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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

​

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

or

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☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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Commission file number: 001-37463

GLAUKOS CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

​

​ ​ ​ | ​
Delaware | 33-0945406
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
​ | ​
One Glaukos Way Aliso Viejo, California | 92656
(Address of registrant’s principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

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(949) 367-9600

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Title of each class | ​ | Trading Symbol(s) | ​ | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock | ​ | GKOS | ​ | New York Stock Exchange

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧ No ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of ‘‘large accelerated filer,’’ ‘‘accelerated filer,’’ ‘‘smaller reporting company’’ and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​
☒ Large accelerated filer | ☐ Accelerated filer | ☐ Non-accelerated filer ​ | ☐ Smaller reporting company ​ ☐ Emerging growth company ​

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

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As of October 30, 2023, there were 48,799,581 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.

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Table of Contents

GLAUKOS CORPORATION

Form 10-Q

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2023

Table of Contents

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​ | ​ |  | Page
PART I: FINANCIAL INFORMATION | ​ | 4
Item 1. | Financial Statements | ​ | 4
​ | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | ​ | 4
​ | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations | ​ | 5
​ | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss | ​ | 6
​ | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | ​ | 7
​ | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | ​ | 8
​ | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | ​ | 9
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | ​ | 24
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | ​ | 36
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | ​ | 36
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PART II: OTHER INFORMATION | ​ | 37
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | ​ | 37
Item1A. | Risk Factors | ​ | 37
Item 5. | Other Information | ​ | 51
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Item 6. | Exhibits | ​ | 52
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SIGNATURES | ​ | 53

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Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

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This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (Securities Act), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act) All statements other than statements of historical or current facts included in this report are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the following words: "may," "will," "could," "would," "should," "expect," "intend," "plan," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "project," "potential," "continue," "ongoing" or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Any statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q regarding future operations, expected operating results and financial performance, the Company’s strategy for growth, product development activities, regulatory approvals, including timing and likelihood of success, market position and expenditures are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s beliefs and assumptions based on the information currently available to management. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this report, we caution you that these forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

You are urged to carefully review the disclosures we make concerning the risks we face and other factors that may affect the outcome of our forward-looking statements and our business and operating results, including the risks set forth in the "Risk Factors" section of this report, which includes a discussion of important factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this report will prove to be accurate, and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. You are therefore cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements included in this report, which speak only as of the date of this document. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

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We use Glaukos, our logo, iStent, iStent inject, iStent infinite, iPrism, iDose, iPRIME, MIGS, Avedro, Photrexa, iLink, KXL, Epioxa, iLution, Retina XR and other marks as trademarks. This report contains references to our trademarks and service marks and to those belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this report, including logos, artwork and other visual displays, may appear without the ® or ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate in any way that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other entities’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other entity.

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References throughout this document to “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company,” or “Glaukos” refer to Glaukos Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.

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Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

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GLAUKOS CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except par values)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | December 31, | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​
​ |  | (unaudited) |  | ​ | ​ |
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 108,929 | ​ | $ | 119,525 | ​
Short-term investments | ​ | ​ | 191,928 | ​ | ​ | 233,170 | ​
Accounts receivable, net | ​ | ​ | 39,326 | ​ | ​ | 36,073 | ​
Inventory | ​ | ​ | 39,781 | ​ | ​ | 37,841 | ​
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ​ | ​ | 19,565 | ​ | ​ | 17,250 | ​
Total current assets | ​ | ​ | 399,529 | ​ | ​ | 443,859 | ​
Restricted cash | ​ | ​ | 5,856 | ​ | ​ | 7,078 | ​
Property and equipment, net | ​ | ​ | 103,075 | ​ | ​ | 94,403 | ​
Operating lease right-of-use assets | ​ | ​ | 27,273 | ​ | ​ | 25,826 | ​
Finance lease right-of-use asset | ​ | ​ | 44,786 | ​ | ​ | 46,601 | ​
Intangible assets, net | ​ | ​ | 289,184 | ​ | ​ | 307,869 | ​
Goodwill | ​ | ​ | 66,134 | ​ | ​ | 66,134 | ​
Deposits and other assets | ​ | ​ | 12,797 | ​ | ​ | 10,613 | ​
Total assets | ​ | $ | 948,634 | ​ | $ | 1,002,383 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities and stockholders' equity | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accounts payable | ​ | $ | 10,413 | ​ | $ | 14,403 | ​
Accrued liabilities | ​ | ​ | 56,734 | ​ | ​ | 57,956 | ​
Total current liabilities | ​ | ​ | 67,147 | ​ | ​ | 72,359 | ​
Convertible senior notes | ​ | ​ | 282,430 | ​ | ​ | 281,400 | ​
Operating lease liability | ​ | ​ | 30,572 | ​ | ​ | 28,905 | ​
Finance lease liability | ​ | ​ | 70,784 | ​ | ​ | 72,172 | ​
Deferred tax liability, net | ​ | ​ | 7,249 | ​ | ​ | 7,264 | ​
Other liabilities | ​ | ​ | 12,793 | ​ | ​ | 10,278 | ​
Total liabilities | ​ | ​ | 470,975 | ​ | ​ | 472,378 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stockholders' equity: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | - | ​
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 150,000 shares authorized; 48,748 and 47,782 shares issued and 48,720 and 47,754 shares outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively | ​ | ​ | 49 | ​ | ​ | 48 | ​
Additional paid-in capital | ​ | ​ | 1,039,266 | ​ | ​ | 997,470 | ​
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | ​ | ​ | 764 | ​ | ​ | (2,975) | ​
Accumulated deficit | ​ | ​ | (562,288) | ​ | ​ | (464,406) | ​
Less treasury stock (28 shares as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022) | ​ | ​ | (132) | ​ | ​ | (132) | ​
Total stockholders' equity | ​ | ​ | 477,659 | ​ | ​ | 530,005 | ​
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | ​ | $ | 948,634 | ​ | $ | 1,002,383 | ​

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GLAUKOS CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended | ​ | Nine Months Ended | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | September 30, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Net sales | ​ | $ | 78,048 | ​ | $ | 71,269 | ​ | $ | 232,346 | ​ | $ | 211,635 | ​
Cost of sales | ​ | ​ | 18,510 | ​ | ​ | 16,861 | ​ | ​ | 56,684 | ​ | ​ | 51,757 | ​
Gross profit | ​ | ​ | 59,538 | ​ | ​ | 54,408 | ​ | ​ | 175,662 | ​ | ​ | 159,878 | ​
Operating expenses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Selling, general and administrative | ​ | ​ | 54,247 | ​ | ​ | 47,149 | ​ | ​ | 161,034 | ​ | ​ | 140,998 | ​
Research and development | ​ | ​ | 33,301 | ​ | ​ | 28,870 | ​ | ​ | 101,706 | ​ | ​ | 87,459 | ​
Acquired in-process research and development | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 3,000 | ​ | ​ | 10,000 | ​
Litigation-related settlement | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | (30,000) | ​
Total operating expenses | ​ | ​ | 87,548 | ​ | ​ | 76,019 | ​ | ​ | 265,740 | ​ | ​ | 208,457 | ​
Loss from operations | ​ | ​ | (28,010) | ​ | ​ | (21,611) | ​ | ​ | (90,078) | ​ | ​ | (48,579) | ​
Non-operating expense: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest income | ​ | ​ | 2,710 | ​ | ​ | 744 | ​ | ​ | 6,252 | ​ | ​ | 1,415 | ​
Interest expense | ​ | ​ | (3,398) | ​ | ​ | (3,481) | ​ | ​ | (10,205) | ​ | ​ | (10,311) | ​
Other expense, net | ​ | ​ | (1,709) | ​ | ​ | (2,981) | ​ | ​ | (2,978) | ​ | ​ | (9,792) | ​
Total non-operating expense | ​ | ​ | (2,397) | ​ | ​ | (5,718) | ​ | ​ | (6,931) | ​ | ​ | (18,688) | ​
Loss before taxes | ​ | ​ | (30,407) | ​ | ​ | (27,329) | ​ | ​ | (97,009) | ​ | ​ | (67,267) | ​
Income tax provision | ​ | ​ | 37 | ​ | ​ | 247 | ​ | ​ | 873 | ​ | ​ | 468 | ​
Net loss | ​ | $ | (30,444) | ​ | $ | (27,576) | ​ | $ | (97,882) | ​ | $ | (67,735) | ​
Basic and diluted net loss per share | ​ | $ | (0.63) | ​ | $ | (0.58) | ​ | $ | (2.03) | ​ | $ | (1.43) | ​
Weighted average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share | ​ | ​ | 48,675 | ​ | ​ | 47,614 | ​ | ​ | 48,284 | ​ | ​ | 47,346 | ​

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See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GLAUKOS CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(unaudited)

(in thousands)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended | ​ | Nine Months Ended | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | September 30, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Net loss | ​ | $ | (30,444) | ​ | $ | (27,576) | ​ | $ | (97,882) | ​ | $ | (67,735) | ​
Other comprehensive income (loss): | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Foreign currency translation gain | ​ | ​ | 561 | ​ | ​ | 342 | ​ | ​ | 822 | ​ | ​ | 1,500 | ​
Unrealized income (loss) on short-term investments | ​ | ​ | 590 | ​ | ​ | (450) | ​ | ​ | 2,917 | ​ | ​ | (5,338) | ​
Other comprehensive income (loss): | ​ | ​ | 1,151 | ​ | ​ | (108) | ​ | ​ | 3,739 | ​ | ​ | (3,838) | ​
Total comprehensive loss | ​ | $ | (29,293) | ​ | $ | (27,684) | ​ | $ | (94,143) | ​ | $ | (71,573) | ​

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GLAUKOS CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

(in thousands)

​

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Additional | ​ | other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Common stock | ​ | paid-in | ​ | comprehensive | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Treasury stock | ​ | Total
​ |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | capital |  | (loss) income |  | deficit |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | equity
Balance at December 31, 2022 | ​ | 47,782 | ​ | $ | 48 | ​ | $ | 997,470 | ​ | $ | (2,975) | ​ | $ | (464,406) |  | (28) | ​ | $ | (132) | ​ | $ | 530,005
Common stock issued under stock plans, net | ​ | 187 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,301 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,301
Stock-based compensation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10,184 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10,184
Other comprehensive income | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,650 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,650
Net loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (34,626) | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (34,626)
Balance at March 31, 2023 | ​ | 47,969 | ​ | $ | 48 | ​ | $ | 1,008,955 | ​ | $ | (1,325) | ​ | $ | (499,032) |  | (28) | ​ | $ | (132) | ​ | $ | 508,514
Common stock issued under stock plans, net | ​ | 444 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (702) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (702)
Acquired in-process R&D acquired through the issuance of common stock | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 3,000 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | 3,000
Stock-based compensation | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 9,873 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 9,873
Other comprehensive income | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 938 | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 938
Net loss | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (32,812) |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (32,812)
Balance at June 30, 2023 | ​ | 48,413 | ​ | $ | 48 | ​ | $ | 1,021,126 | ​ | $ | (387) | ​ | $ | (531,844) | ​ | (28) | ​ | $ | (132) | ​ | $ | 488,811
Common stock issued under stock plans, net | ​ | 335 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 7,656 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 7,657
Stock-based compensation | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10,484 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10,484
Other comprehensive income | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,151 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,151
Net loss | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (30,444) | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (30,444)
Balance at September 30, 2023 | ​ | 48,748 | ​ | $ | 49 | ​ | $ | 1,039,266 | ​ | $ | 764 | ​ | $ | (562,288) | ​ | (28) | ​ | $ | (132) | ​ | $ | 477,659

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Additional | ​ | other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Common stock | ​ | paid-in | ​ | comprehensive | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Treasury stock | ​ | Total
​ |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | capital |  | (loss) income |  | deficit |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | equity
Balance at December 31, 2021 | ​ | 46,993 | ​ | $ | 47 | ​ | $ | 952,432 | ​ | $ | 15 | ​ | $ | (365,211) |  | (28) | ​ | $ | (132) | ​ | $ | 587,151
Common stock issued under stock plans, net | ​ | 124 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,515 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,515
Stock-based compensation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6,923 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6,923
Other comprehensive loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,402) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,402)
Net income | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,377 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,377
Balance at March 31, 2022 | ​ | 47,117 | ​ | $ | 47 | ​ | $ | 960,870 | ​ | $ | (3,387) | ​ | $ | (359,834) |  | (28) | ​ | $ | (132) | ​ | $ | 597,564
Common stock issued under stock plans, net | ​ | 331 | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | 237 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 238
Stock-based compensation | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 10,539 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 10,539
Other comprehensive loss | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (328) | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (328)
Net loss | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (45,536) |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (45,536)
Balance at June 30, 2022 | ​ | 47,448 | ​ | $ | 48 | ​ | $ | 971,646 | ​ | $ | (3,715) | ​ | $ | (405,370) | ​ | (28) | ​ | $ | (132) | ​ | $ | 562,477
Common stock issued under stock plans, net | ​ | 245 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,350 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,350
Stock-based compensation | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 9,411 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 9,411
Other comprehensive income | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (108) | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (108)
Net loss | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (27,576) |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (27,576)
Balance at September 30, 2022 | ​ | 47,693 | ​ | $ | 48 | ​ | $ | 985,407 | ​ | $ | (3,823) | ​ | $ | (432,946) | ​ | (28) | ​ | $ | (132) | ​ | $ | 548,554

