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Significant Transactions | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
Significant Transactions | Significant Transactions NSM On August 1, 2022, the NSM Transaction closed. White Mountains received $1.4 billion in net cash proceeds at closing and recognized a net transaction gain of $875.7 million, which was comprised of $886.8 million of net gain from sale of discontinued operations and $2.9 million of comprehensive income related to the recognition of foreign currency translation gains (losses) from the sale, partially offset by $14.0 million of compensation and other costs related to the transaction recorded in Other Operations. Kudu On May 26, 2022, Kudu raised $114.5 million of equity capital (the “Kudu Transaction”) from Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (“Mass Mutual”), White Mountains and Kudu management. Mass Mutual, White Mountains and Kudu management contributed $64.1 million, $50.0 million and $0.4 million and in each case, at a pre-money valuation of 1.3x, or $114.0 million above the December 31, 2021 equity value of Kudu’s go-forward portfolio of participation contracts. As of September 30, 2022, Kudu’s go-forward portfolio of participation contracts excludes $41.1 million of enterprise value relating to two portfolio companies that had announced sale transactions prior to the capital raise. As a result of the Kudu Transaction, White Mountains’s basic ownership of Kudu decreased from 99.1% to 89.3%. Ark On October 1, 2020, White Mountains entered into a subscription and purchase agreement (the “Ark SPA”) with Ark and certain selling shareholders (collectively with Ark, the “Ark Sellers”). Under the terms of the Ark SPA, White Mountains agreed to contribute $605.4 million of equity capital to Ark, at a pre-money valuation of $300.0 million, and to purchase $40.9 million of shares from the Ark Sellers. White Mountains also agreed to contribute up to an additional $200.0 million of equity capital to Ark in 2021. In accordance with the Ark SPA, in the fourth quarter of 2020, White Mountains pre-funded/placed in escrow a total of $646.3 million in preparation for closing the Ark Transaction, including $280.0 million funded directly to Lloyd’s on behalf of Ark under the terms of a credit facility agreement and $366.3 million placed in escrow. On January 1, 2021, White Mountains completed the Ark Transaction in accordance with the terms of the Ark SPA. As of September 30, 2022, White Mountains owned 72.0% of Ark on a basic shares outstanding basis (63.0%) after taking account of management’s equity incentives). The remaining shares are owned by current and former employees. In the future, management rollover shareholders could earn additional shares in Ark if and to the extent that White Mountains achieves certain multiple of invested capital return thresholds. If fully earned, these additional shares would represent 12.5% of the shares outstanding at closing. White Mountains recognized total assets acquired related to the Ark Transaction of $2.5 billion, including goodwill and other intangible assets of $292.5 million, and total liabilities of $1.7 billion, including contingent consideration of $22.5 million and non-controlling interest of $220.2 million. Ark incurred transaction costs of $25.3 million in the first quarter of 2021. In the third quarter of 2021, Ark issued $163.3 million of floating rate unsecured subordinated notes (the “Ark 2021 Subordinated Notes”) in three separate transactions. See Note 7 — “Debt.” In connection with the issuance of the Ark 2021 Subordinated Notes, White Mountains and Ark terminated White Mountains’s commitment to provide up to $200.0 million of additional equity capital to Ark in 2021. The following presents additional details of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the January 1, 2021 acquisition date:
Millions |  | As of January 1, 2021 |
Investments |  | $ | 594.3 |
Cash |  | 52.0 | (1)
Reinsurance recoverables |  | 433.4 |
Insurance premiums receivable |  | 236.7 |
Ceded unearned premiums |  | 170.2 |
Value of in-force business acquired |  | 71.7 |
Other assets |  | 88.9 |
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves |  | (696.0) |
Unearned insurance premiums |  | (326.1) |
Debt |  | (46.4) |
Ceded reinsurance payable |  | (528.3) |
Other liabilities |  | (25.9) |
Net tangible assets acquired |  | 24.5 |
Goodwill |  | 116.8 |
Other intangible assets - syndicate underwriting capacity |  | 175.7 |
Deferred tax liability on other intangible assets |  | (33.4) |
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 283.6 |
(1) Cash excludes the White Mountains cash contribution of $605.4 as part of the Ark transaction. The values of net tangible assets acquired and the resulting goodwill, other intangible assets and contingent consideration were recorded at fair value using Level 3 inputs. The majority of the tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their carrying values, as their carrying values approximated their fair values due to their short-term nature. The fair values of goodwill, other intangible assets and the contingent consideration liability were internally estimated primarily based on the income approach. The income approach estimates fair value based on the present value of the cash flows that the assets are expected to generate in the future. White Mountains developed internal estimates for the expected future cash flows and discount rates used in the present value calculations. The value of in-force business acquired represents the estimated profits relating to the unexpired contracts, net of related prepaid reinsurance, at the acquisition date through the expiration date of the contracts. