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Investment Securities (Tables)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2021
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Pre-tax net investment income
The following table presents pre-tax net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30,September 30,
Millions2021202020212020
Fixed maturity investments$8.2 $7.0 $21.9 $22.4 
Short-term investments .1 .5 1.0 
Common equity securities.1 .5 .1 6.5 
Investment in MediaAlpha 55.0  60.0 
Other long-term investments12.0 8.9 37.1 24.7 
Amount attributable to TPC Providers(.2)— (.8)— 
Total investment income20.1 71.5 58.8 114.6 
Third-party investment expenses(.6)(.3)(1.6)(.9)
Net investment income, pre-tax$19.5 $71.2 $57.2 $113.7 
Schedule of net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses
The following table presents net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 September 30,September 30,
Millions2021202020212020
Fixed maturity investments$(6.8)$3.6 $(23.2)$35.8 
Short-term investments(.3)—  .4 
Common equity securities1.6 48.4 7.7 5.9 
Investment in MediaAlpha(396.8)250.0 (325.5)295.0 
Other long-term investments37.7 4.6 113.2 (34.3)
Amount attributable to TPC Providers(1.7)— (6.5)— 
Net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains(1)
(366.3)306.6 (234.3)302.8 
Less: net (losses) gains on investment securities sold during the period (4.8)36.1 (5.1)29.6 
Net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains on investment securities held at the end of the period $(361.5)$270.5 $(229.2)$273.2 
(1) For the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, includes $(7.0) and $0.8 of realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) related to foreign currency exchange. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, includes $(7.4) and $(0.8) of realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) related to foreign currency exchange.
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) for Level 3 investments
The following table presents total gains included in earnings attributable to net unrealized investment gains for Level 3 investments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 for investments still held at the end of the period:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 September 30,September 30,
Millions2021202020212020
Other long-term investments$26.5 $260.1 $75.5 $276.0 
Total net unrealized investment gains, pre-tax - Level 3 investments$26.5 $260.1 $75.5 $276.0 
Investment holdings, equity securities, convertible fixed maturities and other long-term investments
The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized investment gains (losses) and carrying values of White Mountains’s fixed maturity investments as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
 September 30, 2021
MillionsCost or
Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Net Foreign
Currency Gains (Losses)
Carrying
Value
U.S. Government and agency obligations$207.4 $.8 $(.6)$— $207.6 
Debt securities issued by corporations945.2 13.1 (3.4)(.7)954.2 
Municipal obligations276.1 18.0 (.7)— 293.4 
Mortgage and asset-backed securities247.3 4.2 (1.4)— 250.1 
Collateralized loan obligations128.5 — (.4)(.5)127.6 
Total fixed maturity investments$1,804.5 $36.1 $(6.5)$(1.2)$1,832.9 
 December 31, 2020
MillionsCost or
Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized Gains
(Losses)
Carrying
Value
U.S. Government and agency obligations$173.2 $3.1 $— $176.3 
Debt securities issued by corporations522.8 24.7 (.1)547.4 
Municipal obligations244.0 21.0 — 265.0 
Mortgage and asset-backed securities211.7 6.8 — 218.5 
Total fixed maturity investments$1,151.7 $55.6 $(.1)$1,207.2 
The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized investment gains (losses), net foreign currency gains (losses), and carrying values of common equity securities, White Mountains’s investment in MediaAlpha and other long-term investments as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
 September 30, 2021
MillionsCost or
Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Net Foreign
Currency Gains (Losses)
Carrying
Value
Common equity securities$152.5 $8.8 $(.5)$(1.2)$159.6 
Investment in MediaAlpha$ $316.4 $ $ $316.4 
Other long-term investments$1,154.7 $197.6 $(62.9)$(3.9)$1,285.5 
 December 31, 2020
MillionsCost or
Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Net Foreign
Currency
Gains (Losses)
Carrying
Value
Investment in MediaAlpha$— $802.2 $— $— $802.2 
Other long-term investments$767.4 $95.8 $(78.1)$1.7 $786.8 
Schedule of fixed maturity investment holdings
The following table presents the cost or amortized cost and carrying value of White Mountains’s fixed maturity investments by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2021. Actual maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
September 30, 2021
MillionsCost or Amortized CostCarrying Value
Due in one year or less$111.9 $112.7 
Due after one year through five years836.1 843.4 
Due after five years through ten years368.5 377.3 
Due after ten years112.2 121.8 
Mortgage and asset-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations375.8 377.7 
Total fixed maturity investments$1,804.5 $1,832.9 
Fair value measurements by level, investment securities
The following tables present White Mountains’s fair value measurements for investments as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 by level. The major security types were based on the legal form of the securities. White Mountains has disaggregated its fixed maturity investments based on the issuing entity type, which impacts credit quality, with debt securities issued by U.S. government entities carrying minimal credit risk, while the credit and other risks associated with other issuers, such as corporations, municipalities or entities issuing mortgage and asset-backed securities vary depending on the nature of the issuing entity type. White Mountains further disaggregates debt securities issued by corporations by industry sector because investors often reference commonly used benchmarks and their subsectors to monitor risk and performance. Accordingly, White Mountains has further disaggregated this asset class into subclasses based on the similar sectors and industry classifications it uses to evaluate investment risk and performance against commonly used benchmarks, such as the Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Intermediate Aggregate.
 September 30, 2021
MillionsFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Fixed maturity investments:    