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See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GLAUKOS CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

(in thousands)

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Operating Activities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net loss | ​ | $ | (97,882) | ​ | $ | (67,735) | ​
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Depreciation | ​ | ​ | 6,455 | ​ | ​ | 4,710 | ​
Amortization of intangible assets | ​ | ​ | 18,684 | ​ | ​ | 18,684 | ​
Noncash lease expense | ​ | ​ | 3,218 | ​ | ​ | 3,378 | ​
Amortization of debt issuance costs | ​ | ​ | 1,030 | ​ | ​ | 1,030 | ​
Deferred income tax benefit | ​ | ​ | (15) | ​ | ​ | (17) | ​
Gain on disposal of fixed assets | ​ | ​ | 881 | ​ | ​ | 29 | ​
Stock-based compensation | ​ | ​ | 30,541 | ​ | ​ | 26,873 | ​
Unrealized foreign currency losses | ​ | ​ | 991 | ​ | ​ | 4,219 | ​
Amortization of premium on short-term investments | ​ | ​ | (1,041) | ​ | ​ | 601 | ​
Other liabilities | ​ | ​ | 2,231 | ​ | ​ | - | ​
Acquired in-process R&D acquired through the issuance of common stock | ​ | ​ | 3,000 | ​ | ​ | - | ​
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accounts receivable, net | ​ | ​ | (3,535) | ​ | ​ | (3,121) | ​
Inventory | ​ | ​ | (2,903) | ​ | ​ | (11,881) | ​
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ​ | ​ | (2,355) | ​ | ​ | (3,355) | ​
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | ​ | ​ | (6,149) | ​ | ​ | (1,847) | ​
Other assets | ​ | ​ | (244) | ​ | ​ | (515) | ​
Net cash used in operating activities | ​ | ​ | (47,093) | ​ | ​ | (28,947) | ​
Investing activities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Purchases of short-term investments | ​ | ​ | (193,538) | ​ | ​ | (47,256) | ​
Proceeds from sales and maturities of short-term investments | ​ | ​ | 238,735 | ​ | ​ | 97,494 | ​
Purchases of property and equipment | ​ | ​ | (16,034) | ​ | ​ | (22,044) | ​
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 96 | ​
Investment in company-owned life insurance | ​ | ​ | (2,147) | ​ | ​ | (166) | ​
Net cash provided by investing activities | ​ | ​ | 27,016 | ​ | ​ | 28,124 | ​
Financing activities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | ​ | ​ | 6,624 | ​ | ​ | 2,871 | ​
Proceeds from share purchases under Employee Stock Purchase Plan | ​ | ​ | 6,278 | ​ | ​ | 5,630 | ​
Payment of employee taxes related to vested restricted stock units | ​ | ​ | (4,646) | ​ | ​ | (2,399) | ​
Principal paid on finance lease | ​ | ​ | (517) | ​ | ​ | (380) | ​
Net cash provided by financing activities | ​ | ​ | 7,739 | ​ | ​ | 5,722 | ​
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | ​ | ​ | 520 | ​ | ​ | (1,927) | ​
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | ​ | (11,818) | ​ | ​ | 2,972 | ​
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | ​ | ​ | 126,603 | ​ | ​ | 110,124 | ​
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | ​ | $ | 114,785 | ​ | $ | 113,096 | ​
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Taxes paid, net of refunds | ​ | $ | 1,218 | ​ | $ | 372 | ​
Interest paid on convertible senior notes | ​ | $ | 3,953 | ​ | $ | 3,953 | ​
Other interest paid | ​ | $ | 3,237 | ​ | $ | 3,350 | ​
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities | ​ | $ | 3,201 | ​ | $ | 3,258 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GLAUKOS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

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Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

Organization and business

Glaukos Corporation (Glaukos or the Company), incorporated in Delaware on July 14, 1998, is an ophthalmic medical technology and pharmaceutical company focused on developing novel therapies for the treatment of glaucoma, corneal disorders, and retinal diseases. The Company developed Micro-Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) to serve as an alternative to the traditional glaucoma treatment paradigm and launched its first MIGS device commercially in 2012. The Company also offers commercially a proprietary bio-activated pharmaceutical therapy for the treatment of a rare corneal disorder, keratoconus, that was approved by the United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2016. The Company is developing a portfolio of platforms to support ongoing pharmaceutical and medical device innovations. Products or product candidates for each of these platforms are designed to advance the standard of care through better treatment options across the areas of glaucoma; corneal disorders such as keratoconus, dry eye and refractive vision correction; and retinal diseases such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema and retinal vein occlusion.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Glaukos and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company translates the financial statements of its foreign subsidiaries using end-of-period exchange rates for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for results of operations. All significant intercompany balances and transactions among the consolidated entities have been eliminated in consolidation.

Basis of presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted (GAAP) in the U.S. for interim financial information and pursuant to the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X.

As permitted by Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X, under those rules, certain footnotes and other financial information that are normally required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared on a basis consistent with the audited financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim financial statements reflect all adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial information contained herein. All such adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 has been derived from audited financial statements at that date, but excludes disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These interim financial statements do not include all disclosures required by GAAP and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s financial statements and accompanying notes for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, which are contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 24, 2023. The Company’s results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for any other interim period.

​

Recent developments

On May 16, 2023, the Company issued $3.0 million of its common stock in connection with the acquisition of intellectual property rights regarding certain formulations and methods for treating an ophthalmic disorder, including all related patents and patent applications, technology and know-how. The Company accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition as the set of acquired assets did not constitute a business. The Company may have ongoing milestone payments based on achieving certain clinical and regulatory milestones depending on the success of the development and approval of the proprietary technologies. Additionally, if these proprietary technologies are commercialized, the Company may also have royalty payments and commercial milestone obligations that are determined based upon annual net sales thresholds. The Company does not have any accrued liabilities related to this transaction as of September 30, 2023.

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On July 17, 2023, the Company entered into a collaboration and marketing agreement (Collaboration and Marketing Agreement) with Radius XR, Inc. (Radius), in which the Company became the exclusive sales agent to market, promote and solicit orders for the Radius XR™ wearable patient engagement and diagnostic system within the United States. Pursuant to the Collaboration and Marketing Agreement, the Company earns commission payments based on sales of Radius products resulting from the Company’s marketing and promotion efforts. These sales commissions were immaterial for the three months ended September 30, 2023. In connection with the Collaboration and Marketing Agreement, the Company entered into a convertible promissory note (Convertible Promissory Note) pursuant to which the Company agreed to fund Radius up to $5.0 million, based upon the occurrence of certain potential future events. The Convertible Promissory Note bears interest on the outstanding principal at the rate of 5.0% per annum, and the outstanding principal and interest is convertible into preferred stock or capital stock in Radius under certain circumstances. As of September 30, 2023, $0.5 million is outstanding under the Convertible Promissory Note.

​

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The Company accounts for a variable interest entity (VIE) when: (a) the equity investment at risk in the entity is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support provided by other parties, including the equity holders; (b) the entity’s equity holders as a group (i) lack the direct or indirect ability to make decisions about the entity, (ii) are not obligated to absorb expected losses of the entity or (iii) do not have the right to receive expected residual returns of the entity; or (c) the entity’s equity holders have voting rights that are not proportionate to their economic interests, and the activities of the entity involve, or are conducted on behalf of, the equity holder with disproportionately few voting rights. If an entity is deemed to be a VIE, the enterprise that has both (a) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity or right to receive benefits from the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE is considered the primary beneficiary and must consolidate the VIE.

​

Through the Collaboration and Marketing Agreement, Radius was determined to be a VIE that the Company does not consolidate as the Company lacks the power to direct the activities that significantly impact the economic success of the VIE. As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s carrying value of the investment in the VIE totaled $0.5 million. The maximum exposure to loss related to the VIE is limited to the carrying value of the Company’s investment. The Company has provided no financing to the VIE other than the contractually required amount.

​

Other than the aforementioned VIE accounting policy, there have been no significant changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared with those disclosed in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 reflect the Company’s estimates of the impact of the macroeconomic and geopolitical environment, including the impact of inflation, higher interest rates and foreign exchange rate fluctuations. The duration and scope of these conditions cannot be predicted; therefore, the extent to which these conditions will directly or indirectly impact the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition is uncertain.

​

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that equate to the amount reported in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows as of the beginning and end of the three months ended September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

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​

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | December 31, | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 108,929 | ​ | $ | 119,525 | ​
Restricted cash | ​ | ​ | 5,856 | ​ | ​ | 7,078 | ​
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | $ | 114,785 | ​ | $ | 126,603 | ​

​

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents include cash in readily available checking and money market accounts, as well as certificates of deposit. The Company maintains balances of cash and cash equivalents at one or more financial institutions that are in excess of federally insured limits.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

The Company has not adopted any recent accounting pronouncements that had a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

The Company reviewed recently issued accounting pronouncements and concluded that they were either not applicable or not expected to have a significant impact to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

Note 3. Balance Sheet Details

Short-term Investments

Short-term investments consisted of the following (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At September 30, 2023 |
​ | ​ | Maturity | ​ | Amortized cost | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Estimated |
​ |  | (in years) |  | or cost |  | gains |  | losses |  | fair value |
U.S. government agency bonds | ​ | less than 3 | ​ | $ | 47,989 | ​ | $ | - | ​ | ​ | (658) | ​ | $ | 47,331 | ​
U.S. treasury securities | ​ | less than 2 | ​ | ​ | 95,929 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | (320) | ​ | ​ | 95,609 | ​
Bank certificates of deposit | ​ | less than 2 | ​ | ​ | 11,300 | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | (1) | ​ | ​ | 11,300 | ​
Corporate notes | ​ | less than 3 | ​ |  | 22,104 | ​ |  | 11 | ​ |  | (403) | ​ |  | 21,712 | ​
Asset-backed securities | ​ | less than 2 | ​ |  | 8,613 | ​ |  | - | ​ |  | (226) | ​ |  | 8,387 | ​
Municipal bonds | ​ | less than 3 | ​ | ​ | 7,634 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | (45) | ​ | ​ | 7,589 | ​
Total | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 193,569 | ​ | $ | 12 | ​ | $ | (1,653) | ​ | $ | 191,928 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, 2022 |
​ | ​ | Maturity | ​ | Amortized cost | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Estimated |
​ |  | (in years) |  | or cost |  | gains |  | losses |  | fair value |
U.S. government agency bonds | ​ | less than 3 | ​ | $ | 88,478 | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | (2,413) | ​ | $ | 86,065 | ​
U.S. treasury securities | ​ | less than 1 | ​ | ​ | 52,991 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | (384) | ​ | ​ | 52,607 | ​
Bank certificates of deposit | ​ | less than 1 | ​ | ​ | 17,500 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | (11) | ​ | ​ | 17,492 | ​
Corporate notes | ​ | less than 3 | ​ |  | 41,464 | ​ |  | - | ​ |  | (978) | ​ |  | 40,486 | ​
Asset-backed securities | ​ | less than 2 | ​ |  | 21,656 | ​ |  | - | ​ |  | (360) | ​ |  | 21,296 | ​
Municipal bonds | ​ | less than 3 | ​ | ​ | 15,635 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | (411) | ​ | ​ | 15,224 | ​
Total | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 237,724 | ​ | $ | 3 | ​ | $ | (4,557) | ​ | $ | 233,170 | ​

​

At each reporting date, the Company performs an evaluation of impairment to determine if any unrealized losses are the result of credit losses. Impairment is assessed at the individual security level. Factors considered in determining whether a loss resulted from a credit loss or other factors include the Company’s intent and ability to hold the investment until the recovery of its amortized cost basis, the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, the length of time and extent to which fair value has been less than the cost basis, the financial condition of the issuer, any historical failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, any adverse legal or regulatory events affecting the issuer or issuer’s industry, and any significant deterioration in economic conditions.

