
•competition from other available properties;
•changes in market rental rates and related concessions granted to tenants including, but not limited to, free rent and tenant improvement allowances;
•uninsured losses or losses in excess of our insurance coverage as a result of casualty events or other claims or events;
•insolvency of our insurance carriers;
•sociopolitical unrest such as political instability, civil unrest, armed hostilities, or political activism resulting in a disruption of day-to-day building operations;
•the impact of a public health crisis and the governmental and third party response to such a crisis;
•the need to periodically repair, renovate, and re-lease properties;
•changes in federal, state, and local income tax laws as they affect real estate companies and real estate investors; and
•changes in interest rates and availability of permanent financing sources that may render the sale of a property difficult or unattractive or otherwise reduce returns to stockholders.
Uncertain economic conditions may adversely impact current tenants in our various markets and, accordingly, could affect their ability to pay rent owed to us pursuant to their leases. In periods of economic uncertainty, tenants are more likely to downsize and/or to declare bankruptcy; and, pursuant to various bankruptcy laws, leases may be rejected and thereby terminated. Furthermore, our ability to sell or lease our properties at favorable rates, or at all, may be negatively impacted by general or local economic conditions.
Our ability to collect rent from tenants may affect our ability to pay for adequate maintenance, insurance, and other operating costs (including real estate taxes). Also, the expense of owning and operating a property is not necessarily proportionally reduced when circumstances such as reduced occupancy or other market factors cause a reduction in income from the property. If a property is mortgaged and we are unable to meet the mortgage payments, the lender could foreclose on the mortgage and take title to the property. In addition, interest rates, financing availability, law changes, and governmental regulations (including those governing usage, zoning, and taxes) may adversely affect our financial condition.
Impairment risks. We regularly review our real estate assets for impairment; and based on these reviews, we may record impairments that have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Negative or uncertain market and economic conditions, as well as market volatility, increase the likelihood of incurring impairment. If we decide to sell a real estate asset rather than holding it for long-term investment or if we reduce our estimates of future cash flows on a real estate asset, the risk of impairment increases. The magnitude and frequency with which these charges occur could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Leasing risk. Our operating properties were 91.0% leased at December 31, 2022. Our 20 largest customers account for a meaningful portion of our revenues. Our operating revenues are dependent upon entering into leases with, and collecting rents from, our tenants. Tenants whose leases are expiring may want to decrease the space they lease and/or may be unwilling to continue their lease. When leases expire or are terminated, replacement tenants may not be available upon acceptable terms and market rental rates may be lower than the previous contractual rental rates. Also, our tenants may approach us for additional concessions in order to remain open and operating. The granting of these concessions may adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows to the extent that they result in reduced rental rates, additional capital improvements, or allowances paid to, or on behalf of, the tenants.
Tenant and market concentration risk. As of December 31, 2022, our top 20 tenants represented 37.9% of our annualized base rental revenues with no single tenant accounting for more tha n 7.3% of our annualized base rental revenues. The inability or refusal of any of our significant tenants to pay rent or a decision by a significant tenant to vacate their premises prior to, or at the conclusion of, their lease term could have a significant negative impact on our results of operations or financial condition if a suitable replacement tenant is not secured in a timely manner.
For the three months ended December 31, 2022, 36.4% of our net operating income for properties owned was derived from the metropolitan Atlanta area, 31.1% was derived from the Austin area, 9.7% was derived from the Tampa area, 8.9% was derived from the Phoenix area, and 8.8% was derived from the Charlotte area. Any adverse economic conditions impacting Atlanta, Austin, Tampa, Phoenix, or Charlotte could adversely affect our overall results of operations and financial condition.
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Uninsured losses and condemnation costs. Accidents, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, droughts, terrorism incidents, and other losses at our properties could adversely affect our operating results. Casualties may occur that significantly damage an operating property or property under development, and insurance proceeds may be less than the total loss incurred by us. Although we, or our joint venture partners where applicable, maintain casualty insurance under policies we believe to be adequate and appropriate, including rent loss insurance on operating properties, some types of losses, such as those related to the termination of longer-term leases and other contracts, generally are not insured. Certain types of insurance may not be available or may be available on terms that could result in large uninsured losses, and insurers may not pay a claim as required under a policy. Property ownership also involves potential liability to third parties for such matters as personal injuries occurring on the property. Such losses may not be fully insured. In addition to uninsured losses, various government authorities may condemn all or parts of operating properties. Such condemnations could adversely affect the viability of such projects.
Environmental issues. Federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment may require a current or previous owner or operator of real estate to investigate and clean up hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum product released at a property. If determined to be liable, the owner or operator may have to pay a governmental entity or third parties for property damage and for investigation and clean-up costs incurred by such parties in connection with the contamination, or perform such investigation and clean-up itself. Although certain legal protections may be available to prospective purchasers of property, these laws typically impose clean-up responsibility and liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of or caused the presence of the regulated substances. Even if more than one person may have been responsible for the release of regulated substances at the property, each person covered by the environmental laws may be held responsible for all of the clean-up costs incurred. In addition, third parties may sue the owner or operator of a site for damages and costs resulting from regulated substances emanating from that site. We manage this risk through Phase I Environmental Site Assessments and, as necessary, Phase II Environmental Site Assessments, which may include environmental sampling on properties we acquire or develop.
Inquiries about indoor air quality and water quality may necessitate special investigation and, depending on the results, remediation beyond our regular testing and maintenance programs. Indoor air quality and water quality issues can stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contaminants from indoor or outdoor sources, and biological contaminants such as molds, pollen, viruses, and bacteria. When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Indoor exposure to mold or other chemical or biological contaminants above certain levels can be alleged to be connected to allergic reactions or other health effects and symptoms in susceptible individuals. If these conditions were to occur at one of our properties, we may be subject to third-party claims for personal injury or may need to undertake a targeted remediation program, including without limitation, steps to increase indoor ventilation rates and eliminate sources of contaminants. Such remediation programs could be costly, necessitate the temporary relocation of some or all of the property’s tenants, or require rehabilitation of the affected property. In addition, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from our tenants, employees of our tenants, or others if property damage or personal injury occurs.
We are not currently aware of any environmental liabilities at locations that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our business, assets, financial condition, or results of operations. Unidentified environmental liabilities could arise, however, and could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Sustainability strategies. Our sustainability strategy is to develop and maintain resilient buildings that are operated in an environmentally and socially responsible manner, encouraging office users to select us for their corporate operations while enhancing the communities in which our buildings are located. Failure to develop and maintain sustainable and resilient buildings relative to our peers could adversely impact our ability to lease space at competitive rates and negatively impact our results of operations and portfolio attractiveness.
Climate change risks. The physical effects of climate change could have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations, and business. To the extent climate change causes changes in weather patterns or severity, our markets could experience increases in storm intensity (including floods, fires, tornadoes, hurricanes, or ice storms), rising sea-levels, and changes in precipitation, temperature, air quality, and quality and availability of water. Over time, these conditions could result in physical damage to, or declining demand for, our properties or our inability to operate the buildings efficiently or at all. Climate change may also indirectly affect our business by increasing the cost of (or making unavailable) property insurance on terms we find acceptable, increasing the cost of required resources, including energy, other fuel sources, water, and waste removal services, and increasing the risk and severity of flood, droughts, hurricanes, and earthquakes at our properties. Should the impact of climate change be severe or occur for lengthy periods of time, our financial condition or results of operations could be adversely impacted. In addition, compliance with new or more stringent laws or regulations or stricter interpretations of existing laws may require material expenditure by us. For example, various federal, state, and local laws and regulations have been implemented or are under consideration to mitigate the effects of climate change caused by
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greenhouse gas emissions. Among other things, "green" building codes may seek to reduce emissions through the imposition of standards for design, construction materials, water and energy usage and efficiency, and waste management. Such codes could require us to make improvements to our existing properties, increase the costs of maintaining or improving our existing properties or developing new properties, or increase taxes and fees assessed on us or our properties. Expenditures required for compliance with such codes may affect our cash flow and results of operations.
Joint venture structure risks. We hold ownership interests in a number of joint ventures with varying structures and may in the future invest in additional real estate through such structures. Our venture partners may have rights to take actions over which we have no control, or the right to withhold approval of actions that we propose, either of which could adversely affect our interests in the related joint ventures, and in some cases, our overall financial condition and results of operations. A venture partner may have economic and/or other business interests or goals that are incompatible with our business interests or goals and that venture partner may be in a position to take action contrary to our interests. In addition, such venture partners may default on their obligations, including loans secured by property owned by the joint venture that could have an adverse impact on the financial condition and operations of the joint venture. Such defaults may result in our fulfilling the defaulting partners' obligations that may, in some cases, require us to contribute additional capital to the ventures. Furthermore, the success of a project may be dependent upon the expertise, business judgment, diligence, and effectiveness of our venture partners in matters that are outside our control. Thus, the involvement of venture partners could adversely impact the development, operation, ownership, financing, or disposition of the underlying properties.
Title insurance risk. We did not acquire new title insurance policies in connection with the mergers with Parkway in 2016 or TIER in 2019, instead relying on existing policies benefiting those entities' subsidiaries. We generally do acquire title insurance policies for all developed and acquired properties; however, these policies may be for amounts less than the current or future values of the covered properties. If there were a title defect related to any of these properties, or to any of the properties acquired in connection with the mergers with Parkway or TIER where title insurance policies are ruled unenforceable, we could lose both our capital invested in and our anticipated profits from such property.
Liquidity risk. Real estate investments are relatively illiquid and can be difficult to sell and convert to cash quickly. As a result, our ability to sell one or more of our properties, whether in response to any changes in economic or other conditions or in response to a change in strategy, may be limited. In the event we want to sell a property, we may not be able to do so in the desired time period, the sales price of the property may not meet our expectations or requirements, and/or we may be required to record an impairment on the property as a result.
Ground lease risks. As of December 31, 2022, we had interests in eight land parcels in various markets that we lease individually on a long-term basis. As of December 31, 2022, we had 2.0 million aggregate square feet of rental space located on these leased parcels, from which we recognized 11% of total Net Operating Income ("NOI") in the fourth quarter of 2022. In the future, we may invest in additional properties on some of these parcels or additional parcels subject to ground leases. Many of these ground leases and other restrictive agreements impose significant limitations on our uses of the subject property and restrict our ability to sell or otherwise transfer our interests in the property. These restrictions may limit our ability to timely sell or exchange the property, may impair the property's value, or may negatively impact our ability to find suitable tenants for the property. In addition, if we default under the terms of any particular lease, we may lose the ownership rights to the property subject to the lease. Upon expiration of a lease, we may not be able to renegotiate a new lease on favorable terms, if at all. The loss of the ownership rights to these properties or an increase of rental expense could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results.
Compliance or failure to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act or other federal, state, and local regulatory requirements could result in substantial costs.
The Americans with Disabilities Act generally requires that certain buildings, including office buildings, be made accessible to disabled persons. We are currently in compliance with these requirements. Noncompliance could result in the imposition of fines by the federal government or the award of damages to private litigants. If, under the Americans with Disabilities Act, we are required to make substantial alterations and capital expenditures in one or more of our properties, including the removal of access barriers or the addition of access enhancements, it could adversely impact our earnings and cash flows, thereby impacting our ability to service debt and make distributions to our stockholders.
Our properties are subject to various federal, state, and local regulatory requirements, such as state and local fire, health, and life safety requirements. We are currently in compliance with these requirements. If we fail to comply with these requirements, we could incur fines or other monetary damages. We do not know whether existing requirements will change or whether compliance with future requirements will require significant unanticipated expenditures that will affect our cash flow and results of operations.
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Financing Risks
At certain times, interest rates and other market conditions for obtaining capital could be unfavorable, and, as a result, we may be unable to raise the capital needed to invest in acquisition or development opportunities, maintain our properties, or otherwise satisfy our commitments on a timely basis, or we may be forced to raise capital at a higher cost or under restrictive terms, which could adversely affect returns on our investments, our cash flows, and results of operations.
We generally finance our acquisition and development projects through one or more of the following: our $1 billion senior unsecured line of credit (the "Credit Facility"), unsecured debt, non-recourse mortgages, construction loans, the sale of assets, joint venture equity, the issuance of common stock, the issuance of preferred stock, and the issuance of units of CPLP. Each of these sources may be constrained from time to time because of market conditions, and the related cost of raising this capital may be unfavorable at any given point in time. These sources of capital, and the risks associated with each, include the following:
•Credit Facility. Terms and conditions available in the marketplace for unsecured credit facilities vary over time. We can provide no assurance that the amount we need from our Credit Facility will be available at any given time, or at all, or that the rates and fees charged by the lenders will be reasonable. We incur interest under our Credit Facility at a variable rate. Variable rate debt creates higher debt service requirements if market interest rates increase, which would adversely affect our cash flow and results of operations. Our Credit Facility contains customary restrictions, requirements, and other limitations on our ability to incur indebtedness, including restrictions on unsecured debt outstanding, restrictions on secured recourse debt outstanding, and requirements to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. Our continued ability to borrow under our Credit Facility is subject to compliance with these covenants.
•Unsecured debt. Terms and conditions available in the marketplace for unsecured debt vary over time. The availability of unsecured debt may vary based on the capital markets and capital market activity. Unsecured debt generally contains restrictive covenants that may place limitations on our ability to conduct our business similar to those placed upon us by our Credit Facility.
•Non-recourse mortgages. The availability of non-recourse mortgages is dependent upon various conditions, including the willingness of mortgage lenders to lend at any given point in time. Interest rates and loan-to-value ratios may also be volatile, and we may from time to time elect not to proceed with mortgage financing due to unfavorable terms offered by lenders. If a property is mortgaged to secure payment of indebtedness and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, the lender may foreclose. Further, at the time a mortgage matures, the property may be worth less than the mortgage amount and, as a result, we may determine not to refinance the mortgage and permit foreclosure, potentially generating defaults on other debt.
•Asset sales. Real estate markets tend to experience market cycles. Because of such cycles, the potential terms and conditions of sales, including prices, may be unfavorable for extended periods of time. In addition, our status as a REIT can limit our ability to sell properties, which may affect our ability to liquidate an investment. As a result, our ability to raise capital through asset sales could be limited. In addition, mortgage financing on an asset may prohibit prepayment and/or impose a prepayment penalty upon the sale of that property, which may decrease the proceeds from a sale or make the sale impractical.
•Construction loans. Construction loans generally relate to specific assets under construction and fund costs above an initial equity amount as negotiated with the lender. Terms and conditions of construction loans vary, but they generally carry a term of two to five years, charge interest at variable rates, require the lender to be satisfied with the nature and amount of construction costs prior to funding, and require the lender to be satisfied with the level of pre-leasing prior to funding. Construction loans can require a portion of the loan to be recourse to us. In addition, construction loans generally require a completion guarantee by the borrower and may require a limited payment guarantee from the Company which may be disproportionate to any guaranty required from a joint venture partner. There may be times when construction loans are not available, or are only available upon unfavorable terms, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to fund development projects or on our ability to achieve the returns we expect.
•Joint ventures. Joint ventures, including partnerships or limited liability companies, tend to be complex arrangements, and there are only a limited number of parties willing to undertake such investment structures. There is no guarantee that we will be able to undertake these ventures at the times we need capital and at favorable terms.
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•Common stock. We consider public issuances of common stock to be an available source of capital for our acquisitions, development, and general corporate purposes. We can provide no assurance that conditions will be favorable for future issuances of common stock when we need capital. In addition, common stock issuances may have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share and funds from operations per share. The actual amount of dilution, if any, from any future offering of common stock will be based on numerous factors, particularly the use of proceeds and any return generated from these proceeds. The per share trading price of our common stock could decline as a result of the sale of shares of our common stock in the market in connection with an offering or as a result of the perception or expectation that such sales could occur. We regularly issue common stock to key employees and our directors under our 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan. We also issue shares of common stock to participants in our 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.
•Preferred stock. The availability of preferred stock at favorable terms and conditions is dependent upon a number of factors including the general condition of the economy, the overall interest rate environment, the condition of the capital markets, and the demand for this product by potential holders of the securities. Issuance of preferred stock, if convertible, could be dilutive to earnings per share and have an adverse effect on the trading price of common stock. We can provide no assurance that conditions will be favorable for future issuances of preferred stock when we need the capital, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to fund acquisition and development activities.
•Operating partnership units. The issuance of units of CPLP in connection with property, portfolio, or business acquisitions could be dilutive to our earnings per share and could have an adverse effect on the per share trading price of our common stock.
Any additional indebtedness incurred may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
As of December 31, 2022, we had $2.3 billion of outstanding indebtedness. The incurrence of additional indebtedness could have adverse consequences on our business, such as:
•requiring us to use a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness, which would reduce the available cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, development projects, distributions, and other general corporate purposes;
•limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund our working capital needs, acquisitions, capital expenditures, or other debt service requirements or for other purposes;
•increasing our exposure to floating interest rates;
•limiting our ability to compete with other companies who have less leverage, as we may be less capable of responding to adverse economic and industry conditions;
•restricting us from making strategic acquisitions, developing properties, or capitalizing on business opportunities;
•restricting the way in which we conduct our business due to financial and operating covenants in the agreements governing our existing and future indebtedness;
•exposing us to potential events of default (if not cured or waived) under covenants contained in our debt instruments;
•increasing our vulnerability to a downturn in general economic conditions; and
•limiting our ability to react to changing market conditions in our industry.
The impact of any of these potential adverse consequences could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.
Covenants contained in our Credit Facility, senior unsecured notes, term loans, and mortgages could restrict our operational flexibility, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
Our Credit Facility, senior unsecured notes, and our unsecured term loans impose financial and operating restrictions on us. These restrictions may be modified from time to time, but restrictions of this type include limitations on our ability to incur debt, as well as limitations on the amount of our secured debt, unsecured debt, and on the amount of joint venture activity in which we may engage. These covenants may limit our flexibility in making business decisions. If we fail to comply with these covenants, our ability to borrow may be impaired, which could potentially make it more difficult to fund our capital and operating needs. Our failure to comply with such covenants could cause a default, and we may then be
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required to repay our outstanding debt with capital from other sources. Under those circumstances, other sources of capital may not be available to us or may be available only on unattractive terms, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the cross default provisions on the Credit Facility, senior unsecured notes, and term loans may affect business decisions on other debt.
Some of our mortgages contain customary negative covenants, including limitations on our ability, without the lender’s prior consent, to further mortgage that specific property, to enter into new leases, to modify existing leases, or to redevelop or sell the property. Compliance with these covenants and requirements could harm our operational flexibility and financial condition.
Our degree of leverage could limit our ability to obtain additional financing or affect the market price of our securities.
Net debt as a percentage of either total asset value or total market capitalization and net debt as a multiple of annualized EBITDA re are non-GAAP metrics often used by analysts to gauge the financial health of equity REITs like us. If our degree of leverage is viewed unfavorably by lenders or potential joint venture partners, it could affect our ability to obtain additional financing. In general, our degree of leverage could also make us more vulnerable to a downturn in business or the economy. In addition, increases in our net debt to market capitalization ratio, which is in part a function of our stock price, or to other measures of asset value used by financial analysts may have an adverse effect on the market price of common stock.
Planned discontinuation of LIBOR could have an adverse impact on operations.
The London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") has been the subject of regulatory guidance and proposals for reform, and in March 2021, the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after June 30, 2023. In December 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2022-06 to defer the sunset date of FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 848, Reference Rate Reform until December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2022, we have one loan (within our Neuhoff joint venture) with a LIBOR-based variable interest rate. This construction loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 3.60% and matures on September 30, 2025. The Neuhoff loan provides for alternate interest rate calculations if LIBOR is no longer widely available, including the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). There can be no assurances as to what alternative interest rates may be and whether such interest rates, such as SOFR, will be more or less favorable than LIBOR and any other unforeseen impacts of the discontinuation of LIBOR.
Real Estate Acquisition and Development Risks
We face risks associated with operating property acquisitions.
Operating property acquisitions contain inherent risks. These risks may include:
•difficulty in leasing vacant space or renewing existing tenants at the acquired property;
•the costs and timing of repositioning or redeveloping acquisitions;
•disproportionate concentrations of earnings in one or more markets;
•the acquisitions may fail to meet internal projections or otherwise fail to perform as expected;
•the acquisitions may be in markets that are unfamiliar to us and could present unforeseen business challenges;
•the timing of acquisitions may not match the timing of dispositions, leading to periods of time where proceeds are not invested as profitably as we desire or where we increase short-term borrowings until sales proceeds become available;
•a change in our sustainability or resiliency profile, including an increase in key performance metrics like energy consumption intensity and greenhouse gas emissions, and/or a decrease in the percentage of our operating portfolio with key sustainability certifications;
•the inability to obtain financing for acquisitions on favorable terms, or at all;
•the inability to successfully integrate the operations, maintain consistent standards, controls, policies, and procedures, or realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions within the anticipated time frames, or at all;
•the inability to effectively monitor and manage our expanded portfolio of properties, retain key employees, or attract highly qualified new employees;
•the possible decline in value of the acquired asset;
•the diversion of our management’s attention away from other business concerns; and
•the exposure to any undisclosed or unknown issues, expenses, or potential liabilities relating to acquisitions.
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In addition, we may acquire properties subject to liabilities with no, or limited, recourse against the prior owners or other third parties. As a result, if a liability were asserted against us based upon ownership of those properties, we might have to pay substantial sums to settle or contest it, which might not be fully covered by owner's title insurance policies or other insurance policies.
Any of these risks could cause a failure to realize the intended benefits of our acquisitions and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and the market price of our common stock.
We face risks associated with the development of real estate.
Development activities contain certain inherent risks. Although we seek to minimize risks from development through various management controls and procedures, development risks cannot be eliminated. Some of the key factors affecting development of property are as follows:
•Abandoned predevelopment costs. The development process inherently requires that a large number of opportunities be pursued with only a few actually being developed. We may incur significant costs for predevelopment activity for projects that are ultimately abandoned, which would directly affect our results of operations. For projects that are abandoned, we must expense certain costs, such as salaries and interest on debt, that would have otherwise been capitalized. We have procedures and controls in place that are intended to minimize this risk, but it is likely that we will incur predevelopment expense on abandoned projects on an ongoing basis.
•Project costs. Construction and leasing of a project involves a variety of costs that cannot always be identified at the beginning of a project. Costs may arise that have not been anticipated or actual costs may exceed estimated costs. These additional costs can be significant and could adversely impact our return on a project and the expected results of operations upon completion of the project. Also, construction costs vary over time based upon many factors, including the cost of labor, building materials, and compliance with applied regulations. We attempt to mitigate the risk of unanticipated increases in construction costs on our development projects through guaranteed maximum price contracts and pre-ordering of certain materials, but we may be adversely affected by increased construction costs on our current and future projects.
•Construction delays. Real estate development carries the risk that a project could be delayed due to a number of issues that may arise including, but not limited to, weather and other forces of nature, availability of materials, availability of skilled labor, the financial health of general contractors or sub-contractors, and the competing demands on plan-approving authorities. Construction delays could cause adverse financial impacts to us which could include incurring more interest and other carrying costs than originally budgeted, monetary penalties from tenants pursuant to their leases, and higher construction costs. Delays could also result in a violation of terms of construction loans that could increase fees, interest, or trigger additional recourse of a construction loan to us.
•Leasing risk. The success of a commercial real estate development project is heavily dependent upon entering into leases with acceptable terms within a predefined lease-up period. Although our policy is generally to achieve certain pre-leasing goals (which vary by market, product type, and circumstances) before committing to a project, it is expected that sometimes not all the space in a project will be leased at the time we commit to the project. If the additional space is not leased on schedule and upon the expected terms and conditions, our returns, future earnings, and results of operations from the project could be adversely impacted. Whether or not tenants are willing to enter into leases on the terms and conditions we project and on the timetable we expect will depend upon a number of factors, many of which are outside our control. These factors may include:
•general business conditions in the local or broader economy or in the prospective tenants’ industries;
•supply and demand conditions for space in the marketplace; and
•level of competition in the marketplace.
•Reputation risks. We have historically developed and managed a significant portion of our real estate portfolio and believe that we have built a positive reputation for quality and service with our lenders, joint venture partners, and tenants. If we developed under-performing properties, suffered sustained losses on our investments, defaulted on a significant level of loans, or experienced significant foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure of our properties, our reputation could be damaged. Damage to our reputation could make it more difficult to successfully develop properties in the future and to continue to grow and expand our relationships with our lenders, joint venture partners, and tenants, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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•Governmental approvals. All necessary zoning, land-use, building, occupancy, and other required governmental approvals, permits, and authorizations may not be obtained, may only be obtained subject to onerous conditions, or may not be obtained on a timely basis resulting in possible delays, decreased profitability, and increased management time and attention.
•Competition. We compete for tenants in our Sun Belt markets by highlighting our locations, rental rates, services, amenities, reputation, and the design and condition of our facilities including operational efficiencies and sustainability improvements. As the competition for tenants is intense, we may be required to provide rent abatements, increase our capital improvement expenditures, incur charges for tenant improvements and other concessions, and may not be able to lease vacant space in a timely manner.
•Risks associated with the development of mixed-use properties. We operate, are currently developing, and may in the future develop properties, either alone or through joint ventures, that are known as "mixed-use" developments. This means that in addition to the development of office space, the project may also include space for retail, residential, or other commercial purposes. We do not have as much experience in developing and managing non-office real estate as we do office real estate and, as a result, we may seek to develop the non-office component ourselves, sell the right to that component to a third-party developer, or we may partner with a third party who has more non-office real estate experience. If we do choose to develop other components ourselves, we would be exposed not only to those risks typically associated with the development of commercial real estate generally, but also to specific risks associated with the development and ownership of non-office real estate. In addition, even if we sell the rights to develop the other components or elect to participate in the development through a joint venture, we may be exposed to the risks associated with the failure of the other party to complete the development as expected. These include the risk that the other party would default on its obligations necessitating that we complete the other component ourselves, including potential financing of the project. If we decide not to sell or participate in a joint venture and instead hire a third party manager, we would be dependent on them and their key personnel to provide services to us, and we may not find a suitable replacement if the management agreement is terminated or if key personnel leave or otherwise become unavailable to us.
Federal Income Tax Risks
Any failure to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes could have a material adverse impact on us and our stockholders.
We intend to continue to operate in a manner intended to qualify us as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”), for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations. Certain facts and circumstances not entirely within our control may affect our ability to qualify as a REIT. In addition, we can provide no assurance that legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations, or court decisions will not adversely affect our qualification as a REIT or the federal income tax consequences of our REIT status.
If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT, we would not be allowed a deduction for distributions to stockholders in computing our taxable income. In this case, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. Unless entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we also would be disqualified from operating as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost. As a result, we would be subject to federal and state income taxes which could adversely affect our results of operations and distributions to stockholders. Although we currently intend to operate in a manner designed to qualify as a REIT, it is possible that future economic, market, legal, tax, or other considerations may cause us to revoke the REIT election.
In order to qualify as a REIT, under current law, we generally are required each taxable year to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our net taxable income (excluding any net capital gain). To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net capital gain or distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our other taxable income, we are subject to tax on the undistributed amounts at regular corporate rates. In addition, we are subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax to the extent that distributions paid by us during the calendar year are less than the sum of the following:
•85% of our ordinary income;
•95% of our net capital gain income for that year; and
•100% of our undistributed taxable income (including any net capital gains) from prior years.
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We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the 90% distribution requirement, to avoid corporate-level tax on undistributed taxable income, and to avoid the nondeductible excise tax. Distributions could be made in cash, in stock, or in a combination of cash and stock. Differences in timing between taxable income and cash available for distribution could require us to borrow funds to meet the 90% distribution requirement, to avoid corporate-level tax on undistributed taxable income, and to avoid the nondeductible excise tax.
Certain property transfers may be characterized as prohibited transactions.
From time to time, we may transfer or otherwise dispose of some of our properties. Under the Code, any gains resulting from transfers or dispositions, from other than a taxable REIT subsidiary, that are deemed to be prohibited transactions would be subject to a 100% tax on any gain associated with the transaction. Prohibited transactions generally include sales of assets that constitute inventory or other property held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Since we acquire properties primarily for investment purposes, we do not believe that our occasional transfers or disposals of property are deemed to be prohibited transactions. However, whether or not a transfer or sale of property qualifies as a prohibited transaction depends on all the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular transaction. The Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") may contend that certain transfers or disposals of properties by us are prohibited transactions. While we believe that the IRS would not prevail in any such dispute, if the IRS were to argue successfully that a transfer or disposition of property constituted a prohibited transaction, we would be required to pay a tax equal to 100% of any gain allocable to us from the prohibited transaction. In addition, income from a prohibited transaction might adversely affect our ability to satisfy the income tests for qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.
Recent changes to the U.S. tax laws could have an adverse impact on our business operations, financial condition, and earnings.
In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial, and administrative changes have been made in the provisions of federal and state income tax laws applicable to investments similar to an investment in our shares. In particular, the comprehensive tax reform legislation enacted in December 2017 and commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA") made many significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws that have profoundly impacted the taxation of individuals and corporations (including both regular C corporations and corporations that have elected to be taxed as REITs). A number of changes that affect noncorporate taxpayers will expire at the end of 2025 unless Congress acts to extend them. Among other changes, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or CARES Act, signed into law on March 27, 2020, makes certain changes to the TCJA. These changes have impacted us and our stockholders in various ways, some of which are adverse or potentially adverse compared to prior law. Additional changes to tax laws were enacted with the Inflation Reduction Act ("IRA") of 2022, signed into law on August 16, 2022. Many of the material provisions of the IRA exempt REITs. To date, the IRS has issued only limited guidance with respect to certain of the new provisions, and there are numerous interpretive issues that will require further guidance. It is highly likely that technical corrections of legislation will be needed to clarify certain aspects of the new law and give proper effect to Congressional intent. There can be no assurance, however, that technical clarifications or changes needed to prevent unintended or unforeseen tax consequences will be enacted by Congress in the near future. Additional changes to tax laws are likely to continue to occur in the future, and we cannot assure investors that any such changes will not adversely affect the taxation of our stockholders. Any such changes could have an adverse effect on an investment in shares or on the market value or the resale potential of our properties. Investors are urged to consult with their own tax advisor with respect to the impact of recent legislation on ownership of shares and the status of legislative, regulatory, or administrative developments and proposals, and their potential effect on ownership of shares.
We may face risks in connection with Section 1031 Exchanges.
When possible, we dispose of and acquire properties in transactions that are intended to qualify as Section 1031 Exchanges. If a transaction's gain that is intended to qualify as a Section 1031 deferral is later determined to be taxable, we may face adverse consequences, and if the laws applicable to such transactions are amended or repealed, we may not be able to dispose of properties on a tax-deferred basis. In such case, our taxable income and earnings and profits would increase. This could increase the dividend income to our stockholders by reducing any return of capital they received. In some circumstances, we may be required to pay additional dividends or, in lieu of that, corporate income tax, possibly including interest and penalties. In addition, if a Section 1031 Exchange were later to be determined to be taxable, we may be required to amend our tax returns for the applicable year in question.
Further, as a result of changes made by the TCJA, Section 1031 Exchanges are only permitted with respect to real property. The changes generally apply to exchanges completed after December 31, 2017, unless the property was disposed of or received in the exchange on or before such date. If a material amount of personal property is associated with the real property that we have disposed of in a Section 1031 Exchange, these provisions will be less beneficial than under prior law.
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Disclosure Controls and Internal Control over Financial Reporting Risks
Our business could be adversely impacted if we have deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting.
The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements, or misrepresentations. While management will continue to review the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives at all times. Deficiencies, including any material weakness, in our internal control over financial reporting which may occur in the future could result in misstatements of our results of operations, restatements of our financial statements, a decline in our stock price, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.
General Risks
A pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of a contagious disease could adversely affect us.
Public health crises, pandemics, and epidemics have had, and could continue to have, a material adverse effect on global, national, and local economies, as well as on our business and our tenants’ businesses. The potential impact of a pandemic, epidemic, or outbreak of a contagious disease on our tenants and our properties is difficult to predict or assess. If an outbreak occurs within the workforce of our tenants or otherwise disrupts their management and other personnel, the business and operating results of our tenants could be negatively impacted.
We are dependent upon the services of certain key personnel, including members of the Board of Directors, the loss of any of whom could adversely impact our ability to execute our business.
One of our objectives is to develop and maintain a strong management group at all levels. At any given time, we could lose the services of key executives, members of the Board of Directors, and other employees. None of our Board members, key executives, or other employees are subject to employment contracts. Further, we do not carry key person insurance on any of our executive officers or other key employees. The loss of services of any of these key persons could have an adverse effect upon our results of operations, financial condition, and our ability to execute our business strategy.
We may change our policies without obtaining the approval of our stockholders.
Our operating and financial policies, including our policies with respect to acquisitions, development and dispositions of real estate, growth, target markets, operations, indebtedness, capitalization, and dividends are exclusively determined by the Company's Board of Directors. Accordingly, our stockholders do not control these policies. Any such changes may increase our costs or otherwise affect the profitability of our business or the value of our assets.
Employee misconduct or misconduct by members of the Board of Directors could adversely impact our ability to execute our business.
Our reputation is critical to maintaining and developing relationships with tenants, vendors, and investors and there is a risk that our employees or members of the Board of Directors could engage, deliberately or recklessly, in misconduct that creates legal exposure for us and adversely impacts our business. Employees or members of the Board becoming subject to allegations of illegal activity, sexual harassment, or racial and gender discrimination, regardless of the outcome, could result in adverse publicity that could harm our reputation and brand. The loss of reputation could impact our ability to develop and manage relationships with tenants, vendors, and investors and have an adverse impact on the price of our common stock.
Our restated and amended articles of incorporation contain limitations on ownership of our stock, which may prevent a change in control that might otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.
Our restated and amended articles of incorporation impose limitations on the ownership of our stock. In general, except for certain individuals who owned stock at the time of adoption of these limitations, and except for persons or organizations that are granted waivers by our Board of Directors, no individual or entity may own more than 3.9% of the value of our outstanding stock. We provide waivers to this limitation on a case by case basis, which could result in increased voting control by a stockholder. The ownership limitation may have the effect of delaying, inhibiting, or preventing a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.
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The market price of our common stock may fluctuate.
The market price of shares of our common stock have been, and may continue to be, subject to fluctuation due to many events and factors such as those described in this report including:
•actual or anticipated variations in our operating results, funds from operations, or liquidity;
•the general reputation of real estate as an attractive investment in comparison to other equity securities and/or the reputation of the product types of our assets compared to other sectors of the real estate industry;
•material changes in any significant tenant industry concentration;
•material changes in market concentrations;
•the general stock and bond market conditions, including changes in interest rates or fixed income securities;
•changes in tax laws;
•changes to our dividend policy;
•changes in market valuations of our properties;
•adverse market reaction to the amount of our outstanding debt at any time, the amount of our maturing debt, and our ability to refinance such debt on favorable terms;
•any failure to comply with existing debt covenants;
•any foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure of our properties;
•additions or departures of directors, key executives, and other employees;
•actions by institutional stockholders;
•uncertainties in world financial markets;
•general market and economic conditions; in particular, market and economic conditions of Atlanta, Austin, Tampa, Phoenix, Charlotte, Dallas, and Nashville; and
•the realization of any of the other risk factors described in this report.
Many of the factors listed above are beyond our control. Those factors may cause the market price of shares of our common stock to decline, regardless of our financial performance, condition, and prospects. The market price of shares of our common stock may fall significantly in the future, and it may be difficult for our stockholders to resell our common stock at prices they find attractive.
If our future operating performance does not meet the projections of our analysts or investors, our stock price could decline.
Securities analysts publish quarterly and annual projections of our financial performance. These projections are developed independently based on their own analyses, and we undertake no obligation to monitor, and take no responsibility for, such projections. Such estimates are inherently subject to uncertainty and should not be relied upon as being indicative of the performance that we anticipate for any applicable period. Our actual revenues, net income, funds from operations, and funds available for distribution may differ materially from what is projected by securities analysts. If our actual results do not meet analysts’ guidance, our stock price could decline significantly.
We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber attacks or cyber intrusions, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (IT) networks and related systems.
We face risks associated with security breaches or disruptions, whether through cyber attacks or cyber intrusions over the internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to emails, persons inside our organization, persons with access to systems inside our organization, and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity, and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations (including managing our building systems) and, in some cases, may be critical to the operations of certain of our tenants. While, to date, we have not had a significant cyber breach or attack that had a material impact on our business or results of operations, there can be no assurance that our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions will not be successful or damaging. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity, and the market price of our common stock and would require significant management attention and resources to remedy any resulting damages. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and systems could result in our inability
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to maintain the building systems relied upon by our customers for their efficient use of their leased space, and the continuation of that circumstance could entitle the affected tenants to abate a portion of their rent. Further, one or more of our tenants could experience a cyber incident which could impact their operations and ability to perform under the terms of their lease with us. While we maintain insurance coverage that may, subject to policy terms and conditions including deductibles, cover specific aspects of cyber risks, such insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all losses. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to enhance our information security measures and to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities.
Public attention to environmental, social, and governance matters.
Recently, more attention is being directed towards publicly-traded companies regarding ESG matters. Our efforts to improve our ESG profile and practices, including reducing emissions and improving the efficiency of our building operations, may require capital expenditures and may result in short- or long-term increases in our operating costs, all of which could adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations. Our ability to achieve our ESG goals and objectives and to accurately and transparently report our progress presents numerous operational, financial, legal, and other risks and are partially dependent on the actions of our customers and vendors. A failure, or a perceived failure, to respond to investor, customer, employee, or other stakeholder expectations related to ESG concerns, or to comply with regulatory requirements, including a failure, or a perceived failure, to achieve any voluntarily adopted goals or initiatives, could negatively impact our reputation, ability to do business with certain partners, access to capital, stock price, and customer and employee attraction and retention. In addition, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and other matters have developed rating systems for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG. Unfavorable ESG ratings may lead to negative investor sentiment, which could have a negative impact on our stock price. As the nature, scope, and complexity of ESG reporting, diligence, and disclosure requirements expand, we may have to undertake additional costs to control, assess, and report on ESG metrics. Any failure or perceived failure, whether or not valid, to pursue or fulfill our ESG goals, targets, and objectives or to satisfy various ESG reporting standards within the timelines we announce, or at all, could increase the risk of litigation.
Additionally, while we strive to create and maintain an inclusive culture and a diverse workforce where everyone is valued and respected, a failure, or a perceived failure, to properly address matters of culture, including inclusivity and diversity matters, could result in reputational harm or an inability to attract and retain customers or employees.
Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.
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Item 2.Properties
The following table sets forth certain information related to operating properties in which we have an ownership interest. Except as noted, all information presented is as of December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):
Operating Properties (1)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Company's Share |
Office Properties |  | Rentable Square Feet |  | Financial Statement Presentation |  | Company's Ownership Interest |  | End of Period Leased |  | Weighted Average Occupancy (2) |  | % of Total Net Operating Income (3) |  | Property Level Debt (4) | Annualized Rent (5) |
Terminus (6) |  | 1,226,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 88.7% |  | 83.2% |  | 6.6% |  | $ | 220,676 |  |  |
Spring & 8th (6) |  | 765,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 100.0% |  | 100.0% |  | 5.7% |  | — |  |  |
Northpark (6) |  | 1,539,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 76.1% |  | 71.7% |  | 3.8% |  | — |  |  |
Buckhead Plaza (6) |  | 666,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 93.8% |  | 86.0% |  | 3.7% |  | — |  |  |
725 Ponce (7) |  | 372,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 100.0% |  | 98.4% |  | 3.6% |  | — |  |  |
Avalon (8) |  | 480,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 97.8% |  | 98.7% |  | 3.2% |  | — |  |  |
3344 Peachtree |  | 484,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 96.9% |  | 95.8% |  | 3.0% |  | — |  |  |
Promenade Tower |  | 777,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 77.8% |  | 75.0% |  | 2.6% |  | — |  |  |
3350 Peachtree |  | 413,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 57.0% |  | 52.5% |  | 1.1% |  | — |  |  |
Meridian Mark Plaza |  | 160,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 100.0% |  | 100.0% |  | 1.0% |  | — |  |  |
3348 Peachtree |  | 258,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 75.5% |  | 74.9% |  | 0.9% |  | — |  |  |
Emory University Hospital Midtown |  | 358,000 |  |  | Unconsolidated |  | 50% |  | 99.5% |  | 98.3% |  | 0.9% |  | 31,428 |  |  |
120 West Trinity Office (7) |  | 43,000 |  |  | Unconsolidated |  | 20% |  | 100.0% |  | 90.4% |  | 0.1% |  | — |  |  |
Promenade Central (7) (9) |  | 370,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 60.7% |  | 11.1% |  | 0.1% |  | — |  |  |
ATLANTA (9) |  | 7,911,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 86.5% |  | 83.3% |  | 36.3% |  | 252,104 |  |  |
The Domain (8) |  | 1,899,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 100.0% |  | 100.0% |  | 14.8% |  | 73,945 |  |  |
300 Colorado (7) |  | 378,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 100.0% |  | 88.3% |  | 3.1% |  | — |  |  |
One Eleven Congress |  | 519,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 83.8% |  | 80.6% |  | 3.1% |  | — |  |  |
The Terrace (6) |  | 619,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 80.7% |  | 76.2% |  | 2.7% |  | — |  |  |
Colorado Tower |  | 373,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 97.4% |  | 89.2% |  | 2.6% |  | 109,199 |  |  |
San Jacinto Center |  | 399,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 93.9% |  | 78.7% |  | 2.6% |  | — |  |  |
Domain Point (6) |  | 240,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 96.5% |  | 100.0% |  | 96.6% |  | 1.3% |  | — |  |  |
Research Park V |  | 173,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 97.1% |  | 97.1% |  | 0.9% |  | — |  |  |
AUSTIN |  | 4,600,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 94.7% |  | 90.6% |  | 31.1% |  | 183,144 |  |  |
Corporate Center (6) |  | 1,227,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 97.2% |  | 95.1% |  | 5.6% |  | — |  |  |
Heights Union (6) (7) |  | 294,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 100.0% |  | 94.1% |  | 2.4% |  | — |  |  |
The Pointe |  | 253,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 92.1% |  | 89.0% |  | 1.0% |  | — |  |  |
Harborview Plaza |  | 205,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 80.8% |  | 80.8% |  | 0.7% |  | — |  |  |
TAMPA |  | 1,979,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 95.2% |  | 92.7% |  | 9.7% |  | — |  |  |
Hayden Ferry (6) |  | 792,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 94.2% |  | 91.0% |  | 4.7% |  | — |  |  |
100 Mill (7) |  | 288,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 90% |  | 92.3% |  | 92.3% |  | 2.6% |  | — |  |  |
111 West Rio |  | 225,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 100.0% |  | 100.0% |  | 1.1% |  | — |  |  |
Tempe Gateway |  | 264,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 65.4% |  | 51.4% |  | 0.5% |  | — |  |  |
PHOENIX |  | 1,569,000 |  | 1569000 |  |  |  |  | 89.8% |  | 85.7% |  | 8.9% |  | — |  |  |
Fifth Third Center |  | 692,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 90.8% |  | 90.8% |  | 3.4% |  | 129,921 |  |  |
The RailYard |  | 329,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 99.4% |  | 98.6% |  | 2.5% |  | — |  |  |
550 South |  | 394,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 97.9% |  | 97.9% |  | 2.1% |  | — |  |  |
CHARLOTTE |  | 1,415,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 94.8% |  | 94.6% |  | 8.0% |  | 129,921 |  |  |
Legacy Union One |  | 319,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 100.0% |  | 100.0% |  | 1.8% |  | — |  |  |
5950 Sherry Lane |  | 197,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 73.4% |  | 71.9% |  | 0.5% |  | — |  |  |
DALLAS |  | 516,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 89.8% |  | 89.3% |  | 2.3% |  | — |  |  |
BriarLake Plaza (6) |  | 835,000 |  |  | Consolidated |  | 100% |  | 95.5% |  | 75.5% |  | 2.8% |  | — |  |  |
HOUSTON |  | 835,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 95.5% |  | 75.5% |  | 2.8% |  | — |  |  |
TOTAL OFFICE (9) |  | 18,825,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 91.0% |  | 87.1% |  | 99.1% |  | $ | 565,169 |  | $ | 706,333 |  |