U.S. Government and agency obligations$207.6 $207.6 $ $ 
Debt securities issued by corporations: 
Financials246.5  246.5  
Consumer180.5  180.5  
Industrial114.8  114.8  
Technology110.8  110.8  
Healthcare98.2  98.2  
Utilities69.9  69.9  
Communications53.2  53.2  
Energy47.0  47.0  
Materials33.3  33.3  
Total debt securities issued by corporations954.2  954.2  
Municipal obligations293.4  293.4  
Mortgage and asset-backed securities250.1  250.1  
Collateralized loan obligations127.6  127.6  
Total fixed maturity investments1,832.9 207.6 1,625.3  
Short-term investments609.5 601.6 7.9  
Common equity securities (1)
159.6  159.6  
Investment in MediaAlpha316.4 316.4   
Other long-term investments814.5   814.5 
Other long-term investments NAV (2)
471.0    
Total other long-term investments1,285.5   814.5 
Total investments$4,203.9 $1,125.6 $1,792.8 $814.5 
(1) Consist of investments in listed funds that predominantly invest in international equities.
(2) Consists of private equity funds, a hedge fund, Lloyd’s trust deposits, a bank loan fund and ILS funds for which fair value is measured at NAV using the practical expedient. Investments for which fair value is measured at NAV are not classified within the fair value hierarchy.
 December 31, 2020
MillionsFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Fixed maturity investments:    
U.S. Government and agency obligations$176.3 $176.3 $— $— 
Debt securities issued by corporations:    
Financials133.9 — 133.9 — 
Consumer81.9 — 81.9 — 
Industrial66.9 — 66.9 — 
Technology66.7 — 66.7 — 
Healthcare51.5 — 51.5 — 
Communications44.5 — 44.5 — 
Energy35.8 — 35.8 — 
Materials33.9 — 33.9 — 
Utilities32.3 — 32.3 — 
Total debt securities issued by corporations547.4 — 547.4 — 
Municipal obligations265.0 — 265.0 — 
Mortgage and asset-backed securities218.5 — 218.5 — 
Total fixed maturity investments1,207.2 176.3 1,030.9 — 
Short-term investments 142.9 142.9 — — 
Investment in MediaAlpha802.2 802.2 — — 
Other long-term investments614.2 — — 614.2 
Other long-term investments NAV (1)
172.6 — — — 
Total other long-term investments786.8 — — 614.2 
Total investments$2,939.1 $1,121.4 $1,030.9 $614.2 
(1) Consists of private equity funds and ILS funds for which fair value is measured at NAV using the practical expedient. Investments for which fair value is measured at NAV are not classified within the fair value hierarchy.
Debt securities issued by corporations, credit ratings
The following table presents the credit ratings of debt securities issued by corporations held in White Mountains’s investment portfolio as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
Fair Value at
MillionsSeptember 30, 2021December 31, 2020
AAA$12.7 $10.6 
AA85.7 57.9 
A473.3 318.3 
BBB373.7 159.6 
BB 1.0 
Other8.8 — 
Debt securities issued by corporations (1)
$954.2 $547.4 
(1)    Credit ratings are based upon issuer credit ratings provided by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (“Standard & Poor’s”), or if unrated by Standard & Poor’s, long-term obligation ratings provided by Moody’s Investor Service, Inc.
Mortgage-backed, asset-backed securities
The following table presents the fair value of White Mountains’s mortgage and asset-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
 September 30, 2021December 31, 2020
MillionsFair ValueLevel 2Level 3Fair ValueLevel 2Level 3
Mortgage-backed securities:      
Agency:      
FNMA$125.3 $125.3 $ $88.7 $88.7 $— 
FHLMC76.5 76.5  70.1 70.1 — 
GNMA29.4 29.4  40.6 40.6 — 
Total agency (1)
231.2 231.2  199.4 199.4 — 
Non-agency: Residential.6 .6  — — — 
Total non-agency.6 .6  — — — 
  Total mortgage-backed securities231.8 231.8  199.4 199.4 — 
Other asset-backed securities:  
Credit card receivables11.2 11.2  11.3 11.3 — 
Vehicle receivables7.1 7.1  7.8 7.8 — 
  Total other asset-backed securities18.3 18.3  19.1 19.1 — 
Total mortgage and asset-backed securities250.1250.1 218.5 218.5 — 
Collateralized loan obligations127.6 127.6  — — — 
Total mortgage and asset-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations$377.7 $377.7 $ $218.5 $218.5 $— 
(1)    Represents publicly traded mortgage-backed securities which carry the full faith and credit guaranty of the U.S. Government (i.e., GNMA) or are guaranteed
by a government sponsored entity (i.e., FNMA, FHLMC).
Schedule of carrying values for other long-term investments
The following table presents the carrying values of White Mountains’s other long-term investments as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
Fair Value at
MillionsSeptember 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Kudu’s Participation Contracts $604.7 $400.6 
PassportCard/DavidShield
105.0 95.0 
Elementum Holdings L.P. 56.7 55.1 
Other unconsolidated entities (1)
27.0 42.4 
Total unconsolidated entities793.4 593.1 
Private equity funds and hedge funds144.2 121.2 
Bank loan fund161.7 — 
Lloyd’s trust deposits 111.2 — 
ILS funds53.9 51.4 
Private debt investments13.3 21.1 
Other7.8 — 
Total other long-term investments$1,285.5 $786.8 
(1) Includes White Mountains’s non-controlling equity interests in certain private common equity securities, limited liability companies and convertible preferred securities and Simple Agreement for Future Equity (“SAFE”) investments.
Other long-term investments The following table presents the fair value of investments and unfunded commitments in private equity funds and hedge funds by investment objective and sector as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
 September 30, 2021December 31, 2020
MillionsFair ValueUnfunded
Commitments
Fair ValueUnfunded
Commitments
Private equity funds    
Aerospace/Defense/Government$63.9 $14.0 $69.1 $15.3 
Financial services63.2 29.6 23.5 30.4 
Real estate4.8 2.9 — — 
Manufacturing/Industrial.1  28.6 — 
Total private equity funds132.0 46.5 121.2 45.7 
Hedge funds    
European small/mid cap12.2  — — 
Total hedge funds12.2  — — 
Total private equity funds and hedge funds
   included in other long-term investments
$144.2 $46.5 $121.2 $45.7 
Fair value of private equity funds subject to lock-up periods
The following table presents investments in private equity funds that were subject to lock-up periods as of September 30, 2021:
Millions1 – 3 years3 – 5 years5 – 10 years>10 yearsTotal
Private equity funds — expected lock-up period remaining$.3$14.0$109.0$8.7$132.0
Rollforward of fair value investments by level
The following tables present the changes in White Mountains’s fair value measurements by level for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:
   Level 3 
Investments
Other Long-term Investments Measured at NAV (1)
  