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The credit-related portion of unrealized losses, and any subsequent improvements, are recorded in interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations through an allowance for credit losses. Unrealized gains and losses that are not credit-related are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were not significant and were primarily due to changes in interest rates, including market credit spreads, and not due to increased credit risks associated with specific securities. Further, the Company does not intend to sell these investments prior to maturity and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. Accordingly, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses with respect to these investments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable consisted of the following (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | December 31, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Accounts receivable | ​ | $ | 40,510 | ​ | $ | 37,323 | ​
Allowance for credit losses | ​ | ​ | (1,184) | ​ | ​ | (1,250) | ​
​ | ​ | $ | 39,326 | ​ | $ | 36,073 | ​

​

The Company’s allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of current expected credit losses related to customer receivables. There were immaterial bad-debt write offs charged during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

​

Additionally, no customers accounted for more than 10% of net accounts receivable as of September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | December 31, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Finished goods | ​ | $ | 16,674 | ​ | $ | 13,742 | ​
Work in process | ​ | ​ | 11,470 | ​ | ​ | 10,495 | ​
Raw material | ​ | ​ | 11,637 | ​ | ​ | 13,604 | ​
​ | ​ | $ | 39,781 | ​ | $ | 37,841 | ​

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Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Accrued bonuses | ​ | $ | 13,661 | ​ | $ | 17,219
Accrued vacation benefits | ​ | ​ | 5,032 | ​ | ​ | 4,475
Other accrued liabilities | ​ | ​ | 38,041 | ​ | ​ | 36,262
​ | ​ | $ | 56,734 | ​ | $ | 57,956

​

​

Note 4. Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities are considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments.

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The valuation of assets and liabilities is subject to fair value measurements using a three-tiered approach and fair value measurements are classified and disclosed by the Company in one of the following three categories:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;

Level 2: Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs which are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and

Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair value (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | At September 30, 2023
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Quoted prices | ​ | Significant | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | in active | ​ | other | ​ | Significant
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | markets for | ​ | observable | ​ | unobservable
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | identical assets | ​ | inputs | ​ | inputs
​ |  | 2023 |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash equivalents: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Money market funds (i) | ​ | $ | 25,533 | ​ | $ | 25,533 | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | -
Available for sale securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. government agency bonds (ii) | ​ | $ | 47,331 | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | 47,331 | ​ | $ | -
U.S. treasury securities (ii)(iii) | ​ | ​ | 127,604 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 127,604 | ​ | ​ | -
Bank certificates of deposit (ii) | ​ | ​ | 11,300 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 11,300 | ​ | ​ | -
Corporate notes (ii) | ​ | ​ | 21,712 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 21,712 | ​ | ​ | -
Asset-backed securities (ii) | ​ | ​ | 8,387 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 8,387 | ​ | ​ | -
Municipal bonds (ii) | ​ | ​ | 7,589 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 7,589 | ​ | ​ | -
Investments held for deferred compensation plans (iv) | ​ | ​ | 10,417 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 10,417 | ​ | ​ | -
Total Assets | ​ | $ | 259,873 | ​ | $ | 25,533 | ​ | $ | 234,340 | ​ | $ | -
Liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred compensation plans (v) | ​ | $ | 10,303 | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | 10,303 | ​ | $ | -
Total Liabilities | ​ | $ | 10,303 | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | 10,303 | ​ | $ | -

​

| (i) | Included in cash and cash equivalents with a maturity of three months or less from date of purchase on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

| (ii) | Included in short-term investments on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

| (iii) | One U.S. treasury security totaling $31,995 (in thousands) is included in cash and equivalents on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, as the investment has a maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

| (iv) | Included in deposits and other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

| (v) | Included in other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | At December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Quoted prices | ​ | Significant | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | in active | ​ | other | ​ | Significant
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | markets for | ​ | observable | ​ | unobservable
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | identical assets | ​ | inputs | ​ | inputs
​ |  | 2022 |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash equivalents: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Money market funds (i) | ​ | $ | 53,106 | ​ | $ | 53,106 | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | -
Available for sale securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. government agency bonds (ii) | ​ | $ | 86,065 | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | 86,065 | ​ | $ | -
U.S. treasury securities (ii) | ​ | ​ | 52,607 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 52,607 | ​ | ​ | -
Bank certificates of deposit (ii) | ​ | ​ | 17,492 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 17,492 | ​ | ​ | -
Corporate notes (ii) | ​ | ​ | 40,486 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 40,486 | ​ | ​ | -
Asset-backed securities (ii) | ​ | ​ | 21,296 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 21,296 | ​ | ​ | -
Municipal bonds (ii) | ​ | ​ | 15,224 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 15,224 | ​ | ​ | -
Investments held for deferred compensation plans (iii) | ​ | ​ | 8,419 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 8,419 | ​ | ​ | -
Total Assets | ​ | $ | 294,695 | ​ | $ | 53,106 | ​ | $ | 241,589 | ​ | $ | -
Liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred compensation plans (iv) | ​ | $ | 8,178 | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | 8,178 | ​ | $ | -
Total Liabilities | ​ | $ | 8,178 | ​ | $ | - | ​ | $ | 8,178 | ​ | $ | -

| (i) | Included in cash and cash equivalents with a maturity of three months or less from date of purchase on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

| (ii) | Included in short-term investments on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

| (iii) | Included in deposits and other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

| (iv) | Included in other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

​

Money market funds are highly liquid investments and are actively traded. The pricing information on these investment instruments is readily available and can be independently validated as of the measurement date. This approach results in the classification of these securities as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

U.S. government agency bonds, U.S. treasury securities, bank certificates of deposit, municipal bonds, corporate notes and asset-backed securities are measured at fair value using Level 2 inputs. The Company reviews trading activity and pricing for these investments as of each measurement date. Pursuant to the Company’s deferred compensation plan (the Deferred Compensation Plan), the Company has also established a rabbi trust that serves as an investment to shadow the Deferred Compensation Plan liability. The investments of the rabbi trust and Deferred Compensation Plan liability consist of company-owned life insurance policies (COLIs) and the pricing on these investments can be independently evaluated. When sufficient quoted pricing for identical securities is not available, the Company uses market pricing and other observable market inputs for similar securities obtained from third party data providers. These inputs represent quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or these inputs have been derived from observable market data. This approach results in the classification of these securities as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

There were no transfers between levels within the fair value hierarchy during the periods presented.

The Company did not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis within Level 3 fair value measurements as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Convertible Senior Notes

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of the Company’s 2.75% convertible notes due 2027 (Convertible Notes) was $453.6 million and $331.9 million, respectively. The fair value was determined on

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the basis of the market prices observable for similar instruments and is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. See Note 9, Convertible Senior Notes for additional information.

Note 5. Leases

The Company has operating and finance leases for facilities and certain equipment. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company’s leases have non-cancelable lease terms of approximately one year to thirteen years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to ten years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company’s sole discretion. In certain of the Company’s lease agreements, the rental payments are adjusted periodically to reflect actual charges incurred for common area maintenance, landlord incentives and/or inflation.

The Company’s office building lease in Aliso Viejo, California (Aliso Facility) is one property containing three existing office buildings, comprising approximately 160,000 rentable square feet of space, which was accounted for as a finance lease. The term of the Aliso Facility commenced on April 1, 2019 for expense recognition and continues for thirteen years. The lease agreement contains an option to extend the lease for two additional five year periods at market rates. The Company relocated its corporate administrative headquarters, along with certain laboratory, research and development and warehouse space, to the Aliso Facility in the second quarter of 2022.

The Company also leases two adjacent facilities and two office suites located in San Clemente, California and a facility in Burlington, Massachusetts. The total leased square footage of the San Clemente facilities equals approximately 113,000 and the leases expire on May 31, 2030. Each San Clemente lease contains an option to extend the lease for one additional five-year period at market rates. The total leased square footage of the Burlington facility is approximately 60,000 square feet, and the lease expires on July 31, 2033. The Burlington facility lease contains an option to extend the lease for one additional five-year period at market rates.

The Company terminated its lease in Waltham, Massachusetts pursuant to a termination agreement during the first quarter of 2022.

​

The Company’s remaining U.S.-based and foreign subsidiaries’ leased office space totals less than 14,000 square feet.

The following table presents the maturity of the Company’s operating and finance lease liabilities within the condensed consolidated balance sheets:

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Maturity of Lease Liabilities | ​ | Operating | ​ | Finance
(in thousands) |  | Leases (a) | ​ | Leases (b)
Remainder of 2023 | ​ | $ | 762 | ​ | $ | 1,268
2024 | ​ | ​ | 3,751 | ​ | ​ | 5,184
2025 | ​ | ​ | 3,684 | ​ | ​ | 5,340
2026 | ​ | ​ | 3,720 | ​ | ​ | 5,500
2027 | ​ | ​ | 3,832 | ​ | ​ | 5,665
2028 | ​ | ​ | 3,928 | ​ | ​ | 5,835
Thereafter | ​ | ​ | 32,457 | ​ | ​ | 96,057
Total lease payments | ​ | $ | 52,134 | ​ | $ | 124,849
Less: imputed interest | ​ | ​ | 20,560 | ​ | ​ | 53,194
Total lease liabilities | ​ | $ | 31,574 | ​ | $ | 71,655

(a) | Operating lease payments include $22.6 million related to options to extend lease terms that are reasonably certain of being exercised.

(b) | Finance lease payments include $75.8 million related to options to extend lease terms that are reasonably certain of being exercised.

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​

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Note 6. Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Intangible assets

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, amortization expense related to the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets recorded in cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations was approximately $5.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, amortization expense related to the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets recorded in cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations was approximately $16.6 million and $2.1 million, respectively.

The Company evaluated its indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment and concluded there were no indicators of impairment as of September 30, 2023.

Goodwill

The assessment of goodwill by reporting unit is performed annually, in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may no longer be recoverable and that an impairment loss may have occurred. The Company considered the current and expected future economic and market conditions and its impact on the Company’s reporting unit. Based on interim assessments, the Company did not identify any “triggering” events which would indicate an impairment of goodwill is more likely than not as of September 30, 2023.

​

The following table presents the composition of the Company’s intangible assets and goodwill (in thousands):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Weighted- | ​ | As of September 30, 2023 | ​ | As of December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | Average | ​ | Gross | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amortization | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Net | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | Net
​ |  | Period |  | Amount |  | Amortization |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amortization |  | Amount
Developed technology | ​ | 11.4 | ​ | $ | 252,200 | ​ |  | (85,147) | ​ |  | 167,053 | ​ |  | 252,200 | ​ |  | (68,577) | ​ |  | 183,623
Customer relationships | ​ | 5.0 | ​ | ​ | 14,100 | ​ | ​ | (10,869) | ​ | ​ | 3,231 | ​ | ​ | 14,100 | ​ | ​ | (8,754) | ​ | ​ | 5,346
Intangible assets subject to amortization | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 266,300 | ​ | ​ | (96,016) | ​ | ​ | 170,284 | ​ | ​ | 266,300 | ​ | ​ | (77,331) | ​ | ​ | 188,969
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
In-process research and development | ​ | Indefinite | ​ | $ | 118,900 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 118,900 | ​ | ​ | 118,900 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 118,900
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 385,200 | ​ | $ | (96,016) | ​ | $ | 289,184 | ​ | $ | 385,200 | ​ | $ | (77,331) | ​ | $ | 307,869
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Goodwill | ​ | Indefinite | ​ | $ | 66,134 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 66,134 | ​ | ​ | 66,134 | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | 66,134

​

As of September 30, 2023, expected amortization expense for unamortized finite-lived intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Amortization Expense
Remainder of 2023 | ​ | $ | 6,228
2024 | ​ | ​ | 24,618
2025 | ​ | ​ | 22,092
2026 | ​ | ​ | 22,092
2027 | ​ | ​ | 22,081
Thereafter | ​ | ​ | 73,173
Total amortization | ​ | $ | 170,284

​

Actual amortization expense to be reported in future periods could differ from these estimates as a result of asset impairments, acquisitions, or other facts and circumstances.

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​

Note 7. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The Company’s net sales are generated primarily from sales of its iStent family of products and sales of Photrexa and associated drug formulations, KXL systems and royalty income. The Company’s customers are primarily comprised of ambulatory surgery centers, hospitals and physician private practices, with distributors being used in certain international locations where the Company currently does not have a direct commercial presence.

The Company concluded that one performance obligation exists for the majority of its contracts with customers which is to deliver products in accordance with the Company’s normal delivery times. Revenue is recognized when this performance obligation is satisfied, which is the point in time when the Company considers control of a product to have transferred to the customer. Revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those products or services. The Company has determined the transaction price to be the invoice price,

net of adjustments that reduce revenue, which included estimates of volume-based rebates, variable consideration for product returns and warranty replacements and other discounts and incentives that reduce revenue.

​

Revenue is recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for goods or services, and substantially all of the Company’s net sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 are considered revenue from contracts with customers.

