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Investment Securities | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2017
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] |
Investment Securities | Investments Securities White Mountains’s portfolio of investment securities held for general investment purposes consists of fixed maturity investments, short-term investments, common equity securities and other-long term investments, which are all classified as trading securities. Trading securities are reported at fair value as of the balance sheet date. Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) on trading securities are reported in pre-tax revenues. White Mountains’s fixed maturity investments are generally valued using industry standard pricing methodologies. Key inputs include benchmark yields, benchmark securities, reported trades, issuer spreads, bids, offers, credit ratings and prepayment speeds. Income on mortgage and asset-backed securities is recognized using an effective yield based on anticipated prepayments and the estimated economic life of the securities. When actual prepayments differ significantly from anticipated prepayments, the estimated economic life is recalculated and the remaining unamortized premium or discount is amortized prospectively over the remaining economic life. Realized investment gains (losses) resulting from sales of investment securities are accounted for using the specific identification method. Premiums and discounts on all fixed maturity investments are amortized or accreted to income over the anticipated life of the investment. Short-term investments consist of interest-bearing money market funds, certificates of deposit and other securities which, at the time of purchase, mature or become available for use within one year. Short-term investments are carried at amortized or accreted cost, which approximated fair value as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Other long-term investments consist primarily of hedge funds, private equity funds, unconsolidated private capital investments and foreign currency forward contracts. Net Investment Income White Mountains’s net investment income is comprised primarily of interest income associated with White Mountains’s fixed maturity investments and short-term investments and dividend income from its common equity securities and other long- term investments. Pre-tax net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following:
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
Millions |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Investment income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity investments |  | $ | 9.8 |  |  | $ | 9.3 |  |  | $ | 32.9 |  |  | $ | 17.4 |
Short-term investments |  | .3 |  |  | .2 |  |  | .6 |  |  | .7 |
Common equity securities |  | 2.7 |  |  | .5 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | 1.0 |
Other long-term investments |  | .1 |  |  | — |  |  | .5 |  |  | .4 |
Total investment income |  | 12.9 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 41.7 |  |  | 19.5 |
Third-party investment expenses |  | (.7 | ) |  | (.4 | ) |  | (2.0 | ) |  | (1.3 | )
Net investment income, pre-tax |  | $ | 12.2 |  |  | $ | 9.6 |  |  | $ | 39.7 |  |  | $ | 18.2 |
Net Realized and Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following:
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
Millions |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net realized investment gains, pre-tax |  | $ | 6.8 |  |  | $ | .7 |  |  | $ | 20.8 |  |  | $ | 265.0 |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), pre-tax |  | 25.7 |  |  | 10.2 |  |  | 81.7 |  |  | (237.8 | )
Net realized and unrealized investment gains, pre-tax |  | 32.5 |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | 102.5 |  |  | 27.2 |
Income tax expense attributable to net realized and unrealized investment gains |  | (3.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9.5 | ) |  | (4.0 | )
Net realized and unrealized investment gains, after tax |  | $ | 28.6 |  |  | $ | 10.9 |  |  | $ | 93.0 |  |  | $ | 23.2 |
Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses) Net realized investment gains (losses) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following:
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Three Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
Millions |  | Net realized gains (losses) |  | Net foreign currency gains (losses) |  | Total net realized gains (losses) reflected in earnings |  | Net realized gains |  | Net foreign currency gains (losses) |  | Total net realized gains reflected in earnings
Fixed maturity investments |  | $ | .6 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | .3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | .3 |
Short-term investments |  | (.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (.1 | ) |  | .2 |  |  | — |  |  | .2 |
Common equity securities |  | 4.9 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | .2 |  |  | — |  |  | .2 |
Other long-term investments |  | 2.0 |  |  | (7.2 | ) |  | (5.2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net realized investment gains (losses), pre-tax |  | 7.4 |  |  | (.6 | ) |  | 6.8 |  |  | .7 |  |  | — |  |  | .7 |
Income tax expense attributable to net realized investment gains |  | (.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (.6 | ) |  | (.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (.1 | )
Net realized investment gains (losses), after tax |  | $ | 6.8 |  |  | $ | (.6 | ) |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | .6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | .6 |
|  | Nine Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
Millions |  | Net realized (losses) gains |  | Net foreign currency gains (losses) |  | Total net realized gains (losses) reflected in earnings |  | Net realized gains |  | Net foreign currency gains (losses) |  | Total net realized gains reflected in earnings
Fixed maturity investments |  | $ | (.4 | ) |  | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2.0 |
Short-term investments |  | (.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (.1 | ) |  | .4 |  |  | — |  |  | .4 |
Common equity securities |  | 18.5 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 24.5 |  |  | 262.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 262.6 |
Other long-term investments |  | 3.0 |  |  | (8.9 | ) |  | (5.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net realized investment gains (losses), pre-tax |  | 21.0 |  |  | (.2 | ) |  | 20.8 |  |  | 265.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 265.0 |
Income tax expense attributable to net realized investment gains |  | (3.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3.6 | ) |  | (45.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (45.1 | )
Net realized investment gains (losses), after tax |  | $ | 17.4 |  |  | $ | (.2 | ) |  | $ | 17.2 |  |  | $ | 219.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 219.9 |
Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) Net unrealized investment gains (losses) and changes in the carrying value of investments measured at fair value for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following:
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Three Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