Table continued on next page
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Company's Share
Office Properties | Rentable Square Feet | Financial Statement Presentation | Company's Ownership Interest | End of Period Leased |  | Weighted Average Occupancy (2) |  | % of Total Net Operating Income (3) |  | Property Level Debt (4) | Annualized Rent (5)
Other Properties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
College Street Garage - Charlotte (7) | N/A | Consolidated | 100% | N/A |  | N/A |  | 0.8% |  | — |  |
120 West Trinity Apartment - Atlanta (330 Units) (7) | 310,000 |  | Unconsolidated | 20% | 93.8% |  | 93.3% |  | 0.1% |  | — |  |
TOTAL OTHER | 310,000 |  |  |  | 93.8% |  | 93.3% |  | 0.9% |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,700 |
TOTAL (9) | 19,135,000 |  |  |  | 91.0% |  | 87.1% |  | 100.0% |  | $ | 565,169 |  | $ | 708,033 |

(1)Operating properties exclude properties on our development pipeline and properties sold prior to December 31, 2022.
(2)The weighted average economic occupancy of the property over the period for which the property was available for occupancy during the three months ended December 31, 2022.
(3)The Company's share of net operating income for the three months ended December 31, 2022. See Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the definition of net operating income and a reconciliation to Net Income.
(4)The Company's share of property-specific mortgage debt, net of unamortized loan costs, as of December 31, 2022.
(5)The Company's share of annualized rent represents the sum of the annualized cash rent including tenant's share of estimated operating expenses, if applicable, each tenant is paying as of the end of the reporting period. If a tenant is not paying rent due to a free rent concession, annualized rent is calculated based on the annualized contractual rent the tenant will pay in the first period it is required to pay rent. Included in this a mount is $30.0 million of annuali zed base rent for tenants in a free rent period.
(6)Contains two or more buildings that are grouped together for reporting purposes.
(7)Not included in Same Property as of December 31, 2022. See Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the definition of Same Property.
(8)Contains two or more buildings that are grouped together for reporting purposes, some of which are not included in Same Property as of December 31, 2022, specifically Domain 10 and 10000 Avalon.
(9)While under redevelopment and until stabilization, Promenade Central was excluded from the Atlanta, Total Office, and Total Portfolio calculations of end of period leased and weighted average occupancy at and for the quarters ended December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022. Promenade Central will be added back to the total calculations when weighted average occupancy stabilizes, which is the earlier of when it reaches 90% occupancy or in fourth quarter 2023 (one year after the redevelopment activity was substantially complete).
Office Lease Expirations (1)
As of December 31, 2022, our leases expire as follows:

Year of Expiration |  | Square Feet Expiring |  | % of Leased Space |  | Annual Contractual Rent (in thousands) (2) |  | % of Annual Contractual Rent |  | Annual Contractual Rent/Sq. Ft.
2023 |  | 1,001,369 |  |  | 6.1 | % |  | $ | 42,730 |  |  | 5.1 | % |  | $ | 42.67 |
2024 |  | 984,168 |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | 43,871 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | 44.58 |
2025 |  | 1,820,919 |  |  | 11.1 | % |  | 83,602 |  |  | 10.0 | % |  | 45.91 |
2026 |  | 1,407,304 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 66,369 |  |  | 7.9 | % |  | 47.16 |
2027 |  | 1,633,446 |  |  | 9.9 | % |  | 71,832 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 43.98 |
2028 |  | 1,551,577 |  |  | 9.5 | % |  | 76,714 |  |  | 9.2 | % |  | 49.44 |
2029 |  | 1,506,291 |  |  | 9.2 | % |  | 72,050 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 47.83 |
2030 |  | 1,504,787 |  |  | 9.2 | % |  | 97,597 |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | 64.86 |
2031 |  | 1,122,709 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | 66,084 |  |  | 7.9 | % |  | 58.86 |
2032 & Thereafter |  | 3,893,428 |  |  | 23.6 | % |  | 216,295 |  |  | 25.8 | % |  | 55.55 |
Total |  | 16,425,998 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 837,144 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 50.96 |

(1) Company's share of leases expiring after December 31, 2022. Expiring square footage for which new leases have been executed is reflected based on the expiration date of the new lease.
(2) Annual Contractual Rent is the estimated rent in the year of expiration. It includes the minimum base rent and an estimate of the tenant's share of operating expenses, if applicable, as defined in the respective leases.

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Top 20 Office Tenants
As of December 31, 2022, our top 20 office tenants were as follows:

| Tenant (1) |  | Number of Properties Occupied |  | Number of Markets Occupied |  | Company's Share of Square Footage |  | Company's Share of Annualized Rent (in thousands) (2) |  | Percentage of Company's Share of Annualized Rent |  | Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Years)
1 | Amazon |  | 5 |  | 3 |  | 1,005,416 |  |  | $ | 51,308 |  |  | 7.3% |  | 6.4
2 |  | NCR Corporation |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 762,090 |  |  | 37,753 |  |  | 5.3% |  | 10.6
3 |  | Meta Platforms |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 422,252 |  |  | 23,818 |  |  | 3.4% |  | 7.2
4 |  | Pioneer Natural Resources |  | 2 |  | 1 |  | 359,660 |  |  | 23,336 |  |  | 3.3% |  | 8.7
5 |  | Expedia |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 315,882 |  |  | 17,281 |  |  | 2.4% |  | 8.3
6 |  | Bank of America |  | 2 |  | 2 |  | 347,139 |  |  | 12,071 |  |  | 1.7% |  | 3.0
7 |  | Wells Fargo |  | 5 |  | 3 |  | 201,801 |  |  | 9,109 |  |  | 1.3% |  | 3.1
8 |  | Apache |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 210,012 |  |  | 8,952 |  |  | 1.3% |  | 14.0
9 |  | SVB Financial Group |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 204,751 |  |  | 8,432 |  |  | 1.2% |  | 3.1
10 |  | Ovintiv USA |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 318,582 |  |  | 8,190 |  |  | 1.2% |  | 4.5
11 |  | WeWork Companies |  | 4 |  | 2 |  | 169,050 |  |  | 7,750 |  |  | 1.1% |  | 10.7
12 |  | ADP |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 225,000 |  |  | 7,479 |  |  | 1.1% |  | 5.3
13 |  | Westrock Shared Services |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 205,185 |  |  | 7,346 |  |  | 1.0% |  | 7.3
14 |  | Regus Equity Business Centers |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 145,119 |  |  | 7,060 |  |  | 1.0% |  | 5.8
15 |  | BlackRock |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 131,656 |  |  | 6,778 |  |  | 1.0% |  | 13.4
16 |  | Workrise Technologies |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 93,210 |  |  | 6,652 |  |  | 0.9% |  | 5.6
17 |  | McGuireWoods |  | 2 |  | 2 |  | 187,119 |  |  | 6,556 |  |  | 0.9% |  | 3.9
18 |  | Amgen |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 163,169 |  |  | 6,330 |  |  | 0.9% |  | 5.8
19 |  | Samsung Engineering America |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 133,860 |  |  | 5,996 |  |  | 0.8% |  | 3.9
20 |  | Time Warner Cable |  | 4 |  | 2 |  | 120,140 |  |  | 5,877 |  |  | 0.8% |  | 3.0
| Total |  |  |  |  |  | 5,721,093 |  |  | $ | 268,074 |  |  | 37.9% |  | 7.0

(1) | In some cases, the actual tenant may be an affiliate of the entity shown.
(2) | Annualized Rent represents the annualized cash rent including tenant's share of estimated operating expenses, if applicable, paid by the tenant for December 2022. If the tenant is in a free rent period for December 2022, Annualized Rent represents the annualized contractual rent the tenant will pay in the first month it is required to pay full rent. Included in this amount is $7.9 million of annualized based rent for tenants in a free rent period.
Note: | This schedule includes leases that have commenced. Leases that have been signed but have not commenced are excluded.

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Tenant Industry Diversification
As of December 31, 2022, our tenant industry diversification was as follows:

Industry (1) |  | Percentage of Company's Share of Annualized Rent (2)
Technology |  | 26.1 | %
Financial |  | 16.3 | %
Professional Services |  | 14.4 | %
Legal |  | 8.8 | %
Energy |  | 7.0 | %
Consumer Goods & Services |  | 6.3 | %
Health Care |  | 5.5 | %
Real Estate |  | 4.6 | %
Other |  | 3.7 | %
Insurance |  | 3.0 | %
Construction/Design |  | 2.2 | %
Marketing/Media/Creative |  | 2.1 | %
Total |  | 100.0 | %

(1) | Management uses SIC codes when available, along with judgment, to determine tenant industry classification.
(2) | Annualized Rent represents the annualized cash rent including tenant's share of estimated operating expenses, if applicable, paid by the tenant as of the date of this report. If the tenant is in a free rent period as of the date of this report, Annualized Rent represents the annualized contractual rent the tenant will pay in the first month it is required to pay full rent.

Development Pipeline (1)
As of December 31, 2022, information on our projects under development was as follows ($ in thousands):

Project | Type |  | Market |  | Company's Ownership Interest |  | Construction Start Date |  | Square Feet/Units |  | Estimated Project Cost (1) (2) |  | Company's Share of Estimated Project Cost (2) |  | Project Cost Incurred to Date (2) |  | Company's Share of Project Cost Incurred to Date (2) |  | Percent Leased |  | Initial Revenue Recognition(3)
Neuhoff (4) | Mixed |  | Nashville |  | 50 | % |  | 3Q21 |  |  |  | $ | 563,000 |  |  | $ | 281,500 |  |  | $ | 297,625 |  |  | $ | 148,813 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 448,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — | % |  | 3Q23
Apartments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 542 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — | % |  | 2Q24
Domain 9 | Office |  | Austin |  | 100 | % |  | 2Q21 |  | 338,000 |  |  | 147,000 |  |  | 147,000 |  |  | 107,969 |  |  | 107,969 |  |  | 97 | % |  | 1Q24
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 710,000 |  |  | $ | 428,500 |  |  | $ | 405,594 |  |  | $ | 256,782 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | This schedule shows projects currently under active development through the substantial completion of construction as well as properties in an initial lease up period prior to stabilization. Amounts included in the estimated project cost column are the estimated costs of the project through stabilization. Significant estimation is required to derive these costs, and the final costs may differ from these estimates.
(2) | Estimated and incurred project costs are construction costs plus financing costs on project-specific debt. Neuhoff has a project-specific construction loan (see Note 4). The above excludes any financing cost assumptions for projects without project-specific debt and any other incremental capitalized costs required by GAAP.
(3) | Initial revenue recognition represents the quarter within which the Company recognized or estimates it will begin recognizing revenue under GAAP.
(4) | The Neuhoff estimated project cost will be funded with a combination of $250.6 million of equity contributed by the joint venture partners, followed by a $312.7 million construction loan.

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Land Holdings
As of December 31, 2022, we owned the following land holdings, either directly or indirectly through joint ventures:

|  | Market |  | Company's Ownership Interest |  | Financial Statement Presentation |  | Total Developable Land (Acres) |  | Cost Basis of Land (in thousands)
3354/3356 Peachtree | Atlanta |  | 95% |  | Consolidated |  | 3.2 |  |  |
715 Ponce |  | Atlanta |  | 50% |  | Unconsolidated |  | 1.0 |  |  |
887 West Peachtree (1) | Atlanta |  | 100% |  | Consolidated |  | 1.6 |  |  |
The Avenue Forsyth-Adjacent Land | Atlanta |  | 100% |  | Consolidated |  | 10.4 |  |  |
Domain Point 3 | Austin |  | 90% |  | Consolidated |  | 1.7 |  |  |
Domain Central | Austin |  | 100% |  | Consolidated |  | 5.6 |  |  |
South End Station | Charlotte |  | 100% |  | Consolidated |  | 3.4 |  |  |
303 Tremont | Charlotte |  | 100% |  | Consolidated |  | 2.4 |  |  |
Legacy Union 2 & 3 | Dallas |  | 95% |  | Consolidated |  | 4.0 |  |  |
Corporate Center 5 & 6 (2) | Tampa |  | 100% |  | Consolidated |  | 14.1 |  |  |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 47.4 |  |  | $ | 166,515 |
Company's Share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 46.4 |  |  | $ | 159,710 |

(1) | Includes a ground lease with future obligation to purchase.
(2) | Corporate Center 5 is controlled through a long-term ground lease.