Disaggregation of Revenue

​

The Company’s revenues disaggregated by product category and geography for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended
​ | ​ | September 30,
​ | ​ | United States | ​ | International | ​ | Total
​ |  | 2023 | ​ | 2022 |  | 2023 | ​ | 2022 |  | 2023 | ​ | 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Glaucoma | ​ | $ | 38,060 | ​ | $ | 37,214 | ​ | $ | 20,280 | ​ | $ | 16,532 |  | $ | 58,340 | ​ | $ | 53,746
Corneal Health | ​ | ​ | 17,338 | ​ |  | 14,992 | ​ | ​ | 2,370 | ​ |  | 2,531 | ​ | ​ | 19,708 | ​ |  | 17,523
Total | ​ | $ | 55,398 | ​ | $ | 52,206 | ​ | $ | 22,650 | ​ | $ | 19,063 |  | $ | 78,048 | ​ | $ | 71,269

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended
​ | ​ | September 30,
​ | ​ | United States | ​ | International | ​ | Total
​ |  | 2023 | ​ | 2022 |  | 2023 | ​ | 2022 |  | 2023 | ​ | 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Glaucoma | ​ | $ | 112,765 | ​ | $ | 109,312 | ​ | $ | 63,703 | ​ | $ | 52,047 |  | $ | 176,468 | ​ | $ | 161,359
Corneal Health | ​ | ​ | 48,227 | ​ |  | 42,643 | ​ | ​ | 7,651 | ​ |  | 7,633 | ​ | ​ | 55,878 | ​ |  | 50,276
Total | ​ | $ | 160,992 | ​ | $ | 151,955 | ​ | $ | 71,354 | ​ | $ | 59,680 |  | $ | 232,346 | ​ | $ | 211,635

​

Contract Balances

​

Contract Assets

​

Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the Company’s right to consideration becomes unconditional. Payment terms on invoiced amounts are typically 30 days for glaucoma and corneal health products, though extended payment terms on corneal health products may be offered. However, the Company does not consider any significant financing components in customer contracts given the expected time between transfer of the promised products and the payment of the associated consideration is less than one year. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, substantially all amounts included in accounts receivable, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets are related to contracts with customers.

​

Aside from the aforementioned contract assets, the Company does not have any contract assets given that the Company does not have any unbilled receivables and sales commissions on products are expensed within selling, general

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and administrative expenses within the condensed consolidated statements of operations when incurred as any incremental cost of obtaining contracts with customers would have an amortization period of less than one year.

​

Contract Liabilities

​

Contract liabilities reflect consideration received from customers’ purchases allocated to the Company’s future performance obligations.

​

The Company has a performance obligation to issue a rebate to customers who may be eligible for a rebate at the conclusion of their contract term. This performance obligation is transferred over time and the Company’s method of measuring progress is the output method, whereby the progress is measured by the estimated rebate earned to date over the total rebate estimated to be earned over the contract period. The Company’s rebate allowance is included in accrued liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and estimated rebates accrued were not material during the periods presented.

​

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the Company did not recognize any revenue related to material changes in transaction prices regarding its contracts with customers and did not recognize any material changes in revenue related to amounts included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period.

​

The Company’s net sales within a fiscal year may be impacted seasonally, as demand for U.S. ophthalmic procedures is typically softer in the first quarter and stronger in the fourth quarter of a given year. The Company experienced some continuing disruptions to its seasonal patterns in 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company’s revenue patterns were also disrupted in 2022 and the first three quarters of 2023 as a result of the reimbursement cuts enacted by the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services that were effective January 1, 2022.

​

​

Note 8. Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of common shares that were outstanding for the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. For periods when the Company realizes a net loss, no common stock equivalents are included in the calculation of weighted average number of dilutive common stock equivalents as the effect of applying the treasury stock method is considered anti-dilutive. For periods when the Company realizes net income, diluted net income per share is calculated by dividing the net income by the weighted average number of common shares plus the sum of the weighted average number of dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock method. Common stock equivalents are comprised of stock options outstanding and unvested restricted stock units (RSUs) under the Company’s incentive compensation plans and shares issuable under the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). Due to the Company’s net loss position, basic and diluted net loss per share for each of the three and nine months ending September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 are the same.

The following potentially dilutive securities were not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because to do so would be anti-dilutive (in common stock equivalent shares, in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended | ​ | Nine Months Ended | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | September 30, |
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​
Convertible senior notes | ​ | 5,125 | ​ | 5,125 | ​ | 5,125 | ​ | 5,125 | ​
Stock options outstanding | ​ | 2,492 | ​ | 1,677 | ​ | 2,574 | ​ | 2,158 | ​
Unvested restricted stock units | ​ | 748 | ​ | 765 | ​ | 676 | ​ | 917 | ​
Employee stock purchase plan | ​ | 9 | ​ | 12 | ​ | 1 | ​ | 11 | ​
​ | ​ | 8,374 | ​ | 7,579 | ​ | 8,376 | ​ | 8,211 | ​

​

​

​

Note 9. Convertible Senior Notes

​

In June 2020, the Company issued $287.5 million in aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes pursuant to an indenture dated June 11, 2020, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (the

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Indenture), in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers in accordance with Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and bear interest at a rate of 2.75% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on December 15, 2020. The Convertible Notes will mature on June 15, 2027, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms. In connection with issuing the Convertible Notes, the Company received $242.2 million in proceeds, after deducting fees and offering expenses and paying the cost of the capped call transactions described below.

The Convertible Notes may be converted at the option of the holders at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding March 15, 2027, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ended on September 30, 2020 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five business day period immediately after any ten consecutive trading day period (the Measurement Period) in which the trading price (as defined in the Indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Notes for each trading day of the Measurement Period was less than 98% of the product of (i) the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and (ii) the conversion rate in effect on each such trading day; (3) with respect to any Convertible Notes the Company calls for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the redemption date, even if the Convertible Notes are not otherwise convertible at such time; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On or after March 15, 2027, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert all or any portion of their Convertible Notes, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at the option of the holder regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election, in the manner and subject to the terms and conditions provided in the Indenture.

As of September 30, 2023, one of the conditions allowing holders of the Convertible Notes to convert had been met. The trading price of the Company’s common stock remained above 130% of the current $56.10 conversion price for at least 20 trading days during the 30 consecutive trading-day period ending on, and including, September 30, 2023 resulting in the right of holders of the Convertible Notes to convert their Convertible Notes during the calendar quarter beginning October 1, 2023, through December 29, 2023 (the last business day of the quarter ending December 31, 2023). Even if holders of the Convertible Notes do not elect to convert their Convertible Notes, the Company may be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Convertible Notes as a current liability rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of the Company’s net working capital.

Interest expense relating to the Convertible Notes in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 is summarized as follows (in thousands):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended
​ | ​ | September 30,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Contractual interest expense | ​ | $ | 1,977 | ​ | $ | 1,977
Amortization of debt issuance costs | ​ | ​ | 343 | ​ | ​ | 343
Total interest expense | ​ | $ | 2,320 | ​ | $ | 2,320

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine months ended
​ | ​ | September 30,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Contractual interest expense | ​ | $ | 5,930 | ​ | $ | 5,930
Amortization of debt issuance costs | ​ | ​ | 1,030 | ​ | ​ | 1,030
Total interest expense | ​ | $ | 6,960 | ​ | $ | 6,960

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​

The effective interest rate on the Convertible Notes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 was 3.2%.

​

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Convertible Notes on the condensed consolidated balance sheets represented the carrying amount of the Convertible Notes, net of unamortized debt issuance costs, which are summarized as follows (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of | ​ | As of
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Convertible Notes | ​ | $ | 287,500 | ​ | $ | 287,500
Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs | ​ | ​ | (5,070) | ​ | ​ | (6,100)
Carrying amount of Convertible Notes | ​ | $ | 282,430 | ​ | $ | 281,400

​

Capped Call Transactions

​

In connection with the offering of the Convertible Notes, in June 2020 the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain financial institutions (the Option Counterparties) and used an aggregate $35.7 million of the net proceeds from the Convertible Notes to pay the cost of the capped call transactions. The capped call transactions are expected generally to reduce potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the Convertible Notes or at the Company’s election (subject to certain conditions) offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the aggregate principal amount of converted Convertible Notes, as the case may be, with such reduction or offset subject to a cap based on the cap price. The cap price of the capped call transactions is initially $86.30 per share, which represents a premium of 100% over the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock on June 8, 2020, and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the capped call transactions. The capped calls have an initial strike price of approximately $56.10 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which corresponds to the conversion option strike price in the Convertible Notes. The capped call transactions cover, subject to customary adjustments, the number of shares of common stock initially underlying the Convertible Notes (or approximately 5.1 million shares of the Company’s common stock).

The capped call transactions are separate transactions that the Company entered into with the Option Counterparties, are not part of the terms of the Convertible Notes and will not change the holders’ rights under the Convertible Notes. As the capped call transactions meet certain accounting criteria, the cost of the capped call transactions of $35.7 million was recorded as a reduction in additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheets and will not be remeasured to fair value as long as the accounting criteria continue to be met. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had not purchased any shares under the capped call transactions.

​

Note 10. Stock-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes the allocation of stock-based compensation related to stock options and RSUs in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended | ​ | Nine Months Ended | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | September 30, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Cost of sales | ​ | $ | 591 | ​ | $ | 492 | ​ | $ | 1,579 | ​ | $ | 1,419 | ​
Selling, general and administrative | ​ | ​ | 6,802 | ​ | ​ | 6,443 | ​ | ​ | 19,868 | ​ | ​ | 18,699 | ​
Research and development | ​ | ​ | 3,091 | ​ | ​ | 2,476 | ​ | ​ | 9,094 | ​ | ​ | 6,755 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 10,484 | ​ | $ | 9,411 | ​ | $ | 30,541 | ​ | $ | 26,873 | ​

​

​

At September 30, 2023, the total unamortized stock-based compensation expense was approximately $78.9 million, of which $9.4 million and $69.5 million was attributable to stock options and RSUs, respectively. The Company currently issues its annual stock option and RSU grants to eligible employees during the second quarter of each year.

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Of the $9.4 million related to stock options, $8.6 million is attributable to time-based stock options and will be recognized over the time-based stock options’ remaining vesting terms of approximately 4.0 years (2.9 years on a weighted average basis). The remaining $0.8 million is attributable to performance-based options and will be recognized over the performance-based stock options’ remaining vesting terms of less than one year (0.6 years on a weighted average basis).

Of the $69.5 million related to RSUs, $69.0 million is attributable to time-based RSUs and will be recognized over the RSUs’ vesting terms of approximately 4.0 years (2.8 years on a weighted-average basis). The remaining $0.5 million is attributable to performance-based RSUs and will be recognized over the performance-based RSUs’ remaining vesting terms of less than one year (0.6 years on a weighted average basis).

The total stock-based compensation cost capitalized in inventory was not material for the three or nine month periods ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022.

​

Note 11. Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes is determined using an effective tax rate. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s estimated effective tax rate of (0.12)% and (0.90)% were lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the generation of U.S. net operating loss (NOL) and R&D tax credit carryforwards which are partially offset by a valuation allowance, as well as state and foreign income taxes. The effective tax rate may be subject to fluctuations during the year as new information is obtained that may affect the assumptions used to estimate the effective tax rate, including factors such as expected utilization of NOL carryforwards, changes in or the interpretation of tax laws in jurisdictions where the Company conducts business, expansion of the Company’s taxable presence in domestic and foreign markets, and the amount of valuation allowances against deferred tax assets. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes of less than $0.1 million and $0.9 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively. For each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the provision for income taxes was primarily comprised of state and foreign income tax expense, net of release of uncertain tax positions for which the statute of limitations has expired.

​

Additionally, the Company follows an accounting standard addressing the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes that prescribes rules for recognition, measurement and classification in the financial statements of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $31.7 million and $29.0 million, respectively.

​

On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which includes a 15% minimum tax on the adjusted financial statement income of corporations with a three taxable year average annual adjusted financial statement income in excess of $1 billion, a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases made by publicly traded U.S. corporations and several tax incentives to promote clean energy. The alternative minimum tax and the excise tax are effective in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022. These tax law changes are not expected to significantly impact the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Company will continue to evaluate its impact as further information becomes available.

​

Beginning in 2022, the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017 requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize R&D expenditures over five years for domestic research and 15 years for foreign research, pursuant to Section 174 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (IRC). There was no material impact to the Company’s provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 as a result of the capitalization.

​

Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies

Secured Letters of Credit

The Company has a letter of credit that is related to its Aliso Facility. The letter of credit is secured with an amount of cash held in a restricted account of approximately $5.6 million as of September 30, 2023 and approximately $6.8 million as of December 31, 2022, respectively. Beginning as of the first day of the thirty-seventh month of the lease term (which occurred during 2022), and on each twelve-month anniversary thereafter, the letter of credit may be reduced by 20% until the letter of credit amount has been reduced to $2.0 million.

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The Company has one other irrevocable standby letter of credit secured with approximately $0.2 million of cash in a restricted account as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

​

Executive Deferred Compensation Plan

Pursuant to the Company’s Deferred Compensation Plan, eligible senior level employees are permitted to make elective deferrals of compensation to which he or she will become entitled in the future. The Company has also established a rabbi trust that serves as an investment to shadow the Deferred Compensation Plan liability. The investments of the rabbi trust consist of COLIs. The fair value of the Deferred Compensation Plan liability, included in other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, was approximately $10.3 million and $8.2 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and the cash surrender value of the COLIs, included in deposits and other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, which reflects the underlying assets at fair value, was approximately $10.4 million and $8.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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Note 13. Business Segment Information

The Company has one business activity and operates as one operating segment: the development and commercialization of ophthalmic therapies designed to treat glaucoma, corneal disorders and retinal diseases. The Company determined its operating segment on the same basis that it uses to evaluate its performance internally. The Company’s revenues disaggregated by revenue and product category are included in Note 7, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company’s chief operating decision-maker, its Chief Executive Officer, reviews its consolidated operating results for the purpose of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance.