Millions |  | Net unrealized gains (losses) |  | Net foreign currency gains (losses) |  | Total net unrealized gains (losses) reflected in earnings |  | Net unrealized (losses) gains |  | Net foreign currency gains |  | Total net unrealized (losses) gains reflected in earnings
Fixed maturity investments |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 5.1 |  |  | $ | 7.1 |  |  | $ | (2.0 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2.0 | )
Common equity securities |  | 26.6 |  |  | (3.1 | ) |  | 23.5 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | .2 |  |  | 8.7 |
Other long-term investments |  | (2.5 | ) |  | (2.4 | ) |  | (4.9 | ) |  | 3.4 |  |  | .1 |  |  | 3.5 |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), pre-tax |  | 26.1 |  |  | (.4 | ) |  | 25.7 |  |  | 9.9 |  |  | .3 |  |  | 10.2 |
Income tax (expense) benefit attributable to net unrealized investment gains (losses) |  | (3.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3.3 | ) |  | .1 |  |  | — |  |  | .1 |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), after tax |  | $ | 22.8 |  |  | $ | (.4 | ) |  | $ | 22.4 |  |  | $ | 10.0 |  |  | $ | .3 |  |  | $ | 10.3 |
|  | Nine Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 30, 2016
Millions |  | Net unrealized gains |  | Net foreign currency gains (losses) |  | Total net unrealized gains (losses) reflected in earnings |  | Net unrealized gains (losses) |  | Net foreign currency gains |  | Total net unrealized gains (losses) reflected in earnings
Fixed maturity investments |  | $ | 19.4 |  |  | $ | 12.6 |  |  | $ | 32.0 |  |  | $ | 13.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13.3 |
Common equity securities |  | 53.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 53.5 |  |  | (256.1 | ) |  | 2.6 |  |  | (253.5 | )
Other long-term investments |  | 9.2 |  |  | (13.0 | ) |  | (3.8 | ) |  | 2.1 |  |  | .3 |  |  | 2.4 |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), pre-tax |  | 82.1 |  |  | (.4 | ) |  | 81.7 |  |  | (240.7 | ) |  | 2.9 |  |  | (237.8 | )
Income tax (expense) benefit attributable to net unrealized investment gains (losses) |  | (5.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5.9 | ) |  | 41.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 41.1 |
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), after tax |  | $ | 76.2 |  |  | $ | (.4 | ) |  | $ | 75.8 |  |  | $ | (199.6 | ) |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | (196.7 | )
Total gains (losses) included in earnings attributable to unrealized investment gains (losses) for Level 3 investments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following:
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
Millions |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Fixed maturity investments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | .1 |
Other long-term investments |  | (.7 | ) |  | (.9 | ) |  | (2.2 | ) |  | .7 |
Total unrealized investment (losses) gains, pre-tax - Level 3 investments |  | $ | (.7 | ) |  | $ | (.9 | ) |  | $ | (2.2 | ) |  | $ | .8 |
Investment Holdings The cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized investment gains (losses), net foreign currency gains (losses), and carrying values of White Mountains’s fixed maturity investments as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were as follows:
|  | September 30, 2017
Millions |  | Cost or amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Net foreign currency gains |  | Carrying value
U.S. Government and agency obligations |  | $ | 218.1 |  |  | $ | .1 |  |  | $ | (.4 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 217.8 |
Debt securities issued by corporations |  | 608.3 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  | 14.5 |  |  | 625.0 |
Mortgage and asset-backed securities |  | 389.1 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | (2.4 | ) |  | — |  |  | 387.9 |
Municipal obligations |  | 252.1 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | (.5 | ) |  | — |  |  | 254.7 |
Foreign government, agency and provincial obligations |  | 4.5 |  |  | — |  |  | (.1 | ) |  | .2 |  |  | 4.6 |
Total fixed maturity investments |  | $ | 1,472.1 |  |  | $ | 7.6 |  |  | $ | (4.4 | ) |  | $ | 14.7 |  |  | $ | 1,490.0 |
|  | December 31, 2016
Millions |  | Cost or amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Net foreign currency gains |  | Carrying value
U.S. Government and agency obligations |  | $ | 112.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 111.0 |
Debt securities issued by corporations |  | 752.0 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | (10.1 | ) |  | 2.1 |  |  | 746.3 |
Mortgage and asset-backed securities |  | 986.9 |  |  | .8 |  |  | (7.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | 979.8 |
Municipal obligations |  | 238.7 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | (1.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | 238.5 |
Foreign government, agency and provincial obligations |  | 12.0 |  |  | .1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12.1 |
Total fixed maturity investments |  | $ | 2,101.7 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | (20.4 | ) |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 2,087.7 |
Less: fixed maturity investments reclassified to assets held for sale related to SSIE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6.6 | )
Total fixed maturity investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,081.1 |
The cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized investment gains (losses), net foreign currency gains (losses), and carrying values of White Mountains’s common equity securities and other long-term investments as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were as follows:
|  | September 30, 2017
Millions |  | Cost or amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Net foreign currency losses |  | Carrying value
Common equity securities |  | $ | 693.8 |  |  | $ | 82.6 |  |  | $ | (2.0 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 774.4 |
Other long-term investments |  | $ | 254.5 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | (21.2 | ) |  | $ | (16.8 | ) |  | $ | 229.6 |
|  | December 31, 2016
Millions |  | Cost or amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Net foreign currency losses |  | Carrying value
Common equity securities |  | $ | 258.6 |  |  | $ | 29.0 |  |  | $ | (2.0 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 285.6 |
Other long-term investments |  | $ | 194.0 |  |  | $ | 7.9 |  |  | $ | (25.2 | ) |  | $ | (3.9 | ) |  | $ | 172.8 |
Other Long-term Investments Other long-term investments as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were as follows:
|  | Carrying Value at
Millions |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Hedge funds and private equity funds, at fair value |  | $ | 154.9 |  |  | $ | 82.6 |
Private equity securities and limited liability companies, at fair value (1)(2) |  | 59.1 |  |  | 57.6 |
Private convertible preferred securities, at fair value (1) |  | 27.2 |  |  | 30.6 |
Forward Contracts |  | (15.4 | ) |  | (1.2 | )
Other |  | 3.8 |  |  | 3.2 |
Total other-long term investments |  | $ | 229.6 |  |  | $ | 172.8 |