Item 3.Legal Proceedings
We are subject to various legal proceedings, claims, and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which are expected to be covered by liability insurance. Management makes assumptions and estimates concerning the likelihood and amount of any potential loss relating to these matters using the latest information available. We record a liability for litigation if an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. If an unfavorable outcome is probable and a reasonable estimate of the loss is a range, we accrue the best estimate within the range. If no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, we accrue the minimum amount within the range. If an unfavorable outcome is probable but the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated, we disclose the nature of the litigation and indicate that an estimate of the loss or range of loss cannot be made. If an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible and the estimated loss is material, we disclose the nature and estimate of the possible loss of the litigation. We do not disclose information with respect to litigation where an unfavorable outcome is considered to be remote or where the estimated loss would not be material. Based on current expectations, such matters, both individually and in the aggregate, are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations, business, or financial condition.
Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Item X.Information about our Executive Officers
The Executive Officers of the Registrant, as of the date hereof, are as follows:

Name |  | Age |  | Office Held
M. Colin Connolly |  | 46 |  | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Gregg D. Adzema |  | 58 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
J. Kennedy Hicks |  | 39 |  | Executive Vice President, Chief Investment Officer and Managing Director
Richard G. Hickson IV |  | 48 |  | Executive Vice President, Operations
John S. McColl |  | 60 |  | Executive Vice President, Development
Pamela F. Roper |  | 49 |  | Executive Vice President, General Counsel, and Corporate Secretary
Jeffrey D. Symes |  | 57 |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

Family Relationships
There are no family relationships among the Executive Officers or Directors.
Term of Office
The term of office for all officers expires at the annual stockholders’ meeting. The Board retains the power to remove any officer at any time.
Business Experience
Mr. Connolly was appointed Chief Executive Officer and President by the Company's Board of Directors in January 2019. From July 2017 to December 2018, Mr. Connolly served as President and Chief Operating Officer. From July 2016 to July 2017, Mr. Connolly served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. From December 2015 to July 2016, Mr. Connolly served as Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer. From May 2013 to December 2015, Mr. Connolly served as Senior Vice President and Chief Investment Officer.
Mr. Adzema was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in November 2010.
Ms. Hicks was appointed Executive Vice President, Chief Investment Officer and Managing Director in December 2022. From October 2020 to December 2022, Ms. Hicks served as Executive Vice President of Investments. Ms. Hicks joined Cousins in November 2018 as Senior Vice President of Investments. Prior to Cousins, Ms. Hicks worked at Eastdil Secured, a real estate investment banking firm, where she served in a variety of roles from 2010 to 2018, including Managing Director.
Mr. Hickson was appointed Executive Vice President of Operations in October 2018. Mr. Hickson joined Cousins in September 2016 as Senior Vice President responsible for Asset Management.
Mr. McColl was appointed Executive Vice President in December 2011. From February 2010 to December 2011, Mr. McColl served as Executive Vice President-Development, Office Leasing and Asset Management. From May 1997 to February 2010, Mr. McColl served as Senior Vice President.
Ms. Roper was appointed Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary in February 2017. From October 2012 to February 2017, Ms. Roper served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary. From February 2008 to October 2012, Ms. Roper served as Senior Vice President, Associate General Counsel and Assistant Secretary.
Mr. Symes joined the Company in February 2020 and was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer in March 2020. From April 2018 to January 2020, Mr. Symes served as Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer of a private company and was employed by RLJ Lodging Trust, a public REIT, from September 2017 to March 2018.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Stock and Related Stockholder Matters
Market Information and Holders
Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (ticker symbol CUZ). On February 3, 2023, there were 8,925 stockholders of record of our common stock.
Purchases of Equity Securities
There were no purchases of common stock by the Company during the fourth quarter of 2022.
Performance Graph
The following graph compares the five-year cumulative total return of our common stock with the NYSE Composite Index, the FTSE Nareit Equity Index, and the FTSE Nareit Equity Office Index. The graph assumes a $100 investment in each of the indices on December 31, 2017 and the reinvestment of all dividends.
COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN OF ONE OR MORE COMPANIES, PEER
GROUPS, INDUSTRY INDICES, AND/OR BROAD MARKETS

| Fiscal Year Ended
Index | 12/31/2017 |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2020 |  | 12/31/2021 |  | 12/31/2022
Cousins Properties Incorporated | 100.00 |  |  | 87.27 |  |  | 117.45 |  |  | 100.12 |  |  | 123.44 |  |  | 80.65 |
NYSE Composite Index | 100.00 |  |  | 91.05 |  |  | 114.28 |  |  | 122.26 |  |  | 147.54 |  |  | 133.75 |
FTSE Nareit Equity Index | 100.00 |  |  | 95.38 |  |  | 120.17 |  |  | 110.56 |  |  | 158.36 |  |  | 119.77 |
FTSE Nareit Equity Office Index | 100.00 |  |  | 85.50 |  |  | 112.37 |  |  | 91.65 |  |  | 111.81 |  |  | 69.75 |

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Item 7.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the selected financial data and the consolidated financial statements and notes.
Overview of 2022 Performance and Company and Industry Trends
Our strategy is to create value for our stockholders through ownership of the premier urban office portfolio in the Sun Belt markets, with a particular focus on Atlanta, Austin, Tampa, Phoenix, Charlotte, Dallas, and Nashville. This strategy is based on a disciplined approach to capital allocation that includes opportunistic acquisitions, selective development, and timely dispositions of non-core assets with a goal of maintaining a portfolio of newer and more efficient properties with lower capital expenditure requirements. This strategy is based on a simple, flexible, and low-leveraged balance sheet that allows us to pursue compelling growth opportunities at the most advantageous points in the cycle. To implement this strategy, we utilize our strong local operating platforms within each of our major markets.
During 2022, we completed several financing-related activities. In May 2022, we entered into the Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Credit Facility"). The Credit Facility recasts the prior facility by, among other things, extending the maturity date from January 3, 2023 to April 30, 2027. In September 2022, we entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with respect to the $350 million 2021 Term Loan that matures on August 30, 2024; this swap effectively fixed the underlying SOFR rate at 4.23% for the remaining term of the loan. In October 2022, we entered into the Delayed Draw Term Loan Agreement (the "2022 Term Loan") and borrowed the full $400 million available under the loan; the loan matures on March 3, 2025. In October 2022, we paid off, in full, our Legacy Union and Promenade Tower mortgages. In December 2022, we refinanced the mortgages on our two Terminus properties in Atlanta with the existing lender. Under the new non-cross-collateralized mortgages, the maturities were extended from January 2023 to January 2031, the combined principal increased to $221.0 million, and the interest rate is now 6.34%.
We were able to complete the above financing transactions in a challenging debt market. As the Federal Reserve has continued to work towards managing inflation, in part by raising short-term interest rates, we have been subject to increasing costs for a portion of our borrowed capital. This is mitigated by our strategy of maintaining a relatively low-levered balance sheet; however, the impact of potential higher inflation and interest rates, if any, is uncertain.
In April 2022, we purchased our partner's 10% joint venture interest in HICO Avalon, LLC and HICO Avalon II, LLC, which own the 8000 and 10000 Avalon office properties. In June 2022, one of our unconsolidated joint ventures sold a 3.0 acre land parcel in Uptown Dallas. Our share of the gain from this transaction was $4.5 million. In September 2022, we sold our 50% owned joint venture interest in Carolina Square Holdings LP ("Carolina Square"), which owns a mixed-use property in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, to our partner for a gross sales price of $105.0 million. We recognized a gain of $56.3 million on this sale.
In 2022, we leased or renewed 2.0 million square feet of office space. The weighted average net effective rent per square foot, representing base rent excluding operating expense reimbursements and leasing costs, for new or renewed non-amenity leases with terms greater than one year, was $23.39 per square foot. Cash-basis net effective rent per square foot increased 9.5% on spaces that had been previously occupied in the past year. Cash-basis net effective rent represents net rent at the end of the term paid by the prior tenant compared to the net rent at the beginning of the term paid by the current tenant. Our same property net operating income for the year was unchanged on a straight-line basis and increased 1.0% on a cash-basis.
On a regular basis we review and, as appropriate, revise our corporate contingency plan, which addresses the steps necessary to respond to an unexpected interruption of business, including the unavailability of our corporate office space. In March 2020, our tenants widely adopted remote working for their office employees in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rental obligations under our leases were not materially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Beginning in 2021 and increasingly in 2022, most of our tenants began to bring employees back to the office at least a few days a week, decreasing the time their teams were working remotely and increasing the physical occupancy at our properties. Although the impact to our business of the COVID-19 pandemic was not severe, the long-term impact of the pandemic on our tenants, or prospective tenants, and the worldwide economy is still unfolding and remains uncertain.
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Market Conditions
Even amidst economic headwinds, we believe the Sun Belt region, and in particular the seven Sun Belt markets in which we own properties, will continue to outperform the broader office sector as we continue to see a clear bifurcation between Sun Belt and Gateway market fundamentals. In addition, as the flight to quality trend continues among office users, we believe our trophy portfolio is well positioned to benefit from, and ultimately outperform in, the current real estate environment.
Our Atlanta portfolio totals 8.2 million square feet, representing 36.4% of our Net Operating Income for the fourth quarter of 2022, and the office portion was 86.5% leased at December 31, 2022. Market-wide Class A leasing activity in Atlanta represented 57.6% of total leasing activity in 2022 while representing only 41.6% of total inventory. Atlanta recorded its highest annual absorption numbers since 2015 with over 1.0 million square feet of positive absorption in 2022. However, elevated sublease availability coupled with tenant uncertainty due to the challenging economic environment may create headwinds heading into 2023. We believe our portfolio of operating assets and land holdings for future development, which are well located primarily in the Midtown, Buckhead, and Central Perimeter submarkets, with direct access to mass transit, will continue to be well positioned as we see the flight to quality and flight to location trends continue.
Our Austin portfolio totals 4.6 million square feet, representing 31.1% of our Net Operating Income for the fourth quarter of 2022 and was 94.7% leased at December 31, 2022. In addition, we have one 97% pre-leased project under development in Austin, Domain 9, which is a 338,000 square foot office building, located in the Domain submarket. Market-wide Class A leasing activity in Austin represented 52.9% of total leasing activity in 2022 while representing only 42.9% of total inventory. Total 2022 absorption was relatively flat year-over-year. The Austin market continues to outperform relative to other major markets and has traditionally shown resiliency in uncertain economic conditions. With our portfolio primarily located in the central business district and Domain submarkets, we believe our significant presence in Austin, combined with continued strong demand for Class A office space, will be favorable for our portfolio.
Our Tampa portfolio totals 2.0 million square feet, representing 9.7% of our Net Operating Income for the fourth quarter of 2022 and was 95.2% leased at December 31, 2022. Market-wide Class A leasing activity in Tampa represented 46.4% of total leasing activity in 2022 while representing only 27.0% of total inventory. Non-core, suburban office submarkets in Tampa were negatively impacted by flight to quality and sublease availability in 2022, but our portfolio, mainly located in the Westshore submarket, continues to benefit from positive net absorption and tenant demand.
Our Phoenix portfolio totals 1.6 million square feet, representing 8.9% of our Net Operating Income for the fourth quarter of 2022 and was 89.8% leased at December 31, 2022. Market-wide Class A leasing activity in Phoenix represented 38.2% of total leasing activity in 2022 while representing a proportionate 33.8% of total inventory. During 2022 there was continued growth in sublease space in Phoenix and disproportionately more absorption in new supply compared to older product. As Phoenix continues to be a leader in population and job growth across the nation, emphasis on high quality space should further drive the divide between new trophy office product and older vintage assets. Our newly developed 100 Mill project, coupled with repositioning efforts underway at Hayden Ferry and Tempe Gateway, position our portfolio well to meet these trends.
Our Charlotte portfolio totals 1.4 million square feet, representing 8.8% of our Net Operating Income for the fourth quarter of 2022 and was 94.8% leased at December 31, 2022. Class A leasing activity in Charlotte represented 56.6% of total leasing activity in 2022 while representing only 42.1% of total inventory. Office vacancy spiked in 2022 with the consolidation of space from financial institutions alongside the delivery of Duke Energy Plaza. Charlotte market employment hit an all-time high in 2022, a trend we expect to continue if Charlotte continues to be a target for large corporate relocations. Our operating portfolio, located in the Uptown and South End submarkets, remains well leased and should continue to benefit from healthy economic fundamentals going forward.
Our Dallas portfolio totals 516,000 square feet, representing 2.3% of our Net Operating Income for the fourth quarter of 2022 and was 89.8% leased at December 31, 2022. Market-wide Class A leasing activity in Dallas represented 57.7% of total leasing activity in 2022 while representing only 45.1% of total inventory.
Our Nashville portfolio includes a mixed-used development comprised of 448,000 square feet of commercial space and 542 residential units located in the Germantown submarket. The commercial component of the development is expected to deliver in 2023 and leasing discussions with both potential office and retail tenants are underway. Market-wide Class A leasing activity in Nashville represented 47.6% of total leasing activity in 2022 while representing only 33.6% of total inventory.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP as outlined in the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"), and the notes to consolidated financial statements include a summary of the significant accounting policies for the Company. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires the use of certain estimates, a change in which could materially affect revenues, expenses, assets, or liabilities. Some of our accounting policies are considered to be critical accounting policies, which are ones that are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, and ones that also require significant judgment or complex estimation processes. Our critical accounting policies are as follows:
Revenue Recognition
Most of our revenues are derived from operating leases and are reflected as rental property revenues on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Several judgments and estimates are included in the rental property revenue recognition process including the determination of lease term, ownership of tenant improvements, lease modifications, and lease terminations.
Revenues derived from fixed lease payments, which exclude certain rental property revenue such as percentage rent and revenue related to the recovery of certain operating expenses from our tenants, are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. We make significant assumptions and judgments in determining the lease term, including the judgments involved as to when a tenant has the right to use an underlying asset and assumptions when the lease provides the tenant with an extension or early termination option.
Most of our leases involve some form of improvements to leased space. We make significant judgments in reviewing various factors to assist in determining whether we or our tenants own the improvements. Those factors include, but are not limited to, whether or not the:
•Lease agreement’s terms obligate the tenant to construct or install specifically-identified assets (i.e., the leasehold improvements);
•Tenant’s failure to make specified improvements is an event of default under which the landlord can require the lessee to make those improvements or otherwise enforce the landlord’s rights to those assets (or a monetary equivalent);
•Landlord must approve the plans prior to construction;
•Tenant is permitted to alter or remove the leasehold improvements without the landlord’s consent or without compensating the landlord for any lost utility or diminution in fair value;
•Tenant is required to provide the landlord with evidence supporting the cost of tenant improvements before the landlord pays the tenant for the tenant improvements;
•Landlord is obligated to fund cost overruns for the construction of leasehold improvements;
•Leasehold improvements are unique to the tenant or could reasonably be used by the lessor to lease to other parties; and
•Economic life of the leasehold improvements is such that a significant residual value of the assets is expected to accrue to the benefit of the landlord at the end of the lease term.
If we determine the improvements are our assets, we capitalize the cost of the improvements and recognize depreciation expense associated with such improvements over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the term of the lease. Any portion of our asset funded by a tenant is recorded as deferred revenue to be recognized in rental over the term of the lease on a straight-line basis. If the improvements are tenant assets, we defer the cost of improvements funded by us as a lease incentive asset and amortize it as a reduction of rental revenue over the term of the lease. Our determination of whether improvements are our assets or tenants' assets also affects when we commence revenue recognition in connection with a lease.
We periodically enter into amendments to our leases. When a lease is amended, we need to determine whether (i) an additional right of use not included in the original lease is being granted as a result of the modification and (ii) there is an increase in the lease payments that is commensurate with the standalone price for the additional right of use. If both of those conditions are met, the amendment is accounted for as a separate contract. If both of those conditions are not met, the amendment is accounted for as a lease modification. Most of our lease amendments result in a lease modification of our operating leases which will likely require us to reassess both the lease term and fixed lease payments, including considering any prepaid or accrued lease rentals relating to the original lease as a part of the lease payments for the modified lease.
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Tenants sometimes negotiate to terminate their lease prior to the end of the lease term. Such negotiations generally require payment of a termination fee that reimburses us for a portion of the remaining rent under the original lease term and the undepreciated lease inception costs such as commissions, tenant improvements and lease incentives. Termination fee income, included in rental property revenue, is recognized on a straight-line basis from the date of the executed termination agreement through lease expiration when the amount of the fee is determinable and collectability of the fee is reasonably assured. This fee income is reduced on a straight-line basis by any accrued straight-line rent receivable and any above- or below-market lease intangible assets or liabilities related to the lease projected at the date of tenant vacancy.
Real Estate Carrying Value
The carrying values of our real estate assets are subject to several processes that involve a significant use of judgments and estimates. Those processes primarily include (i) purchase price allocations for acquired assets, (ii) depreciation and amortization, and (iii) impairment. The judgments and estimates used in each of these processes have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Purchase Price Allocations for Acquired Assets
We evaluate all real estate acquisitions to determine if the transactions qualify as an acquisition of assets or of a business including cases in which we acquire a pool of properties of varying property types in different markets. For purposes of this review, we separate the assets acquired based on their unique and different risk characteristics, which may be by property type, geographic concentration, or other factors. If we determine that substantially all of the fair value is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar assets, generally 90% of total fair value of assets acquired, we account for the acquisition as an acquisition of assets. If we determine that there is no single or group of assets that make up substantially all of the fair value of assets acquired, we then evaluate whether the acquired set of assets includes an input and substantial process which create an output. If we determine that an input and substantial process creating an output are present, we account for the acquisition as an acquisition of a business. We use considerable judgment in determining whether the acquisition of a pool of assets is an acquisition of assets or of a business. Because acquisition costs are expensed for an acquisition of a business and capitalized for an acquisition of assets, results of operations could be materially different based on our determinations.
For acquisitions that are accounted for as an acquisition of an asset, we record the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities based on each asset and liability's relative fair value at the acquisition date to the total purchase price plus capitalized acquisition costs. For acquisitions that are accounted for as an acquisition of a business, we record the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities at fair value at the acquisition date. Fair value is based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize available market information and discount and/or capitalization rates as appropriate. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions. The acquired assets and assumed liabilities for an acquired operating property generally include, but are not limited to: land, buildings, and identified tangible and intangible assets and liabilities associated with in-place leases, including tenant improvements, leasing costs, value of above-market and below-market leases, and value of acquired in-place leases.
The fair value of the above-market or below-market component of an acquired lease is based upon the present value (calculated using a market discount rate) of the difference between the contractual rents to be paid pursuant to the lease over its remaining term and management’s estimate of the rents that would be paid using fair market rental rates and rent escalations at the date of acquisition over the remaining term of the lease. An identifiable intangible asset or liability is recorded if there is an above-market or below-market lease at an acquired property. The amounts recorded for above-market leases are included in other assets on the balance sheets, and the amounts for below-market leases are included in other liabilities on the balance sheets. These amounts are amortized on a straight-line basis as an adjustment to rental income over the remaining term of the applicable leases.
The fair value of acquired in-place leases is derived based on our assessment of lost revenue and costs incurred for the period required to lease the “assumed vacant” property to the occupancy level when purchased. This fair value is based on a variety of considerations including, but not necessarily limited to: (i) the value associated with avoiding the cost of originating the acquired in-place leases; (ii) the value associated with lost revenue related to tenant reimbursable operating costs estimated to be incurred during the assumed lease-up period; and (iii) the value associated with lost rental revenue from existing leases during the assumed lease-up period. Factors considered in performing these analyses include an estimate of the carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods, such as real estate taxes, insurance, and other operating expenses, current market conditions, and costs to execute similar leases, such as leasing commissions, legal, and other related expenses. The amounts recorded for in-place leases are included in intangible assets on the balance sheets. These amounts are amortized as an increase to depreciation and amortization expense over the remaining term of the applicable leases.
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Depreciation and Amortization
We depreciate or amortize operating real estate assets over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method of depreciation. We use judgment when estimating the useful life of real estate assets and when allocating certain indirect project costs to projects under development, which are amortized over the useful life of the property once it becomes operational. Historical data, comparable properties, and replacement costs are some of the factors considered in determining useful lives and cost allocations.
Impairment
We review our real estate assets on an asset group basis for impairment. We identify an asset group based on the lowest level of identifiable cash flows and take into consideration such things as shared expenses and amenities. This review includes our operating properties, properties under development, and land holdings.
The first step in this process is for us to determine whether an asset is considered to be held and used or held for sale. In order to be considered a real estate asset held for sale, we must, among other things, have the authority to commit to a plan to sell the asset in its current condition, have commenced the plan to sell the asset, and have determined that it is probable that the asset will sell within one year. If we determine that an asset is held for sale, we record an impairment if the fair value less costs to sell is less than the carrying amount. All real estate assets not meeting the held for sale criteria are considered to be held and used.
In the impairment analysis for assets held and used, we must determine whether there are indicators of impairment. For operating properties, these indicators could include a reduction in our estimated hold period, a significant decline in a property’s leasing percentage, a current period operating loss or negative cash flows combined with a history of losses at the property, a significant decline in lease rates for that property or others in the property’s market, a significant change in the market value of the property, or an adverse change in the financial condition of significant tenants. For land holdings, indicators could include an overall decline in the market value of land in the region, a decline in development activity for the intended use of the land, or other adverse economic and market conditions. For projects under development, indicators could include material budget overruns without a corresponding funding source, significant delays in construction, occupancy, or stabilization schedule, regulatory changes or economic trends that have a significant impact on the market, or an adverse change in the financial condition of a significant future tenant.
If we determine that an asset that is held and used has indicators of impairment, we must determine whether the undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset exceed the carrying amount of the asset. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, we reduce the carrying amount of the asset to fair value.
In calculating the undiscounted net cash flows of an asset, we must estimate a number of inputs. We must estimate future rental rates, future capital expenditures, future operating expenses, and market capitalization rates for residual values, among other things. In addition, if there are alternative strategies for the future use of the asset, we assess the probability of each alternative strategy and perform a probability-weighted undiscounted cash flow analysis to assess the recoverability of the asset. We use considerable judgment in determining the alternative strategies and in assessing the probability of each strategy selected.
In determining the fair value of an asset, we exercise judgment on a number of factors. We may determine fair value by using a discounted cash flow calculation or by utilizing comparable market information. We must determine an appropriate discount rate to apply to the cash flows in the discounted cash flow calculation. We use judgment in analyzing comparable market information because no two real estate assets are identical in location and price. The estimates and judgments used in the impairment process are highly subjective and susceptible to frequent change.
In addition to our real estate assets, we review each of our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures for impairment. As part of this analysis, we first determine whether there are any indicators of impairment at any property held in a joint venture investment. If indicators of impairment are present for any of our investments in joint ventures, we calculate the fair value of the investment. If the fair value of the investment is less than the carrying value of the investment, we determine whether the impairment is temporary or other than temporary. If we assess the impairment to be temporary, we do not record an impairment charge. If we conclude that the impairment is other than temporary, we record an impairment charge. We use considerable judgment in the determination of whether there are indicators of impairment present and in the assumptions, estimations, and inputs used in calculating the fair value of the investment.
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Development Cost Capitalization
We are involved in all stages of real estate ownership, including development. Prior to the point at which a project becomes probable of being developed (defined as more likely than not), we expense predevelopment costs. After we determine a project is probable, all subsequently-incurred predevelopment costs, as well as interest and real estate taxes on qualifying assets and certain internal personnel and associated costs directly related to the project under development, are capitalized in accordance with accounting rules. If we abandon development of a project that had earlier been deemed probable, we charge all previously capitalized costs to expense. If this occurs, our predevelopment expenses could rise significantly. The determination of whether a project is probable requires judgment. If we determine that a project is probable, interest, general and administrative, and other expenses could be materially different than if we determine the project is not probable.
During the predevelopment period of a probable project and the period in which a project is under construction, we capitalize all direct and indirect costs associated with planning, developing, and constructing the project. Determination of what costs constitute direct and indirect project costs requires us, in some cases, to exercise judgment. If we determine certain costs to be direct or indirect project costs, amounts recorded in projects under development on the balance sheet and amounts recorded in general and administrative and other expenses on the statements of operations could be materially different than if we determine these costs are not directly or indirectly associated with the project.
Once a certain project is constructed and deemed substantially complete and ready for occupancy, carrying costs, such as real estate taxes, interest, internal personnel costs, and associated costs, are expensed as incurred. Determination of when construction of a project is substantially complete and held available for occupancy requires judgment. We consider projects and/or project phases to be both substantially complete and held for occupancy at the earlier of the date on which the project or phase reaches economic occupancy of 90% or one year from cessation of major construction activity on the core building development. Our judgment of the date the project is substantially complete has a direct impact on our operating expenses and net income for the period.
Results of Operations For The Year Ended December 31, 2022
General
Net income available to common stockholders for the years ended 2022 and 2021 was $166.8 million and $278.6 million, respectively. We detail below material changes in the components of net income available to common stockholders for the year ended 2022 compared to 2021.
See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Results of Operations" from our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a comparison of 2021 to 2020 financial results.
Rental Property Revenues and Rental Property Operating Expenses
The following results include the performance of our Same Property portfolios. Our Same Property portfolios include office properties that were stabilized and owned by us for the entirety of each comparable reporting period presented. A stabilized property is one that has achieved 90% economic occupancy or has been owned by us for one year and has reached one year from the cessation of any major construction activity on the core building development or redevelopment. Same Property amounts for the 2022 versus 2021 comparison are from properties that were stabilized and owned as of January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2022.
We use Net Operating Income ("NOI"), a non-GAAP financial measure, to measure the operating performance of our properties. NOI is widely used by industry analysts and investors to evaluate performance. NOI, which is rental property revenues (excluding termination fees) less rental property operating expenses, excludes certain components from net income in order to provide results that are more closely related to a property's results of operations. Certain items, such as interest expense, while included in net income, do not affect the operating performance of a real estate asset and are often incurred at the corporate level as opposed to the property level. As a result, we use only those income and expense items that are incurred at the property level to evaluate a property's performance. Depreciation, amortization, and impairment are also excluded from NOI. Same Property NOI allows management, investors, and analysts to analyze continuing operations and evaluate the growth trend of our portfolio.
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Rental property revenues, rental property operating expenses, and NOI changed between the 2022 and 2021 periods as follows ($ in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Rental Property Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same Property | $ | 651,370 |  |  | $ | 648,934 |  |  | $ | 2,436 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Non-Same Property | 99,677 |  |  | 85,024 |  |  | 14,653 |  |  | 17.2 | %
Termination Fee Income | 2,464 |  |  | 5,105 |  |  | (2,641) |  |  | (51.7) | %
Total Rental Property Revenues | $ | 753,511 |  |  | $ | 739,063 |  |  | $ | 14,448 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Rental Property Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same Property | $ | 231,587 |  |  | $ | 229,033 |  |  | $ | 2,554 |  |  | 1.1 | %
Non-Same Property | 26,784 |  |  | 30,428 |  |  | (3,644) |  |  | (12.0) | %
Total Rental Property Operating Expenses | $ | 258,371 |  |  | $ | 259,461 |  |  | $ | (1,090) |  |  | (0.4) | %
Net Operating Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same Property NOI | $ | 419,783 |  |  | $ | 419,901 |  |  | $ | (118) |  |  | — | %
Non-Same Property NOI | 72,893 |  |  | 54,596 |  |  | 18,297 |  |  | 33.5 | %
Total NOI | $ | 492,676 |  |  | $ | 474,497 |  |  | $ | 18,179 |  |  | 3.8 | %

Same Property Revenues increased $2.4 million, or 0.4%, between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to increased occupancy at our Terminus, Buckhead Plaza, and Domain office properties and a related increase in revenues recognized from tenant funded tenant improvements. Our tenants are increasingly funding capital improvements at our buildings in excess of their tenant improvement allowances as they look to highly amenitized and creative office spaces to attract employees back into the office. These Same Property revenue increases are partially offset by a decrease in economic occupancy at our Promenade Tower and 3350 Peachtree office properties while under partial redevelopment.
Same Property Operating Expenses increased $2.6 million, or 1.1%, between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to an increase in physical occupancy at our properties, partially offset by a decrease in real estate taxes as well as expenses at our 3350 Peachtree office property under partial redevelopment.
Non-Same Property Revenues increased $14.7 million, or 17.2%, between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to the 2021 acquisitions of 725 Ponce and Heights Union and the consolidation of 300 Colorado upon purchase of our partners' interests in the venture in the fourth quarter of 2021, which were partially offset by the 2022 commencement of a full building redevelopment project at Promenade Central and the 2021 sales of Burnett Plaza, 816 Congress, and One South at the Plaza.
Non-Same Property Operating Expenses decreased $3.6 million, or 12.0% between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to the 2021 sales of Burnett Plaza, 816 Congress, and One South at the Plaza, partially offset by the 2021 acquisitions of 725 Ponce and Heights Union and the consolidation of 300 Colorado upon purchase of our partners' interests in the venture in the fourth quarter of 2021. The decrease in Non-Same Property Operating Expenses is also due to refunds of real estate taxes for two previously sold properties.
Termination Fee Income decreased $2.6 million, or 51.7%, between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to the termination of a large tenant in December of 2021.
Fee Income
Fee income decreased $9.4 million, or 60.7%, between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to declining development activities as we reached the completion of the Norfolk Southern transactions during the third quarter of 2022. The Norfolk Southern transactions are described in further detail in note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses decreased $1.0 million, or 3.4%, between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to changes in stock compensation expense tied to reductions in our stock price for awards accounted for using updated fair market values.
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Interest Expense
Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized, increased $5.5 million, or 8.2%, between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to increases in interest rates on our variable rate debt, the issuance of a $400 million term loan, and an increase in the average outstanding balance on our line of credit, partially offset by an increase in capitalized interest expense as a result of development and redevelopment activities.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization changed between the 2022 and 2021 periods as follows ($ in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Depreciation and Amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same Property | $ | 251,753 |  |  | $ | 256,411 |  |  | $ | (4,658) |  |  | (1.8) | %
Non-Same Property | 43,276 |  |  | 31,058 |  |  | 12,218 |  |  | 39.3 | %
Non-Real Estate Assets | 558 |  |  | 623 |  |  | (65) |  |  | (10.4) | %
Total Depreciation and Amortization | $ | 295,587 |  |  | $ | 288,092 |  |  | $ | 7,495 |  |  | 2.6 | %