​

​

Note 14. Subsequent Events

​

On October 16, 2023, the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (Stuart License Agreement) with Stuart Therapeutics, Inc. (Stuart), pursuant to which Stuart granted the Company an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize products incorporating certain of its owned or controlled technologies, including its ST-113 drug compound, that may be utilized to provide neuroprotection in glaucoma. Pursuant to the terms of the Stuart License Agreement, the Company made a one-time upfront payment of $2.0 million to Stuart, and may have ongoing milestone and royalty payment obligations depending on the success of the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of the proprietary technologies.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the United States (U.S.) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 24, 2023. The discussion and analysis below contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws, and should be read in conjunction with the disclosures we make concerning risks and other factors that may affect our business and operating results. See “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” preceding Part I, Item 1 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

We are an ophthalmic medical technology and pharmaceutical company focused on developing novel therapies for the treatment of glaucoma, corneal disorders, and retinal disease. We first developed Micro-Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) as an alternative to the traditional glaucoma treatment paradigm, launching our first MIGS device commercially in 2012. We also offer commercially a proprietary bio-activated pharmaceutical therapy for the treatment of a rare corneal disorder, keratoconus, that was approved by the United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2016. We are developing a portfolio of platforms to support ongoing pharmaceutical and medical device innovations. Products or product candidates for each of these platforms are designed to advance the standard of care through better treatment options across the areas of glaucoma; corneal disorders such as keratoconus, dry eye and refractive vision correction; and retinal diseases such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusion.

Financial Overview

The most important financial indicators that we use to assess our business are net sales, gross margin, operating expenses, and cash on hand.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended | ​ | ​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | September 30, | ​ | ​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | September 30, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​
Net sales | ​ | $ | 78,048 | ​ | $ | 71,269 | ​ | ​ | $ | 232,346 | ​ | $ | 211,635 | ​
Gross margin | ​ | ​ | 76 | % | ​ | 76 | % | ​ | ​ | 76 | % | ​ | 76 | %
Operating expenses | ​ | $ | 87,548 | ​ | $ | 76,019 | ​ | ​ | $ | 265,740 | ​ | $ | 208,457 | ​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ | ​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
Cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and restricted cash | ​ | $ | 306,713 | ​ | $ | 359,773 | ​

​

We incurred net losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 of $30.4 million and $97.9 million, respectively, and incurred net losses of $27.6 million and $67.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 respectively. As of September 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $562.3 million. Please see Results of Operations and Liquidity and Capital Resources below for a detailed discussion of each of the above items, including an analysis of the fluctuations in such items year-over-year.

Recent Developments

On July 17, 2023, we entered into a collaboration and marketing agreement (Collaboration and Marketing Agreement) with Radius XR, Inc. (Radius), in which we became the exclusive sales agent to market, promote and solicit orders for the Radius XR™ wearable patient engagement and diagnostic system within the United States. Pursuant to the Collaboration and Marketing Agreement, we earn commission payments based on sales of Radius products resulting from our marketing and promotion efforts. In connection with the Collaboration and Marketing Agreement, we entered into a convertible promissory note (Convertible Promissory Note) pursuant to which we agreed to fund Radius up to $5.0 million, based upon the occurrence of certain potential future events. The Convertible Promissory Note bears interest on the outstanding principal at the rate of 5.0% per annum, and the outstanding principal and interest is convertible into

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preferred stock or capital stock in Radius under certain circumstances. As of September 30, 2023, $0.5 million is outstanding under the Convertible Promissory Notes.

​

On May 16, 2023, we issued $3.0 million of our common stock in connection with the acquisition of intellectual property rights regarding certain formulations and methods for treating an ophthalmic disorder, including all related patents and patent applications, technology and know-how. We accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition as the set of acquired assets did not constitute a business. We may have ongoing milestone payments based on achieving certain clinical and regulatory milestones depending on the success of the development and approval of the proprietary technologies. Additionally, if these proprietary technologies are commercialized, we may also have royalty payment and commercial milestone obligations that are determined based upon annual net sales thresholds.

​

Factors Affecting our Performance

Current Global Economic and Geopolitical Environment

We continue to monitor the impact of various macroeconomic and geopolitical trends on our business, such as high rates of inflation, supply chain disruptions, bank failures, the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical instability, including the evolving events in Israel and ongoing conflict in Ukraine. While the specific impact of these factors is not readily determinable, in the past twelve months we have not experienced a material financial statement impact or business disruptions as a result of these negative macroeconomic and geopolitical trends.

However, some of our vendors are continuing to experience supply challenges, both in the acquisition of raw materials as well as due to labor shortages and disruption. As a result of these supply chain challenges we have experienced higher costs for certain components and raw materials. We expect these supply challenges may continue for the remainder of 2023. These challenges have occasionally led to longer lead times for, and delays and partial or unfulfilled deliveries of, certain components needed for the manufacture of our products, in some cases requiring us to find alternative sources for materials. If these delays and partial or unfulfilled deliveries persist, they could impact our ability to ship some of our products to our customers, or bring some of our pipeline products to market, in a timely manner.

For additional information, see the section titled Risks Related to Our Business within Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Reimbursement Rates and Coverage

The U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) final rules for 2022 Medicare physician fee payment rates for services furnished in both the ambulatory surgery center (ASC) and hospital outpatient settings (2022 Final Rule) took effect on January 1, 2022. Compared to the reimbursement rates in effect for 2021, the 2022 Final Rule contained a significantly lower physician fee related to the implantation of trabecular bypass stents, such as our iStent family of products, in conjunction with cataract surgery. The CMS final rule for 2023 Medicare physician fee payment rates (2023 Final Rule) that took effect on January 1, 2023 did not materially modify the 2022 Final Rule for procedures using our iStent family of products. The significant reduction of the physician fee had a negative impact on procedural iStent family product volumes, in conjunction with cataract surgery, in 2022 and the first three quarters in 2023. We expect this negative impact will continue for the remainder of 2023, which may adversely affect our U.S. combo-cataract Glaucoma revenues, gross profit, and net loss to some level, the full extent of which is not known at this time.

On July 13, 2023, CMS published its proposed rules on 2024 Medicare physician fee and facility fee payment rates (2024 Proposed Rule). The 2024 Proposed Rule does not materially modify the 2023 Final Rule with respect to physician fee payment rates for procedures using our iStent family of products but does contain increased facility fee rates for such procedures in both the ASC and hospital setting. The final versions of these proposed CMS rates are expected to be published by the end of the fourth quarter of 2023 with the associated final reimbursement rates effective January 1, 2024. We estimate that approximately 80% of procedures utilizing our trabecular micro-bypass technologies in the U.S. are performed in the ASC setting and the remaining estimated 20% of procedures are performed in the hospital.

In the U.S., healthcare providers use separate billing codes to report the provision of medical procedures and use of supplies to third-party payors, such as government programs or private insurance, and seek reimbursement for all

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or a portion of those costs. Physician fee payment rates for products covered by temporary Current Procedural Terminology codes are set by the multi-state, regional contractors, or Medicare Administrative Contractors (MACs), of which there are currently seven, that are responsible for administering Medicare claims. MACs have in the past, and may in the future, change coverage terms, and there can be no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained from, or maintained by, the MACs. In June 2023, five of the seven MACs published proposed local coverage determinations (LCDs) that included reimbursement coverage of iStent infinite, which received FDA clearance in August 2022, and the other two MACs have taken preliminary steps to assess coverage of iStent infinite through temporary local coverage article (LCA) updates. The proposed LCDs released by the five MACs also contained additional rules that would result in certain ophthalmic goniotomy and canaloplasty procedures being categorized as investigational and therefore not covered or reimbursed by Medicare. In October 2023, one of the five MACs released its final LCD, confirming reimbursement coverage of the standalone procedure utilizing the iStent infinite and non-coverage for certain procedures, including the ophthalmic canaloplasty procedure utilizing our iPRIME product. Further, such final LCD indicated that surgical MIGS procedures should not be performed in combination with other MIGS or surgical glaucoma procedures. If the remaining MACs ultimately adopt similar coverage policies, or policies as originally proposed, we may experience a positive impact on sales of certain of our products and an adverse impact on sales of others, the full extent of which is not known at this time.

Commercial Operations and Competitive Dynamics

We expect our results of operations for the remainder of 2023 and our near-term performance to reflect continued competitive dynamics, the ongoing impact of new product launches in the U.S., such as iStent infinite, and the gradual easing of labor and supply shortages, the full effects of which are difficult to predict at this time. In addition to the foregoing factors, our operations to date have been, and we believe our future growth and success will be, impacted by the following:

| ● | the rate at which we expand our global sales and marketing infrastructure, and the speed at which we can continue increasing access to and awareness of our products to patients and physicians;

| ● | our ability to timely satisfy the requirements set by regulatory authorities for approval of new products and approved indications for use;

| ● | impacts or delays to our product development efforts or regulatory clearances and approvals;

| ● | future coverage and reimbursement rates set by CMS, MACs, third-party commercial payors and foreign regulatory authorities for the procedures using our products, and our competitors’ products, as well as uncertainty associated therewith;

| ● | the extent to which our customers trial competitive products;

| ● | our ability to maintain a competitive position in the development of new products for the treatment of chronic eye diseases, given that our industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid and profound technological, market and product-related changes;

| ● | the impact of publications of clinical results by us, our competitors and other third parties on whether, and the degree to which, our products are used by physicians and the procedures and treatments those physicians choose to administer to their patients;

| ● | the extent to which physicians who use our products do not perform ophthalmic procedures during certain times of the year, due to seasonality patterns typical for certain of our procedures, or when they are away from their practices for various reasons;

| ● | our ability to realize commercialized products from the licensing and distribution arrangements and other partnerships into which we have entered and will in the future enter; and

| ● | the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, as most of our sales internationally are denominated in the local currency of the country in which we sell our products.

​

Further, we have made and expect to continue to make significant investments in our global sales force, research and development (R&D) activities, clinical studies, marketing programs, market access activities, and general and administrative infrastructure. FDA-approved investigational device exemption (IDE) or investigational new drug (IND) studies and new product development programs in our industry are expensive. Our operating expenses have increased significantly following our acquisition of Avedro, Inc. (Avedro), and we have also incurred additional construction costs related to our new facility in Aliso Viejo, California (Aliso Facility), as well as expansions of our existing facilities in San Clemente, California and Burlington, Massachusetts.

Although we have been profitable for certain periods in our operating history, there can be no assurance that we will be profitable or generate cash from operations in the future.

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Components of Results of Operations

Net Sales

We currently operate in one reportable segment and net sales are generated primarily from sales of our iStent family of products; sales of Photrexa, other associated drug formulations, and our proprietary bioactivation systems; and royalty income. Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those products or services.

We sell the majority of our products through a direct sales organization in the United States. Internationally, we sell our products primarily through direct sales subsidiaries and through independent distributors in certain countries in which we do not have a direct presence or maintain a modest commercial presence. The primary end-user customers for our products are surgery centers, hospitals and physician private practices.

While net sales may increase as we expand our global sales and marketing infrastructure and continue to increase awareness of our products by expanding our sales base and increasing our marketing and market access efforts, historically our net sales within a fiscal year have been impacted seasonally, as demand for ophthalmic procedures is typically softer in the first quarter and stronger in the fourth quarter of a given year; however, we note that traditional seasonality patterns were disrupted due to COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. In 2022 and portions of 2023, we have seen the return of some seasonality patterns; for example, during the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company experienced more pronounced seasonality headwinds in August 2023, offset by strength in July 2023 and September 2023. However, traditional U.S. customer ordering patterns have been disrupted as a result of the CMS reimbursement cuts pursuant to the 2022 Final Rule. CMS physician fee payment rate decreases, which were effective in 2022 and are continuing into 2023, have disrupted traditional customer ordering patterns and have resulted in our customers’ trialing and utilization of competitive products, causing reduced U.S. Glaucoma sales volumes during 2022 and the first three quarters of 2023. Our corneal health sales have experienced sporadic headwinds in recent years due to U.S. commercial payer volatility. We believe investments in our market access organization have been successful in reducing volatility thus far in 2023, however these investments remain early. Additionally, unfavorable foreign exchange rates in certain geographies in which we operate have negatively impacted our sales during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as well as throughout the majority of 2022. The effect of certain macroeconomic conditions, including higher interest rates and foreign exchange rate fluctuations, on our commercial performance may continue into future reporting periods.