(1) See Fair Value Measurements by Level table. (2) White Mountains holds a 20% ownership interest in OneTitle Holdings LLC (“OTH”) and has provided a $10.0 million surplus note facility under which OTH’s wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, OneTitle National Guaranty Company, Inc. may, under certain circumstances, draw funds. At September 30, 2017, no funds had been drawn on the surplus note facility. Hedge Funds and Private Equity Funds White Mountains holds investments in hedge funds and private equity funds, which are included in other long-term investments. The fair value of these investments is generally estimated using the net asset value (“NAV”) of the funds. As of September 30, 2017, White Mountains held investments in two hedge funds and ten private equity funds. The largest investment in a single fund was $54.7 million as of September 30, 2017 and $21.5 million as of December 31, 2016. The following table summarizes investments in hedge funds and private equity funds by investment objective and sector as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:
|  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Millions |  | Fair Value |  | Unfunded Commitments |  | Fair Value |  | Unfunded Commitments
Hedge funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long/short banks and financials |  | $ | 54.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21.5 |  |  | $ | — |
Long/short equity REIT |  | 19.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 19.9 |  |  | — |
Total hedge funds |  | 73.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 41.4 |  |  | — |
Private equity funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Manufacturing/Industrial |  | 42.7 |  |  | 12.1 |  |  | 19.4 |  |  | 22.9 |
Aerospace/Defense/Government |  | 28.7 |  |  | 15.6 |  |  | 19.4 |  |  | 25.9 |
Direct lending |  | 6.7 |  |  | 23.3 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 28.6 |
Financial Services |  | 3.0 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 5.0 |
Insurance |  | — |  |  | 41.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 41.2 |
Total private equity funds |  | 81.1 |  |  | 105.2 |  |  | 41.2 |  |  | 123.6 |
Total hedge funds and private equity funds included in other long-term investments |  | $ | 154.9 |  |  | $ | 105.2 |  |  | $ | 82.6 |  |  | $ | 123.6 |
Redemption of investments in certain hedge funds is subject to restrictions including lock-up periods where no redemptions or withdrawals are allowed, restrictions on redemption frequency and advance notice periods for redemptions. Amounts requested for redemptions remain subject to market fluctuations until the redemption effective date, which generally falls at the end of the defined redemption period. As of September 30, 2017, one hedge fund with a fair value of $54.7 million was subject to a lock-up period that expires on September 1, 2018. The following table summarizes the fair value of hedge funds subject to restrictions on redemption frequency and advance notice period requirements for investments in active hedge funds as of September 30, 2017:
|  | Notice Period
Millions Redemption frequency |  | 30-59 days notice |  | 60-89 days notice |  | Total
Semi-annual |  | $ | 54.7 |  |  | $ | 19.1 |  |  | $ | 73.8 |
White Mountains has submitted a redemption request for its investment in a long/short equity REIT hedge fund. As of September 30, 2017, the redemption of $19.1 million is outstanding and is subject to market fluctuation. The bulk of the redemption proceeds are expected to be received in the first quarter of 2018 with the balance expected in the second quarter of 2018. Investments in private equity funds are generally subject to a lock-up period during which investors may not request a redemption. Distributions prior to the expected termination date of the fund may be limited to dividends or proceeds arising from the liquidation of the fund’s underlying investments. In addition, certain private equity funds provide an option to extend the lock-up period at either, the sole discretion of the fund manager or upon agreement between the fund and the investors. The following table summarizes investments in private equity funds that were subject to lock-up periods as of September 30, 2017:
Millions |  | 1-3 years |  | 3 – 5 years |  | 5 – 10 years |  | >10 years |  | Total
Private Equity Funds — expected lock-up period remaining |  | $4.0 |  | $18.2 |  | $33.5 |  | $25.4 |  | $81.1
Fair Value Measurements as of September 30, 2017 Fair value measurements are categorized into a hierarchy that distinguishes between inputs based on market data from independent sources (“observable inputs”) and a reporting entity’s internal assumptions based upon the best information available when external market data is limited or unavailable (“unobservable inputs”). Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities have the highest priority (“Level 1”), followed by observable inputs other than quoted prices, including prices for similar but not identical assets or liabilities (“Level 2”) and unobservable inputs, including the reporting entity’s estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use, having the lowest priority (“Level 3”). As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, White Mountains used quoted market prices or other observable inputs to determine fair value for approximately 93% and 94% of its investment portfolio. Investments valued using Level 1 inputs include fixed maturity investments, primarily investments in U.S. Treasuries, short-term investments, which include U.S. Treasury Bills and common equity securities. Investments valued using Level 2 inputs include fixed maturity investments, which have been disaggregated into classes, including debt securities issued by corporations, mortgage and asset-backed securities, municipal obligations, and foreign government, agency and provincial obligations. Investments valued using Level 2 inputs also include certain passive exchange traded funds (“ETFs”) that track U.S. stock indices such as the S&P 500 but are traded on foreign exchanges, which management values using the fund manager’s published NAV to account for the difference in market close times. Fair value estimates for investments that trade infrequently and have few or no observable market prices are classified as Level 3 measurements. Investments valued using Level 3 fair value estimates are based upon unobservable inputs and include investments in certain fixed maturity investments, equity securities and other long-term investments where quoted market prices are unavailable or are not considered reasonable. Transfers between levels are based on investments held as of the beginning of the period. White Mountains uses brokers and outside pricing services to assist in determining fair values. For investments in active markets, White Mountains uses the quoted market prices provided by outside pricing services to determine fair value. The outside pricing services White Mountains uses have indicated that they will only provide prices where observable inputs are available. In circumstances where quoted market prices are unavailable or are not considered reasonable, White Mountains estimates the fair value using industry standard pricing methodologies and observable inputs such as benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids, offers, credit ratings, prepayment speeds, reference data including research publications and other relevant inputs. Given that many fixed maturity investments do not trade on a daily