Same Property depreciation and amortization decreased between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to a decrease related to the intangible in-place lease assets recognized upon the acquisition of properties as more of those assets became fully amortized. This is partially offset by an increase in the depreciation of tenant improvements that are owned by us and were placed into service in 2022.
Non-Same Property depreciation and amortization increased between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to the 2021 acquisitions of 725 Ponce and Heights Union, and the consolidation of 300 Colorado upon purchase of our partners' interests in the venture of the fourth quarter of 2021, partially offset by the 2021 sales of 816 Congress and One South at the Plaza and suspending depreciation in 2022 for a full building redevelopment project at our Promenade Central property.
Income and Net Operating Income from Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures consisted of the following in 2022 and 2021 ($ in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | $ | 7,700 |  |  | $ | 6,801 |  |  | $ | 899 |  |  | 13.2 | %
Depreciation and amortization | 3,927 |  |  | 9,674 |  |  | (5,747) |  |  | (59.4) | %
Net loss (gain) on sale of investment property | (81) |  |  | 39 |  |  | (120) |  |  | 307.7 | %
Gain on sale of undepreciated property | (4,478) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,478) |  |  | N/A
Interest expense | 2,603 |  |  | 2,911 |  |  | (308) |  |  | (10.6) | %
Other expense | 70 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 52.2 | %
Termination fee income | — |  |  | (81) |  |  | 81 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Other income | (217) |  |  | (167) |  |  | (50) |  |  | (29.9) | %
Net operating income from unconsolidated joint ventures | $ | 9,524 |  |  | $ | 19,223 |  |  | $ | (9,699) |  |  | (50.5) | %
Net operating income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Same Property | $ | 4,531 |  |  | $ | 4,332 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Non-Same Property | 4,993 |  |  | 14,891 |  |  | (9,898) |  |  | (66.5) | %
Net operating income from unconsolidated joint ventures | $ | 9,524 |  |  | $ | 19,223 |  |  | $ | (9,699) |  |  | (50.5) | %

Income from unconsolidated joint ventures increased between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to a gain from the sale of a 3.0 acre land parcel in Uptown Dallas in June 2022, partially offset by the sale of our interest in the Carolina Square venture in 2022 and Dimensional Fund Advisors venture in 2021.
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Funds from Operations
The table below shows Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders (“FFO”), a non-GAAP financial measure, and the related reconciliation from net income available to common stockholders for the Company. The Company calculates FFO in accordance with Nareit's definition, which is net income available to common stockholders (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding extraordinary items, cumulative effect of change in accounting principle and gains on sale or impairment on depreciable property, plus depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures to reflect FFO on the same basis.
FFO is used by industry analysts and investors as a supplemental measure of a REIT’s operating performance. Historical cost accounting for real estate assets implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values instead have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors and analysts have considered presentation of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting to be insufficient by themselves. Thus, Nareit created FFO as a supplemental measure of REIT operating performance that excludes historical cost depreciation, among other items, from GAAP net income. The use of FFO, combined with the required primary GAAP presentations, has been fundamentally beneficial, improving the understanding of operating results of REITs among the investing public and making comparisons of REIT operating results more meaningful. Our management evaluates operating performance in part based on FFO. Additionally, our management uses FFO, along with other measures, to assess performance in connection with evaluating and granting incentive compensation to our officers and other key employees. The reconciliations of net income available to common stockholders to FFO and earnings per share to FFO per share are as follows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 ($ in thousands, except per share information):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
| Dollars |  | Weighted Average Common Shares |  | Per Share Amount |  | Dollars |  | Weighted Average Common Shares |  | Per Share Amount
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders | $ | 166,793 |  |  | 150,113 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 278,586 |  |  | 148,666 |  |  | $ | 1.87 |
Noncontrolling interest related to unitholders | 143 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |
Conversion of stock options | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Conversion of unvested restricted stock units | — |  |  | 281 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 199 |  |  | — |
Net Income — Diluted | 166,936 |  |  | 150,419 |  |  | 1.11 |  |  | 278,642 |  |  | 148,891 |  |  | 1.87 |
Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated properties | 295,029 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.96 |  |  | 287,469 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.93 |
Share of unconsolidated joint ventures | 3,927 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 9,674 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.06 |
Partners' share of real estate depreciation | (794) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.01) |  |  | (929) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.01) |
Loss (gain) on sale of depreciated properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated properties | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (152,611) |  |  | — |  |  | (1.01) |
Share of unconsolidated joint ventures | (81) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | (56,267) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.37) |  |  | (13,083) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.09) |
Funds From Operations | $ | 408,759 |  |  | 150,419 |  |  | $ | 2.72 |  |  | $ | 409,201 |  |  | 148,891 |  |  | $ | 2.75 |

Net Operating Income
Company management evaluates the performance of its property portfolio in part based on NOI. NOI represents rental property revenues (excluding termination fees) less rental property operating expenses. NOI is not a measure of cash flows or operating results as measured by GAAP, is not indicative of cash available to fund cash needs, and should not be considered an alternative to cash flows as a measure of liquidity. All companies may not calculate NOI in the same manner. The Company considers NOI to be an appropriate supplemental measure to net income as it helps both management and investors understand the core operations of the Company's operating assets. NOI excludes corporate general and administrative expenses, interest expense, depreciation and amortization, impairments, gains/loss on sales of real estate, and other non-operating items.
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The following table reconciles net income to NOI for consolidated properties for each period ($ in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Net Income | $ | 167,445 |  |  | $ | 278,996 |
Fee income | (6,119) |  |  | (15,559) |
Termination fee income | (2,464) |  |  | (5,105) |
Other income | (2,660) |  |  | (451) |
Reimbursed expenses | 2,024 |  |  | 2,476 |
General and administrative expenses | 28,319 |  |  | 29,321 |
Interest expense | 72,537 |  |  | 67,027 |
Depreciation and amortization | 295,587 |  |  | 288,092 |
Other expenses | 2,134 |  |  | 2,131 |
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | (7,700) |  |  | (6,801) |
Gain on sale of investment in unconsolidated joint ventures | (56,267) |  |  | (13,083) |
Loss (gain) on investment property transactions | 9 |  |  | (152,547) |
Gain on extinguishment of debt | (169) |  |  | — |
Net Operating Income | $ | 492,676 |  |  | $ | 474,497 |

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary short-term and long-term liquidity needs include the following:
•property operating expenses;
•property and land acquisitions;
•expenditures on development projects;
•building improvements, tenant improvements, and leasing costs;
•principal and interest payments on indebtedness;
•general and administrative costs; and
•common stock dividends and distributions to outside unitholders of CPLP.
We may satisfy these needs with one or more of the following:
•cash and cash equivalents on hand;
•net cash from operations;
•proceeds from the sale of assets;
•borrowings under our Credit Facility;
•proceeds from mortgage notes payable;
•proceeds from construction loans;
•proceeds from unsecured loans;
•proceeds from offerings of equity securities; and
•joint venture formations.
Our material cash needs for 2023 include $181.1 million of unfunded tenant improvements and construction costs. This and other 2023 cash needs are expected to be met by a combination of some or all of the sources noted above.
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Financial Condition
A key component of our strategy is to maintain a conservative balance sheet with leverage and liquidity that enables us to be positioned for future growth. In recent quarters, our leverage metrics which include net debt to EBITDA re, net debt to undepreciated assets, and net debt to total market capitalization, have consistently been among the strongest within our sector of public office REITs. As of December 31, 2022, we had $56.6 million outstanding under our Credit Facility with the ability to borrow an additional $943.4 million. We also had $5.1 million in cash and cash equivalents and no restricted cash on hand at December 31, 2022.
The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2022 with respect to our outstanding contractual obligations and commitments ($ in thousands):

| Total |  | Less than 1 Year |  | 1-3 Years |  | 3-5 Years |  | More than 5 Years
Contractual Obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Company debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured credit facility | $ | 56,600 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 56,600 |  |  | $ | — |
Unsecured senior notes | 1,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | 225,000 |  |  | 525,000 |
Term loans | 750,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 750,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage notes payable | 535,241 |  |  | 8,274 |  |  | 85,842 |  |  | 220,125 |  |  | 221,000 |
Interest commitments (1) | 448,098 |  |  | 111,666 |  |  | 165,938 |  |  | 95,916 |  |  | 74,578 |
Ground leases | 187,144 |  |  | 2,087 |  |  | 7,729 |  |  | 4,016 |  |  | 173,312 |
Total contractual obligations | $ | 2,977,083 |  |  | $ | 122,027 |  |  | $ | 1,259,509 |  |  | $ | 601,657 |  |  | $ | 993,890 |
Commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unfunded tenant improvements and construction obligations | $ | 181,270 |  |  | $ | 181,103 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 167 |
Total commitments | $ | 181,270 |  |  | $ | 181,103 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 167 |

(1)Interest on variable rate obligations is based on balances and effective rates as of December 31, 2022.
Credit Facility
Our $1 billion Credit Facility matures on April 30, 2027. The Credit Facility contains financial covenants that require, among other things, the maintenance of an unencumbered interest coverage ratio of at least 1.75x; a fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.50x; a secured leverage ratio of no more than 40%; and an overall leverage ratio of no more than 60%. The Credit Facility also contains customary representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, as well as customary events of default. The amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility may be accelerated upon the occurrence of any events of default. We are in compliance with all covenants of the Credit Facility.
The interest rate applicable to the Credit Facility varies according to our leverage ratio, and may, at our election, be determined based on either (i) the Daily Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% ("Adjusted SOFR") and a spread of between 0.90% and 1.40%, or (ii) the greater of Bank of America's prime rate, the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% and 1.00%, or 1.00%, plus a spread of between 0.00% and 0.40%, based on leverage. In addition to the interest rate, the Credit Facility is also subject to a facility fee of 0.15% to 0.30%, depending on leverage, on the entire $1 billion capacity.
At December 31, 2022, the Credit Facility's spread over Adjusted SOFR was 0.90%, and the facility fee spread was 0.15%. The amount that we may draw under the Credit Facility is a defined calculation based on our unencumbered assets and other factors. The total available borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility was $943.4 million at December 31, 2022.
Term Loans
On October 3, 2022, we entered into the Delayed Draw Term Loan Agreement (the "2022 Term Loan") and borrowed the full $400 million available under the loan. The loan matures on March 3, 2025 with four consecutive extension options for six months each. The interest rate provisions are the same as the 2021 Term Loan, and the covenants are the same as the Credit Facility.
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On June 28, 2021, we entered into the Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement (the "Term Loan") that amended the former term loan agreement. Under the Term Loan, we have borrowed $350 million that matures on August 30, 2024 with four consecutive extension options for 180 days each. On September 19, 2022, we entered into the First Amendment to the 2021 Term Loan. This amendment aligns covenants and available interest rates, including the addition of SOFR, to that of the Credit Facility. Under the terms of this First Amendment, the interest rate applicable to the 2021 Term Loan varies according to our leverage ratio and may, at our election, be determined based on either (1) the Daily SOFR or Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% ("Adjusted SOFR") and a spread of between 1.05% and 1.65%, or (2) the greater of Bank of America's prime rate, the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% and 1.00%, or 1.00%, plus a spread of between 0.05% and 0.65%, based on leverage.
On September 27, 2022, we entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with respect to the $350 million 2021 Term Loan through the maturity date of August 30, 2024. This swap effectively fixed the underlying SOFR rate at 4.23%.
At December 31, 2022, the 2021 and 2022 Term Loan's spread over Adjusted SOFR rate was 1.05%.
We are in compliance with all covenants of our Term Loans.
Unsecured Senior Notes
At December 31, 2022, we had $1 billion in unsecured senior notes outstanding that were issued in five tranches with maturity dates that range from 2025 to 2029. The weighted average fixed interest rates on these notes is 3.91%.
The unsecured senior notes contain financial covenants that are consistent with those of our Credit Facility. The senior notes also contain customary representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, as well as customary events of default. We are in compliance with all covenants of the unsecured senior notes.
Secured Mortgage Notes
In December 2022, we refinanced the mortgages on our two Terminus properties in Atlanta with the lender. Under the new non-cross-collateralized mortgages, the maturities were extended from January 2023 to January 2031, the combined principal increased to $221.0 million, and the interest rate is now 6.34%.
In October 2022, we paid off, in full, our Legacy Union One and Promenade Tower mortgages.
In June 2021, we executed a collateral substitution for the mortgage previously secured by our 816 Congress property in Austin. The mortgage is now secured by our Domain 10 property in Austin. All other terms of the note were unchanged.
As of December 31, 2022, we had $535.2 million outstanding on five non-recourse mortgage notes. All interest rates on the secured mortgage notes are fixed. Assets with depreciated carrying values of $910.2 million were pledged as security on these mortgage notes payable.
Joint Venture Commitments and Debt
We have a number of off balance sheet joint ventures with varying structures, as described in note 6 to our consolidated financial statements. The joint ventures in which we have an interest are involved in the ownership and/or development of real estate. A venture will fund capital requirements or operational needs with cash from operations or financing proceeds. If additional capital is deemed necessary, a venture may request a contribution from the partners, and we will evaluate such request. Except as previously discussed, based on the nature of the activities conducted in these ventures, management cannot estimate with any degree of accuracy amounts that we may be required to fund in the short- or long-term. However, management does not believe that additional funding of these ventures will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
At December 31, 2022, our unconsolidated joint ventures had aggregate outstanding indebtedness to third parties of $178.8 million. This debt represents mortgage or construction loans, all of which are non-recourse to us. In addition, in certain instances, we provide “non-recourse carve-out guarantees” on these non-recourse loans.
Other Debt Information
Our existing mortgage debt is primarily non-recourse, fixed-rate mortgage notes secured by various real estate assets. We expect to either refinance our non-recourse mortgage loans at maturity or repay the mortgage loans with other capital sources, includin g ou r credit facility, unsecured debt, non-recourse mortgages, construction loans, the sale of assets, joint venture equity, the issuance of common stock, the issuance of preferred stock, or the issuance of units of CPLP. Many of our non-recourse mortgages contain covenants which, if not satisfied, could result in acceleration of the maturity of the debt. We
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expect to either refinance the non-recourse mortgages at maturity or repay the mortgages with proceeds from asset sales, debt, or other capital sources.
We are in compliance with all covenants of our existing unsecured debt and non-recourse mortgages.
Future Capital Requirements
To meet capital requirements for future investment activities over the long-term, we intend to actively manage our portfolio of properties and strategically sell assets to exit our non-core holdings and reposition our portfolio of income-producing assets. We expect to continue to utilize cash retained from operations, as well as third-party sources of capital such as indebtedness, to fund future commitments and to utilize construction financing facilities for some development assets, if available and under appropriate terms.
We may also generate capital through the issuance of securities that include common or preferred stock, warrants, debt securities, or the issuance of CPLP limited partnership units.
Our business model also includes raising or recycling capital which can assist in meeting obligations and funding development and acquisition activity. If one or more sources of capital are not available when required, we may be forced to reduce the number of projects we acquire or develop and/or raise capital on potentially unfavorable terms, or we may be unable to raise capital, which could have an adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.
Cash Flows
We report and analyze our cash flows based on operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash totaled $5.1 million and $10.2 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Cash Flows" from our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the changes in cash flows between 2021 and 2020. The following table sets forth the changes in cash flows ($ in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, |  | $ Change
| 2022 |  | 2021 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 365,166 |  |  | $ | 389,478 |  |  | $ | (24,312) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (334,499) |  |  | (191,066) |  |  | (143,433) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (35,690) |  |  | (194,382) |  |  | 158,692 |

The reasons for significant increases and decreases in cash flows between the periods are as follows:
Cash Flows from Operating Activities. Cash provided by operating activities decreased $24.3 million between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to cash received from operations of the One South at the Plaza, Burnett Plaza, and 816 Congress operating properties sold in 2021, partially offset by the timing of payments of property taxes and other payables and cash received from a full year of operations of 725 Ponce, Heights Union, and our partners' interest in 300 Colorado acquired in 2021.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities. Cash used in investing activities increased $143.4 million between 2022 and 2021. Cash used in investing activities was higher in 2022 primarily due to an increase in building and tenant improvements over the prior year, which was partially offset by the 2022 sale of our interest in Carolina Square. Cash used in investing activities was lower in 2021 primarily due to proceeds from property dispositions (816 Congress, Burnett Plaza, One South at the Plaza, and our interest in Gateway Village) exceeding cash paid for property acquisitions (725 Ponce, Heights Union, and our partners' interest in 300 Colorado.)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities. Cash flows used in financing activities decreased $158.7 million between 2022 and 2021. In 2022, an increase in net repayments on our Credit Facility, an increase in repayments of mortgage notes and our purchase of non-controlling interests were largely offset by proceeds from the issuance of the $400 million 2022 Term Loan and of $103.1 million from the issuance of common stock. In 2021, the $100 million of net proceeds from the $250 million repayment of our prior term loan and issuance of the $350 million Term Loan only partially offset our recurring dividends and mortgage payments.
Capital Expenditures. We incur capital expenditures related to our real estate assets that include the acquisition of properties, the development of new properties, the redevelopment of existing or newly purchased properties, and direct leasing costs for new or replacement tenants.
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Capital expenditures for assets we develop or acquire and then hold and operate are included in the property acquisition, development, and tenant asset expenditures line item within investing activities on the statements of cash flows. Components of expenditures included in this line item for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows ($ in thousands):

| 2022 |  | 2021
Acquisition of properties | $ | — |  |  | $ | 524,271 |
Projects under development | 89,832 |  |  | 93,867 |
Operating properties—building improvements | 100,536 |  |  | 60,281 |
Operating properties—leasing costs | 172,178 |  |  | 92,902 |
Purchase of land held for investment | — |  |  | 18,267 |
Capitalized interest | 15,400 |  |  | 6,257 |
Capitalized salaries | 8,040 |  |  | 7,332 |
Change in accrued capital expenditures | (43,745) |  |  | (15,367) |
Total property acquisition, development and tenant asset expenditures | $ | 342,241 |  |  | $ | 787,810 |

Capital expenditures decreased $445.6 million between 2022 and 2021 primarily due to the acquisitions of properties and land held for investment, including, 725 Ponce, Heights Union, and our partners' interest in 300 Colorado in 2021. This decrease from asset acquisitions is partially offset by an increase in capital expenditures on building improvements including significant redevelopments of properties and an increase in our capital expenditures related to tenant improvements and leasing costs, which are a function of the number, size, and timing of occupancy of executed new leases or renewals of existing leases. The amount of tenant improvements and leasing costs on a per square foot basis for 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
New leases |  | $12.60 |  | $10.57
Renewal leases |  | $9.07 |  | $6.82
Expansion leases |  | $11.71 |  | $10.74

The amounts of tenant improvement and leasing costs on a per square foot basis vary by lease and by market.
Dividends. We paid common dividends of $192.3 million and $182.8 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. We funded these dividends with cash provided by operating activities. We expect to fund our future quarterly common dividends with cash provided by operating activities, proceeds from investment property sales, distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures, and indebtedness, if necessary.
On a quarterly basis, we review the amount of our common dividend in light of current and projected future cash provided by operating activities and also consider the requirements needed to maintain our REIT status. In addition, we have certain covenants under our Credit Facility which could limit the amount of common dividends paid. In general, common dividends of any amount can be paid as long as leverage, as defined in our credit agreements, is less than 60% and we are not in default under our facility. Certain conditions also apply in which we can still pay common dividends if leverage is above that amount. We routinely monitor the status of our common dividend payments in light of the covenants of our credit agreements.
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Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk
Our primary exposure to market risk results from our debt, which bears interest at both fixed and variable rates. We attempt to mitigate this risk primarily by limiting our debt exposure in total and our maturities in any one year and weighting more towards fixed-rate debt in our portfolio. We also use derivative financial instruments such as cash flow hedges to effectively convert some of our variable rate debt to fixed rate debt. These fixed rate debt obligations limit the risk of fluctuating interest rates.
On September 27, 2022, we entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with respect to the $350 million Term Loan through the maturity date of August 30, 2024. This swap effectively fixed the underlying SOFR rate at 4.23%. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $1.9 billion of fixed rate debt, including the Term Loan, outstanding at a weighted average interest rate of 4.40%.
At December 31, 2022, we had $456.6 million of variable rate debt outstanding, which consisted of the Credit Facility with $56.6 million outstanding at an interest rate of 5.30% and the $400.0 million 2022 Term Loan with an interest rate of 5.45%. At December 31, 2021, we had $578.5 million of variable rate debt outstanding, which consisted of the Credit Facility with $228.5 million outstanding at an interest rate of 1.15% and the $350.0 million Term Loan with an interest rate of 1.15%. Based on our average variable rate debt balances in 2022, interest incurred would have increased by $6.7 million in 2022 if these interest rates had been 1% higher.
The information presented above should be read in conjunction with note 10 of notes to consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The financial statements and financial statement schedules required under Regulation S-X are filed pursuant to Item 15 of Part IV of this report.
Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
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Item 9A.Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management necessarily applied judgment in assessing the costs and benefits of such controls and procedures, which, by their nature, can provide only reasonable assurance regarding our control objectives.
As of the end of the period covered by this annual report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer along with the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness, design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)). Based upon the foregoing, the Chief Executive Officer along with the Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. In addition, based on such evaluation we have identified no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Management, under the supervision of and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. The framework on which the assessment was based is described in “Internal Control – Integrated Framework” (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, we concluded that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. Deloitte & Touche LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, issued an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, which follows this report of management.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Cousins Properties Incorporated
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Cousins Properties Incorporated and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, of the Company and our report dated February 9, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Atlanta, Georgia
February 9, 2023
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by Items 401, 405, 406, and 407 of Regulation S-K is presented in Item X in Part I of this report and is included under the captions “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors” and “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” in the Proxy Statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of the Registrant’s Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. The Company has the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which is applicable to its Board of Directors and all of its employees. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is publicly available on the “Investor Relations” page of its website site at www.cousins.com. Section 1 of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applies to the Company’s senior executive and financial officers and is a “code of ethics” as defined by applicable SEC rules and regulations. If the Company makes any amendments to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics other than technical, administrative, or other non-substantive amendments or grants any waivers, including implicit waivers, from a provision of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics to the Company’s senior executive or financial officers, the Company will disclose on its website the nature of the amendment or waiver, its effective date, and to whom it applies.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by Items 402 and 407 of Regulation S-K is included under the captions “Executive Compensation,” “Director Compensation,” and "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" in the Proxy Statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of the Registrant’s Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information under the captions “Beneficial Ownership of Common Stock” and "Equity Compensation Plan Information" in the Proxy Statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of the Registrant’s Stockholders is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information under the caption “Certain Transactions” and “Director Independence” in the Proxy Statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of the Registrant’s Stockholders is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14.Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information under the caption “Summary of Fees to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in the Proxy Statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of the Registrant’s Stockholders has fee information for fiscal years 2022 and 2021 and is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a)1. Financial Statements
A.The following consolidated financial statements of the Registrant, together with the applicable report of independent registered public accounting firm, are filed as a part of this report:

|  | Page Number
| Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34) | F-2
| Consolidated Balance Sheets—December 31, 2022 and 2021 | F-4
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 | F-5
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 | F-6
| Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 | F-7
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 | F-8
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-9

2.Financial Statement Schedule
The following financial statement schedule for the Registrant is filed as a part of this report:

|  | Page Number
| A. Schedule III—Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation—December 31, 2022 | S-1 through S-4

NOTE: Other schedules are omitted because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the required information is given in the financial statements or notes thereto.
(b)Exhibits

2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated April 28, 2016, by and among Parkway Properties, Inc., Parkway Properties LP, Cousins Properties Incorporated and Clinic Sub Inc., filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Form on Form 8-K filed on April 29, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.
2.2 |  | Separation, Distribution and Transition Services Agreement, dated as of October 5, 2016, by and among the Registrant, Cousins Properties LP, Clinic Sub Inc., Parkway Properties, Inc., Parkway Properties LP, Parkway Properties General Partners, Inc., Parkway, Inc. and Parkway Operating Partnership LP., filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Form on Form 8-K filed on October 6, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.
2.3 |  | Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of October 5, 2016, by and among the Registrant, Cousins Properties LP, Clinic Sub Inc., Parkway Properties, Inc., Parkway Properties LP, Parkway Properties General Partners, Inc., Parkway, Inc. and Parkway Operating Partnership LP., filed as Exhibit 2.2 to the Registrant's Current Form on Form 8-K filed on October 6, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.
2.4 |  | Employee Matters Agreement, dated as of October 5, 2016, by and among the Registrant, Cousins Properties LP, Clinic Sub Inc., Parkway Properties, Inc., Parkway Properties LP, Parkway Properties General Partners, Inc., Parkway, Inc. and Parkway Operating Partnership LP., filed as Exhibit 2.3 to the Registrant's Current Form on Form 8-K filed on October 6, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.
2.5 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 25, 2019, by and among the Registrant, Murphy Subsidiary Holdings Corporation, and TIER REIT, Inc., filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 25, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.1 |  | Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended August 9, 1999, filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2002, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.1.1 |  | Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended July 22, 2003, filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 23, 2003, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.1.2 |  | Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended December 15, 2004, filed as Exhibit 3(a)(i) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference.

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3.1.3 |  | Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, dated May 4, 2010, filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.1.4 |  | Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended May 9, 2014, filed as Exhibit 3.1.4 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.1.5 |  | Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of Cousins, as amended October 6, 2016, filed as Exhibit 3.1 and 3.1.1 to the Registrant's Current Form on Form 8-K filed on October 7, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.1.6 |  | Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 14, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.1.7 |  | Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 14, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.2 |  | Bylaws of the Registrant, as amended and restated July 26, 2022, filed as Exhibit 3.2.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on July 28, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.1 |  | Master Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 19, 2017, by and among the Registrant, Cousins Properties LP, and the purchasers of certain unsecured senior notes (the "Master Note Purchase Agreement"), filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.2 |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated, Cousins Properties LP, First Supplement to Master Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2019, filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.3 |  | Guaranty Agreement, dated as of April 19, 2017 (as amended, modified, or supplemented from time to time, the "Guaranty Agreement") incorporated by reference to Exhibit A of Exhibit 4.1 above, filed as Exhibit 4.1 above, filed as Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.4 |  | Form of Senior Unsecured Notes incorporated by reference to Schedule 1-A and 1-B of Exhibit 4.1 above, filed as Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant's 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.5 |  | Form of Senior Unsecured Notes incorporated by reference to Schedule 1-A, 1-B, and 1-C of Exhibit 4.2 above, filed as Exhibit 4.5 to the Registrant's 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.6 |  | Description of Registrant's Securities, filed as Exhibit 4.6 to the Registrant's Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2019.
10(a)(i)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 1999 Incentive Stock Plan, as amended and restated, approved by the Stockholders on May 6, 2008, filed as Annex B to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement dated April 13, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(ii)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Unit Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 9, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(iii)* |  | Amendment No. 1 to Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Unit Plan, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(iii) to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(iv)* |  | Amendment No. 2 to the Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Unit Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 18, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(v)* |  | Form of Change in Control Severance Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 31, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(vi)* |  | Amendment No. 1 to the Cousins Properties Incorporated 1999 Incentive Stock Plan, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(ii) to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.