In addition to the foregoing, we had commercialized our products for several years in the U.S. with few or no direct competitors. Other competitive products have now become available in the U.S. and globally that have impacted and may continue to impact adoption of or demand for our products. We are also aware of similar products being developed by third parties that could enter the market and increase the competitive pressures we face. These other products could achieve greater commercial acceptance or demonstrate better safety or effectiveness, clinical results, ease of use or lower costs than our products, which could adversely impact our net sales.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales reflects the aggregate costs to manufacture our products and includes raw material costs, labor costs, manufacturing overhead expenses and the effect of changes in the balance of reserves for excess and obsolete inventory.

We manufacture our iStent family of products at our facility in San Clemente, California and our KXL systems at our manufacturing facilities in Burlington, Massachusetts. We contract with third-party manufacturers in the U.S. and Germany to produce our Photrexa and other associated drug formulations. We currently intend to maintain our manufacturing facilities at our San Clemente and Burlington locations for the foreseeable future.

Due to the relatively low production volumes of our iStent family of products and our KXL systems compared to our potential capacity for those products, a significant portion of our per unit costs is comprised of manufacturing overhead expenses. These expenses include quality assurance, material procurement, inventory control, facilities, equipment and operations supervision and management.

Cost of sales has included amortization of the $252.2 million developed technology intangible assets. For each of the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the amortization expense was $5.5 million and for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the amortization expense was $16.6 million.

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Our future gross profit as a percentage of net sales, or gross margin, will be impacted by numerous factors including commencement of sales of products in our pipeline, or any other future products, which may have higher pricing, or conversely, higher product costs. Our gross margin will also be affected by manufacturing or supply chain disruptions or inefficiencies that we may experience as we attempt to manufacture our products on a larger scale, manufacture new products and change our manufacturing capacity, processes, or output. Additionally, our gross margin will continue to be affected by royalty expenses on current or future products associated with various licensing agreements. Our gross margin in future periods may also be impacted by other factors adversely affecting our net sales in future periods, such as the potential impact of government pricing programs and reductions of payment rates for certain of our products and related services, and inflationary pressures.

Selling, General and Administrative

Our selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses primarily consist of personnel-related expenses, including salaries, sales commissions, bonuses, fringe benefits and stock-based compensation for our executive, sales, marketing, market access, financial, legal, and other administrative functions. Other significant SG&A expenses include marketing programs; advertising; post-approval clinical studies; conferences and congresses; travel expenses; costs associated with obtaining and maintaining our patent portfolio; professional fees for accounting, auditing, consulting and legal services; costs associated with our global enterprise systems and information technology infrastructure; and allocated facility expenses.

We expect SG&A expenses to continue to grow as we increase our global sales and marketing infrastructure and general administration infrastructure. We also expect other non-employee-related costs, including sales and marketing program activities for new products, market access efforts, outside services, accounting services and general legal costs to increase as our overall operations grow. The timing of these increased expenditures and their magnitude are primarily dependent on the commercial success and sales growth of our products, as well as on the timing of any new product launches and other potential business and operational activities.

Research and Development

Our R&D activities primarily consist of new product development projects, pre-clinical studies, IDE and IND studies, and other clinical trials. Our R&D expenses primarily consist of personnel-related expenses, including salaries, fringe benefits and stock-based compensation for our R&D employees; research materials; supplies and services; in-licenses, including event-based milestones; and the costs of conducting clinical studies, which include payments to investigational sites and investigators, clinical research organizations, consultants, and other outside technical services and the costs of materials, supplies and travel. We expense R&D costs as they are incurred. We expect our R&D expenses to continue to increase as we initiate and advance our development programs, including our expanding surgical and pharmaceutical development efforts and clinical trials across the glaucoma, corneal health and retinal disease spectrums.

Costs for our clinical development programs include expenses for all activities necessary for obtaining regulatory approvals; our research programs vary significantly for each current and future product candidate and completion dates are difficult to predict. As a result, while we expect our R&D costs to continue to increase for the foreseeable future, we cannot estimate with any degree of certainty the timing or the amount of costs we will incur in connection with the development of our product candidates. We anticipate we will make determinations as to which programs and product candidates to pursue and how much funding to direct to each program and product candidate on an ongoing basis in response to the scientific success of early research programs, results of ongoing and future clinical trials, the availability of funding resources, as well as ongoing assessments as to each current or future product candidate’s commercial potential and our likelihood of obtaining necessary regulatory approvals. We are not currently able to fully track expenses by product candidate.

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Acquired In-Process Research and Development

Our acquired in-process research and development (IPR&D) expenses generally relate to acquisitions of technologies that management determines do not have any alternative future uses.

Litigation-related Settlement

Pursuant to the terms of a settlement agreement dated September 14, 2021, Ivantis, Inc. paid us $30.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This cash payment is included in litigation-related settlement as a reduction of operating expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Non-Operating Expense, Net

Non-operating expense, net primarily consists of interest expense associated with our finance lease for our Aliso Facility and for our 2.75% convertible notes due 2027 (Convertible Notes), interest income derived from our short-term investments, and unrealized gains and losses arising from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, primarily related to intercompany loans.

Income Taxes

Our tax provision is primarily comprised of state and foreign income taxes offset by release of uncertain tax positions for which the statute of limitations has expired. Our net deferred tax liability of $7.2 million at September 30, 2023 represents the excess of our indefinite-lived deferred tax liabilities over our indefinite-lived deferred tax assets. We continue to provide a full valuation allowance against our other net deferred tax assets.

​

We record reserves for uncertain tax positions where we believe the ability to sustain the tax position does not reach a more likely than not threshold.

​

Results of Operations

Comparison of Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | % Increase | ​
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | (decrease) |
Statements of operations data: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net sales | ​ | $ | 78,048 | ​ | $ | 71,269 | ​ | 10 | %
Cost of sales | ​ | ​ | 18,510 | ​ | ​ | 16,861 | ​ | 10 | %
Gross profit | ​ | ​ | 59,538 | ​ | ​ | 54,408 | ​ | 9 | %
Operating expenses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Selling, general and administrative | ​ | ​ | 54,247 | ​ | ​ | 47,149 | ​ | 15 | %
Research and development | ​ | ​ | 33,301 | ​ | ​ | 28,870 | ​ | 15 | %
Total operating expenses | ​ | ​ | 87,548 | ​ | ​ | 76,019 | ​ | 15 | %
Loss from operations | ​ | ​ | (28,010) | ​ | ​ | (21,611) | ​ | 30 | %
Total non-operating expense, net | ​ | ​ | (2,397) | ​ | ​ | (5,718) | ​ | (58) | %
Income tax provision | ​ | ​ | 37 | ​ | ​ | 247 | ​ | (85) | %
Net loss | ​ | $ | (30,444) | ​ | $ | (27,576) | ​ | 10 | %

Net Sales

Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were $78.0 million and $71.3 million, respectively, increasing by approximately 10%.

Net sales of glaucoma products in the United States were $38.1 million and $37.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, increasing by 2%. This increase is primarily due to higher volumes sold of our iStent family of products, including iStent infinite.

​

International sales of glaucoma products for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were $20.3 million and $16.5 million, respectively, increasing by 23%. The increase in international sales reflects continued broad-based growing volume in many key international markets for glaucoma procedures, the dollar-based results of which were modestly affected by favorable foreign exchange rates, primarily related to the Euro, during the

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quarter ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the quarter ended September 30, 2022. International sales of glaucoma products increased by 20% in local currencies during quarter ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the quarter ended September 30, 2022.

​

Net sales of corneal health products were $19.7 million and $17.5 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, increasing by 12%. Of the $2.2 million increase in net sales generated by our corneal health products, $2.6 million related to an increase in U.S. net sales of Photrexa using direct sales operations, which was positively impacted by higher realized average sales prices of Photrexa along with increases in sales to existing customers and new account starts, partially offset by a $0.2 million decrease in net sales related to U.S. corneal health devices. Our international corneal health sales decreased $0.2 million from net sales in countries outside the U.S. during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022.

​

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were $18.5 million and $16.9 million, respectively. Our gross margin was 76% for each of the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were $54.2 million and $47.1 million, respectively.

Of the total $54.2 million, we incurred approximately $33.8 million of costs associated with commercial personnel and discretionary spending during the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to $29.8 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022, with the increase primarily due to compensation and related employee expenses associated with growth in our commercial infrastructure in glaucoma and corneal health, along with increased travel, meetings and accompanying costs as business activities have expanded. We also incurred approximately $20.5 million of costs associated with general and administrative personnel and discretionary spending during the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to $17.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022, with the change primarily associated with increased expenses related to our ongoing administrative and support functions, inclusive of information technology and allocated facilities expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

R&D expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were $33.3 million and $28.9 million, respectively.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we incurred $21.3 million in core R&D expenses and $12.0 million in clinical expenses, comprised of $19.3 million in compensation and related employee expenses with the remaining $14.0 million spent on the continued research and development, clinical studies, regulatory activities, quality assurance, clinical inventory and supplies for surgical glaucoma product candidates and pharmaceutical projects, such as iDose; Epioxa, a pharmaceutical therapeutic system for the treatment of keratoconus without the removal of the epithelium (also referred to as “epi-on”); and our earlier stage programs for glaucoma, corneal, retinal and other therapeutic investments. For the three months ended September 30, 2022, we incurred $18.7 million in core R&D expenses and $10.2 million in clinical expenses, comprised of $16.0 million in compensation and related employee expenses with the remaining $12.9 million spent on the above-mentioned programs.

Non-Operating Expense, Net

We had non-operating expense, net of $2.4 million and $5.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. The $3.3 million decrease primarily relates to recognition of lower unrealized foreign currency losses due to intercompany loan balances denominated in, and impacted by, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, as well as from increased interest income earned on investments as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Income Tax Provision

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Our effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2023 and 2022 was (0.12)% and (0.90)%, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a provision for income taxes of less than $0.1 million, which was primarily comprised of state and foreign income tax expense offset by release of uncertain tax positions for which the statute of limitations has expired. For the three months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded a provision for income taxes of $0.2 million, which was primarily comprised of current state and foreign income tax expense.

Comparison of Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | % Increase | ​ | ​
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | (decrease) | ​ |
Statements of operations data: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net sales | ​ | $ | 232,346 | ​ | $ | 211,635 | ​ | 10 | % | ​
Cost of sales | ​ | ​ | 56,684 | ​ | ​ | 51,757 | ​ | 10 | % | ​
Gross profit | ​ | ​ | 175,662 | ​ | ​ | 159,878 | ​ | 10 | % | ​
Operating expenses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Selling, general and administrative | ​ | ​ | 161,034 | ​ | ​ | 140,998 | ​ | 14 | % | ​
Research and development | ​ | ​ | 101,706 | ​ | ​ | 87,459 | ​ | 16 | % | ​
Acquired in-process research and development | ​ | ​ | 3,000 | ​ | ​ | 10,000 | ​ | (70) | % | ​
Litigation-related settlement | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | (30,000) | ​ | (100) | % | ​
Total operating expenses | ​ | ​ | 265,740 | ​ | ​ | 208,457 | ​ | 27 | % | ​
Loss from operations | ​ | ​ | (90,078) | ​ | ​ | (48,579) | ​ | 85 | % | ​
Total non-operating expense, net | ​ | ​ | (6,931) | ​ | ​ | (18,688) | ​ | (63) | % | ​
Income tax provision | ​ | ​ | 873 | ​ | ​ | 468 | ​ | 87 | % | ​
Net loss | ​ | $ | (97,882) | ​ | $ | (67,735) | ​ | 45 | % | ​

Net Sales

Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were $232.3 million and $211.6 million, respectively, increasing by approximately 10%.

Net sales of glaucoma products in the United States were $112.8 million and $109.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, increasing by 3%. This increase is primarily due to higher volumes sold of our iStent family of products, including iStent infinite.

​

International sales of glaucoma products for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were $63.7 million and $52.0 million, respectively, increasing by 22%. The increase in international sales reflects continued broad-based growing volume in many key international markets for glaucoma procedures, the dollar-based results of which were substantially affected by unfavorable foreign exchange rates, primarily related to the Japanese Yen, Australian Dollar and Canadian Dollar, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. International sales of glaucoma products increased by 25% in local currencies during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

​

Net sales of corneal health products were $55.9 million and $50.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, increasing by 11%. Of the $5.6 million increase in net sales generated by our corneal health products, $6.0 million related to an increase in U.S. net sales of Photrexa using direct sales operations, which was positively impacted by higher realized average sales prices of Photrexa along with increases in sales to existing customers and new account starts. The overall increase was offset by a decrease in U.S. device revenues of approximately $0.5 million due to decreased sales volume relative to the prior comparative period, as well as a decrease of approximately $0.1 million from net sales in countries outside the U.S. during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

​

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were $56.7 million and $51.8 million, respectively. Our gross margin was 76% for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were $161.0 million and $141.0 million.