basis, the outside pricing services evaluate a wide range of fixed maturity investments by regularly drawing parallels from recent trades and quotes of comparable securities with similar features. The characteristics used to identify comparable fixed maturity investments vary by asset type and take into account market convention. White Mountains’s process to assess the reasonableness of the market prices obtained from the outside pricing sources covers substantially all of its fixed maturity investments and includes, but is not limited to, the evaluation of pricing methodologies and a review of the pricing services’ quality control procedures on at least an annual basis, a comparison of its invested asset prices obtained from alternate independent pricing vendors on at least a semi-annual basis, monthly analytical reviews of certain prices and a review of the underlying assumptions utilized by the pricing services for select measurements on an ad hoc basis throughout the year. White Mountains also performs back-testing of selected sales activity to determine whether there are any significant differences between the market price used to value the security prior to sale and the actual sale price on an ad-hoc basis throughout the year. Prices provided by the pricing services that vary by more than 5% and $1.0 million from the expected price based on these assessment procedures are considered outliers. Also considered outliers are prices that have not changed from period to period and prices that have trended unusually compared to market conditions. In circumstances where the results of White Mountains’s review process does not appear to support the market price provided by the pricing services, White Mountains challenges the vendor provided price. If White Mountains cannot gain satisfactory evidence to support the challenged price, it relies upon its own pricing methodologies to estimate the fair value of the security in question. The valuation process described above is generally applicable to all of White Mountains’s fixed maturity investments. The techniques and inputs specific to asset classes within White Mountains’s fixed maturity investments for Level 2 securities that use observable inputs are as follows: Debt securities issued by corporations: The fair value of debt securities issued by corporations is determined from a pricing evaluation technique that uses information from market sources and integrates relative credit information, observed market movements, and sector news. Key inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including sector, coupon, credit quality ratings, duration, credit enhancements, early redemption features and market research publications. Mortgage and asset-backed securities: The fair value of mortgage and asset-backed securities is determined from a pricing evaluation technique that uses information from market sources and leveraging similar securities. Key inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, underlying tranche cash flow data, collateral performance, plus new issue data, as well as broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including issuer, vintage, loan type, collateral attributes, prepayment speeds, default rates, recovery rates, cash flow stress testing, credit quality ratings and market research publications. Municipal obligations: The fair value of municipal obligations is determined from a pricing evaluation technique that uses information from market makers, brokers-dealers, buy-side firms, and analysts along with general market information. Key inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, issuer financial statements, material event notices and new issue data, as well as broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including type, coupon, credit quality ratings, duration, credit enhancements, geographic location and market research publications. Foreign government, agency and provincial obligations: The fair value of foreign government, agency and provincial obligations is determined from a pricing evaluation technique that uses feeds from data sources in each respective country, including active market makers and inter-dealer brokers. Key inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, local exchange prices, foreign exchange rates and reference data including coupon, credit quality ratings, duration and market research publications. Level 3 valuations are generated from techniques that use assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect White Mountains’s assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the investment. Generally, certain securities may start out as Level 3 when they are originally issued but as observable inputs become available in the market, they may be reclassified to Level 2. White Mountains employs a number of procedures to assess the reasonableness of the fair value measurements for its other long-term investments, including obtaining and reviewing periodic and audited annual financial statements of hedge funds and private equity funds and discussing each fund’s pricing with the fund manager throughout the year. However, since the fund managers do not provide sufficient information to evaluate the pricing inputs and methods for each underlying investment, the inputs are considered to be unobservable. The fair value of White Mountains’s investments in hedge funds and private equity funds has generally been determined using the fund manager’s NAV. In the event White Mountains believes that its estimate of NAV of a hedge fund or private equity fund differs from that reported by the fund manager due to illiquidity or other factors, White Mountains will adjust the reported NAV to more appropriately represent the fair value of its investment in the hedge fund or private equity fund. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, White Mountains did not have any adjustments to the reported NAV of its investments in hedge funds and private equity funds. Fair Value Measurements by Level The following tables summarize White Mountains’s fair value measurements for investments as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 by level. The major security types were based on the legal form of the securities. White Mountains has disaggregated its fixed maturity investments based on the issuing entity type, which impacts credit quality, with debt securities issued by U.S. government entities carrying minimal credit risk, while the credit and other risks associated with other issuers, such as corporations, foreign governments, municipalities or entities issuing mortgage and asset-backed securities vary depending on the nature of the issuing entity type. White Mountains further disaggregates debt securities issued by corporations and common equity securities by industry sector because investors often reference commonly used benchmarks and their subsectors to monitor risk and performance. Accordingly, White Mountains has further disaggregated these asset classes into subclasses based on the similar sectors and industry classifications it uses to evaluate investment risk and performance against commonly used benchmarks, such as the Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Intermediate Aggregate and S&P 500 indices. The fair value measurements for derivative assets associated with White Mountains’s variable annuity business are presented in Note 7.