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10(a)(vii)* |  | Amendment No. 4 to the Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Unit Plan dated September 8, 2008, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xiii) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(viii)* |  | Amendment No. 5 to the Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Unit Plan dated February 16, 2009, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xiv) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(ix)* |  | Form of Amendment Number One to Change in Control Severance Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 12, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(x)* |  | Amendment Number 6 to the Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Unit Plan filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 12, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xi)* |  | Form of Cousins Properties Incorporated Cash Long Term Incentive Award Certificate filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 12, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xii)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2009 Incentive Stock Plan, as approved by the Stockholders on May 12, 2009, filed as Annex B to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement dated April 3, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xiii)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated Director Non-Incentive Stock Option and Stock Appreciation Right Certificate under the Cousins Properties Incorporated 2009 Incentive Stock Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xiv)* |  | Form of New Change in Control Severance Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 7, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xv)* |  | Form of Amendment Number Two to Change in Control Severance Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 7, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xvi)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2009 Incentive Stock Plan – Form of Key Employee Non-Incentive Stock Option Certificate filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxvi) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xvii)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2009 Incentive Stock Plan – Form of Key Employee Incentive Stock Option Certificate filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxvii) to the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xviii)* |  | Form of Amendment Number One to Change in Control Severance Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxvi) to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xix)* |  | Form of New Change in Control Severance Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xx)* |  | Form of Amendment Number One to Change in Control Severance Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xxi)* |  | Form of Amendment Number Three to Change in Control Severance Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xxii)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Unit Plan — Form of Restricted Stock Unit Certificate for 2017-2020 Service Period, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxx) to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xxiii)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2009 Incentive Stock Plan – Form of Stock Grant Certificate, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxi) to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xxiv)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Unit Plan — Form of Restricted Stock Unit Certificate for 2018-2020 Performance Period, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxii) to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.

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10(a)(xxv)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Unit Plan — Form of Restricted Stock Unit Certificate for 2017-2020 Service Period, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxiii) to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xxvi)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Unit Plan — Form of Restricted Stock Unit Certificate for 2019-2021 Performance Period, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxiv) to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xxvii)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2009 Incentive Stock Plan — Form of Stock Grant Certificate, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxv) to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xxviii)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Unit Plan — Form of Restricted Stock Unit Certificate for 2019-2021 Service Period, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxvi) to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xxix)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xxx)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan — Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxvii) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xxx i)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan — Director Stock Grant Certificate, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xl) to the Registrant's Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xxxii)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan — Stock Grant Certificate, filed as E xhibit 10(a)(xxxii) to the Registrant's Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2021.
10(a)(xxxiii)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan — Restricted Stock Unit Certificate, filed as E xhibit 10(a)(xxxiii) to the Registrant's Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2021.
10(a)(xxxiv)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan — Director Stock Grant Certificate, filed as E xhibit 10(a)(xxxiv) to the Registrant's Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2021.
10(a)(xxxv)* |  | Cousins Properties Incorporated 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, filed as E xhibit 10(a)(xxxv) to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
10(a)(xxxvi)* |  | Amendment Number One to the Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxvi) to the Registrant's Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2021.
10(b) |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 18, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(c) |  | Agreement of Limited Partnership of Cousins Properties LP., filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Form on Form 8-K filed on October 7, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(d) |  | Retirement Agreement and General Release for Lawrence L. Gellerstedt, Executive Chairman of the Board, filed as E xhibit 10(b) to the Registrant's Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(e) |  | Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement, dated June 28, 2021, by and among the Registrant, Cousins Properties LP, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., Bank of America, N.A., PNC Bank, National Association, Truist Bank, and the other parties thereto, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(f) |  | Equity Distribution Agreement, dated August 3, 2021, between Cousins Properties Incorporated, Cousin Properties LP and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC, Truist Securities, Inc. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as managers, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, Bank of America, N.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, The Toronto-Dominion Bank, Truist Bank and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as forward purchasers, and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC, Truist Securities, Inc. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as forward sellers; filed as Exhibit 1.1 to the Registrant's Current Form 8-K filed on August 3, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.

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10(g) |  | Delayed Draw Term Loan Agreement, dated as of October 3, 2022, among Cousins Properties LP, as the Borrower; Cousins Properties Incorporated, as the Parent and a Guarantor; JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Syndicati on Agent; Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent; Truist Bank, PNC Bank, National Association, Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., and U.S. Bank National Association, as Documentation Agents; J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., BofA Securities, Inc., Truist Securities, Inc. and PNC Capital Markets, LLC, as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners, filed as Exhibit 10(i) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on October 27, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(h) |  | Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 2, 2022, among Cousins Properties Incorpora ted, as the Borrower (and the Borrower Parties, as defined, and the Guarantors, as defined); JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Syndication Agent and an L/C issuer, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and an L/C Issuer, Truist Bank, as an L/C Issuer, Truist Bank, PNC Bank, National Association, Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., U.S. Bank National Association, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and TD Bank, National Association, as Documentation Agents, and the Other Lenders Party Hereto BofA Securities, Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as Co-Sustainability Structuring Agents J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., BofA Securities, Inc. and Truist Securities, Inc., as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners, filed as Exhibit 10(g) to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 2, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.
10(i) |  | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement, dated as of September 19, 2022, among Cousins Properties LP, as the Borrower; Cousins Properties Incorporated, as the Parent and a Guarantor; JPMo rgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Syndication Agent; Bank of America, N.A., as the Administrative Agent; PNC Bank, National Association and Truist Bank, as Co-Documentation Agents; JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., BofA Securities, Inc., PNC Capital Markets, LLC, and Truist Securities, Inc., as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners, filed as Exhibit 10(h) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on October 27, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.
21† |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23† |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
31.1† |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2† |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1† |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2† |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101† |  | The following financial information for the Registrant, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the consolidated balance sheets, (ii) the consolidated statements of operations, (iii) the consolidated statements of equity, (iv) the consolidated statements of cash flows, and (v) the notes to consolidated financial statements.
104† |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File.

* | Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

† | Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Cousins Properties Incorporated (Registrant)
Dated: | February 9, 2023 |
|  | BY: |  | /s/ Gregg D. Adzema
|  |  |  | Gregg D. Adzema
|  |  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.

Signature |  | Capacity |  | Date
/s/ M. Colin Connolly |  | Chief Executive Officer, President, and Director |  | February 9, 2023
M. Colin Connolly |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
/s/ Gregg D. Adzema |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  | February 9, 2023
Gregg D. Adzema |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |  |
/s/ Jeffrey D. Symes |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer |  | February 9, 2023
Jeffrey D. Symes |  | (Principal Accounting Officer) |  |
/s/ Charles T. Cannada |  | Director |  | February 9, 2023
Charles T. Cannada |  |  |  |
/s/ Robert M. Chapman |  | Chairman of the Board and Director |  | February 9, 2023
Robert M. Chapman |  |  |  |
/s/ Scott W. Fordham |  | Director |  | February 9, 2023
Scott W. Fordham |  |  |  |
/s/ Lillian C. Giornelli |  | Director |  | February 9, 2023
Lillian C. Giornelli |  |  |  |
/s/ R. Kent Griffin, Jr. |  | Director |  | February 9, 2023
R. Kent Griffin, Jr. |  |  |  |
/s/ Donna W. Hyland |  | Director |  | February 9, 2023
Donna W. Hyland |  |  |  |
/s/ Dionne Nelson |  | Director |  | February 9, 2023
Dionne Nelson |  |  |  |
/s/ R. Dary Stone |  | Director |  | February 9, 2023
R. Dary Stone |  |  |  |

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Cousins Properties Incorporated | Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34) | F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets—December 31, 2022 and 2021 | F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 | F-6
Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 | F-8
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-9

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Cousins Properties Incorporated
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cousins Properties Incorporated and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 9, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Revenue Recognition - Refer to Note 2 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
Rental property revenues are derived from operating leases to tenants. The Company recognizes fixed lease payments, which excludes certain rental property revenue such as percentage rent and revenue related to the recovery of certain operating expenses from tenants, on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The timing and amount of rental revenue recognition is largely dependent on whether the Company is the owner of tenant improvements at the leased property. In determining whether the Company or the tenant owns such tenant improvements, management of the Company considers a number of factors, including, among other things: (1) whether the tenant is obligated by the terms of the lease agreement to construct or install the leasehold improvements; (2) whether the landlord can require the lessee to make specified improvements or otherwise enforce its economic rights to those assets; (3) whether the tenant is permitted to alter or remove the leasehold improvements without the landlord’s consent or without compensating the landlord for any lost utility or diminution in fair value; (4) whether the tenant is required to provide the landlord with documentation supporting the cost of tenant improvements prior to reimbursement by the landlord; (5) whether the Company is obligated to fund cost overruns for the construction of leasehold improvements; (6) whether the leasehold improvements are unique to the tenant or could reasonably be used by other parties; and (7) whether the economic life of the leasehold improvements is such that a significant residual value of the assets is expected to accrue to the benefit of the landlord at the end of the lease terms.
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The determination of whether the Company or its tenant owns the tenant improvements and the timing and amount of revenue recognition requires the exercise of significant judgment by management based on the facts and circumstances of the specific lease arrangement and is not based on any one factor. Auditing management’s conclusions with respect to these matters often is complex and requires subjective judgment.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to management’s determination of the owner of the tenant improvements and the related impact on the timing and amount of revenue recognition, included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of controls over revenue recognition, including the determination of the owner of tenant improvements and the timing and amounts of rental revenues to be recognized over the term of the related lease.
•We selected a sample of lease agreements and performed the following to evaluate the appropriateness of management’s conclusions regarding the owner of the tenant improvements and the timing and amount of revenue recognition:
–Evaluated the reasonableness and consistency of the factors considered by management to determine the owner of the tenant improvements and compared such factors to the terms in the lease agreement or other supporting documents.
–Tested tenant improvement costs (including the amounts funded by the Company or the tenant) by reconciling the amounts recorded by the Company to invoices or other supporting documents and evaluated whether the costs were consistent with the terms of the lease agreement and the Company’s ownership determination.
–Tested the timing and amounts recognized as rental property revenues, including any amortization of deferred revenue or lease incentives, by independently calculating such rental revenue amounts to be recognized and comparing it to the amounts recorded by the Company.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Atlanta, Georgia
February 9, 2023
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2002.
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COUSINS PROPERTIES INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Assets: |  |  |
Real estate assets: |  |  |
Operating properties, net of accumulated depreciation of $1,079,662 and $874,988 in 2022 and 2021, respectively | $ | 6,738,354 |  |  | $ | 6,506,910 |
Projects under development | 111,400 |  |  | 174,803 |
Land | 158,430 |  |  | 157,681 |
| 7,008,184 |  |  | 6,839,394 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 5,145 |  |  | 8,937 |
Restricted cash | — |  |  | 1,231 |
Accounts receivable | 8,653 |  |  | 12,553 |
Deferred rents receivable | 184,043 |  |  | 154,866 |
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures | 112,839 |  |  | 77,811 |
Intangible assets, net | 136,240 |  |  | 168,553 |
Other assets, net | 81,912 |  |  | 48,689 |
Total assets | $ | 7,537,016 |  |  | $ | 7,312,034 |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Notes payable | $ | 2,334,606 |  |  | $ | 2,237,509 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 271,103 |  |  | 224,523 |
Deferred income | 128,636 |  |  | 74,515 |
Intangible liabilities, net | 52,280 |  |  | 63,223 |
Other liabilities | 103,442 |  |  | 111,864 |
Total liabilities | 2,890,067 |  |  | 2,711,634 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Equity: |  |  |
Stockholders' investment: |  |  |
Common stock, $1 par value per share, 300,000,000 shares authorized, 154,019,214 and 151,272,969 issued and 151,457,190 and 148,688,036 outstanding in 2022 and 2021, respectively | 154,019 |  |  | 151,273 |
Additional paid-in capital | 5,630,327 |  |  | 5,549,308 |
Treasury stock at cost, 2,562,024 and 2,584,933 shares in 2022 and 2021, respectively | (147,157) |  |  | (148,473) |
Distributions in excess of cumulative net income | (1,013,292) |  |  | (985,338) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 1,767 |  |  | — |
Total stockholders' investment | 4,625,664 |  |  | 4,566,770 |
Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests | 21,285 |  |  | 33,630 |
Total equity | 4,646,949 |  |  | 4,600,400 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 7,537,016 |  |  | $ | 7,312,034 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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COUSINS PROPERTIES INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |
Rental property revenues | $ | 753,511 |  |  | $ | 739,063 |  |  | $ | 721,883 |
Fee income | 6,119 |  |  | 15,559 |  |  | 18,226 |
Other | 2,660 |  |  | 451 |  |  | 231 |
| 762,290 |  |  | 755,073 |  |  | 740,340 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Rental property operating expenses | 258,371 |  |  | 259,461 |  |  | 250,850 |
Reimbursed expenses | 2,024 |  |  | 2,476 |  |  | 1,580 |
General and administrative expenses | 28,319 |  |  | 29,321 |  |  | 27,034 |
Interest expense | 72,537 |  |  | 67,027 |  |  | 60,605 |
Impairment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,829 |
Depreciation and amortization | 295,587 |  |  | 288,092 |  |  | 288,648 |
Transaction costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 428 |
Other | 2,134 |  |  | 2,131 |  |  | 2,091 |
| 658,972 |  |  | 648,508 |  |  | 646,065 |
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | 7,700 |  |  | 6,801 |  |  | 7,947 |
Gain on sales of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | 56,267 |  |  | 13,083 |  |  | 45,767 |
Gain (loss) on investment property transactions | (9) |  |  | 152,547 |  |  | 90,125 |
Gain on extinguishment of debt | 169 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income | 167,445 |  |  | 278,996 |  |  | 238,114 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (652) |  |  | (410) |  |  | (836) |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 166,793 |  |  | $ | 278,586 |  |  | $ | 237,278 |
Net income per common share — basic and diluted | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 1.87 |  |  | $ | 1.60 |
Weighted average shares — basic | 150,113 |  |  | 148,666 |  |  | 148,277 |
Weighted average shares — diluted | 150,419 |  |  | 148,891 |  |  | 148,636 |
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 1.24 |  |  | $ | 1.20 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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COUSINS PROPERTIES INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common stockholders | $ | 166,793 |  |  | $ | 278,586 |  |  | $ | 237,278 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges | 1,063 |  | — |  | —
Amortization of cash flow hedges | 704 |  | — |  | —
Total other comprehensive income | 1,767 |  | — |  | —
Total comprehensive income | $ | 168,560 |  |  | $ | 278,586 |  |  | $ | 237,278 |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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COUSINS PROPERTIES INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(In thousands, except per share data)

|  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Distributions in Excess of Cumulative Net Income |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  | Stockholders’ Investment |  | Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity
Balance December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 1,717 |  |  | $ | 149,347 |  |  | $ | 5,493,883 |  |  | $ | (148,473) |  |  | $ | (1,137,200) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,359,274 |  |  | $ | 68,561 |  |  | $ | 4,427,835 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 237,278 |  |  | — |  |  | 237,278 |  |  | 836 |  |  | 238,114 |
Common stock issued pursuant to stock based compensation |  | — |  |  | 90 |  |  | (397) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (307) |  |  | — |  |  | (307) |
Common stock issued pursuant to unitholder redemption |  | (1,717) |  |  | 1,719 |  |  | 45,032 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,034 |  |  | (45,034) |  |  | — |
Amortization of stock based compensation, net of forfeitures |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | 4,244 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,237 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,237 |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,197 |  |  | 5,197 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,156) |  |  | (1,156) |
Common dividends ($1.20 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (178,382) |  |  | — |  |  | (178,382) |  |  | — |  |  | (178,382) |
Balance December 31, 2020 |  | — |  |  | 151,149 |  |  | 5,542,762 |  |  | (148,473) |  |  | (1,078,304) |  |  | — |  |  | 4,467,134 |  |  | 28,404 |  |  | 4,495,538 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 278,586 |  |  | — |  |  | 278,586 |  |  | 410 |  |  | 278,996 |
Common stock issued pursuant to stock based compensation |  | — |  |  | 126 |  |  | 426 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 552 |  |  | — |  |  | 552 |
Amortization of stock based compensation, net of forfeitures |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 6,120 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,118 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,118 |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,154 |  |  | 6,154 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,338) |  |  | (1,338) |
Common dividends ($1.24 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (185,620) |  |  | — |  |  | (185,620) |  |  | — |  |  | (185,620) |
Balance December 31, 2021 |  | — |  |  | 151,273 |  |  | 5,549,308 |  |  | (148,473) |  |  | (985,338) |  |  | — |  |  | 4,566,770 |  |  | 33,630 |  |  | 4,600,400 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 166,793 |  |  | — |  |  | 166,793 |  |  | 652 |  |  | 167,445 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,767 |  |  | 1,767 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,767 |
Common stock sold, net of issuance costs |  | — |  |  | 2,632 |  |  | 100,488 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103,120 |  |  | — |  |  | 103,120 |
Common stock issued pursuant to stock based compensation |  | — |  |  | 120 |  |  | (312) |  |  | 1,316 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,124 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,124 |
Amortization of stock based compensation, net of forfeitures |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | 8,481 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,475 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,475 |
Acquisition of partners' noncontrolling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27,638) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27,638) |  |  | (15,749) |  |  | (43,387) |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,866 |  |  | 2,866 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (114) |  |  | (114) |
Common dividends ($1.28 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (194,747) |  |  | — |  |  | (194,747) |  |  | — |  |  | (194,747) |
Balance December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 154,019 |  |  | $ | 5,630,327 |  |  | $ | (147,157) |  |  | $ | (1,013,292) |  |  | $ | 1,767 |  |  | $ | 4,625,664 |  |  | $ | 21,285 |  |  | $ | 4,646,949 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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COUSINS PROPERTIES INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 167,445 |  |  | $ | 278,996 |  |  | $ | 238,114 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sales of investment in unconsolidated joint ventures | (56,267) |  |  | (13,083) |  |  | (45,767) |
Loss (gain) on investment property transactions | 9 |  |  | (152,547) |  |  | (90,125) |
Impairment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,829 |
Depreciation and amortization | 295,587 |  |  | 288,092 |  |  | 288,648 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs and premium on notes payable | (99) |  |  | (437) |  |  | (888) |
Equity-classified stock-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures | 10,138 |  |  | 7,459 |  |  | 5,298 |
Effect of non-cash adjustments to rental revenues | (41,731) |  |  | (39,473) |  |  | (52,593) |
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | (7,700) |  |  | (6,801) |  |  | (7,947) |
Operating distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures | 5,399 |  |  | 11,542 |  |  | 9,303 |
Gain on extinguishment of debt | (169) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Changes in other operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Change in receivables and other assets, net | 1,723 |  |  | 5,500 |  |  | (2,439) |
Change in operating liabilities, net | (9,169) |  |  | 10,230 |  |  | (5,345) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 365,166 |  |  | 389,478 |  |  | 351,088 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from investment property sales, net | — |  |  | 555,333 |  |  | 435,833 |
Proceeds from sale of interest in unconsolidated joint ventures, net | 38,831 |  |  | 67,066 |  |  | 53,601 |
Property acquisition, development, and tenant asset expenditures | (342,241) |  |  | (787,810) |  |  | (619,602) |
Return of capital distributions from unconsolidated joint venture | 16,805 |  |  | 39,422 |  |  | 2,151 |
Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures | (47,894) |  |  | (65,077) |  |  | (4,285) |
Change in notes receivable and other assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | (161) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (334,499) |  |  | (191,066) |  |  | (132,463) |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from credit facility | 428,700 |  |  | 855,500 |  |  | 575,500 |
Repayment of credit facility | (600,600) |  |  | (859,400) |  |  | (594,600) |
Proceeds from term loans | 400,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | — |
Repayment of term loans | — |  |  | (250,000) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from mortgages | 42,118 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repayment of mortgages | (168,401) |  |  | (109,469) |  |  | (38,700) |
Payment of deferred financing costs | (8,231) |  |  | (2,989) |  |  | (73) |
Issuance of common stock | 103,120 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of treasury stock | 514 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common dividends paid | (192,275) |  |  | (182,840) |  |  | (176,263) |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests | 2,866 |  |  | 6,154 |  |  | 5,197 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | (114) |  |  | (1,338) |  |  | (1,156) |
Acquisition of partner's noncontrolling interest | (43,387) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net cash used in financing activities | (35,690) |  |  | (194,382) |  |  | (230,095) |
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH | (5,023) |  |  | 4,030 |  |  | (11,470) |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD | 10,168 |  |  | 6,138 |  |  | 17,608 |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH AT END OF PERIOD | $ | 5,145 |  |  | $ | 10,168 |  |  | $ | 6,138 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents
COUSINS PROPERTIES INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1.DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Description of Business: Cousins Properties Incorporated (“Cousins”), a Georgia corporation, is a fully integrated, self-administered, and self-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”). Cousins conducts substantially all of its business through Cousins Properties, LP ("CPLP"). Cousins owns in excess of 99% of CPLP and consolidates CPLP. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, limited partners owned the remaining 25,000 common units of CPLP. CPLP wholly owns Cousins TRS Services LLC ("CTRS") a taxable entity which owns and manages its own real estate portfolio and performs certain real estate related services for other parties.
Cousins, CPLP, CTRS, and their subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) develop, acquire, lease, manage, and own primarily Class A office properties and opportunistic mixed-use developments in the Sun Belt markets of the United States with a focus on Atlanta, Austin, Tampa, Phoenix, Charlotte, Dallas, and Nashville. Cousins has elected to be taxed as a REIT and intends to, among other things, distribute at least 100% of its net taxable income to stockholders, thereby eliminating any liability for federal income taxes under current law. Therefore, the results included herein do not include a federal income tax provision for Cousins. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s portfolio of real estate assets consisted of interests in 18.8 million square feet of office space and 310,000 square feet of other space.
Basis of Presentation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated partnerships and wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company presents its financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) as outlined in the Financial Accounting Standard Board’s Accounting Standards Codification (the “Codification” or “ASC”). The Codification is the single source of authoritative accounting principles applied by nongovernmental entities in the preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP.
The Company evaluates all partnerships, joint ventures, and other arrangements with variable interests to determine if the entity or arrangement qualifies as a variable interest entity (“VIE”), as defined in the Codification. If the entity or arrangement qualifies as a VIE and the Company is determined to be the primary beneficiary, the Company is required to consolidate the assets, liabilities, and results of operations of the VIE. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not have any partnerships, joint ventures, or other arrangements with variable interests that qualified as a VIE.
2.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Real Estate Assets
Cost Capitalization: Costs related to planning, developing, leasing, and constructing a property, including costs of development personnel working directly on projects under development, are capitalized. In addition, the Company capitalizes interest to qualifying assets under development based on average accumulated expenditures outstanding during the period. In capitalizing interest to qualifying assets, the Company first uses the interest incurred on specific project debt, if any, and next uses the Company’s weighted average interest rate for non-project specific debt. The Company also capitalizes interest to investments accounted for under the equity method when the investee has property under development with a carrying value in excess of the investee’s borrowings. To the extent debt exists within an unconsolidated joint venture during the construction period, the venture capitalizes interest on that venture-specific debt.
The Company capitalizes interest, real estate taxes, and certain operating expenses on the unoccupied portion of development properties, which have ongoing construction of tenant improvements, until the earlier of (i) the date on which the development project achieves 90% economic occupancy or (ii) one year from cessation of major construction activity on the core building development.
Impairment: We review our real estate assets on a property-by-property basis for impairment. This review includes our operating properties, properties under development, and land holdings.
The first step in this process is to determine whether an asset is considered to be held and used or held for sale, in accordance with accounting guidance. In order to be considered a real estate asset held for sale, we must, among other things, have the authority to commit to a plan to sell the asset in its current condition, have commenced the plan to sell the asset, and have determined that it is probable that the asset will sell within one year. If we determine that an asset is held for sale, we record an impairment loss if the fair value less costs to sell is less than the carrying amount. All real estate assets not meeting the held for sale criteria are considered to be held and used.
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In the impairment analysis for assets held and used, we must determine whether there are indicators of impairment. For operating properties, these indicators could include a decline in a property’s leasing percentage, a current period operating loss or negative cash flows combined with a history of losses at the property, a decline in lease rates for that property or others in the property’s market, a significant change in the market value of the property, or an adverse change in the financial condition of significant tenants. For projects under development, indicators could include material budget overruns, significant delays in construction, occupancy, or stabilization schedule, regulatory changes or economic trends that have a significant impact on the market, or an adverse change in the financial condition of significant future tenants. For land holdings, indicators could include an overall decline in the market value of land in the region, a decline in development activity for the intended use of the land, or other adverse economic and market conditions.
Acquisition of Real Estate Assets: The Company evaluates all real estate acquisitions to determine if the transactions qualify as an acquisition of assets or of a business. If the Company determines that substantially all of the fair value is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar assets, the Company will account for the acquisition as an acquisition of assets and not a business. If the Company determines that there is no single or group of assets that make up substantially all of the fair value of assets acquired, the Company must determine whether the acquired set of assets includes an input and substantial processes which create an output. Based on the facts of the transactions and guidance in ASC 805, if the Company determines that an input and substantial processes that create an output are present, the Company will account for the acquisition as an acquisition of a business.
For acquisitions that are accounted for as an acquisition of an asset, the Company records the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities based on each asset and liability's relative fair value at the acquisition date to the total purchase price plus capitalized acquisition costs. For acquisitions that are accounted for as an acquisition of a business, the Company records the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities at fair value at the acquisition date, excluding any acquisition costs, which are expensed as incurred. The acquired assets and assumed liabilities for an operating property acquisition generally include but are not limited to: land, buildings and improvements, and identified tangible and intangible assets and liabilities associated with in-place leases, including leasing costs, value of above-market and below-market tenant leases, value of above-market and below-market ground leases, and acquired in-place lease values, if any.
The fair value of land is derived from comparable sales of land within the same submarket and/or region. The fair value of buildings and improvements, tenant improvements, and leasing costs are based upon current market replacement costs and other relevant market rate information.
The fair value of the above-market or below-market component of an acquired lease is based upon the present value (calculated using a market discount rate) of the difference between (i) the contractual rents to be paid pursuant to the lease over its remaining term and (ii) management’s estimate of the rents that would be paid using fair market rental rates and rent escalations at the date of acquisition over the remaining term of the lease. The amounts recorded for above-market and below-market ground leases are included in intangible liabilities and intangible assets, respectively, and are amortized on a straight-line basis into rental property revenues over the remaining terms of the applicable leases.
The fair value of acquired in-place leases is derived based on management’s assessment of lost revenue and costs incurred for the period required to lease the “assumed vacant” property to the occupancy level when purchased. The amount recorded for acquired in-place leases is included in intangible assets and amortized as an increase to depreciation and amortization expense over the remaining term of the applicable leases.
Depreciation and Amortization: Real estate assets are stated at depreciated cost less impairment, if any. Buildings are depreciated over their estimated useful lives, which range generally from 30 to 40 years. The life of a particular building depends upon a number of factors including whether the building was developed or acquired and the condition of the building upon acquisition. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are depreciated over their estimated useful lives of three to five years. Tenant improvements, leasing costs, and leasehold improvements are generally amortized over the term of the applicable leases or the estimated useful life of the assets, whichever is shorter. The Company accelerates the depreciation of tenant assets if it estimates that the lease term will end prior to the termination date. This acceleration may occur if a tenant files for bankruptcy, vacates its premises, or defaults in another manner on its lease. Deferred expenses are amortized over the period of estimated benefit. The Company uses the straight-line method for all depreciation and amortization.
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Investment in Joint Ventures
For joint ventures that the Company does not control, but over which it exercises significant influence, the Company uses the equity method of accounting. The Company's judgment with regard to its level of influence or control of an entity involves consideration of various factors including the form of its ownership interest; its representation in the entity's governance; its ability to participate in policy-making decisions; and the rights of other investors to participate in the decision-making process, to replace the Company as manager, and/or to liquidate the venture. These ventures are recorded at cost and adjusted for equity in earnings (losses) and cash contributions and distributions. Any difference between the carrying amount of these investments on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and the underlying equity in net assets on the joint venture’s balance sheet is adjusted as the related underlying assets are depreciated, amortized, or sold. The Company generally allocates income and loss from an unconsolidated joint venture based on the venture's distribution priorities, which may be different from its stated ownership percentage.
The Company evaluates the recoverability of its investment in unconsolidated joint ventures in accordance with accounting standards for equity investments by first reviewing each investment for any indicators of impairment. If indicators are present, the Company estimates the fair value of the investment. If the carrying value of the investment is greater than the estimated fair value, management makes an assessment of whether the impairment is “temporary” or “other-than-temporary.” In making this assessment, management considers the following: (i) the length of time and the extent to which fair value has been less than cost, (ii) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the entity, and (iii) the Company’s intent and ability to retain its interest long enough for a recovery in market value. If management concludes that the impairment is "other than temporary," the Company reduces the investment to its estimated fair value.
Noncontrolling Interest
The Company consolidates CPLP and certain joint ventures in which it owns a controlling interest. In cases where the entity’s documents do not contain a required redemption clause, the Company records the partner’s share of the entity in the equity section of the balance sheets in nonredeemable noncontrolling interests. In cases where the entity’s documents contain a provision requiring the Company to purchase the partner’s share of the venture at a certain value upon demand or at a future date, if any, the Company records the partner’s share of the entity in redeemable noncontrolling interests on the balance sheets. The outside partners' interests in CPLP are redeemable on a one-for-one basis, upon demand, into shares of common stock of the Company or, at the Company's sole discretion, into the cash equivalent of such share of common stock. Therefore, noncontrolling interests associated with CPLP are considered nonredeemable noncontrolling interests. The noncontrolling partners' share of all consolidated entities' income is reflected in net income attributable to noncontrolling interest on the statements of operations.
Revenue Recognition
Rental Property Revenues: The Company recognizes contractual revenues from leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective lease. If we determine the improvements are our assets, we capitalize the cost of the improvements and recognize depreciation expense associated with such improvements over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the term of the lease. If the improvements are tenant assets, we defer the cost of improvements funded by us as a lease incentive asset and amortize it as a reduction of rental revenue over the term of the lease. Our determination of whether improvements are our assets or tenant assets also affects when we commence revenue recognition in connection with a lease. The Company records deferred revenue for the portion of company owned tenant improvements funded by or reimbursed by tenants and amortizes this amount on a straight-line basis into rental income over the term of the related lease. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had unamortized deferred income related to tenant funded tenant improvements of $100.1 million and $30.2 million, respectively, included in deferred income on the consolidated balance sheets.
Certain leases also provide for percentage rents based upon the level of sales achieved by the lessee. Percentage rents are recognized once the specified sales target is achieved. In addition, leases typically provide for reimbursement of the tenants' share of real estate taxes, insurance, and other operating expenses to the Company. Operating expense reimbursements are recognized as the related expenses are incurred. During 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recognized $160.7 million, $155.5 million, and $142.5 million, respectively, in revenues from tenants related to operating expense reimbursements.
The Company makes valuation adjustments to all tenant-related accounts receivable based upon its estimate of the likelihood of collectibility of amounts due from the tenant. The amount of any valuation adjustment is based on the tenant’s credit and business risk, history of payment, and other factors considered by management.
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In limited circumstances to date, the Company has entered into lease amendments with certain tenants, a majority of which are small retail operators who have experienced disruptions in their business as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of these agreements forgive rents and extend the lease term for the equivalent number of months at the end of the original lease and others provide for forgiveness without extension. Rent forgiveness, with or without extensions, is accounted for as lease modifications, and the Company recognizes the effects over time through straight-line rent over the lease term. Other agreements provide for payment deferrals without extensions. The Company accounts for these deferral agreements as lease modifications and has included these deferred payments in deferred rents receivable on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Fee Income: The Company recognizes development, management, and leasing fees as it satisfies the related performance obligations under the respective contracts. The Company recognizes development and leasing fees received from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and related salaries and other direct costs incurred by the Company as income and expense based on the percentage of the joint venture which the Company does not own. Correspondingly, the Company adjusts its investment in unconsolidated joint ventures when fees are paid to the Company by a joint venture in which the Company has an ownership interest.
Gain on Investment Property Transactions: The Company recognizes a gain on the sale of investment property at the time the buyer obtains control of the investment property. If the Company maintains any continuing involvement with the investment property, that continuing involvement is considered to be one or more additional performance obligations and additional gains or losses will be recognized as these performance obligations are satisfied.
When the Company gains control of a previously unconsolidated investment accounted for under the equity method of accounting, it records a gain for the difference between the carrying value of its equity method investment and the fair value of that investment on the date control is gained.
Income Taxes
The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). To qualify as a REIT, the Company must distribute annually at least 90% of its adjusted taxable income, as defined in the Code, to its stockholders and satisfy certain other organizational and operating requirements. It is management’s current intention to adhere to these requirements and maintain the Company's REIT status. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax at the corporate level on the taxable income it distributes to its stockholders. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal income taxes at regular corporate rates and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent taxable years. The Company may be subject to certain state and local taxes on its income and property, and to federal income taxes on its undistributed taxable income.
CTRS is a C-Corporation for federal income tax purposes and uses the liability method for accounting for income taxes. Tax return positions are recognized in the financial statements when they are “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained upon examination by the taxing authority. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences. Temporary differences are differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future periods. A valuation allowance may be placed on deferred income tax assets, if it is determined that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset may not be realized.
Stock Compensation
The Company accounts for stock-based employee compensation using the fair value measurement method. We classify share-based payment awards granted in exchange for employee services as either equity awards or liability awards. Equity-classified awards are measured based on the fair value on the date of grant. Awards that are to be settled in cash are classified as liability awards. The value of all of the Company's share-based awards is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award - the requisite service period (usually the vesting period). No compensation costs are recognized for awards for which employees do not complete the requisite service period.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company manages its exposure to interest rate risk associated with its floating-rate debt using derivative financial instruments, specifically interest rate swaps. The principal objective of such arrangements is to minimize the risks and/or costs associated with the Company's operating and financial structure, as well as to hedge specific anticipated transactions. Interest rate swaps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.
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The Company does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Derivatives are carried at fair value on the balance sheet as either other assets or other liabilities. If the hedging instrument is designated as a cash flow hedge and is determined to be highly effective, any gain or loss from changes in the fair value of the hedging instruments are reported as a component of other comprehensive income included in the equity section of the balance sheet. When the forecasted transaction occurs, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedge is reclassified from other comprehensive income to the income statement.
The Company regularly assesses the effectiveness of the hedge relationships between the hedging instrument and the underlying exposure being hedged. The Company also regularly assesses the effectiveness of its risk management strategies and its use of derivative financing instruments.
Earnings per Share
Net income per share-basic is calculated as net income available to common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, including nonvested restricted stock which has nonforfeitable dividend rights. Net income per share-diluted is calculated as net income available to common stockholders plus noncontrolling interests in CPLP divided by the diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted weighted average number of common shares uses the same weighted average share number as in the basic calculation and adds the potential dilution that would occur if (i) the outside units in CPLP were converted into the Company's common stock, (ii) any forward sales contracts of our common stock were settled, and (iii) equity-based restricted stock units ("RSUs") as well as shares to be issued under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) were vested and settled resulting in additional common shares outstanding, all calculated using the treasury stock method, as applicable. RSUs are dilutive if the shares to be granted (assuming the end of the reporting period is the end of the measurement of any required market and performance achievement) exceed the shares assumed to be repurchased under the treasury stock method (using related unamortized compensation costs as proceeds). Shares to be issued under the ESPP are dilutive if the estimated shares to be purchased under the plan based on current enrollment elections exceed the shares assumed to be repurchased under the treasury stock method (using both employee ESPP contributions and related unamortized compensation costs as proceeds).
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include unrestricted cash and highly-liquid money market instruments. Highly-liquid money market instruments include securities and repurchase agreements with original maturities of three months or less, money market mutual funds, and United States Treasury Bills with maturities of 30 days or less.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash primarily includes escrow accounts held by lenders for reserves or to pay real estate taxes.
Determination of Fair Values
The Company uses fair values in the preparation of the financial statements and related footnote disclosures under the Fair Value Hierarchy prescribed by GAAP. The hierarchy is used to determine fair values of long-lived assets when recording impairments (see note 4), disclosing fair values of debt as of the balance sheet date (see note 9), and recording cash flow hedges (see note 10). All of these determinations are made based on Level 2 inputs, which are described more fully in the respective footnotes. Fair values used for stock compensation are based on the assumptions and methodologies described in note 15 and are excepted from the Fair Value Hierarchy disclosure requirements.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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3. TRANSACTIONS WITH NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY
On March 1, 2019, the Company entered into a series of agreements and executed related transactions with Norfolk Southern Railway Company (“NS”) as follows:
•Sold land to NS for $52.5 million.
•Executed a Development Agreement with NS whereby the Company received fees totaling $5.0 million in consideration for development services for NS’s corporate headquarters that has been constructed on the land sold to NS.
•Executed a Consulting Agreement with NS whereby the Company received fees totaling $32.0 million in consideration for consulting services for NS’s corporate headquarters. The Development Agreement and Consulting Agreement are collectively referred to below as the “Fee Agreements.”
•Purchased a building from NS (“Promenade Central”) for $82.0 million subject to a three-year market rate lease with NS that covered the entire building and expired December 31, 2021.
The Company sold the land to NS for $5.0 million above its carrying amount, which included $37.0 million of land purchased in 2018, $6.5 million of land purchased in 2019, and $4.0 million of site preparation work. The Company purchased Promenade Central from NS for an amount it determined to be $10.3 million below the building’s fair value.
The Company determined that all contracts and transactions associated with NS should be combined for accounting purposes, and the amounts exchanged under the combined contracts should be allocated to the various components of the overall transaction at fair value or market value as discussed below. The Company determined that the purchase of Promenade Central should be recorded at fair value of $92.3 million. The Company determined that the lease with NS at the Promenade Central building was at market value under ASC 842. The land sale was accounted for under ASC 610-20, and no gain or loss was recorded on the derecognition of this non-financial asset as the fair value was determined to equal the carrying amount. Consideration related to various services provided to NS, and accounted for under ASC 606, was determined to be $52.3 million and represents the negotiated market value for the services agreed to by the Company and NS in the contracts. This amount included non-cash consideration of the $10.3 million discount on the purchase of Promenade Central as well as cash consideration of $5.0 million from the land sale contract (difference between fair value and contract amount), $5.0 million from the Development Agreement, and $32.0 million from the Consulting Agreement. Since all of the agreements and contracts above were executed for the purpose of delivering and constructing a corporate headquarters for NS and all of the services and deliverables are highly interdependent, the Company determined that the services represent a single performance obligation under ASC 606.
The Company determined that control of the services to be provided is being transferred over time and, thus, the Company recognized the $52.3 million contract price in revenue as it satisfied the performance obligation. The Company determined that the inputs method of measuring progress of satisfying the performance obligation was the most appropriate method of recognizing revenue for the services component. Therefore, the Company began recognizing revenue on March 1, 2019, based upon the time spent by the Company’s employees in providing these services as compared to the total estimated time required to satisfy the performance obligation. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recognized $3.2 million, $11.9 million, and $14.9 million, respectively, in fee income in the consolidated statements of operations related to the services provided to NS. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had deferred income related to NS included in the consolidated balance sheet of $1.8 million. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had no deferred income related to NS included in the consolidated balance sheet, and all revenue related to this performance obligation had been recognized.
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4. REAL ESTATE
Acquisitions
During 2021, the Company acquired three office properties. The following table summarizes these transactions and the resulting purchase price allocations ($ in thousands):