Of the total $161.0 million, we incurred approximately $100.5 million of costs associated with commercial personnel and discretionary spending during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to $92.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, with the increase primarily due to compensation and related employee expenses associated with our commercial infrastructure in glaucoma and corneal health, along with increased travel, meetings and accompanying costs as the volume of business activities have expanded. We also incurred approximately $60.5 million of costs associated with general and administrative personnel and discretionary spending during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to $48.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, with the change primarily associated with increased expenses related to our ongoing administrative and support functions, inclusive of information technology and allocated facilities expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

R&D expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were $101.7 million and $87.5 million, respectively.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we incurred $62.1 million in core R&D expenses and $39.6 million in clinical expenses, comprised of $56.9 million in compensation and related employee expenses with the remaining $44.8 million spent on the continued research and development, clinical studies, regulatory activities, quality assurance, clinical inventory and supplies for surgical glaucoma product candidates and pharmaceutical projects, such as iDose; Epioxa, a pharmaceutical therapeutic system for the treatment of keratoconus without the removal of the epithelium (also referred to as “epi-on”); and our earlier stage programs for glaucoma, corneal, retinal and other therapeutic investments. R&D expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 also included a $3.2 million payment associated with our New Drug Application for iDose submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we incurred $55.2 million in core R&D expenses and $32.3 million in clinical expenses, comprised of $46.3 million in compensation and related employee expenses with the remaining $41.2 million spent on the abovementioned programs.

Acquired In-Process Research and Development Expenses

In the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we issued $3.0 million of our common stock in connection with the acquisition of intellectual property rights regarding certain formulations and methods for treating an ophthalmic disorder, including all related patents and patent applications, technology and know-how. In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we made a $10.0 million upfront payment in connection with an exclusive licensing agreement, under which we were granted a global exclusive license to proprietary technologies, including certain compositions that may be utilized in the treatment of keratoconus.

Litigation-related Settlement

The $30.0 million cash payment from the settlement agreement with Ivantis, Inc. received during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 is included in litigation-related settlement as a reduction of operating expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Non-Operating Expense, Net

We had non-operating expense, net of $6.9 million and $18.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. The $11.8 million decrease primarily relates to recognition of lower unrealized foreign currency losses due to intercompany loan balances denominated in, and impacted by, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as well as from increased interest income earned on investments as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Income Tax Provision

Our effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 was (0.90)% and (0.70)%, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, we recorded a provision

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for income taxes of $0.9 million and $0.5 million, respectively, which was primarily comprised of state and foreign income tax expense offset by release of uncertain tax positions for which the statute of limitations has expired.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, and generally cash generated from operating, financing and investing activities. Our primary uses of cash have been for commercial activities, research and development programs, general and administrative expenses, and capital expenditures.

The following table summarizes our cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and selected working capital data as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | December 31, | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 | ​
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 108,929 | ​ | $ | 119,525 | ​
Short-term investments | ​ | ​ | 191,928 | ​ | ​ | 233,170 | ​
Accounts receivable, net | ​ | ​ | 39,326 | ​ | ​ | 36,073 | ​
Inventory | ​ | ​ | 39,781 | ​ | ​ | 37,841 | ​
Accounts payable | ​ | ​ | 10,413 | ​ | ​ | 14,403 | ​
Accrued liabilities | ​ | ​ | 56,734 | ​ | ​ | 57,956 | ​
Working capital (1) | ​ | ​ | 332,382 | ​ | ​ | 371,500 | ​

(1) | Working capital consists of total current assets less total current liabilities per our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Main Sources of Liquidity

​

We plan to fund our operations, commitments for capital expenditures and other short and long-term known contractual and other obligations using existing cash and investments and, to the extent available, cash generated from commercial operations. Included within our existing cash and investments balances are the remaining net proceeds from the Convertible Notes issued in June 2020 (after payment for the related capped call transactions), and the two $30.0 million payments received in 2021 and 2022 from Ivantis, Inc. which are being used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, Short-term Investments and Restricted Cash

​

Our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaled approximately $300.9 million and our restricted cash totaled approximately $5.9 million as of September 30, 2023.

​

Senior Convertible Notes

​

Our Convertible Notes may be converted at the option of the holders at the times and under the circumstances and at the conversion rate described in Note 9. Convertible Senior Notes of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements. The conditions allowing holders of the Convertible Notes to convert are measured each quarter. As of September 30, 2023, one of the conditions allowing holders of the Convertible Notes to convert had been met. The trading price of our common stock remained above 130% of the current $56.10 conversion price for at least 20 trading days during the 30 consecutive trading-day period ending on, and including, September 30, 2023, resulting in the right of holders of the Convertible Notes to convert their Convertible Notes during the calendar quarter beginning October 1, 2023, through December 29, 2023 (the last business day of the quarter ending December 31, 2023). Upon conversion, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election, in the manner and subject to the terms and conditions provided in the Indenture. Settling all or a portion of the conversion obligation in cash could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders of the Convertible Notes do not elect to convert their Convertible Notes, we may be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Convertible Notes as a current liability rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.

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We may seek to obtain additional financing in the future through other debt or equity financings. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us, or at all and although we have been profitable for certain periods in our operating history, there can be no assurance that we will be profitable or generate cash from operations.

Short-term Liquidity Requirements

​

Our short-term liquidity requirements primarily consist of regular operating costs, interest payments related to our Convertible Notes, R&D project funding, capital expenditures as we continue the development of our manufacturing facilities and office spaces, operating and financing lease obligations and other firm purchase commitments. As of September 30, 2023, we had net working capital of $332.4 million, which indicates that our current assets are sufficient to cover our short-term liabilities.

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Long-term Liquidity Requirements

​

Our long-term liquidity requirements primarily consist of interest and principal payments related to our Convertible Notes, capital expenditures for the development of our manufacturing facilities and office spaces, firm purchase commitments and potential payments in connection with our Collaboration and Marketing Agreement with Radius. As demand grows for our products, we will continue to expand global operations to meet demand through investments in our manufacturing capabilities.

Cash Flows

Our historical cash outflows have primarily been associated with cash used for operating activities such as the expansion of our commercial and R&D activities; purchase of and growth in inventory and other working capital needs; the acquisition of intellectual property; and expenditures related to equipment and improvements used to increase our manufacturing capacity and improve our manufacturing efficiency and for overall facility expansion.

The following table is a condensed summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Nine Months Ended | ​
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​
(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Net cash (used in) provided by: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating activities | ​ | $ | (47,093) | ​ | $ | (28,947) | ​
Investing activities | ​ | ​ | 27,016 | ​ | ​ | 28,124 | ​
Financing activities | ​ | ​ | 7,739 | ​ | ​ | 5,722 | ​
Exchange rate changes | ​ | ​ | 520 | ​ | ​ | (1,927) | ​
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | $ | (11,818) | ​ | $ | 2,972 | ​

At September 30, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents were held for working capital purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our policy is to invest any cash in excess of our immediate requirements in investments designed to preserve the principal balance and provide liquidity.

Operating Activities

In the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our operating activities used $47.1 million in net cash and in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 our operating activities used $28.9 million of net cash.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our net cash used in operating activities reflected our net loss of $97.9 million, adjusted for non-cash items of $66.0 million, primarily consisting of stock-based compensation expense of $30.5 million, depreciation of $6.5 million, amortization of intangible assets of $18.7 million, and noncash lease expense of $3.2 million. Additionally, changes in operating assets and liabilities were $15.2 million, which resulted primarily from increases in accounts receivable of $3.5 million, an increase in inventory of $2.9 million, and an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $2.4 million, and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $6.1 million.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, our net cash used in operating activities reflected our net loss of $67.7 million (which included the $30.0 million payment received by Ivantis, Inc.), adjusted for non-cash items of $59.5 million, primarily consisting of stock-based compensation expense of $26.9 million, depreciation of $4.7 million,

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amortization of intangible assets of $18.7 million, and amortization of lease right-of-use assets of $3.4 million. Additionally, changes in operating assets and liabilities were $20.7 million, which resulted primarily from increases in accounts receivable of $3.1 million, an increase in inventory of $11.9 million, and an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $3.4 million, as well as an increase in other assets of $0.5 million, and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $1.8 million.

Investing Activities

In the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 our investing activities provided $27.0 million and $28.1 million of net cash, respectively.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we used cash of approximately $193.5 million for purchases of short-term investments, approximately $16.0 million for purchases of property and equipment, primarily related to our facilities in Aliso Viejo, California; and San Clemente, California; and approximately $2.1 million related to investments in company-owned life insurance, and we received cash of approximately $238.7 million from sales and maturities of short-term investments.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we used cash of approximately $47.3 million for purchases of short-term investments, approximately $22.0 million for purchases of property and equipment, primarily related to our facilities in Aliso Viejo, California; Burlington, Massachusetts; and San Clemente, California; and approximately $0.2 million related to investments in company-owned life insurance, and we received cash of approximately $97.5 million from sales and maturities of short-term investments..

We expect our increased levels of capital expenditures to begin moderating over the next twelve months as we near completion of the expansion of our manufacturing capacity for production of current and new products and improvement of our manufacturing efficiency.

Financing Activities

In the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, our financing activities provided $7.7 million and $5.7 million of net cash, respectively.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we received $12.9 million from the exercises of stock options and purchases of our common stock by employees pursuant to our Employee Stock Purchase Plan, used $4.6 million for payment of employee taxes related to restricted stock unit vesting and paid $0.4 million in principal on our finance lease.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we received $8.5 million from the exercises of stock options and purchases of our common stock by employees pursuant to our Employee Stock Purchase Plan and used $2.4 million for payment of employee taxes related to restricted stock unit vesting.

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Material Cash Requirements

There have been no material changes to our material cash requirements, including commitments for capital expenditures and known contractual and other obligations, as of September 30, 2023 from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.

We believe that cash from operating, financing and investing activities, together with our cash and investment balances, will be sufficient to meet ongoing operations, capital expenditures, commitments, working capital requirements and other known contractual and other obligations and satisfy our liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months and the foreseeable future.

Critical accounting policies and significant estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements. Generally, we base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions in accordance with GAAP that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions and such differences could be material to our financial position and results of operations.

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Our critical accounting policies and significant estimates that involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity are described under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates” included in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as disclosed therein, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared with those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

There have been no material changes in our exposure to market risk since December 31, 2022.

Refer to Item 7A “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023 for further detail.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), refers to controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, at a reasonable assurance level, as of September 30, 2023.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified by management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during our third fiscal quarter of 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

None.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

The risks and uncertainties discussed below update, supersede and replace the risks and uncertainties previously disclosed in Part I, Item IA of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, which was filed with the United States (U.S.) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on August 2, 2023. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones facing our business but do represent those risks that we believe are material to us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also harm our business. Please read the cautionary notice regarding forward-looking statements preceding Part I, Item 1 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Risks Related to Our Business

The reduced reimbursement rates established by CMS have impacted, and may continue to materially and adversely impact, our business operations and financial results.

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As described in Item 2, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, “Factors Affecting Our Performance” contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ (CMS’) 2022 Medicare physician fee payment rates and 2022 Medicare facility fee payment rates imposed a new, significantly lower physician fee and a slightly reduced facility fee related to the implantation of trabecular bypass stents, such as our iStent family of products, in conjunction with cataract surgery, furnished in the ambulatory surgery center (ASC) setting, where approximately 80% of procedures utilizing our trabecular micro-bypass technologies in the U.S. are performed. We believe these CMS physician fee and facility fee rate decreases disrupted traditional customer ordering patterns and resulted in our customers’ trialing and utilization of competitive products, causing reduced glaucoma sales volumes in the U.S. in 2022. These rates were not significantly modified in CMS’ final rules for 2023 physician fee and facility rates. We expect the reduction of the physician fee will continue to have an adverse impact on procedural iStent family product volumes, in conjunction with cataract surgery, in 2023 as well as on our U.S. combo-cataract glaucoma revenues, gross profit, and net income, the full extent of which is not known at this time.

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Additionally, the facility fee payment rates for the standalone procedure that hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers will use with Glaukos’ iStent infinite product, were lower than anticipated for 2022. These rates were not significantly modified by CMS for 2023 facility fee payment rates. The physician fee payment rate for this procedure will be set by the multi-state, regional contractors, or Medicare Administrative Contractors (MACs), responsible for administering Medicare claims, the vast majority of which have proposed but not yet adopted such a payment rate, and therefore will vary from region to region and is unknown at this time. This physician fee payment rate, alone or in combination with the standalone facility fee payment rate, may result in inadequate reimbursement and impact the use of this product, and our net sales.

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On July 13, 2023, CMS published its proposed rules on 2024 Medicare physician and facility fee payment rates (2024 Proposed Rules), which do not materially modify the 2023 payment rates with respect to physician fee payment rates for procedures using our iStent family of products, but do contain increased facility fee payment rates related to the implantation of trabecular bypass stents, such as our iStent family of products, both in conjunction with cataract surgery and as a standalone procedure, in both the ASC and hospital setting. It is not known at this time if the 2024 Proposed Rules will be modified before the final 2024 rules are published by CMS or the impact such proposed increased payment rates may have on our net sales.