MillionsLevel 1 InvestmentsLevel 2 
Investments
Other Long-term
Investments
Total 
Balance at December 31, 2020$978.5 $1,030.9 $614.2 $172.6 $2,796.2 
(2)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)(327.6)(13.1)79.0 33.9 (227.8)
(3)
Amortization/Accretion(.1)(5.9)  (6.0)
Purchases130.9 989.7 143.6 199.6 1,463.8 
Sales(257.7)(284.9)(31.9)(70.9)(645.4)
Effect of Ark Transaction 68.2 9.6 135.8 213.6 
Transfers in     
 
Transfers out     
 
Balance at September 30, 2021$524.0 $1,784.9 $814.5 $471.0 $3,594.4 
(2)
(1) Consists of private equity funds, a hedge fund, Lloyd’s trust deposits, a bank loan fund, and ILS funds for which fair value is measured at NAV using the practical expedient. Investments for which fair value is measured at NAV are not classified within the fair value hierarchy. See Note 1 — “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies”.
(2) Excludes carrying value of $609.5 and $142.9 as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 classified as short-term investments.
(3) Includes amounts attributable to TPC Providers of $6.5 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

   Level 3 
Investments
Other Long-term Investments Measured at NAV (1)
 
MillionsLevel 1 InvestmentsLevel 2 
Investments
Common
Equity
Securities
Other Long-term
Investments and
Investment in
MediaAlpha
Pre-IPO
Total 
Balance at December 31, 2019$780.0 $1,109.6 $.1 $654.0 $202.3 $2,746.0 
(2)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) 29.2 12.5 — 275.6 (14.9)302.4 
(3)
Amortization/Accretion— (3.0)— — — (3.0)
Purchases128.8 316.2 — 78.8 39.8 563.6 