| 300 Colorado (1) |  | Heights Union |  | 725 Ponce |
Gross Purchase Price | $ | 162,500 |  |  | $ | 144,800 |  |  | $ | 300,200 |  |
Acquisition Date | December 2021 |  | October 2021 |  | July 2021 |
Square Feet | 369,000 |  |  | 294,000 |  |  | 372,000 |  |
Market | Austin |  | Tampa |  | Atlanta |
Purchase Price Allocation |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating properties | $ | 297,259 |  |  | $ | 133,489 |  |  | $ | 292,946 |  |
| 297,259 |  |  | 133,489 |  |  | 292,946 |  |
Intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |
In-place leases | 13,974 |  |  | 5,894 |  |  | 12,788 |  |
Below market ground lease | 840 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
Above market leases | 21 |  |  | 1,322 |  |  | 1,770 |  |
| 14,835 |  |  | 7,216 |  |  | 14,558 |  |
Intangible liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Below market leases | (10,369) |  |  | (2,501) |  |  | (6,739) |  |
| (10,369) |  |  | (2,501) |  |  | (6,739) |  |
Total net assets (2) | $ | 301,725 |  |  | $ | 138,204 |  |  | $ | 300,765 |  |

(1) Purchase price represents cost of acquiring partners' 50% interest in 300 Colorado Project LP, resulting in consolidation of this previously unconsolidated property (see note 6 for more information on this transaction).
(2) Represents amounts, including acquisition costs, assigned to the net assets consolidated in the balance sheet upon acquisition.
During 2021, the Company acquired two land parcels. The following table summarizes these transactions ($ in thousands):

| Market |  | Acres |  | Gross Purchase Price |
887 West Peachtree | Atlanta |  | 0.7 |  | $ | 10,000 |  |
3354/3356 Peachtree | Atlanta |  | 0.2 |  | $ | 8,000 |  |

Dispositions
During 2021, the Company sold three office properties. The following table summarizes these transactions ($ in thousands):

Property |  | Location |  | Date |  | Square Feet |  | Sales Price |  | Gain on Sale, Net |
816 Congress |  | Austin |  | December 2021 |  | 435,000 |  |  | $ | 174,000 |  |  | $ | 77,200 |  |
One South at the Plaza |  | Charlotte |  | July 2021 |  | 891,000 |  |  | $ | 271,500 |  |  | $ | 12,700 |  |
Burnett Plaza |  | Fort Worth |  | April 2021 |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 137,500 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |

The Company sold the properties noted above as part of its ongoing investment strategy, using these proceeds to fund new investment activity. The Company recorded a gain of $90.1 million from the 2021 sales.
In July 2021, the Company sold 0.7 acres of land in Phoenix, adjacent to our 100 Mill development, to a hotel developer for $6.4 million. Net proceeds approximated our book value.
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Impairment
The Company tests for impairment whenever changes in circumstances indicate a building’s carrying value may not be recoverable. The test is conducted using undiscounted cash flows for the shorter of the building’s estimated hold period or its remaining useful life. When testing for recoverability of buildings held for investment, projected cash flows are used over its expected hold period. If the expected hold period includes some likelihood of shorter-term hold period from a potential sale, the probability of a sale is layered into the analysis. If any building's held for investment analysis were to fail the impairment test, its book value would be written down to its then current estimated fair value, before any selling expense, and that building would continue to depreciate over its remaining useful life. None of the Company’s buildings were impaired during any periods presented while under the held for investments classification.
During the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company decided to accept an offer, with conditions, on Burnett Plaza. Based on the status of this offer as of December 31, 2020, the Company concluded the sale was probable within one year and, therefore, transferred the assets and liabilities of the building to held for sale. Because the carrying value of the building exceeded the expected net sale proceeds (including selling costs), the Company recorded a $14.8 million impairment charge in the accompanying statement of operations. The net proceeds were based on the third-party offer to purchase (a Level 2 input under authoritative guidance for fair value measurements).
The Company may record additional impairment charges if operating results of individual buildings are materially different from our forecasts, the economy and the office industry weakens, or we shorten our contemplated holding period for additional buildings.
5. GROUND LEASES
At December 31, 2022, the Company had three properties subject to operating ground leases with a weighted average remaining term of 78 years and one finance ground lease with a remaining term of three years. At December 31, 2022, the Company had right-of-use assets from operating ground leases of $45.8 million included in operating properties or land on the consolidated balance sheet and right-of-use assets from finance ground leases of $3.7 million included in land on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2022, the Company had lease liabilities for operating and finance ground leases of $49.6 million and $3.6 million, respectively, included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The weighted average discount rate used in determining these liabilities associated with ground leases at December 31, 2022 was 4.3%.
Rental payments on these ground leases are adjusted periodically based on either the Consumer Price Index, changes in developed square feet on the underlying leased asset, or on a pre-determined schedule. The monthly payments on a pre-determined schedule are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases while payments resulting from changes in the Consumer Price Index or future development are reflected in the statement of operations at the time of the change.
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recognized operating ground lease expense of $2.9 million, $4.1 million, and $4.3 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company had no variable lease expenses related to ground lease expense, and recognized interest expense related to finance ground leases of $162,000. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company paid $2.1 million in cash related to operating ground leases and made $162,000 in cash payments related to financing ground leases.
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The following table represents the undiscounted cash flows of our scheduled obligations for future minimum payments for ground leases as of December 31, 2022, with a reconciliation of these cash flows to the related ground lease liabilities in accordance with ASC 842 ($ in thousands):

| Operating Ground Leases |  | Finance Ground Leases
2023 | $ | 1,925 |  |  | $ | 162 |
2024 | 1,933 |  |  | 162 |
2025 | 1,958 |  |  | 3,676 |
2026 | 2,006 |  |  | — |
2027 | 2,010 |  |  | — |
Thereafter | 173,313 |  |  | — |
| $ | 183,145 |  |  | $ | 4,000 |
Discount | (133,571) |  |  | (445) |
Lease liability | $ | 49,574 |  |  | $ | 3,555 |

The following table represents the undiscounted cash flows of our scheduled obligations for future minimum payments for ground leases as of December 31, 2021, with a reconciliation of these cash flows to the related ground lease liabilities in accordance with ASC 842 ($ in thousands):

| Operating Ground Leases |  | Finance Ground Leases
2022 | $ | 1,921 |  |  | $ | 162 |
2023 | 1,925 |  |  | 162 |
2024 | 1,933 |  |  | 162 |
2025 | 1,958 |  |  | 3,676 |
2026 | 2,006 |  |  | — |
Thereafter | 175,323 |  |  | — |
| $ | 185,066 |  |  | $ | 4,162 |
Discount | (135,596) |  |  | (607) |
Lease liability | $ | 49,470 |  |  | $ | 3,555 |

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6. INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURES
The following information summarizes financial data and principal activities of the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures. The information included in the following table entitled summary of financial position is as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands). The information included in the summary of operations table is for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 ($ in thousands).

SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL POSITION
| Total Assets |  | Total Debt |  | Total Equity (Deficit) |  | Company's Investment |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Operating Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AMCO 120 WT Holdings, LLC | $ | 81,136 |  |  | $ | 83,546 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 80,509 |  |  | $ | 82,739 |  |  | $ | 14,856 |  |  | $ | 15,347 |  |
Crawford Long - CPI, LLC | 22,857 |  |  | 24,709 |  |  | 62,856 |  |  | 64,566 |  |  | (39,691) |  |  | (40,221) |  |  | (19,173) |  | (1) | (19,356) |  | (1)
Under Development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Neuhoff Holdings LLC | 321,338 |  |  | 133,691 |  |  | 115,940 |  |  | 28,390 |  |  | 177,734 |  |  | 93,218 |  |  | 93,647 |  |  | 47,529 |  |
Land: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
715 Ponce Holdings LLC | 8,333 |  |  | 8,150 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,332 |  |  | 8,150 |  |  | 4,261 |  |  | 4,165 |  |
Sold and Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Carolina Square Holdings LP | — |  |  | 113,011 |  |  | — |  |  | 132,654 |  |  | — |  |  | (34,066) |  |  | — |  |  | (15,786) |  | (1)
HICO Victory Center LP | 158 |  |  | 16,421 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,818 |  |  | 15,962 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 10,723 |  |
Other | — |  |  | 518 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |
| $ | 433,822 |  |  | $ | 380,046 |  |  | $ | 178,796 |  |  | $ | 225,610 |  |  | $ | 232,702 |  |  | $ | 125,793 |  |  | $ | 93,666 |  |  | $ | 42,669 |  |

(1) These negative balances are included in deferred income on the consolidated balance sheets.

SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS
| Total Revenues |  | Net Income (Loss) |  | Company's Income (Loss) from Investment
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Operating Properties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AMCO 120 WT Holdings, LLC | $ | 10,844 |  |  | $ | 8,894 |  |  | $ | 3,000 |  |  | $ | 3,245 |  |  | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 2,740 |  |  | $ | 632 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | (552) |
Crawford Long - CPI, LLC | 13,298 |  |  | 13,118 |  |  | 12,650 |  |  | 4,530 |  |  | 4,032 |  |  | 3,797 |  |  | 2,117 |  |  | 1,869 |  |  | 1,808 |
Under Development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Neuhoff Holdings LLC | 140 |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | 94 |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |
Land: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
715 Ponce Holdings LLC | 287 |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | 183 |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |
Sold and Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Carolina Square Holdings LP | 12,071 |  |  | 16,518 |  |  | 14,581 |  |  | 503 |  |  | 2,187 |  |  | 3,061 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 982 |  |  | 1,472 |
HICO Victory Center LP | 92 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 6,735 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 4,546 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 178 |
Austin 300 Colorado Project, LP | 33 |  |  | 8,747 |  |  | 841 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 2,012 |  |  | 466 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 972 |  |  | 233 |
Charlotte Gateway Village, LLC | — |  |  | 378 |  |  | 6,692 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 369 |  |  | 3,202 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 185 |  |  | 1,658 |
DC Charlotte Plaza LLLP | (5) |  |  | 15,217 |  |  | 20,439 |  |  | (28) |  |  | 5,491 |  |  | 7,272 |  |  | (36) |  |  | 2,539 |  |  | 3,380 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,300 |  |  | — |  |  | (151) |  |  | 515 |  |  | 31 |  |  | (38) |  |  | (230) |
| $ | 36,760 |  |  | $ | 63,239 |  |  | $ | 62,859 |  |  | $ | 15,278 |  |  | $ | 14,917 |  |  | $ | 21,409 |  |  | $ | 7,700 |  |  | $ | 6,801 |  |  | $ | 7,947 |

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Joint Ventures with Operating Properties
AMCO 120 WT Holdings, LLC ("AMCO") — AMCO is a joint venture between the Company, with a 20% interest, and affiliates of AMLI Residential (“AMLI”), with an 80% interest, formed to develop, own, and operate 120 West Trinity, a mixed-use property in Decatur, Georgia. The property contains 33,000 square feet of office space, 19,000 square feet of retail space, and 330 apartment units. Initial contributions to the joint venture for the purchase of land were funded entirely by AMLI. Subsequent contributions are funded in proportion to the members' percentage interests. The assets of the venture in the above table include a cash balance of $407,000 at December 31, 2022.
Crawford Long—CPI, LLC ("Crawford Long") — Crawford Long is a 50-50 joint venture between the Company and Emory University that owns Emory University Hospital Midtown, a 358,000 square foot medical office building located in Atlanta, Georgia. Crawford Long has a $62.9 million, 3.5% fixed rate mortgage note which matures on June 1, 2023. The assets of the venture in the above table include a cash balance of $2.0 million at December 31, 2022.
Joint Ventures with Properties Under Development
Neuhoff Holdings LLC ("Neuhoff") — Neuhoff is a 50-50 joint venture between the Company and Neuhoff Acquisition LLC ("JPM") formed for the purpose of developing a $563.0 million mixed-use property in Nashville, Tennessee. The Company made an initial contribution of $35.1 million for its interest in the land and development costs incurred prior to joint venture formation. In addition to the existing assets of the joint venture, Neuhoff also has rights to adjacent parcels for future development. On September 30, 2021, the joint venture closed on a construction loan with a borrowing capacity up to $312.7 million. The mortgage bears interest at the London Interbank Offering Rate ("LIBOR") plus 3.45% to 3.60% and matures on September 30, 2025. The assets of the venture in the above table include a cash balance of $961,000 at December 31, 2022.
Joint Ventures with Land Holdings
715 Ponce Holdings LLC ("715 Ponce") — 715 Ponce is a 50-50 joint venture between the Company and 715 Acquisition LLC ("JPM") formed for the purpose of a future development in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia. The Company made an initial contribution of $4.0 million for its interest in the land held by the joint venture. The assets of the venture in the above table include a cash balance of $114,000 at December 31, 2022.
Sold and Other Joint Ventures
Carolina Square Holdings LP ("Carolina Square") — Carolina Square was a 50-50 joint venture between the Company and NR 123 Franklin LLC ("Northwood Ravin"), that owned and operated a mixed-use property in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. On September 29, 2022, the Company sold its 50% interest in Carolina Square to its partner for a gross sales price of $105.0 million. The Company recognized a gain of $56.3 million on the sale of its interest in Carolina Square, net of $179,000 of state income tax.
HICO Victory Center LP ("HICO") — HICO is a joint venture between the Company and Hines Victory Center Associates Limited Partnership ("Hines Victory"), which owned a land parcel in Dallas, Texas. The Company funded 75% of the cost of land while Hines Victory funded 25%. Pursuant to the joint venture agreement, all predevelopment expenditures, other than land, were funded equally by the partners. On June 30, 2022, HICO sold the land parcel for a gross price of $23.1 million. The Company's share of the $6.8 million gain from the transaction was $4.5 million and is included in income from unconsolidated joint ventures on the statements of operations. The Company accounted for its investment in HICO under the equity method because it did not control the activities of the venture. The assets of the venture in the above table include a cash balance of $158,000 at December 31, 2022.
Austin 300 Colorado Project, LP ("300 Colorado") — 300 Colorado was a 50-50 joint venture between the Company, 3C Block 28 Partners, LP ("3CB"), and 3C RR Xylem, LP ("3CRR"), formed to develop, own, and operate a 369,000 square foot office property in Austin, Texas. On December 2, 2021, the Company purchased the remaining 50% interest from its partners for a gross price of $162.5 million. As a result, the Company consolidated 300 Colorado and recorded the assets and liabilities at fair value on the transaction date. The construction loan was paid off concurrent with the Company's purchase of its partners' interest. Upon consolidation, the Company recognized a $62.5 million gain on this acquisition achieved in stages and recorded this amount in gain on investment property transactions.
Charlotte Gateway Village, LLC ("Gateway") — Gateway was a 50-50 joint venture between the Company and Bank of America Corporation (“BOA”), which owned and operated Gateway Village, a 1.1 million square foot office building in Charlotte, North Carolina. On March 31, 2020 the Company sold its interest in Gateway to its partner for a gross purchase price of $52.2 million. The sale was triggered by the exercise of the partner's purchase option and the proceeds from this sale represented a 17% internal rate of return for the Company on its invested capital, as stipulated in the partnership
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agreement. The Company recognized a gain of $44.6 million on the sale of its interest in Gateway included in gain on sales of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, net of $227,000 of state income tax.
DC Charlotte Plaza LLLP ("Charlotte Plaza") — Charlotte Plaza was a 50-50 joint venture between the Company and Dimensional Fund Advisors ("DFA"), formed to develop, own, and operate DFA's 281,000 square foot regional headquarters building in Charlotte, North Carolina. On September 30, 2021, the Company sold its interest in Charlotte Plaza for a gross price of $60.8 million. The sale was triggered by the exercise of the partner's purchase option as stipulated in the partnership agreement. The Company recognized a gain of $13.1 million on the sale of its interest in Charlotte Plaza and recorded this amount in gain on sales of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
CL Realty, LLC ("CL Realty") — CL Realty was a 50-50 joint venture between the Company and Forestar Group, Inc., that owned land near Padre Island in Texas. In December 2020, CL Realty sold the land to a third party. The Company's share of net proceeds was $2.2 million and share of loss on the sale, included in income from unconsolidated joint ventures, was $598,000.
TEMCO Associates, LLC ("Temco") — Temco was a 50-50 joint venture between the Company and Forestar Group, Inc., that owned a golf course in Georgia. In December 2020, the Company sold its remaining interest in Temco, to its venture partner for a gross purchase price of $786,000 and recognized a loss of $145,000 on the sale, included in gain on sales of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
Wildwood Associates ("Wildwood") — Wildwood was a 50-50 joint venture between the Company and IBM which owned 6.3 acres of undeveloped land in the Wildwood Office Park in Atlanta, Georgia. In February 2020, the Company sold its remaining interest in the Wildwood Associates joint venture to its venture partner for a gross purchase price of $900,000. The Company recognized a gain of $1.3 million on the sale of its interest in Wildwood Associates, which included elimination of the remaining negative basis in the joint venture of $520,000 and which is included in the gain on sales of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
At December 31, 2022, the Company's unconsolidated joint ventures had aggregate outstanding indebtedness to third parties of $178.8 million. These loans are mortgage or construction loans, all of which are non-recourse to the Company, except as described above. In addition, in certain instances, the Company provides “non-recourse carve-out guarantees” on these non-recourse loans.
The Company recognized $2.8 million, $3.3 million, and $2.6 million of development, leasing, and management fees, including salary and expense reimbursements, from unconsolidated joint ventures in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
7. INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, intangible assets and liabilities included the following ($ in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Intangible Assets: |  |  |  |
In-place leases, net of accumulated amortization of $131,021 and $134,930 in 2022 and 2021, respectively |  | $ | 102,080 |  |  | $ | 129,538 |
Below-market ground leases, net of accumulated amortization of $1,860 and $1,449 in 2022 and 2021, respectively |  | 17,393 |  |  | 17,804 |
Above-market leases, net of accumulated amortization of $25,085 and $25,423 in 2022 and 2021, respectively |  | 15,093 |  |  | 19,537 |
Goodwill |  | 1,674 |  |  | 1,674 |
|  | $ | 136,240 |  |  | $ | 168,553 |
Intangible Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Below-market leases, net of accumulated amortization of $48,994 and $55,079 in 2022 and 2021 |  | $ | 52,280 |  |  | $ | 63,223 |

