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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS | We measure certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis in the financial statements. The fair value hierarchy ranks the quality and reliability of inputs, or assumptions, used in the determination of fair value and requires financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:
● | Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;
● | Level 2 – inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable; and
● | Level 3 – unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and notes and interest payable approximate their carrying value. At the time of our merger (we were then known as Manhattan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Manhattan”)) with Ariston Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Ariston”) in March 2010, Ariston issued $15.5 million of five-year 5% notes payable (the “5% Notes”) in satisfaction of several note payable issuances. The 5% Notes and accrued and unpaid interest thereon are convertible at the option of the holder into common stock at the conversion price of $1,125 per share. Ariston agreed to make quarterly payments on the 5% Notes equal to 50% of the net product cash flow received from the exploitation or commercialization of Ariston’s product candidates, AST-726 and AST-915. We have no obligations under the 5% Notes aside from a) 50% of the net product cash flows from Ariston’s product candidates, if any, payable to noteholders; and b) the conversion feature, discussed above. The cumulative liability including accrued and unpaid interest of the 5% Notes was approximately $17.5 million at December 31, 2017 and $16.7 million at December 31, 2016. No payments have been made on the 5% Notes as of December 31, 2017. In December 2011, we elected the fair value option for valuing the 5% Notes. The fair value option was elected in order to reflect in our financial statements the assumptions that market participants use in evaluating these financial instruments. As of December 31, 2013, as a result of expiring intellectual property rights and other factors, it was determined that net product cash flows from AST-726 were unlikely. As we have no other obligations under the 5% Notes aside from the net product cash flows and the conversion feature, the conversion feature was used to estimate the 5% Notes’ fair value as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. The assumptions, assessments and projections of future revenues are subject to uncertainties, difficult to predict, and require significant judgment. The use of different assumptions, applying different judgment to inherently subjective matters and changes in future market conditions could result in significantly different estimates of fair value and the differences could be material to our consolidated financial statements. The following tables provide the fair value measurements of applicable financial liabilities as of December 31, 2017 and 2016:
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
5% Notes |  | $ | -- |  |  | $ | -- |  |  | $ | 127,614 |  |  | $ | 127,614 |
Totals |  | $ | -- |  |  | $ | -- |  |  | $ | 127,614 |  |  | $ | 127,614 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
5% Notes |  | $ | -- |  |  | $ | -- |  |  | $ | 68,875 |  |  | $ | 68,875 |
Totals |  | $ | -- |  |  | $ | -- |  |  | $ | 68,875 |  |  | $ | 68,875 |
The Level 3 amounts above represent the fair value of the 5% Notes and related accrued interest. The following table summarizes the changes in Level 3 instruments for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017:
Balance at January 1, 2016 |  | $ | 211,549 |
Interest accrued on face value of 5% Notes |  |  | 886,084 |
Conversion of 5% Notes |  |  | (33,017 | )
Change in fair value of Level 3 liabilities |  |  | (995,741 | )
Balance at December 31, 2016 |  |  | 68,875 |
Interest accrued on face value of 5% Notes |  |  | 844,797 |
Conversion of 5% Notes |  |  | -- |
Change in fair value of Level 3 liabilities |  |  | (786,058 | )
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 127,614 |
The change in the fair value of the Level 3 liabilities is reported in other (income) expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 820 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2155941 + Details
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