Sales(642.7)(368.5)— (8.1)(56.3)(1,075.6)
Transfers in— — — — — — 
Transfers out— — — — — — 
Balance at September 30, 2020$295.3 $1,066.8 $.1 $1,000.3 $170.9 $2,533.4 
(2)
(1) Includes private equity funds, a hedge fund and ILS funds for which fair value is measured at NAV using the practical expedient are no longer classified within the fair value hierarchy. See Note 1 — “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies”.
(2) Excludes carrying value of $571.8 and $201.2 as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 classified as short-term investments.
(3) Excludes realized and unrealized gains associated with short-term investments of $0.4 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
Schedule of significant unobservable inputs used in estimating the fair value of investment securities
The following tables present significant unobservable inputs used in estimating the fair value of White Mountains’s other long-term investments, classified within Level 3 as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The tables below exclude $14.9 million and $27.6 million of Level 3 other long-term investments generally valued based on recent or expected transaction prices. The fair value of investments in private equity funds, hedge funds, Lloyd’s trust deposits, bank loans funds and ILS funds are generally estimated using the NAV of the funds.

$ in MillionsSeptember 30, 2021
Description
Valuation Technique(s) (1)
Fair Value (2)
Unobservable Inputs
Discount Rate (3)(4)
Terminal Cash Flow Exit Multiple (x) or Terminal Revenue Growth Rate (%) (4)
Kudu’s Participation Contracts (5)(6)
Discounted cash flow
$604.718% - 23%7x - 13x
PassportCard/DavidShield Discounted cash flow$105.023%4%
Elementum Holdings, L.P.Discounted cash flow$56.717%4%
Private debt investmentsDiscounted cash flow$11.24% - 8%N/A
OtherDiscounted cash flow$22.020% - 24%4%
(1) Key inputs to the discounted cash flow analysis generally include projections of future revenue and earnings, discount rates and terminal exit multiples or growth rates.
(2) Includes the net unrealized investment gains (losses) associated with foreign currency; foreign currency effects based on observable inputs.
(3) Since Kudu’s Participation Contracts are not subject to corporate taxes within Kudu Investment Management, LLC, pre-tax discount rates are applied to pre-tax cash flows in determining fair values.
(4) Increases (decreases) to the discount rates in isolation would result in lower (higher) fair value measurements, while increases (decreases) to the terminal cash flow exit multiples or terminal revenue growth rates in isolation would result in higher (lower) fair value measurements.
(5) For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, Kudu deployed a total of $141.6 in new and existing Kudu Participation Contracts, including TIG Advisors, TK Partners, Third Eye Capital Management and Douglass Winthrop Advisors.
(6) As of September 30, 2021, certain Kudu Participation Contracts with a total fair value of $121.0 were valued using a probability weighted expected return method, which was based on a discounted cash flow analysis and an expected sale transaction.

$ in MillionsDecember 31, 2020
Description
Valuation Technique(s) (1)
Fair Value (2)
Unobservable Inputs
Discount Rate (3)(4)
Terminal Cash Flow Exit Multiple (x) or Terminal Revenue Growth Rate (%) (4)
Kudu’s Participation Contracts (5)
Discounted cash flow$400.618% - 23%7x - 12x
PassportCard/DavidShield (6)
Discounted cash flow$95.023%4%
Elementum Holdings, L.P.Discounted cash flow$55.117%4%
Private debt investmentsDiscounted cash flow$17.14% - 8%N/A
OtherDiscounted cash flow$18.820% - 24%4%
(1) Key inputs to the discounted cash flow analysis generally include projections of future revenue and earnings, discount rates and terminal exit multiples or growth rates.
(2) Includes the net unrealized investment gains (losses) associated with foreign currency; foreign currency effects based on observable inputs.
(3) Since Kudu’s Participation Contracts are not subject to corporate taxes within Kudu Investment Management, LLC, pre-tax discount rates are applied to pre-tax cash flows in determining fair values.
(4) Increases (decreases) to the discount rates in isolation would result in lower (higher) fair value measurements, while increases (decreases) to the terminal cash flow exit multiples or terminal revenue growth rates in isolation would result in higher (lower) fair value measurements.
(5) In 2020, Kudu deployed a total of $118.2 in new Kudu Participation Contracts, including Creation Investments Capital, Sequoia Financial Group, Channel Capital and Ranger Investment Management.
(6) In 2020, White Mountains made an additional $15.0 investment in PassportCard/DavidShield. See Note 2 “Significant Transactions”.