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Aggregate net amortization expense related to intangible assets and liabilities was $21.4 million, $32.7 million, and $43.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Over the next five years and thereafter, aggregate amortization of these intangible assets and liabilities is anticipated to be as follows ($ in thousands):

| In-Place Leases |  | Below-Market Ground Leases |  | Above-Market Leases |  | Below-Market Leases |  | Total
2023 | $ | 20,764 |  |  | $ | 400 |  |  | $ | 3,338 |  |  | $ | (9,386) |  |  | $ | 15,116 |
2024 | 18,238 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 2,699 |  |  | (8,647) |  |  | 12,690 |
2025 | 15,447 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 2,096 |  |  | (8,093) |  |  | 9,850 |
2026 | 12,291 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 1,673 |  |  | (6,531) |  |  | 7,833 |
2027 | 9,684 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 1,251 |  |  | (4,972) |  |  | 6,363 |
Thereafter | 25,656 |  |  | 15,393 |  |  | 4,036 |  |  | (14,651) |  |  | 30,434 |
| $ | 102,080 |  |  | $ | 17,393 |  |  | $ | 15,093 |  |  | $ | (52,280) |  |  | $ | 82,286 |
Weighted average remaining lease term | 7 years |  | 59 years |  | 7 years |  | 7 years |  |

8. OTHER ASSETS
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, other assets included the following ($ in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Predevelopment costs and earnest money |  | $ | 50,009 |  |  | $ | 20,677 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment, leasehold improvements, and other deferred costs, net of accumulated depreciation of $18,860 and $18,560 in 2022 and 2021, respectively |  | 11,824 |  |  | 13,772 |
Lease inducements, net of accumulated amortization of $5,129 and $3,721 in 2022 and 2021, respectively |  | 8,091 |  |  | 5,735 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | 6,438 |  |  | 6,998 |
Credit Facility deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $135 and $5,976 in 2022 and 2021, respectively |  | 5,550 |  |  | 1,507 |
|  | $ | 81,912 |  |  | $ | 48,689 |

Predevelopment costs represent amounts that are capitalized related to predevelopment projects that the Company determined are probable of future development.
Lease inducements are incentives paid to tenants in conjunction with leasing space, such as moving costs, sublease arrangements of prior space, and other costs. These amounts are amortized into rental revenues over the individual underlying lease terms.
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9. NOTES PAYABLE
The following table summarizes the terms of notes payable outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021 ($ in thousands):

Description |  | Interest Rate (1) |  | Maturity (2) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Unsecured Notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit Facility |  | 5.30% |  | 2027 |  | $ | 56,600 |  |  | $ | 228,500 |
Term Loan |  | 5.45% |  | 2025 |  | 400,000 |  |  | — |
Term Loan |  | 5.38% |  | 2024 |  | 350,000 |  |  | 350,000 |
Senior Note |  | 3.95% |  | 2029 |  | 275,000 |  |  | 275,000 |
Senior Note |  | 3.91% |  | 2025 |  | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |
Senior Note |  | 3.86% |  | 2028 |  | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |
Senior Note |  | 3.78% |  | 2027 |  | 125,000 |  |  | 125,000 |
Senior Note |  | 4.09% |  | 2027 |  | 100,000 |  |  | 100,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  | 1,806,600 |  |  | 1,578,500 |
Secured Mortgage Notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fifth Third Center |  | 3.37% |  | 2026 |  | 130,168 |  |  | 133,672 |
Terminus (3) |  | 6.34% |  | 2031 |  | 221,000 |  |  | 184,239 |
Colorado Tower |  | 3.45% |  | 2026 |  | 109,552 |  |  | 112,150 |
Domain 10 |  | 3.75% |  | 2024 |  | 74,521 |  |  | 76,412 |
Promenade Tower (4) |  | 4.27% |  | 2022 |  | — |  |  | 89,052 |
Legacy Union One (4) |  | 4.24% |  | 2023 |  | — |  |  | 66,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  | 535,241 |  |  | 661,525 |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,341,841 |  |  | $ | 2,240,025 |
Unamortized premium |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3,910 |
Unamortized loan costs |  |  |  |  |  | (7,235) |  |  | (6,426) |
Total Notes Payable |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,334,606 |  |  | $ | 2,237,509 |

(1) Interest rate as of December 31, 2022.
(2) Weighted average maturity of notes payable outstanding at December 31, 2022 was 4.0 years.
(3) Represents $123.0 million and $98.0 million non-cross-collateralized mortgages secured by the Terminus 100 and Terminus 200, buildings, respectively.
(4) These mortgages were paid off, in full, in October 2022.
Credit Facility
On May 2, 2022, the Company entered into a Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Credit Facility") under which the Company may borrow up to $1 billion if certain conditions are satisfied. The Credit Facility recasts the Prior Facility by, among other things, extending the maturity date from January 3, 2023 to April 30, 2027, and reducing certain per annum variable interest rate spreads and other fees. The Credit Facility contains financial covenants consistent with those of the Prior Facility, with the exception of an increase in the secured leverage ratio to no more than 50%.
The interest rate applicable to the Credit Facility varies according to the Company's leverage ratio and may, at the election of the Company, be determined based on either (1) the Daily Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% ("Adjusted SOFR") and a spread of between 0.90% and 1.40%, or (2) the greater of Bank of America's prime rate, the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% and 1.00%, or 1.00%, plus a spread of between 0.00% and 0.40%, based on leverage. In addition to the interest rate, the Credit Facility is also subject to a facility fee of 0.15% to 0.30%, depending on leverage, on the entire $1 billion capacity.
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At December 31, 2022, the Credit Facility's interest rate spread over Adjusted SOFR was 0.90%, and the facility fee spread was 0.15%. The amount that the Company may draw under the Credit Facility is a defined calculation based on the Company's unencumbered assets and other factors. The total available borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility was $943.4 million at December 31, 2022. The amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility may be accelerated upon the occurrence of any events of default.
Through May 2, 2022, the Company had a $1 billion senior unsecured line of credit (the "Prior Facility") that was scheduled to mature on January 3, 2023. The Prior Facility contained financial covenants that required, among other things, the maintenance of unencumbered interest coverage ratio of at least 1.75x; a fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.50x; a secured leverage ratio of no more than 40%; and an overall leverage ratio of no more than 60%. The Prior Facility also contained customary representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, as well as customary events of default.
The interest rate applicable to the Prior Facility varied according to the Company's leverage ratio, and was, at the election of the Company, determined based on either (1) LIBOR plus a spread of between 1.05% and 1.45%, or (2) the greater of Bank of America's prime rate, the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, or the one-month LIBOR plus 1.0% (the "Base Rate"), plus a spread of between 0.10% or 0.45%, based on leverage.
Term Loans
On October 3, 2022, the Company entered into a Delayed Draw Term Loan Agreement (the "2022 Term Loan") and borrowed the full $400 million available under the loan. The loan matures on March 3, 2025 with four consecutive options to extend the maturity date for an additional six months. The interest rate provisions are the same as the 2021 Term Loan, and the covenants are the same as the Credit Facility.
On June 28, 2021, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement (the "2021 Term Loan") that amended the former term loan agreement. Under the 2021 Term Loan, the Company has borrowed $350 million that matures on August 30, 2024 with four consecutive options to extend the maturity date for an additional 180 days. On September 19, 2022, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the 2021 Term Loan. This amendment aligns covenants and available interest rates, including the addition of SOFR, to that of the Credit Facility. Under the terms of this First Amendment, the interest rate applicable to the 2021 Term Loan varies according to the Company's leverage ratio and may, at the election of the Company, be determined based on either (1) the Daily SOFR or Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% ("Adjusted SOFR") and a spread of between 1.05% and 1.65%, or (2) the greater of Bank of America's prime rate, the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% and 1.00%, or 1.00%, plus a spread of between 0.05% and 0.65%, based on leverage. On September 19, 2022, the Company provided notice of our election of the Daily SOFR Rate Loan provisions.
On September 27, 2022, the Company entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with respect to the $350 million 2021 Term Loan through the maturity date of August 30, 2024. This swap effectively fixed the underlying SOFR rate at 4.23%. See note 10 for more information on this cash flow hedge.
At December 31, 2022, the 2021 and 2022 Term Loan's spread over Adjusted SOFR rate was 1.05%.
Unsecured Senior Notes
The Company has unsecured senior notes of $1.0 billion that were funded in five tranches. The first tranche of $100 million is due in 2027 and has a fixed annual interest rate of 4.09%. The second tranche of $250 million is due in 2025 and has a fixed annual interest rate of 3.91%. The third tranche of $125 million is due in 2027 and has a fixed annual interest rate of 3.78%. The fourth tranche of $250 million is due in 2028 and has a fixed annual interest rate of 3.86%. The fifth tranche of $275 million is due in 2029 and has a fixed annual interest rate of 3.95%.
The unsecured senior notes contain financial covenants that are consistent with those of our Credit Facility. The senior notes also contain customary representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, as well as customary events of default.
Secured Mortgage Notes
In December 2022, the Company refinanced mortgages on the Company's two Terminus properties in Atlanta with the lender. Under the new mortgage, the maturities were extended from January 2023 to January 2031, the combined principal increased to $221.0 million, and the interest rate is now 6.34%.
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In October 2022, the Company paid off, in full, its Legacy Union One and Promenade Tower mortgages.
In June 2021, the Company executed a collateral substitution for the mortgage previously secured by the Company's 816 Congress property in Austin, which was sold in December 2021. The mortgage is now secured by the Company's Domain 10 property in Austin. All other terms of the note were unchanged.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $535.2 million outstanding on five non-recourse mortgage notes. All interest rates on the secured mortgage notes are fixed. Assets with depreciated carrying values of $910.2 million were pledged as security on these mortgage notes payable.
Other Debt Information
The Company is in compliance with all of the covenants related to its unsecured and secured debt.
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the estimated fair value of the Company’s notes payable was $2.2 billion and $2.3 billion, respectively, c alculated by discounting the debt's remaining contractual cash flows at estimated rates at which similar loans could have been obtained at December 31, 2022 and 2021. The estimate of the current market rate, which is the most significant input in the discounted cash flow calculation, is intended to replicate debt of similar maturity and loan-to-value relationship. These fair value calculations are considered to be Level 2 under the guidelines as set forth in ASC 820 as the Company utilizes market rates for similar type loans from third party brokers.
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, interest was recorded as follows ($ in thousands):

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Total interest incurred | $ | 87,937 |  |  | $ | 73,284 |  |  | $ | 74,929 |
Interest capitalized | (15,400) |  |  | (6,257) |  |  | (14,324) |
Total interest expense | $ | 72,537 |  |  | $ | 67,027 |  |  | $ | 60,605 |

Debt Maturities
Future principal payments due (including scheduled amortization payments and payments due upon maturity) on the Company's notes payable at December 31, 2022 are as follows ($ in thousands):

2023 | $ | 8,274 |
2024 | 429,087 |
2025 | 656,755 |
2026 | 220,125 |
2027 | 281,600 |
Thereafter | 746,000 |
| $ | 2,341,841 |

10. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
On September 27, 2022, the Company entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with respect to the $350 million 2021 Term Loan through the maturity date of August 30, 2024. This swap effectively fixed the underlying SOFR rate at 4.23%.
The Company's objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to mange its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. During 2022, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with the 2021 Term Loan (referred to as a "cash flow hedge").
For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.
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The counterparty under this swap is a major financial institution, and the swap contains provisions whereby if the Company defaults on certain of its indebtedness, and such default results in repayment of such indebtedness being, or becoming capable of being, accelerated by the lender, then the Company could also be declared in default under the swap. There are no collateral requirements related to this swap.
As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of this swap was $1.8 million. This $1.8 million is included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
The table below presents the effect of the Company's derivative financial instruments on the Income Statement as of December 31, 2022 ($ in thousands):

Cash Flow Hedge: | 2022 |  |  |  |
Amount of gain recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income on interest rate derivatives | $ | 1,063 |  |  |  |  |
Amount of loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income as interest expense | $ | 704 |  |  |  |  |
Total amount of interest expense presented in the consolidated income statements | $ | 72,537 |  |  |  |  |

Over the next twelve months, we estimate that $1.8 million will be reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income as a reduction of interest expense.
The fair value of this hedge is determined using observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities. These inputs are considered Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy and the Company engages a third party expert to determine these inputs. The fair value of the cash flow hedge is determined using the conventional industry methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments and the discounted expected variable cash receipts made between the Company and its counterparty to the cash flow hedge. These variable cash receipts are based on the expectation of future interest rates which are derived from observed market interest rate curves. In addition, any credit valuation adjustments are considered in the fair values to account for potential nonperformance risk to the extent they would be significant inputs to the calculation. For the periods presented, it was determined that credit valuation adjustments were not considered to be significant inputs.
11. OTHER LIABILITIES
Other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 included the following ($ in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Ground lease liability |  | $ | 53,129 |  |  | $ | 53,025 |
Prepaid rent |  | 33,165 |  |  | 37,174 |
Security deposits |  | 14,635 |  |  | 12,875 |
Restricted stock unit liability |  | 1,048 |  |  | 7,314 |
Other liabilities |  | 1,465 |  |  | 1,476 |
|  | $ | 103,442 |  |  | $ | 111,864 |

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12. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Commitments
The Company had outstanding performance bonds totaling $692,000 at December 31, 2022. As a lessor, the Company had a total of $181.3 million in future obligations under leases to fund tenant improvements and other future construction obligations at December 31, 2022.
Litigation
The Company is subject to various legal proceedings, claims and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which are expected to be covered by liability insurance. Management makes assumptions and estimates concerning the likelihood and amount of any potential loss relating to these matters using the latest information available. The Company records a liability for litigation if an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. If an unfavorable outcome is probable and a reasonable estimate of the loss is a range, the Company accrues the best estimate within the range. If no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company accrues the minimum amount within the range. If an unfavorable outcome is probable but the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated, the Company discloses the nature of the litigation and indicates that an estimate of the loss or range of loss cannot be made. If an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible and the estimated loss is material, the Company discloses the nature and estimate of the possible loss of the litigation. The Company does not disclose information with respect to litigation where an unfavorable outcome is considered to be remote or where the estimated loss would not be material. Based on current expectations, such matters, both individually and in the aggregate, are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the liquidity, results of operations, business or financial condition of the Company.
13. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
In the third quarter of 2021, the Company entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with six financial institutions known as an at-the-market stock offering program ("ATM program"), under which the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock from time to time in "at-the-market" offerings with an aggregate gross sales price of up to $500 million. In connection with the ATM program, Cousins may, at its discretion, enter into forward equity sale agreements. The use of a forward equity sale agreement ("Forward Sales") would allow the Company to lock in a share price on the sale of shares of its common stock at the time the agreement is executed, but defer receiving the proceeds from the sale of shares until a later date, allowing the Company to better align such funding with its capital needs. Sales of shares of Cousins' stock through its banking relationships, if any, are made in amounts and at times to be determined by Cousins from time to time, but the Company has no obligation to sell any of the shares in the offering and may suspend sales in connection with the offering at any time. Sales of Cousins' common stock under Forward Sales, if undertaken, meet the derivatives and hedging guidance scope exception as the contracts are related to the Company's own stock.
On April 21, 2022, the Company purchased the 10% non-controlling interest in one of its consolidated partnerships for $43.4 million. As a result of this transaction, the $15.8 million non-controlling interest book value was removed from the Company's balance sheet, and the $27.6 million of the purchase price in excess of the non-controlling interest book value was recorded as a reduction in additional paid-in-capital.
On June 29, 2022, the Company issued 2.6 million shares of common stock that had been executed under Forward Sales at an average price of $39.92 per share for gross proceeds of $105.1 million. To date the Company has issued 2.6 million shares under the ATM program and has generated cash proceeds of $101.4 million, net of $1.1 million of compensation to be paid with respect to such Forward Sales, $1.7 million of dividends owed during the period the Forward Sales were outstanding, and $900,000 of other transaction related costs. To the extent, prior to settlement, shares sold under Forward Sales were potentially dilutive during the period under the treasury stock method, the impact of such dilution is disclosed in the calculation included in Note 18. The Company did not have any outstanding Forward Sales for the sale of its common stock as of December 31, 2022.
The first annual offering period for the Cousins Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") ended on November 30, 2022, with employees purchasing a total of 22,909 shares. In 2022, the Company settled the employee purchase of shares through the ESPP by issuing treasury shares to participants. The 22,909 shares sold had a basis of $1.3 million, or $57.44 per share.
Ownership Limitations — In order to minimize the risk that the Company will not meet one of the requirements for qualification as a REIT, the Company's Articles of Incorporation include certain restrictions on the ownership of more than 3.9% of the Company’s total common and preferred stock, subject to waiver by the Board of Directors.
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Distribution of REIT Taxable Income — The following reconciles dividends paid and dividends applied in 2022, 2021, and 2020 to meet REIT distribution requirements ($ in thousands):

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Common and preferred dividends | $ | 192,275 |  |  | $ | 182,839 |  |  | $ | 176,272 |
Dividends treated as taxable compensation | (231) |  |  | (192) |  |  | (167) |
Dividends applied to meet current year REIT distribution requirements | $ | 192,044 |  |  | $ | 182,647 |  |  | $ | 176,105 |

Tax Status of Distributions — The following summarizes the components of the taxability of the Company’s common stock distributions for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

| Total Distributions Per Share |  | Ordinary Dividends |  | Long-Term Capital Gain |  | Unrecaptured Section 1250 Gain |  |  |  |  |  | Section 199A Dividends |  | Section 1061 One Year Amounts Disclosure (1) |  | Section 1061 Three Year Amounts Disclosure (1)
2022 | $ | 1.270000 |  |  | $ | 0.880788 |  |  | $ | 0.389212 |  |  | $ | 0.045470 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.880788 |  |  | $ | 0.389212 |  |  | $ | 0.389212 |
2021 | $ | 1.230000 |  |  | $ | 1.230000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.230000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2020 | $ | 1.190000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.190000 |  |  | $ | 0.417166 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.320351 |  |  | $ | 0.320351 |

(1) |  | Amounts included in Box 2a, Total Capital Gain Distributions, for purposes of section 1061 of the Internal Revenue Code. Section 1061 is generally applicable to direct and indirect holders of “applicable partnership interests."

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14. REVENUE RECOGNITION
The Company categorizes its primary sources of revenue into revenue from contracts with customers and other revenue accounted for as leases under ASC 842 as follows:
•Rental property revenues consist of (1) contractual revenues from leases recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective lease; (2) percentage rents recognized once a specified sales target is achieved; (3) parking revenue; (4) termination fees; and (5) the reimbursement of the tenants' share of real estate taxes, insurance, and other operating expenses. The Company's leases typically include renewal options and are classified and accounted for as operating leases. Rental property revenues are accounted for in accordance with the guidance set forth in ASC 842.
•Fee income consists of development fees, management fees, and leasing fees earned from unconsolidated joint ventures and from third parties. Fee income is accounted for in accordance with the guidance set forth in ASC 606.
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recognized rental property revenues of $753.5 million, $739.1 million, and $721.9 million, respectively, of which $212.3 million, $199.0 million, and $188.1 million, respectively, represented variable rental revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recognized fee and other revenue of $8.8 million, $16.0 million, and $18.5 million, respectively. The following tables set forth the future minimum rents to be received by consolidated entities under existing non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 respectively ($ in thousands):

December 31, 2022
2023 |  | $ | 521,193 |
2024 |  | 529,605 |
2025 |  | 498,106 |
2026 |  | 459,579 |
2027 |  | 421,998 |
Thereafter |  | 1,588,897 |
|  | $ | 4,019,378 |

December 31, 2021
2022 |  | $ | 496,020 |
2023 |  | 487,110 |
2024 |  | 472,827 |
2025 |  | 432,553 |
2026 |  | 387,711 |
Thereafter |  | 1,516,491 |
|  | $ | 3,792,712 |

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15. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The Company has several types of stock-based compensation — stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), and the ESPP.
The Company's compensation expense in 2022 relates to restricted stock and RSUs awarded in 2022, 2021, 2020, and 2019. Restricted stock and the 2022, 2021, and 2020 RSUs are equity-classified awards (settled in shares of the Company) for which compensation expense per share is fixed. The 2019 RSUs are liability-classified awards (settled in cash) for which the expense fluctuates from period to period dependent, in part, on the Company's stock price. For 2022, 2021, and 2020, stock-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures, was recorded as follows ($ in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Equity-classified awards: |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock |  | $ | 3,151 |  |  | $ | 2,677 |  |  | $ | 2,555 |
Market-based RSUs |  | 4,073 |  | 2,532 |  | 1,255
Performance-based RSUs |  | 1,173 |  | 881 |  | 428
Director grants |  | 1,471 |  | 890 |  | 1,060
Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  | 191 |  | 25 |  | —
|  | 10,059 |  | 7,005 |  | 5,298
Liability-classified awards |  |  |  |  |  |
Market-based RSUs |  | — |  |  | 1,942 |  |  | 2,498 |
Performance-based RSUs |  | — |  |  | 456 |  |  | 258 |
Service-based RSUs |  | (146) |  |  | 690 |  |  | 633 |
Dividend equivalent units |  | 69 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 675 |
|  | (77) |  |  | 3,652 |  |  | 4,064 |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 9,982 |  |  | $ | 10,657 |  |  | $ | 9,362 |

On April 23, 2019, the Company's stockholders approved the Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan (the "2019 Plan") which allows the Company to issue awards of stock options, stock grants, or stock appreciation rights to employees and directors. The 2019 Plan also allows the Company to issue awards to employees that are paid in cash or stock on the vesting date in an amount equal to the fair market value, as defined, of one share of the Company’s stock. As of December 31, 2022, 3,249,833 shares were authorized to be awarded pursuant to the 2019 Plan. During the periods presented the Company also maintained the Cousins Properties Incorporated 2009 Incentive Stock Plan (the "2009 Plan") and the Cousins Properties Incorporated 2005 Restricted Stock Unit Plan (the “RSU Plan”), as amended, although no further issuances are permitted under the 2009 Plan or RSU Plan.
Equity-Classified Awards
During 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company granted three types of equity-classified awards to key employees: (1) RSUs based on the total stockholder return ("TSR) of the Company, as defined, relative to that of office peers included a published office REIT index (the "Market-based RSUs"), (2) RSUs based on the ratio of cumulative funds from operations ("FFO") per share to targeted cumulative funds from operations per share (the “Performance-based RSUs”), (3) and restricted stock. Subsequent to year end, on February 6, 2023, the Company made modifications to its Market-based RSUs awards granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020. The modifications were made to clarify the definition of the peer group used to measure TSR award achievement. The modifications do not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.
The RSU awards are equity-classified awards to be settled in stock with issuance dependent upon the attainment of required service, market, and performance criteria. For the Market-based RSUs the Company expenses an estimate of the fair value of the awards on the grant date, calculated using a Monte Carlo valuation at grant date, ratably over the vesting period, adjusting only for forfeitures when they occur. The expense of these Market-based RSUs is not adjusted for the number of awards that actually vest. For the Performance-based RSUs the Company expenses the awards over the vesting period using the grant date fair market value of the Company's stock on the grant date. The expense is recognized ratably over the vesting period and adjusted each quarter based on the number of shares expected to vest and for forfeitures when they occur. The measurement period for both the market-based and performance-based RSUs is three years starting on January 1 of the year of issuance and ending on December 31 of the third year. The ultimate settlement of these awards can range from 0% to 200% of the targeted number of units depending on the achievement of the market and performance metrics described above.
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In 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company granted, at target, 141,899, 145,413, and 101,485 of RSUs, respectively, to employees, which vest on December 31 of the last year of the respective three-year FFO and TSR measurement period.
The Company estimates future expense for all equity-classified RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2022 to be $5.2 million (using estimated vesting percentages for Performance-based RSUs as of December 31, 2022), which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.
In 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company granted 99,758, 102,262, and 71,421 shares, respectively, of restricted stock to employees, which vest ratably over three years from the issuance date. The Company records restricted stock in common stock and additional paid-in capital at fair value on the grant date, with the offsetting deferred compensation also recorded in additional paid-in capital. The Company records compensation expense over the vesting period. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $3.8 million of unrecognized compensation cost included in additional paid-in capital related to restricted stock, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.9 years. The total vesting date fair value of the restricted stock which vested during 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $2.9 million, $1.9 million, and $3.2 million, respectively.
The following table summarizes equity-classified employee stock compensation award activity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (shares in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Fair Market Value at Grant |  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Fair Market Value at Grant |  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Fair Market Value at Grant
Shares unvested at beginning of the year |  | 409 |  |  | $38.63 |  | 221 |  |  | $41.90 |  | 141 |  |  | $34.81
Granted |  | 242 |  |  | $43.30 |  | 248 |  |  | $35.44 |  | 173 |  |  | $44.13
Vested |  | (169) |  |  | $41.54 |  | (58) |  |  | $37.47 |  | (82) |  |  | $34.69
Forfeited |  | (19) |  |  | $41.05 |  | (2) |  |  | $39.27 |  | (11) |  |  | $41.10
Shares unvested at end of year |  | 463 |  |  | $39.91 |  | 409 |  |  | $38.63 |  | 221 |  |  | $41.90

The Monte Carlo valuation used to determine the grant date fair value of the equity-classified Market-based RSUs included the following assumptions for those RSUs granted in 2022, 2021, and 2020:

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Volatility | (1) | 37.7 | % |  | 37.5 | % |  | 18.0 | %
Risk-free rate | (2) | 1.39 | % |  | 0.17 | % |  | 1.34 | %
Stock beta | (3) | 1.02 | % |  | 1.04 | % |  | 1.04 | %

(1) Based on historical volatility over three years using daily stock price.
(2) Reflects the yield on three-year Treasury bonds.
(3) Betas are calculated with up to three years of daily stock price data.
Dividend equivalents for the 2022, 2021, and 2020 RSUs will be settled in shares of the Company's common stock based upon the number of units vested. The Company accrues for these dividend equivalent units over the measurement period as dividends are declared and they are included in distributions in excess of cumulative net income on the consolidated balance sheet. The targeted number of non-vested equity-classified RSUs at December 31, 2022 is 278,371.
All shares of restricted stock receive dividends and have voting rights during the vesting period.
At December 31, 2021 and 2022, the Company had no stock options outstanding to key employees and outside directors. In 2022, 2021, and 2020, there were no stock option grants to employees or directors, and the Company recognized no compensation expense related to stock options. During 2021, the Company issued 24,626 shares for option exercises.
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The following is a summary of stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020 (options in thousands):

|  |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  |  |  |  |  | Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Option |  | Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Option
Outstanding at beginning of year |  |  |  |  |  | 28 |  |  | $25.55 |  | 67 |  |  | $23.13
Exercised |  |  |  |  |  | (28) |  |  | $25.55 |  | (37) |  |  | $21.28
Forfeited/expired |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | (2) |  |  | $22.76
Outstanding at end of year |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 28 |  |  | $25.55

In 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company also granted 44,549, 34,912, and 34,059 shares, respectively, of stock to independent members of the board of directors which vested immediately on the issuance date.
Liability-Classified Awards
During 2019, the Company awarded three types of liability-classified awards to key employees: (1) Market-based RSUs, (2) Performance-based RSUs, (3) and Service-based RSUs.
The 2019 Market-based and Performance-based RSU awards are liability-classified awards and were settled in cash in 2022 based upon the attainment of required market, performance, and service criteria for the three years ended December 31, 2021. For the 2019 Market-based RSUs, the Company expensed an estimate of the fair value of the awards over the vesting period using a quarterly Monte Carlo valuation. For the 2019 Performance-based RSUs, the Company expensed the awards over the vesting period using the fair market value of the Company’s stock at the reporting date multiplied by the anticipated number of units to be paid based on the current estimate of what the ratio is expected to be upon vesting.
The 2019 Service-based RSUs vest in February 2023. The Company expenses the awards ratably over the vesting period using the fair market value of the Company's stock at the reporting date.
The following table summarizes the Company's liability-classified award activity, at target, during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (shares in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
|  | Shares |  |  |  | Shares |  |  |  | Shares |  |
Shares unvested at beginning of the year |  | 43 |  |  |  |  | 135 |  |  |  |  | 316 |  |  |
Vested |  | — |  |  |  |  | (92) |  |  |  |  | (172) |  |  |
Forfeited |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (9) |  |  |
Shares unvested at end of year |  | 43 |  |  |  |  | 43 |  |  |  |  | 135 |  |  |