|  | September 30, 2017
Millions |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Fixed maturity investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and agency obligations |  | $ | 217.8 |  |  | $ | 217.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Debt securities issued by corporations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer |  | 121.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 121.9 |  |  | — |
Utilities |  | 109.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 109.3 |  |  | — |
Health Care |  | 85.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 85.6 |  |  | — |
Communications |  | 81.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 81.7 |  |  | — |
Materials |  | 68.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 68.6 |  |  | — |
Financials |  | 55.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 50.0 |  |  | 5.6 |
Technology |  | 52.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 52.0 |  |  | — |
Industrial |  | 38.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 38.3 |  |  | — |
Energy |  | 12.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | — |
Total debt securities issued by corporations |  | 625.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 619.4 |  |  | 5.6 |
Mortgage and asset-backed securities |  | 387.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 387.9 |  |  | — |
Municipal obligations |  | 254.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 254.7 |  |  | — |
Foreign government, agency and provincial obligations |  | 4.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | — |
Total fixed maturity investments |  | 1,490.0 |  |  | 217.8 |  |  | 1,266.6 |  |  | 5.6 |
Short-term investments(1) |  | 786.5 |  |  | 764.5 |  |  | 22.0 |  |  | — |
Common equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange traded funds (2) |  | 492.5 |  |  | 434.6 |  |  | 57.9 |  |  | — |
Health Care |  | 17.1 |  |  | 17.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Financials |  | 14.9 |  |  | 14.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer |  | 13.0 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Technology |  | 11.7 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Communications |  | 10.3 |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Industrial |  | 10.2 |  |  | 10.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Energy |  | 4.0 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other(3) |  | 200.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 200.7 |  |  | — |
Total common equity securities |  | 774.4 |  |  | 515.8 |  |  | 258.6 |  |  | — |
Other long-term investments (4)(5) |  | 90.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90.1 |
Total investments |  | $ | 3,141.0 |  |  | $ | 1,498.1 |  |  | $ | 1,547.2 |  |  | $ | 95.7 |
(1) Short-term investments are measured at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. (2) ETFs traded on foreign exchanges are priced using the fund's published NAV to account for the difference in market close times and are therefore designated a level 2 measurement. (3) Consists of two investments in unit trusts that primarily invest in international equities. (4) Excludes carrying value of $(15.4) related to foreign currency forward contracts. (5) Excludes carrying value of $154.9 associated with hedge funds and private equity funds for which fair value is measured at NAV using the practical expedient.
|  | December 31, 2016
Millions |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Fixed maturity investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and agency obligations |  | $ | 111.0 |  |  | $ | 101.5 |  |  | $ | 9.5 |  |  | $ | — |
Debt securities issued by corporations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer |  | 190.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 190.8 |  |  | — |
Utilities |  | 140.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 140.8 |  |  | — |
Health Care |  | 114.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 114.9 |  |  | — |
Financials |  | 79.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 79.7 |  |  | — |
Communications |  | 72.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 72.0 |  |  | — |
Materials |  | 65.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 65.0 |  |  | — |
Technology |  | 48.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 48.8 |  |  | — |
Industrial |  | 28.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 28.2 |  |  | — |
Energy |  | 6.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | — |
Total debt securities issued by corporations |  | 746.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 746.3 |  |  | — |
Mortgage and asset-backed securities |  | 979.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 979.8 |  |  | — |
Municipal obligations |  | 238.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 238.5 |  |  | — |
Foreign government, agency and provincial obligations |  | 12.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 12.1 |  |  | — |
Total fixed maturity investments(1) |  | 2,087.7 |  |  | 101.5 |  |  | 1,986.2 |  |  | — |
Short-term investments(1)(2) |  | 175.0 |  |  | 162.3 |  |  | 12.7 |  |  | — |
Common equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange traded funds(3) |  | 157.2 |  |  | 129.4 |  |  | 27.8 |  |  | — |
Health Care |  | 13.9 |  |  | 13.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer |  | 8.6 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Financials |  | 7.7 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Technology |  | 7.3 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Communications |  | 7.0 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Energy |  | 2.5 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Industrial |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other(4) |  | 79.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 79.9 |  |  | — |
Total common equity securities |  | 285.6 |  |  | 177.9 |  |  | 107.7 |  |  | — |
Other long-term investments (5)(6) |  | 91.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91.4 |
Total investments(1) |  | $ | 2,639.7 |  |  | $ | 441.7 |  |  | $ | 2,106.6 |  |  | $ | 91.4 |
(1) Includes carrying value of $6.6 in fixed maturity investments and $0.1 in short-term investments that are classified as assets held for sale related to SSIE. (2) Short-term investments are measured at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. (3) ETFs traded on foreign exchanges are priced using the fund’s published NAV to account for the difference in market close times and are therefore designated a level 2 measurement. (3) Consists of one investment in a unit trust that primarily invests in international equities. (5) Excludes carrying value of $(1.2) related to foreign currency forward contracts. (6) Excludes carrying value of $82.6 associated with hedge funds and private equity funds for which fair value is measured at NAV using the practical expedient. Debt Securities Issued by Corporations The following table summarizes the ratings of debt securities issued by corporations held in White Mountains’s investment portfolio as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:
|  | Fair Value at
Millions |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
AA |  | $ | 26.7 |  |  | $ | 37.3 |
A |  | 119.4 |  |  | 212.8 |
BBB |  | 291.9 |  |  | 335.6 |
BB |  | 165.4 |  |  | 143.2 |
B |  | 21.6 |  |  | 17.4 |
Debt securities issued by corporations(1)(2) |  | $ | 625.0 |  |  | $ | 746.3 |
(1) Credit ratings are assigned based on the following hierarchy: (1) Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC ("Standard & Poor's") and (2) Moody's Investor Service, Inc. ("Moody’s").
