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Variable Annuity Reinsurance | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2012
Variable Annuity Reinsurance |
Variable Annuity Reinsurance |
Note 8. Variable Annuity Reinsurance White Mountains has entered into agreements to reinsure death and living benefit guarantees associated with certain variable annuities in Japan. At March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the total guarantee value was approximately ¥232.7 billion (approximately $2.8 billion at exchange rates on that date) and ¥233.7 billion (approximately $3.0 billion at exchange rates on that date). The collective account values of the underlying variable annuities were approximately 84% and 78% of the guarantee value at March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011. The following table summarizes the pre-tax operating results of WM Life Re for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2011:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
Millions |  | 2012 |  | 2011 |
Fees, included in other revenues |  | $ | 8.0 |  | $ | 7.9 |
Change in fair value of variable annuity liability, included in other revenues |  | 211.2 |  | 52.3 |
Change in fair value of derivatives, included in other revenues |  | (206.5 | ) | (65.5 | )
Foreign exchange, included in other revenues |  | (23.0 | ) | (4.6 | )
Other investment income and gains (losses) |  | (2.1 | ) | (.4 | )
Total revenues |  | (12.4 | ) | (10.3 | )
Change in fair value of variable annuity death benefit liabilities, included in other expenses |  | 8.8 |  | 3.0 |
Death benefit claims paid, included in other expenses |  | (1.8 | ) | (1.0 | )
General and administrative expenses |  | (1.3 | ) | (.7 | )
Pre-tax loss |  | $ | (6.7 | ) | $ | (9.0 | )
All of White Mountains’ variable annuity reinsurance liabilities were classified as Level 3 measurements at March 31, 2012 and 2011. The following tables summarize the changes in White Mountains’ variable annuity reinsurance liabilities and derivative instruments for the three periods ended March 31, 2012 and 2011:
|  | Variable Annuity (Liabilities) |  | Derivative Instruments |
Millions |  | Level 3 |  | Level 3 (1) |  | Level 2 (1)(2) |  | Level 1 (3) |  | Total (4) |
Balance at January 1, 2012 |  | $ | (768.5 | ) | $ | 247.1 |  | $ | 39.2 |  | $ | 4.1 |  | $ | 290.4 |
Purchases |  | — |  | 6.1 |  | — |  | — |  | 6.1 |
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) |  | 220.0 |  | (60.3 | ) | (98.2 | ) | (48.0 | ) | (206.5 | )
Transfers in (out) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Sales/settlements |  | — |  | (9.1 | ) | 58.9 |  | 34.5 |  | 84.3 |
Balance at March 31, 2012 |  | $ | (548.5 | ) | $ | 183.8 |  | $ | (.1 | ) | $ | (9.4 | ) | $ | 174.3 |
|  | Variable Annuity (Liabilities) |  | Derivative Instruments |
Millions |  | Level 3 |  | Level 3 (1) |  | Level 2 (1)(2) |  | Level 1 (3) |  | Total (4) |
Balance at January 1, 2011 |  | $ | (610.2 | ) | $ | 275.3 |  | $ | 72.2 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 347.5 |
Purchases |  | — |  | 5.0 |  | — |  | — |  | 5.0 |
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) |  | 55.3 |  | (25.2 | ) | (20.7 | ) | (19.6 | ) | (65.5 | )
Transfers in (out) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Sales/settlements |  | — |  | (29.1 | ) | 3.3 |  | 26.9 |  | 1.1 |
Balance at March 31, 2011 |  | $ | (554.9 | ) | $ | 226.0 |  | $ | 54.8 |  | $ | 7.3 |  | $ | 288.1 |
(1) Consists of over-the-counter instruments. (2) Consists of interest rate swaps, total return swaps, foreign currency forward contracts, and bond forwards. Fair value measurement based upon bid/ask pricing quotes for similar instruments that are actively traded, where available. Swaps for which an active market does not exist have been priced using observable inputs including the swap curve and the underlying bond index. (3) Consists of exchange traded equity index, foreign currency and interest rate futures. Fair value measurements based upon quoted prices for identical instruments that are actively traded. (4) In addition to derivative instruments, WM Life Re held cash, short-term and fixed maturity investments of $390.9 and $301.3 at March 31, 2012 and 2011 posted as collateral to its reinsurance counterparties. The fair value of White Mountains’ variable annuity reinsurance liabilities are estimated using actuarial and capital market assumptions related to the projected discounted cash flows over the term of the reinsurance agreement. Assumptions regarding future policyholder behavior, including surrender and lapse rates, are generally unobservable inputs and significantly impact the fair value estimates. Market conditions including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and foreign currency exchange rates as well as the variations in actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior may result in significant fluctuations in the fair value estimates. Generally, the liabilities associated with these guarantees increase with declines in the equity markets, interest rates and currencies against the Japanese yen, as well as with increases in market volatilities. White Mountains uses derivative instruments, including put options, interest rate swaps, total return swaps on bond and equity indices and forwards and futures contracts on major equity indices, currency pairs and government bonds, to mitigate the risks associated with changes in the fair value of the reinsured variable annuity guarantees. The types of inputs used to estimate the fair value of these derivative instruments, with the exception of actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior and risk margins, are generally the same as those used to estimate the fair value of variable annuity liabilities. The following summarizes quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs associated with the fair value estimates for variable annuity reinsurance liabilities and derivative instruments that have been classified as Level 3 measurements:
|  | March 31, 2012 |
($ in Millions) Description |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique(s) |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average |
Variable annuity benefit guarantee liabilities |  | $ | 548.5 |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Surrenders |  | 0.1% - 3.0% |  | 0.7 | %
|  |  |  |  | Mortality |  | 0.1% - 3.1% |  | 1.3 | %
|  |  |  |  | Foreign exchange volatilities |  | 12.1% - 28.7% |  | 16.9 | %
|  |  |  |  | Index volatilities |  | 11.9% - 30.2% |  | 22.8 | %
Foreign exchange and equity index options |  | $ | 183.8 |  | Black-Scholes option pricing model |  | Expected equity dividends |  | 1.4% - 6.2% |  | 2.7 | %
|  |  |  | Foreign exchange volatilities |  | 12.1% - 28.7% |  | 16.9 | %
|  |  |  |  | Index volatilities |  | 11.9% - 30.2% |  | 22.8 | %
The following summarizes realized and unrealized derivative gains (losses) recognized in other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2011 and the carrying values, included in other assets, at March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, by type of instrument:
|  | Gains (Losses) |  | Carrying Value |
|  | Three Months Ended |  | As of |
|  | March 31, |  | March 31, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |
Millions |  | 2012 |  | 2011 |  | 2012 |  | 2011 |
Fixed income/Interest rate |  | $ | (79.0 | ) | $ | (6.2 | ) | $ | 4.0 |  | $ | 31.1 |
Foreign exchange |  | (55.0 | ) | (47.4 | ) | 109.5 |  | 161.3 |
Equity |  | (72.5 | ) | (11.9 | ) | 60.8 |  | 98.0 |
Total |  | $ | (206.5 | ) | $ | (65.5 | ) | $ | 174.3 |  | $ | 290.4 |
WM Life Re enters into both over-the-counter (“OTC”) and exchange traded derivative instruments to economically hedge the liability from the variable annuity benefit guarantee. In the case of OTC derivatives, WM Life Re has exposure to credit risk for amounts that are uncollateralized by counterparties. WM Life Re’s internal risk management guidelines establish net counterparty exposure thresholds that take into account OTC counterparties’ credit ratings. WM Life Re has entered into master netting agreements with certain of its counterparties whereby the collateral provided (held) is calculated on a net basis. The following summarizes collateral provided to WM Life Re from counterparties:
Millions |  | March 31, 2012 |  | December 31, 2011 |
Short-term investments |  | $ | 43.9 |  | $ | 73.2 |
Fixed maturity securities |  | — |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 43.9 |  | $ | 73.2 |
Collateral held by or provided by WM Life Re in the form of fixed maturity securities comprise U.S. Treasury securities, which are recorded at fair value. Collateral in the form of short-term investments consists of money-market instruments, carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. The following summarizes the value, collateral provided (held) by WM Life Re and net exposure to credit losses on OTC derivative instruments recorded within other assets:
Millions |  | March 31, 2012 |  | December 31, 2011 |
OTC derivative instruments(1) |  | $ | 190.7 |  | $ | 295.4 |
Collateral held |  | (43.9 | ) | (73.2 | )
Collateral provided |  | 115.4 |  | 83.0 |
Net exposure to credit losses on fair value of OTC instruments |  | $ | 262.2 |  | $ | 305.2 |
(1) Value of OTC derivative instruments as of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011 excludes adjustments for counterparty credit risk of $(7.0) and $(9.1) included in fair value under GAAP. The following table summarizes uncollateralized amounts due under WM Life Re’s OTC derivative contracts:
Millions |  | Uncollateralized balance as of March 31, 2012 |  | S&P Rating(1) |
Citigroup(2) |  | $ | 63.4 |  | A- |
Royal Bank of Scotland |  | 59.8 |  | A- |
Bank of America |  | 52.8 |  | A- |
JP Morgan(2) |  | 35.8 |  | A |
Nomura(2) |  | 28.5 |  | BBB+ |
Barclays |  | 17.9 |  | A |
Goldman Sachs(2) |  | 4.0 |  | A- |
Total |  | $ | 262.2 |  |  |
(1) Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) ratings as detailed above are: “A” (Strong, which is the sixth highest of twenty-one creditworthiness ratings), “A-” (Strong, which is the seventh highest of twenty-one creditworthiness ratings) and “BBB+” (Adequate, which is the eighth highest of twenty-one creditworthiness ratings). (2) Collateral provided (held) calculated under master netting agreement. The OTC derivative contracts are subject to restrictions on liquidation of the instruments and distribution of proceeds under collateral agreements. In addition, WM Life Re held cash, short-term and fixed maturity investments posted as collateral to its reinsurance counterparties. The additional collateral consists of the following:
Millions |  | March 31, 2012 |  | December 31, 2011 |
Cash |  | $ | 360.1 |  | $ | 453.5 |
Short-term investments |  | 1.5 |  | .6 |
Fixed maturity investments |  | 29.3 |  | 31.2 |
Total |  | $ | 390.9 |  | $ | 485.3 |

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