Market-based and Performance-based RSUs, dividend equivalent units were paid based on the percentage vested. For the 2019 RSU grants, dividend equivalent units were paid in February 2022. The Company accrues and expenses these dividend equivalent units as compensation over the service period as dividends are declared, based on the latest projected vesting percentage.
For Time-vested RSUs, dividend equivalent units are paid based on the number of RSUs granted. For the 2019 time-vested RSU grants, dividend equivalent units will be paid out at the time of vesting in February 2023. The Company accrues and expenses these dividend equivalent units as compensation over the service period as dividends are declared.
The Company estimates future expense the Service-based liability-classified RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2022 to be $31,000 (using stock prices as of December 31, 2022), which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.1 years. There were no Market-based or Performance-based liability awards outstanding as of December 31, 2022. During 2022, total cash paid for all types of liability-classified RSUs and related dividend payments was $6.6 million.
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Employee Stock Purchase Plan
On October 26, 2021, the Company’s board of directors adopted the ESPP, which was approved by stockholders at the 2022 annual meeting. Pursuant to the ESPP, employees may contribute up to 15% of their cash compensation during annual purchase periods for the purchase of Cousins’ common stock up to an annual maximum of $21,250 per employee. On each purchase period ending November 30, participants’ individual account balances are used to acquire shares of common stock at 85% of the Company’s closing price as of December 1 (the beginning of the purchase period) or November 30 (the end of the purchase period), whichever is lower.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, 78 and 95 employees were enrolled in the plan, respectively. As of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, 22,909 shares of common stock have been purchased under the ESPP. The total purchase date fair value of the shares purchased during 2022 was $604,000. Contributions for the purchase period ending November 30, 2023 are expected to be $588,000. Contributions for the purchase period ending November 30, 2022 were $514,000. As of December 31, 2022, the Company estimates future expense related to the open purchase period to be $137,000.
16. RETIREMENT SAVINGS PLAN
The Company maintains a defined contribution plan (the “Retirement Savings Plan”) pursuant to Section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) which covers active regular employees. Employees are eligible to participate in the Retirement Savings Plan immediately upon hire, and pre-tax contributions are allowed up to the limits set by the Code. The Company contributes 3% of an employee's eligible compensation to the plan, which is fully vested after the employee has been with the Company for two years. The Company may change this percentage at its discre tion; and, in addition, the Company could decide to make discretionary contributions in the future. The Company contributed $1.0 million, $1.0 million, and $1.0 million to the Retirement Savings Plan for the 2022, 2021, and 2020 plan years, respectively.
17. INCOME TAXES
The net income tax benefit differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to CTRS' income before taxes as follows ($ in thousands):

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
| Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate |  | Amount |  | Rate
Federal income tax benefit (expenses) | $ | 85 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 346 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 125 |  |  | 21 | %
State income tax benefit (expense), net of federal income tax effect | 16 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 4 |
Deferred tax adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | 4 |
Capital loss (gain) | (29) |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | 404 |  |  | 68 |
Valuation allowance | (60) |  |  | (15) |  |  | (346) |  |  | (26) |  |  | (586) |  |  | (98) |
Other | (12) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (56) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 1 |
Benefit applicable to net income (loss) | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %

The tax effect of significant temporary differences representing deferred tax assets and liabilities of CTRS as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows ($ in thousands):

| 2022 |  | 2021
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 27 |
Federal and state tax net operating loss carryforwards | 1,636 |  |  | 1,163 |
Federal and state tax capital loss carryforwards | 179 |  |  | 570 |
Gross deferred tax asset | 1,820 |  |  | 1,760 |
Valuation allowance | (1,820) |  |  | (1,760) |
Net deferred tax asset after valuation allowance | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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A valuation allowance is required to be recorded against deferred tax assets if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. When assessing the need for a valuation allowance, appropriate consideration should be given to all positive and negative evidence related to this realization. This evidence includes, among other things, the existence of current and recent cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the length of statutory carryforward periods, the Company’s history with loss carryforwards, and available tax planning strategies.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the net deferred tax asset of CTRS equaled $1.8 million with a valuation allowance placed against the full amount. The conclusion that a valuation allowance should be recorded as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was based on the lack of evidence that CTRS could generate future taxable income to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets.
18. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted earnings per share of the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 ($ in thousands, except per share amounts):

| Year Ended December 31
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Earnings per common share - basic: |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 167,445 |  |  | $ | 278,996 |  |  | $ | 238,114 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in CPLP |  | (143) |  |  | (56) |  |  | (315) |
Net income attributable to other noncontrolling interests |  | (509) |  |  | (354) |  |  | (521) |
Net income available for common stockholders |  | $ | 166,793 |  |  | $ | 278,586 |  |  | $ | 237,278 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares - basic |  | 150,113 |  |  | 148,666 |  |  | 148,277 |
Net income per common share - basic |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 1.87 |  |  | $ | 1.60 |
Earnings per common share - diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 167,445 |  |  | $ | 278,996 |  |  | $ | 238,114 |
Net income attributable to other noncontrolling interests |  | (509) |  |  | (354) |  |  | (521) |
Net income available for common stockholders before net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in CPLP |  | $ | 166,936 |  |  | $ | 278,642 |  |  | $ | 237,593 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares - basic |  | 150,113 |  |  | 148,666 |  |  | 148,277 |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |
Potential dilutive common shares - stock options |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |
Potential dilutive restrictive stock units - RSUs, less shares assumed purchased at market price |  | 281 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 54 |
Weighted average units of CPLP convertible into common shares |  | 25 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 297 |
Weighted average common shares - diluted |  | 150,419 |  |  | 148,891 |  |  | 148,636 |
Net income per common share - diluted |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 1.87 |  |  | $ | 1.60 |

Anti-dilutive stock options represent stock options whose exercise price exceeds the average market value of the Company’s stock and are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. The treasury stock method resulted in no dilution for these instruments during the respective periods they were outstanding as noted in the following: (1) shares expect to be issued under the ESPP for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, (2) forward contracts for the future sales of common stock under the Company's ATM for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and (3) stock options for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
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19. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Supplemental information related to cash flows, including significant non-cash activity affecting the consolidated statements of cash flows, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is as follows ($ in thousands):

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized | $ | 70,087 |  |  | $ | 68,003 |  |  | $ | 62,641 |
Income taxes paid (1) | 38 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 343 |
Non-Cash Transactions: |  |  |  |  |
Common stock dividends declared and accrued | 48,525 |  |  | 47,350 |  |  | 44,681 |
Transfer from projects under development to operating properties | 141,348 |  |  | — |  |  | 443,932 |
Tenant improvements recorded in deferred income | 80,369 |  |  | 4,541 |  |  | 15,803 |
Transfer from investment in unconsolidated joint ventures to operating properties | — |  |  | 37,777 |  |  | — |
Transfer from operating properties and related liabilities to assets and liabilities of real estate assets held for sale | — |  |  | — |  |  | 188,378 |

(1) |  | This represents state income taxes paid in conjunction with gains from sales transaction. See notes 5 and 7 for disclosure of related expense.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash recorded on the balance sheet to cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the statements of cash flows ($ in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 5,145 |  |  | $ | 8,937 |  |  | $ | 4,290 |  |  |
Restricted cash | — |  |  | 1,231 |  |  | 1,848 |  |  |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 5,145 |  |  | $ | 10,168 |  |  | $ | 6,138 |  |  |

20. REPORTABLE SEGMENTS
The Company's segments are based on the method of internal reporting which classifies operations by property type and geographical area. The segments by property type are: Office and Non-Office. The segments by geographical region are: Atlanta, Austin, Charlotte, Dallas, Phoenix, Tampa, and other markets. Included in other markets are properties located in Chapel Hill (sold in September 2022), Houston, Nashville, and Fort Worth (sold in April 2021). Included in Non-Office are retail and apartments in Chapel Hill (sold in September 2022) and Atlanta, as well as the College Street Garage in Charlotte. In the third quarter of 2021, with the sale of the Company's One South at the Plaza office property, the Company reassessed the segment for the College Street Garage and began to treat it as Non-Office for all periods presented. These reportable segments represent an aggregation of operating segments reported to the Chief Operating Decision Maker based on similar economic characteristics that include the type of property and the geographical location. Each segment includes both consolidated operations and the Company's share of joint venture operations.
Company management evaluates the performance of its reportable segments in part based on net operating income (“NOI”). NOI represents rental property revenues, less termination fees, less rental property operating expenses. NOI is not a measure of cash flows or operating results as measured by GAAP, is not indicative of cash available to fund cash needs, and should not be considered an alternative to cash flows as a measure of liquidity. All companies may not calculate NOI in the same manner. The Company considers NOI to be an appropriate supplemental measure to net income as it helps both management and investors understand the core operations of the Company's operating assets. NOI excludes corporate general and administrative expenses, reimbursed expenses, interest expense, depreciation and amortization, impairments, gains/loss on sales of real estate, gain/loss on extinguishment of debt, transaction costs and other non-operating items.
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Segment net income, amount of capital expenditures, and total assets are not presented in the following tables because management does not utilize these measures when analyzing its segments or when making resource allocation decisions. Information on the Company's segments along with a reconciliation of NOI to net income for years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 are as follows ($ in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  | Office |  | Non-Office |  |  |  | Total
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Atlanta |  | $ | 278,418 |  |  | $ | 1,791 |  |  |  |  | $ | 280,209 |
Austin |  | 249,776 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 249,776 |
Charlotte |  | 55,312 |  |  | 5,034 |  |  |  |  | 60,346 |
Dallas |  | 16,736 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 16,736 |
Phoenix |  | 57,635 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 57,635 |
Tampa |  | 70,984 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 70,984 |
Other markets |  | 28,831 |  |  | 3,931 |  |  |  |  | 32,762 |
Total segment revenues |  | 757,692 |  |  | 10,756 |  |  |  |  | 768,448 |
Less: Company's share of rental property revenues from unconsolidated joint ventures |  | (9,215) |  |  | (5,722) |  |  |  |  | (14,937) |
Total rental property revenues |  | $ | 748,477 |  |  | $ | 5,034 |  |  |  |  | $ | 753,511 |

Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Office |  | Non-Office |  | Total
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Atlanta |  | $ | 268,953 |  |  | $ | 1,459 |  |  | $ | 270,412 |
Austin |  | 247,806 |  |  | — |  |  | 247,806 |
Charlotte |  | 74,702 |  |  | 2,700 |  |  | 77,402 |
Dallas |  | 17,670 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,670 |
Phoenix |  | 50,292 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,292 |
Tampa |  | 59,614 |  |  | — |  |  | 59,614 |
Other markets |  | 39,403 |  |  | 5,257 |  |  | 44,660 |
Total segment revenues |  | 758,440 |  |  | 9,416 |  |  | 767,856 |
Less: Company's share of rental property revenues from unconsolidated joint ventures |  | (22,075) |  |  | (6,718) |  |  | (28,793) |
Total rental property revenues |  | $ | 736,365 |  |  | $ | 2,698 |  |  | $ | 739,063 |

Year Ended December 31, 2020 |  | Office |  | Non-Office |  |  |  | Total
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Atlanta |  | $ | 255,594 |  |  | $ | 602 |  |  |  |  | $ | 256,196 |
Austin |  | 210,229 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 210,229 |
Charlotte |  | 94,520 |  |  | 2,017 |  |  |  |  | 96,537 |
Dallas |  | 18,143 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 18,143 |
Phoenix |  | 50,671 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 50,671 |
Tampa |  | 54,261 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 54,261 |
Other markets |  | 59,285 |  |  | 4,895 |  |  |  |  | 64,180 |
Total segment revenues |  | 742,703 |  |  | 7,514 |  |  |  |  | 750,217 |
Less: Company's share of rental property revenues from unconsolidated joint ventures |  | (22,837) |  |  | (5,497) |  |  |  |  | (28,334) |
Total rental property revenues |  | $ | 719,866 |  |  | $ | 2,017 |  |  |  |  | $ | 721,883 |

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NOI by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 are as follows ($ in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  | Office |  | Non-Office |  |  |  | Total
Net Operating Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Atlanta |  | $ | 184,609 |  |  | $ | 1,040 |  |  |  |  | $ | 185,649 |
Austin |  | 152,806 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 152,806 |
Charlotte |  | 41,234 |  |  | 3,602 |  |  |  |  | 44,836 |
Dallas |  | 12,890 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 12,890 |
Phoenix |  | 41,544 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 41,544 |
Tampa |  | 45,187 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 45,187 |
Other markets |  | 16,879 |  |  | 2,409 |  |  |  |  | 19,288 |
Total Net Operating Income |  | $ | 495,149 |  |  | $ | 7,051 |  |  |  |  | $ | 502,200 |

Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  | Office |  | Non-Office |  |  |  | Total
Net Operating Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Atlanta |  | $ | 176,793 |  |  | $ | 622 |  |  |  |  | $ | 177,415 |
Austin |  | 146,923 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 146,923 |
Charlotte |  | 53,294 |  |  | 1,351 |  |  |  |  | 54,645 |
Dallas |  | 14,014 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 14,014 |
Phoenix |  | 36,244 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 36,244 |
Tampa |  | 38,305 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 38,305 |
Other markets |  | 22,791 |  |  | 3,383 |  |  |  |  | 26,174 |
Total Net Operating Income |  | $ | 488,364 |  |  | $ | 5,356 |  |  |  |  | $ | 493,720 |

Year Ended December 31, 2020 |  | Office |  | Non-Office |  |  |  | Total
Net Operating Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Atlanta |  | $ | 172,588 |  |  | $ | (49) |  |  |  |  | $ | 172,539 |
Austin |  | 125,215 |  |  | 1,327 |  |  |  |  | 125,215 |
Charlotte |  | 63,876 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 65,203 |
Dallas |  | 14,586 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 14,586 |
Phoenix |  | 37,358 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 37,358 |
Tampa |  | 33,440 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 33,440 |
Other markets |  | 34,346 |  |  | 3,347 |  |  |  |  | 37,693 |
Total Net Operating Income |  | $ | 481,409 |  |  | $ | 4,625 |  |  |  |  | $ | 486,034 |

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The following reconciles Net Income to Net Operating Income for each of the periods presented ($ in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 167,445 |  |  | $ | 278,996 |  |  | $ | 238,114 |  |  |  |  |
Net operating income from unconsolidated joint ventures | 9,524 |  |  | 19,223 |  |  | 18,836 |  |  |  |  |
Fee income | (6,119) |  |  | (15,559) |  |  | (18,226) |  |  |  |  |
Termination fee income | (2,464) |  |  | (5,105) |  |  | (3,835) |  |  |  |  |
Other income | (2,660) |  |  | (451) |  |  | (231) |  |  |  |  |
Reimbursed expenses | 2,024 |  |  | 2,476 |  |  | 1,580 |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative expenses | 28,319 |  |  | 29,321 |  |  | 27,034 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 72,537 |  |  | 67,027 |  |  | 60,605 |  |  |  |  |
Impairment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,829 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 295,587 |  |  | 288,092 |  |  | 288,648 |  |  |  |  |
Transaction costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 428 |  |  |  |  |
Other expenses | 2,134 |  |  | 2,131 |  |  | 2,091 |  |  |  |  |
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | (7,700) |  |  | (6,801) |  |  | (7,947) |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of investment in unconsolidated joint ventures | (56,267) |  |  | (13,083) |  |  | (45,767) |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of investment properties | 9 |  |  | (152,547) |  |  | (90,125) |  |  |  |  |
Gain on extinguishment of debt | (169) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net Operating Income | $ | 502,200 |  |  | $ | 493,720 |  |  | $ | 486,034 |  |  |  |  |

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SCHEDULE III
COUSINS PROPERTIES INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)

|  |  | Initial Cost to Company |  | Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition |  | Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Description/Metropolitan Area | Encumbrances |  | Land and Improvements |  | Buildings and Improvements |  | Land and Improvements less Cost of Sales, Transfers and Other |  | Building and Improvements less Cost of Sales, Transfers and Other |  | Land and Improvements less Cost of Sales, Transfers and Other |  | Building and Improvements less Cost of Sales, Transfers and Other |  | Total (a)(b) |  | Accumulated Depreciation (a)(b) |  | Date of Construction/ Renovation |  | Date Acquired |  | Life on Which Depreciation in 2022 Statement of Operations is Computed (c)
OPERATING PROPERTIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Domain | $ | 74,521 |  |  | $ | 65,236 |  |  | $ | 755,143 |  |  | $ | 6,006 |  |  | $ | 288,737 |  |  | $ | 71,242 |  |  | $ | 1,043,880 |  |  | $ | 1,115,122 |  |  | $ | 103,911 |  |  | — |  | 2019 |  | 5 - 40 years
Austin, TX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Terminus | 221,000 |  |  | 49,050 |  |  | 410,826 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,715 |  |  | 49,050 |  |  | 456,541 |  |  | 505,591 |  |  | 49,845 |  |  | — |  | 2019 |  | 5 - 40 years
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Northpark Town Center | — |  |  | 22,350 |  |  | 295,825 |  |  | — |  |  | 66,161 |  |  | 22,350 |  |  | 361,986 |  |  | 384,336 |  |  | 93,350 |  |  | — |  | 2014 |  | 5 - 39 years
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate Center (d) | — |  |  | 2,468 |  |  | 272,148 |  |  | 16,733 |  |  | 63,554 |  |  | 19,201 |  |  | 335,702 |  |  | 354,903 |  |  | 71,090 |  |  | — |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Tampa, FL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Spring & 8th | — |  |  | 28,131 |  |  | — |  |  | 426 |  |  | 301,770 |  |  | 28,557 |  |  | 301,770 |  |  | 330,327 |  |  | 51,746 |  |  | 2015 |  | 2015 |  | 5 - 40 years
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Buckhead Plaza | — |  |  | 35,064 |  |  | 234,111 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,902 |  |  | 35,064 |  |  | 289,013 |  |  | 324,077 |  |  | 46,738 |  |  | — |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
725 Ponce | — |  |  | 20,720 |  |  | 272,226 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,096 |  |  | 20,720 |  |  | 286,322 |  |  | 307,042 |  |  | 12,139 |  |  | — |  | 2021 |  | 5 - 40 years
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
300 Colorado (d) | — |  |  | 18,354 |  |  | 278,905 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 7,413 |  |  | 18,336 |  |  | 286,318 |  |  | 304,654 |  |  | 8,040 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 5 - 40 years
Austin, TX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hayden Ferry | — |  |  | 13,102 |  |  | 262,578 |  |  | (252) |  |  | 22,298 |  |  | 12,850 |  |  | 284,876 |  |  | 297,726 |  |  | 60,247 |  |  | — |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Phoenix, AZ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Terrace | — |  |  | 27,360 |  |  | 247,226 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,201 |  |  | 27,360 |  |  | 269,427 |  |  | 296,787 |  |  | 29,755 |  |  | — |  | 2019 |  | 5 - 40 years
Austin, TX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One Eleven Congress | — |  |  | 33,841 |  |  | 201,707 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,421 |  |  | 33,841 |  |  | 253,128 |  |  | 286,969 |  |  | 44,830 |  |  | — |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Austin, TX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Briarlake Plaza | — |  |  | 33,486 |  |  | 196,915 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,078 |  |  | 33,486 |  |  | 213,993 |  |  | 247,479 |  |  | 27,131 |  |  | — |  | 2019 |  | 5 - 40 years
Houston, TX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
San Jacinto Center | — |  |  | 34,068 |  |  | 176,535 |  |  | (579) |  |  | 26,742 |  |  | 33,489 |  |  | 203,277 |  |  | 236,766 |  |  | 34,726 |  |  | — |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Austin, TX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
3344 Peachtree | — |  |  | 16,110 |  |  | 176,153 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,615 |  |  | 16,110 |  |  | 216,768 |  |  | 232,878 |  |  | 41,789 |  |  | — |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fifth Third Center | 130,168 |  |  | 22,591 |  |  | 180,430 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,533 |  |  | 22,591 |  |  | 200,963 |  |  | 223,554 |  |  | 55,453 |  |  | — |  | 2014 |  | 5 - 40 years
Charlotte, NC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continued on next page
The RailYard | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,831 |  |  | $ | 178,323 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,225 |  |  | $ | 22,831 |  |  | $ | 179,548 |  |  | $ | 202,379 |  |  | $ | 12,572 |  |  | — |  | 2020 |  | 5 - 40 years
Charlotte, NC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Avalon | — |  |  | 9,952 |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |  |  | 180,312 |  |  | 10,025 |  |  | 180,312 |  |  | 190,337 |  |  | 29,015 |  |  | 2016 |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
100 Mill | — |  |  | 13,156 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 168,427 |  |  | 13,161 |  |  | 168,427 |  |  | 181,588 |  |  | 4,456 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2022 |  | 5 - 40 years
Phoenix, AZ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Promenade Tower | — |  |  | 13,439 |  |  | 102,790 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,902 |  |  | 13,439 |  |  | 165,692 |  |  | 179,131 |  |  | 57,571 |  |  | — |  | 2011 |  | 5 - 34 years
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
3350 Peachtree | — |  |  | 16,836 |  |  | 108,177 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,203 |  |  | 16,836 |  |  | 152,380 |  |  | 169,216 |  |  | 19,833 |  |  | — |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Heights Union | — |  |  | 9,545 |  |  | 123,944 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,073 |  |  | 9,545 |  |  | 143,017 |  |  | 152,562 |  |  | 5,843 |  |  | — |  | 2021 |  | 5 - 40 years
Tampa, FL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Colorado Tower (d) | 109,552 |  |  | 1,600 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,560 |  |  | 123,938 |  |  | 22,160 |  |  | 123,938 |  |  | 146,098 |  |  | 41,388 |  |  | 2013 |  | 2013 |  | 5 - 30 years
Austin, TX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Legacy Union One | — |  |  | 13,049 |  |  | 128,740 |  |  | — |  |  | 231 |  |  | 13,049 |  |  | 128,971 |  |  | 142,020 |  |  | 17,375 |  |  | — |  | 2019 |  | 5 - 40 years
Dallas, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Promenade Central (e) | — |  |  | 19,495 |  |  | 62,836 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,464 |  |  | 19,495 |  |  | 114,300 |  |  | 133,795 |  |  | 4,880 |  |  | — |  | 2019 |  | 5 - 40 years
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
550 South | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | 115,238 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,342 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 124,580 |  |  | 124,631 |  |  | 25,827 |  |  | — |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Charlotte, NC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tempe Gateway | — |  |  | 5,893 |  |  | 95,130 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,490 |  |  | 5,893 |  |  | 101,620 |  |  | 107,513 |  |  | 15,959 |  |  | — |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Phoenix, AZ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domain Point | — |  |  | 17,349 |  |  | 71,599 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,961 |  |  | 17,349 |  |  | 83,560 |  |  | 100,909 |  |  | 10,826 |  |  | — |  | 2019 |  | 5 - 40 years
Austin, TX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
5950 Sherry Lane | — |  |  | 8,040 |  |  | 65,919 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,688 |  |  | 8,040 |  |  | 73,607 |  |  | 81,647 |  |  | 8,329 |  |  | — |  | 2019 |  | 5 - 40 years
Dallas, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
111 West Rio | — |  |  | 6,076 |  |  | 56,647 |  |  | (127) |  |  | 18,987 |  |  | 5,949 |  |  | 75,634 |  |  | 81,583 |  |  | 16,922 |  |  | — |  | 2017 |  | 5 - 40 years
Phoenix, AZ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
3348 Peachtree | — |  |  | 6,707 |  |  | 69,723 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,575 |  |  | 6,707 |  |  | 71,298 |  |  | 78,005 |  |  | 16,135 |  |  | — |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Pointe | — |  |  | 9,404 |  |  | 54,694 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,637 |  |  | 9,404 |  |  | 63,331 |  |  | 72,735 |  |  | 13,576 |  |  | — |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Tampa, FL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Harborview Plaza | — |  |  | 10,800 |  |  | 39,136 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,040 |  |  | 10,800 |  |  | 49,176 |  |  | 59,976 |  |  | 10,184 |  |  | — |  | 2016 |  | 5 - 40 years
Tampa, FL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research Park V | — |  |  | 4,373 |  |  | — |  |  | 801 |  |  | 45,081 |  |  | 5,174 |  |  | 45,081 |  |  | 50,255 |  |  | 15,462 |  |  | 2014 |  | 1998 |  | 5 - 30 years
Austin, TX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continued on next page
Meridian Mark Plaza | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,219 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,954 |  |  | $ | 2,219 |  |  | $ | 25,954 |  |  | $ | 28,173 |  |  | $ | 17,922 |  |  | 1997 |  | 1997 |  | 5 - 30 years
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Miscellaneous Investments | — |  |  | 15,318 |  |  | 69,780 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 2,121 |  |  | 15,351 |  |  | 71,901 |  |  | 87,252 |  |  | 4,797 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Operating Properties | 535,241 |  |  | 628,064 |  |  | 5,303,404 |  |  | 43,661 |  |  | 1,842,887 |  |  | 671,725 |  |  | 7,146,291 |  |  | 7,818,016 |  |  | 1,079,662 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PROJECTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domain 9 | — |  |  | 16,640 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,760 |  |  | 16,640 |  |  | 94,760 |  |  | 111,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 2018 |  |
Austin, TX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Projects Under Development | — |  |  | 16,640 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,760 |  |  | 16,640 |  |  | 94,760 |  |  | 111,400 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LAND |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
South End Station | — |  |  | 28,134 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,134 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,134 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 2020 |  |
Charlotte, NC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
887 West Peachtree (f) | — |  |  | 11,883 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,429 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,311 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,311 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 2019 |  |
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Legacy Union 2 & 3 | — |  |  | 22,724 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,724 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,724 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 2019 |  |
Dallas, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
3354 Peachtree | — |  |  | 13,410 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,099 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,509 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,509 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 2018 |  |
Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domain 14 & 15 | — |  |  | 21,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 2019 |  |
Austin, TX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tremont | — |  |  | 18,779 |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,854 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,854 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 2020 |  |
Charlotte, NC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domain Point 3 | — |  |  | 11,018 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,018 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,018 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 2020 |  |
Austin, TX |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate Center (d) | — |  |  | 5,188 |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | 5,180 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,180 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 2019 |  |
Tampa, FL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Avenue Forsyth -Adjacent Land | — |  |  | 11,240 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,540) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,700 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,700 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 2007 |  |
Suburban Atlanta, GA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Commercial Land | — |  |  | 143,376 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,055 |  |  | — |  |  | 158,430 |  |  | — |  |  | 158,430 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Properties | $ | 535,241 |  |  | $ | 788,080 |  |  | $ | 5,303,404 |  |  | $ | 58,716 |  |  | $ | 1,937,647 |  |  | $ | 846,795 |  |  | $ | 7,241,051 |  |  | $ | 8,087,846 |  |  | $ | 1,079,662 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Table of Contents
SCHEDULE III
COUSINS PROPERTIES INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)
NOTES:
(a)Reconciliations of total real estate carrying value and accumulated depreciation as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 are as follows:

| Real Estate |  | Accumulated Depreciation
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 7,714,382 |  |  | $ | 7,370,401 |  |  | $ | 7,158,069 |  |  | $ | 874,988 |  |  | $ | 811,196 |  |  | $ | 621,617 |
Additions during the period: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions | — |  |  | 723,694 |  |  | 286,252 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Improvements and other capitalized costs | 436,201 |  |  | 280,823 |  |  | 323,919 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Depreciation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 267,411 |  |  | 246,240 |  |  | 234,057 |
Total Additions | 436,201 |  |  | 1,004,517 |  |  | 610,171 |  |  | 267,411 |  |  | 246,240 |  |  | 234,057 |
Deductions during the period: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of real estate sold | — |  |  | (552,201) |  |  | (383,010) |  |  | — |  |  | (74,113) |  |  | (44,478) |
Write off of fully depreciated assets | (62,737) |  |  | (108,335) |  |  | — |  |  | (62,737) |  |  | (108,335) |  |  | — |
Total Deductions | (62,737) |  |  | (660,536) |  |  | (383,010) |  |  | (62,737) |  |  | (182,448) |  |  | (44,478) |
Balance at end of period before impairment charges | 8,087,846 |  |  | 7,714,382 |  |  | 7,385,230 |  |  | 1,079,662 |  |  | 874,988 |  |  | 811,196 |
Cumulative impairment charges on real estate assets owned at end of period | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,829) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period | $ | 8,087,846 |  |  | $ | 7,714,382 |  |  | $ | 7,370,401 |  |  | $ | 1,079,662 |  |  | $ | 874,988 |  |  | $ | 811,196 |

(b)The aggregate cost for federal income tax purposes, net of depreciation, was $5.6 billion (unaudited) at December 31, 2022.
(c)Buildings and improvements are depreciated over 30 to 40 years. Leasehold improvements and other capitalized leasing costs are depreciated over the life of the asset or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter.
(d)Some or all of the land at these properties is controlled under an operating ground lease. The Company's Land and Improvements assets are reduced over time by the amortization of the right-of-use assets related to these ground leases.
(e)Promenade Central is in the final states of redevelopment and is expected to be substantially complete in 2023.
(f)Some or all of the land at these properties is controlled under a financing ground lease.
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