(2) | Includes carrying value of $4.2 of fixed maturity investments at December 31, 2016 that is classified as assets held for sale related to SSIE.
Mortgage and Asset-backed Securities White Mountains purchases commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) and residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) with the goal of maximizing risk adjusted returns in the context of a diversified portfolio. White Mountains considers sub-prime mortgage-backed securities as those that have underlying loan pools that exhibit weak credit characteristics, or those that are issued from dedicated sub-prime shelves or dedicated second-lien shelf registrations (i.e., White Mountains considers investments backed primarily by second-liens to be sub-prime risks regardless of credit scores or other metrics). White Mountains did not hold any RMBS categorized as sub-prime as of September 30, 2017. White Mountains categorizes mortgage-backed securities as “non-prime” (also called “Alt A” or “A-”) if they are backed by collateral that has overall credit quality between prime and sub-prime based on White Mountains’s review of the characteristics of their underlying mortgage loan pools, such as credit scores and financial ratios. As of September 30, 2017, White Mountains did not hold any RMBS classified as non-prime. White Mountains’s non-agency RMBS portfolio is generally moderate-term and structurally senior. White Mountains does not own any collateralized loan obligations or any collateralized debt obligations. The following table summarizes the carrying value of White Mountains’s mortgage and asset-backed securities as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:
|  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Millions |  | Fair Value |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Fair Value |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GNMA |  | $ | 51.0 |  |  | $ | 51.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 70.3 |  |  | $ | 70.3 |  |  | $ | — |
FNMA |  | 88.9 |  |  | 88.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 235.5 |  |  | 235.5 |  |  | — |
FHLMC |  | 59.7 |  |  | 59.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 59.5 |  |  | 59.5 |  |  | — |
Total Agency(1) |  | 199.6 |  |  | 199.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 365.3 |  |  | 365.3 |  |  | — |
Non-agency: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential |  | 70.1 |  |  | 70.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 70.3 |  |  | 70.3 |  |  | — |
Commercial |  | 39.0 |  |  | 39.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | — |
Total Non-agency |  | 109.1 |  |  | 109.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 74.2 |  |  | 74.2 |  |  | — |
Total mortgage-backed securities |  | 308.7 |  |  | 308.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 439.5 |  |  | 439.5 |  |  | — |
Other asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit card receivables |  | 40.5 |  |  | 40.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 214.2 |  |  | 214.2 |  |  | — |
Vehicle receivables |  | 22.7 |  |  | 22.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 205.9 |  |  | 205.9 |  |  | — |
Other |  | 16.0 |  |  | 16.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 120.2 |  |  | 120.2 |  |  | — |
Total other asset-backed securities |  | 79.2 |  |  | 79.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 540.3 |  |  | 540.3 |  |  | — |
Total mortgage and asset-backed securities |  | $ | 387.9 |  |  | $ | 387.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 979.8 |  |  | $ | 979.8 |  |  | $ | — |
(1) Represents publicly traded mortgage-backed securities which carry the full faith and credit guaranty of the U.S. government (i.e., GNMA) or are guaranteed by a government sponsored entity (i.e., FNMA, FHLMC). Non-agency Mortgage-backed Securities The following table summarizes the security issuance years of White Mountains’s investments in non-agency RMBS and non-agency CMBS securities as of September 30, 2017:
|  |  |  |  |  | Security Issuance Year |  |  |  |  |  |
Millions |  | Fair Value |  | 2004 |  |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017
Non-agency RMBS |  | $ | 70.1 |  |  | $ | .3 |  |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 20.6 |  |  | $ | 47.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Non-agency CMBS |  | 39.0 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 35.3 |
Total |  | $ | 109.1 |  |  | $ | .3 |  |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 20.6 |  |  | $ | 47.9 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |  |  | $ | 35.3 |
Non-agency Residential Mortgage-backed Securities The following table summarizes the classification of the underlying collateral quality and the tranche levels of White Mountains’s non-agency RMBS securities as of September 30, 2017:
Millions |  | Fair Value |  | Super Senior (1) |  | Senior (2) |  | Subordinate (3)
Prime |  | $ | 70.1 |  |  | $ | 58.4 |  |  | $ | 11.7 |  |  | $ | — |
Non-prime |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sub-prime |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 70.1 |  |  | $ | 58.4 |  |  | $ | 11.7 |  |  | $ | — |