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, Ark recognized $0.7 million and $6.8 million of amortization expense on the value of in-force business acquired. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, Ark recognized $11.0 million and $54.9 million of amortization expense on the value of in-force business acquired. The value of the syndicate underwriting capacity intangible asset was estimated using net cash flows attributable to Ark’s rights to write business in the Lloyd’s market. The value of the in-force business acquired and the syndicate underwriting capacity were estimated using a discounted cash flow method. Significant inputs to the valuation models include estimates of growth in premium revenues, investment returns, claim costs, expenses and discount rates based on a weighted average cost of capital. In evaluating the fair value of Ark’s loss and loss adjustment expense reserves (“LAE”), White Mountains determined that the risk-free rate of interest was approximately equal to the risk factor reflecting the uncertainty within the reserves and that no adjustment was necessary. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Ark recognized total contingent consideration liabilities of $32.9 million and $28.0 million. Any future adjustments to contingent consideration liabilities will be recognized through pre-tax income (loss). For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, Ark recognized pre-tax expense of $2.7 million and $4.9 million for the change in the fair value of its contingent consideration liabilities. For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, Ark recognized pre-tax expense of $1.5 million for the change in the fair value of its contingent consideration liabilities. MediaAlpha On October 30, 2020, MediaAlpha completed an initial public offering (the “MediaAlpha IPO”). In the offering, White Mountains sold 3.6 million shares at $19.00 per share ($17.67 per share net of underwriting fees) and received total proceeds of $63.8 million. White Mountains also received $55.0 million of net proceeds related to a dividend recapitalization at MediaAlpha. Subsequent to the MediaAlpha IPO, White Mountains’s investment in MediaAlpha is accounted for at fair value based on the publicly traded share price of MediaAlpha’s common stock, and White Mountains presents its investment in MediaAlpha as a separate line item on the balance sheet. On March 23, 2021, MediaAlpha completed a secondary offering of 8.05 million shares. In the secondary offering, White Mountains sold 3.6 million shares at $46.00 per share ($44.62 per share net of underwriting fees) for net proceeds of $160.3 million. As of September 30, 2022, White Mountains owned 16.9 million shares, representing a 27.4% basic ownership interest (25.0% fully-diluted/fully-converted basis). At this current level of ownership, each $1.00 per share increase or decrease in the share price of MediaAlpha will result in an approximate $6.60 per share increase or decrease in White Mountains’s book value per share. At the September 30, 2022 closing price of $8.75 per share, the fair value of White Mountains’s investment in MediaAlpha was $148.2 million. See Note 16 — “Equity-Method Eligible Investments.” PassportCard/DavidShield On January 24, 2018, White Mountains acquired a 50.0% ownership interest in DavidShield, its joint venture partner in PassportCard. DavidShield is an MGA that is the leading provider of expatriate medical insurance in Israel and uses the same card-based delivery system as PassportCard. As part of the transaction, White Mountains reorganized its equity stake in PassportCard so that White Mountains and its partner in DavidShield would each own 50.0% of both businesses. To facilitate the transaction, White Mountains provided financing to its partner in the form of a non-interest-bearing loan that is secured by the partner’s equity in PassportCard and DavidShield. The gross purchase price for the 50.0% interest in DavidShield was $41.8 million, or $28.3 million net of the financing provided for the restructuring. On May 7, 2020, White Mountains made an additional $15.0 million investment in PassportCard/DavidShield to support operations through the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The transaction increased White Mountains’s ownership interest from 50.0% to 53.8%, but had no impact on the governance structure of the companies, including White Mountains’s board representation or other investor rights. The governance structures for both PassportCard and DavidShield were designed to give White Mountains and its co-investor equal power to make the decisions that most significantly impact the operations of PassportCard and DavidShield. Because White Mountains does not have the unilateral power to direct the operations of PassportCard or DavidShield, White Mountains does not hold a controlling financial interest in either PassportCard or DavidShield and does not consolidate either entity. White Mountains’s ownership interest gives White Mountains the opportunity to exert significant influence over the significant financial and operating activities of PassportCard and DavidShield. Accordingly, PassportCard and DavidShield meet the criteria to be accounted for under the equity method. White Mountains has taken the fair value option for its investment in PassportCard and DavidShield. Changes in the fair value of PassportCard and DavidShield are recorded in realized and unrealized investment gains. White Mountains’s maximum exposure to loss on its equity investment in PassportCard/DavidShield and the non-interest-bearing loan to its partner is limited to the total carrying value of $143.0 million.

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