(1) At issuance, Super Senior, or in the case of resecuritization, the underlying securities, were rated “AAA” by Standard & Poor’s, “Aaa” by Moody’s or “AAA” by Fitch Ratings, Inc. (“Fitch”) and were senior to other “AAA” or “Aaa” bonds. (2) At issuance, Senior, or in the case of resecuritization, the underlying securities, were rated “AAA” by Standard & Poor’s, “Aaa” by Moody’s or “AAA” by Fitch and were senior to non-“AAA” or non-“Aaa” bonds. (3) At issuance, Subordinate were not rated “AAA” by Standard & Poor’s, “Aaa” by Moody’s or “AAA” by Fitch and were junior to “AAA” or “Aaa” bonds. Non-agency Commercial Mortgage-backed Securities White Mountains’s non-agency CMBS portfolio is generally moderate-term and structurally senior, with more than 30 points of subordination on average for both fixed rate and floating rate as of September 30, 2017. In general, subordination represents the percentage principal loss on the underlying collateral that would have to be absorbed by other securities lower in the capital structure before the more senior security incurs a loss. As of September 30, 2017, none of the underlying loans of the non-agency CMBS held by White Mountains were reported as non-performing. The following table summarizes the amount of fixed and floating rate securities and their tranche levels of White Mountains’s non-agency CMBS securities as of September 30, 2017:
Millions |  | Fair Value |  | Super Senior (1) |  | Senior (2) |  | Subordinate (3)
Fixed rate CMBS |  | $ | 17.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16.2 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |
Floating rate CMBS |  | 21.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21.2 |
Total |  | $ | 39.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16.2 |  |  | $ | 22.8 |
(1) At issuance, Super Senior, or in the case of resecuritization, the underlying securities, were rated “AAA” by Standard & Poor’s, “Aaa” by Moody’s or “AAA” by Fitch and were senior to other “AAA” or “Aaa” bonds. (2) At issuance, Senior, or in the case of resecuritization, the underlying securities, were rated “AAA” by Standard & Poor’s, “Aaa” by Moody’s or “AAA” by Fitch and were senior to non-“AAA” or non-“Aaa” bonds. (3) At issuance, Subordinate were not rated “AAA” by Standard & Poor’s, “Aaa” by Moody’s or “AAA” by Fitch and were junior to “AAA” or “Aaa” bonds. Rollforward of Fair Value Measurements by Level White Mountains uses quoted market prices where available as the inputs to estimate fair value for its investments in active markets. Such measurements are considered to be either Level 1 or Level 2 measurements, depending on whether the quoted market price inputs are for identical securities (Level 1) or similar securities (Level 2). Level 3 measurements for fixed maturity investments, common equity securities, and other long-term investments as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 consist of securities for which the estimated fair value has not been determined based upon quoted market price inputs for identical or similar securities. The following tables summarize the changes in White Mountains’s fair value measurements by level for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:
|  |  | Level 3 Investments |
Millions | Level 1 investments | Level 2 investments | Fixed maturity investments | Other long-term investments | Hedge Funds and Private Equity Funds measured at NAV(3) |  | Total |
Balance at January 1, 2017 | $ | 279.5 |  | $ | 2,093.8 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 91.4 |  | $ | 82.6 |  |  | $ | 2,547.3 |  | (1)(2)(4)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 52.4 |  | 59.8 |  | — |  | (2.2 | ) | 15.6 |  |  | 125.6 |  |
Amortization/Accretion | — |  | (6.6 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | (6.6 | ) |
Purchases | 940.7 |  | 1,038.5 |  | 31.2 |  | 2.9 |  | 64.9 |  |  | 2,078.2 |  |
Sales | (539.0 | ) | (1,668.2 | ) | (12.5 | ) | (2.0 | ) | (8.2 | ) |  | (2,229.9 | ) |
Deconsolidation of SSIE | — |  | (5.2 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | (5.2 | ) |
Transfers in | — |  | 13.1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 13.1 |  |
Transfers out | — |  | — |  | (13.1 | ) | — |  | — |  |  | (13.1 | ) |
Balance at September 30, 2017 | $ | 733.6 |  | $ | 1,525.2 |  | $ | 5.6 |  | $ | 90.1 |  | $ | 154.9 |  |  | $ | 2,509.4 |  | (1)(2)
(1) Excludes carrying value of $(1.2) and $(15.4) as of January 1, 2017 and September 30, 2017 associated with foreign currency forward contracts. (2) Excludes carrying value of $175.0 and $786.5 at January 1, 2017 and September 30, 2017 associated with short-term investments, of which $0.1 is classified as held for sale at January 1, 2017. (3) Investments for which fair value is measured at NAV using the practical expedient are no longer classified within the fair value hierarchy. See Note 1 — “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”. (4) Includes carrying value of $6.6 of fixed maturity investments at January 1, 2017 that is classified as assets held for sale related to SSIE.
|  |  | Level 3 Investments |  |  |
Millions | Level 1 investments | Level 2 investments | Fixed maturity investments | Other long-term investments | Hedge Funds and Private Equity Funds measured at NAV(2) | Total |
Balance at January 1, 2016 | $ | 789.0 |  | $ | 585.6 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 103.6 |  | $ | 65.3 |  | $ | 1,543.5 |  | (1)(3)
Net realized and unrealized gains | 7.2 |  | 17.4 |  | .1 |  | .8 |  | 1.7 |  | 27.2 |  |
Amortization/Accretion | .1 |  | (3.8 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (3.7 | ) |
Purchases | 1,387.8 |  | 2,228.5 |  | 70.0 |  | 2.2 |  | 38.4 |  | 3,726.9 |  |
Sales | (1,992.7 | ) | (884.1 | ) | — |  | (.1 | ) | (10.1 | ) | (2,887.0 | ) |
Transfers in | — |  | 68.0 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 68.0 |  |
Transfers out | — |  | — |  | (68.0 | ) | — |  | — |  | (68.0 | ) |
Balance at September 30, 2016 | $ | 191.4 |  | $ | 2,011.6 |  | $ | 2.1 |  | $ | 106.5 |  | $ | 95.3 |  | $ | 2,406.9 |  | (1)(3)
(1) Excludes carrying value of $142.0 and $230.0 at January 1, 2016 and September 30, 2016 associated with short-term investments of which $0.1 and $0.1 is classified as held for sale at January 1, 2016 and September 30, 2016. (2) Investments for which fair value is measured at NAV using the practical expedient are no longer classified within the fair value hierarchy. See Note 1 — “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”. (3) Includes carrying value of $9.5 and $8.3 of fixed maturity investments at January 1, 2016 and September 30, 2016 that is classified as assets held for sale related to SSIE. Fair Value Measurements — Transfers Between Levels - Nine-month Period ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 Transfers between levels are recorded using the fair value measurement as of the end of the quarterly period in which the event or change in circumstance giving rise to the transfer occurred. During the first nine months of 2017, two fixed maturity investments classified as Level 3 measurement in the prior period were transferred to Level 2 measurement because quoted market prices for similar securities that were considered reliable and could be validated against an alternative source were available at September 30, 2017. These measurements comprise “Transfers out” of Level 3 and “Transfers in” to Level 2 of $13.1 million for the period ended September 30, 2017. During the first nine months of 2016, there were two fixed maturity investments classified as Level 3 measurements in the prior period that were transferred to Level 2 measurements. These investments comprise the “Transfers out” of Level 3 and “Transfers in” to Level 2 of $68.0 million for the period ended September 30, 2016. Significant Unobservable Inputs The following table summarizes significant unobservable inputs used in estimating the fair value of investment securities, other than hedge funds and private equity funds, classified within Level 3 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The fair value of investments in hedge funds and private equity funds are generally estimated using the NAV of the funds.
Description |  | September 30, 2017
$ in millions, except share price |  | Rating(2) |  | Valuation Technique(s) |  | Fair Value(3) |  | Unobservable Input
Debt securities issued by corporations (1) |  | BBB |  | Broker pricing |  | $5.6 |  | Broker quote | - | 133.792
Private equity security |  | NR |  | Share price of most recent transaction |  | $21.0 |  | Share price | - | $1.00
Private equity security |  | NR |  | Discounted cash flow |  | $22.1 |  | Discount rate | - | 25.0%
Private equity security |  | NR |  | Share price of most recent transaction |  | $3.6 |  | Share price | - | $2.52
Private convertible preferred security |  | NR |  | Multiple of EBITDA |  | $0.2 |  | EBITDA multiple | - | 6.00
Private convertible preferred security |  | NR |  | Share price of most recent transaction |  | $27.0 |  | Share price | - | $3.83
Private equity security |  | NR |  | Discounted cash flow/ Option pricing method |  | $10.4 |  | Discount rate | - | 21.0%
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Time until expiration | - | 4 years
|  |  |  |  |  | Volatility/Standard deviation | - | 50.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Risk free rate | - | 1.00%
(1) As of September 30, 2017, asset type consists of one security. (2) Credit ratings are assigned based on the following hierarchy: 1) Standard and Poor's and 2) Moody’s. (3) Includes the net unrealized investment gains (losses) associated with foreign currency; foreign currency effects based on observable inputs.
Description |  | December 31, 2016
$ in millions, except share price |  | Valuation Technique(s) |  | Fair Value (1) |  | Unobservable Input
Private equity security |  | Share price of most recent transaction |  | $21.0 |  | Share price | - | $1.00
Private equity security |  | Discounted cash flow |  | $22.1 |  | Discount rate | - | 25.0%
Private equity security |  | Share price of most recent transaction |  | $3.2 |  | Share price | - | $2.52
Private convertible preferred security |  | Multiple of EBITDA |  | $3.6 |  | EBITDA multiple | - | 6.00
Private convertible preferred security |  | Share price of most recent transaction |  | $27.0 |  | Share price | - | $3.83
Private equity security |  | Discounted cash flow/ Option pricing method |  | $9.3 |  | Discount rate | - | 21.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Time until expiration | - | 4 years
|  |  |  | Volatility/Standard deviation | - | 50.0%
|  |  |  | Risk free rate | - | 1.00%
(1) Includes the net unrealized investment gains (losses) associated with foreign currency; foreign currency effects based on observable inputs.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for investments in certain debt and equity securities. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -Glossary Debt Security -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6509901 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 6 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=73527792&loc=d3e27290-111563 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 310 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6379141&loc=d3e15032-111544 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 5 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=73527792&loc=d3e27232-111563 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -Glossary Equity Security -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6511694 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 320 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6957658&loc=d3e62557-112803 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=73527792&loc=d3e27161-111563 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=73527792&loc=d3e27357-111563 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 10 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=73527792&loc=d3e27405-111563 + Details
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