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Unfavorable global and regional conditions have adversely affected, and could in the future materially and adversely affect, our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, and cash flows.

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Recent geopolitical conflicts, natural disasters and the COVID-19 pandemic have led to or exacerbated certain unfavorable global and regional macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, volatility in the financial and credit markets, higher interest rates and capital costs, labor shortages, increased energy costs, and currency fluctuations, which have had, and could continue to have, an adverse effect on the global economy, the regional economies that we serve and

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our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and ability to access our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments. If banks and other financial institutions with whom we have banking relationships enter receivership or become insolvent in the future, we may be unable to access, and we may lose, some or all of our existing cash and cash equivalents to the extent those funds are not insured or otherwise protected by the FDIC. Continuation or worsening of these unfavorable global and regional conditions could have a material adverse effect on our operations and cause us to need to seek additional capital.

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Public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have adversely affected, and could in the future adversely affect, our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, and cash flows.

​

We are subject to risks associated with public heath crises, including those related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and could continue to have, an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows. Other future public health crises may also have a negative impact on our business. In particular, we have experienced, and may in the future experience, financial or operational impacts as a result of COVID-19 or other public health crises which may be material, including:

| ● | Impacts or delays to our product development efforts or regulatory clearances and approvals;

| ● | Costs associated with protecting the health of our employees and adhering to any guidance or orders of various governmental authorities, such as masking, testing, and social distancing requirements;

| ● | Risks associated with remote work, including increased cybersecurity risk;

| ● | Widespread staffing shortages and turnover, including in ambulatory surgery centers, and mandatory and voluntary quarantining, which may impact elective procedures;

| ● | Outbreaks of disease in our facilities, which could require us to temporarily shut down manufacturing operations or cause a disruption to, or shortage in, our workforce;

| ● | Patient reluctance to seek primary care from optometrists and ophthalmologists or undergo medical procedures during or following outbreaks of disease;

| ● | Delays in shipments of our products, which could harm our customer relations and adversely impact our competitive positioning and sales, including as a result of longer lead times, delays, higher prices and unfulfilled deliveries of our supply chain and development partners, each of which we continued to experience in 2023 and anticipate will continue into the near future;

| ● | Restrictions on our personnel’s ability to access customers and clinical sites for training and support;

| ● | Challenges to our capacity to manufacture, sell and support the use of our products; and

| ● | Volatility in credit or financial markets.

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For example, restrictions on elective procedures and therapies and the closures of ophthalmic practices during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the progress of our pipeline products, such as the slowdown in new patient enrollment in our iDose clinical trial in 2020 and 2021, which delayed the iDose approval timeline. Future public health crises could have a similar adverse impact. While we cannot predict the full impact of COVID-19 or future pandemic, epidemic or infectious disease outbreaks on the timing of completion of our clinical trials and the expected regulatory approvals of our pipeline products, our disclosed targeted approval dates anticipate, to our best estimate, such impact.

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If the supply and/or manufacture of our principal revenue-producing products, the iStent family of products, and our Photrexa therapies, is materially disrupted, it may adversely affect our ability to manufacture products and could reduce our gross margins and negatively affect our operating results.

Our sole manufacturing location for our iStent products is an approximately 98,000 square foot campus located in San Clemente, California, where we manufacture, inspect, package, release and ship nearly all of our iStent platform products. In 2022, we relocated our corporate administrative headquarters to a new facility in Aliso Viejo, California (Aliso Facility), which is the location where we conduct substantially all of our R&D activities, customer and technical support, and management and administrative functions. If either of our San Clemente or Aliso Facility suffers a crippling event or a natural disaster such as an earthquake, fire or flood, this could materially impact our ability to operate.

Additionally, we rely on a limited number of third-party suppliers, in some cases sole suppliers, to supply components for the iStent, the iStent inject models, the iStent infinite and our other pipeline products, including the iDose TR, which has not yet been approved by the FDA. If any one or more of our suppliers cease to provide us with sufficient quantities of components or drugs in a timely manner or on terms acceptable to us, we would have to seek alternative sources of supply. Because of factors such as the proprietary nature of our products, our domestic and international quality control standards and regulatory requirements including the FDA’s Quality System Regulation, the European

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Union’s Medical Device Directive and Medical Device Regulation, and Current Good Manufacturing Practices regulations, we may be unable to obtain components or quickly engage replacement suppliers, if our component suppliers are found to be in violation of such standards, which could delay or impact our business, including regulatory approval timelines. If our manufacturing facilities or those of any of our component suppliers or contract facilities are found to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations or fail to adequately remediate any issues discovered during an audit, the FDA or other regulatory bodies could take enforcement action. Even if we were able to identify and qualify a suitable second source to replace one of our key suppliers, if necessary, that replacement supplier would not have access to our previous supplier’s proprietary processes, which could result in significant delay. Despite our efforts to maintain an adequate supply of inventory, the loss of these suppliers, or their inability to provide us with an adequate supply of components or products, could cause delay in the manufacture of our products, thereby impairing our ability to meet the demand of our customers and causing significant harm to our business. Any disruption of this nature or increased expense could harm our commercialization efforts and adversely affect our operating results.

Our corneal health Photrexa therapies are produced by a small number of contract manufacturing organizations. The systems that bio-activate our Photrexa therapies are primarily manufactured in Burlington, Massachusetts. Any material disruption to the manufacture of these corneal health products could also adversely affect our operating results and clinical efforts.

We have incurred significant losses since inception and our operating results can be unpredictable and may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter, requiring substantial capital and operating expenditures for our business to operate and grow. These factors could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and the trading price of our common stock, and limit our ability to reach sustained profitability.

Since the Company’s inception in 1998, we have incurred significant operating losses. As of September 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $562.3 million, principally comprised of costs incurred in our clinical trial, research and development (R&D) programs, our selling, general and administrative expenses, and from amortization expense related to our developed technology intangible assets included in cost of sales. We have funded our operations to date from the sale of equity securities, including our June 2015 initial public offering, the issuance of notes payable, cash exercises of stock options and warrants to purchase equity securities, cash generated from commercial operations and the issuance of the Company’s 2.75% convertible notes due 2027 (Convertible Notes). To implement our global business strategies we have made, and expect to continue to make, significant investments in R&D activities, clinical studies, expanding our manufacturing capabilities, growing our sales and marketing organization, enforcing or defending our intellectual property rights, acquiring companies or in-license products and intellectual property, building our general and administrative infrastructure, and obtaining regulatory clearance or approval to commercialize our existing products in international markets or products under development globally. As a result, we expect our expenses will continue to increase as we pursue these objectives. While we believe we have sufficient cash to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months from the date our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended September 30, 2023 are made publicly available, our ability to reach sustained profitability and generate positive cash flow in the future is highly uncertain.

Additionally, our net sales may experience volatility due to a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, among other things, fluctuating demand, pricing pressures applicable to our products, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, Medicare payment rates established by CMS or MACs, commercialization of our new and existing products and the marketing of competitive products, results of clinical research and trials, regulatory approval requirements and timings, legislative changes affecting our products, variances in the sales terms, an increase in demand for our patient assistance and/or free drug programs, supply chain and inventory management, shortage of raw materials, timing or volume of customer orders and the length of our sales cycle, which varies and may be unpredictable. As a result, you should not rely solely on our results in any past period as an indication of future results and you should anticipate that fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results may continue and could generate volatility in the price of our common stock. We believe that quarterly comparisons of our financial results should not be relied upon as an indication of our future performance.

Our success depends on our ability to continue to generate sales of our commercialized products and develop and commercialize additional products, which we may not be able to accomplish.

Our primary sales-generating commercial products have been the iStent, the iStent inject and its successor, the iStent inject W, as well as our Photrexa therapies, which we acquired in connection with our acquisition of Avedro, Inc. (Avedro) in 2019. While we expect to continue to derive a significant portion of our net sales from the iStent, the iStent

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inject models, the iStent infinite and the Photrexa therapies it is important that we continue to build a more complete product offering. Developing additional products is expensive and time-consuming. Even if we are successful in developing our additional pipeline products, the success of our new product offerings is inherently uncertain and our products may not receive regulatory approval, may receive approval that requires restrictive labeling, or may not be profitable. Any current or new products could also quickly be rendered obsolete by changing customer preferences, third party payor reimbursement levels, or the introduction of competing products that (i) embody superior technologies, features, safety, quality or efficacy, (ii) reflect a broader label indication, or (iii) are available at lower prices. Our competitors include large publicly traded companies or divisions thereof and have more resources, greater name recognition, longer operating histories, more established relationships with healthcare professionals, customers and third-party payors, broader products lines, more established sales and marketing programs and distribution networks, and greater experience in obtaining regulatory clearance or approval. Additionally, the period of orphan drug exclusivity with respect to our Photrexa pharmaceutical therapy expired in April 2023, which could allow competitive products to enter that market. Our research programs, which are expensive and time-intensive, may fail to yield product candidates for clinical development despite showing initial promise. If we are unable to successfully commercialize additional products, our business prospects would be materially affected.

As our growth strategy turns increasingly global, we are, and will continue to be, subject to a variety of risks associated with our international operations, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Our existing foreign operations, as well as our planned international growth, expose us to additional uncertainty and risks beyond regulatory authorization and reimbursement levels. We sell our products through direct sales organizations and a network of third-party distribution partners in other markets. These international operations expose us and our subsidiaries and third-party distributors to a variety of risks including, without limitation, the following:

| ● | different, and in some cases more exacting and lengthy, regulatory approval processes, regulations and laws, and pricing and reimbursement systems applicable to us, our suppliers and distributors;

| ● | reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights or difficulties enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending against third-party threats and intellectual property enforcement actions against us, our distributors, or any of our third-party suppliers;

| ● | pricing pressure or longer sales and payment cycles;

| ● | different competitive dynamics, including smaller market sizes, which we may not be able to fully appreciate before entering certain foreign markets;

| ● | a shortage of qualified sales personnel and distributors;

| ● | the challenges of managing foreign operations;

| ● | relative disadvantages compared to competitors with more recognizable names, longer operating histories and better established distribution networks and customer relationships;

| ● | political and economic instability, international terrorism and anti-U.S. sentiment, or the imposition of U.S. or international sanctions that could restrict or prohibit continued business;

| ● | changes in duties and tariffs, license obligations, importation laws and other non-tariff barriers to trade;

| ● | scrutiny of foreign tax authorities that could result in significant fines, penalties and additional taxes;

| ● | different cultural norms which may impact how business is conducted;

| ● | laws and business practices favoring local companies;

| ● | difficulties in maintaining consistency and compliance with our internal guidelines;

| ● | difficulties in enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through foreign legal systems;

| ● | risks of money laundering, bribery and corruption practices, off-label promotion or breach of sanction regulations by our personnel or distributors, which may be difficult for us to discover or prevent;

| ● | failures by our third-party partners to properly assist us with local guidance on operations, financial and other reporting, accounting, tax, payroll, legal and regulatory matters; and

| ● | costly and complex export requirements and restrictions, particularly relating to technology.

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If we experience any of these risks, our sales in non-U.S. jurisdictions may be harmed, our results of operations would suffer, and our reputation and business prospects would be negatively impacted. Additionally, we are exposed to changes in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, which are references to the differences between the foreign-exchanges rates we use to convert the financial results of our international operations from local currencies into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. This impact of foreign-exchange rate changes is calculated based on the

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difference between the current period’s currency exchange rates and that of the comparable prior period. Further, significant foreign exchange rate fluctuations resulting in a decline in the respective local currency may decrease our revenues and earnings from our foreign operations. As a result of our global operations, our revenue, gross margins, operating expense and operating income in some international markets have been and may continue to be affected by foreign currency fluctuations.

If the quality or delivery of our products does not meet our customers’ expectations, our reputation could suffer and ultimately our sales and operating earnings could be negatively impacted.

As a manufacturer, we have addressed and must continue to address quality issues associated with our products, including in our engineering, design, manufacturing and delivery processes, as well as issues with third-party components included in our products. Because our products are highly complex, the occurrence of performance issues may increase as we continue to introduce new products and rapidly scale up manufacturing to meet increased demand. Although we have established internal procedures to minimize risks that may arise from product quality issues, there can be no assurance that we will be able to eliminate or mitigate occurrences of these issues and associated liabilities. In addition, identifying the root cause of performance or quality issues, particularly those affecting third-party components, may be difficult, which increases the time needed to address quality issues as they arise and increases the risk that similar problems could recur. Finding solutions to quality issues can be expensive and we may incur significant costs or lost revenue in connection with, for example, shipment holds, product recalls and warranty or other service obligations. Quality issues can also impair our relationships with new or existing customers or result in product liability suits against us, which may be expensive to defend and could impact the reimbursement coverage of our products, our product liability insurance rates and/or our cash reserves in the event our existing insurance coverage is insufficient. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could harm our reputation as a producer of high-quality products, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Ophthalmic surgeons may not use our products if they do not believe they are safe, efficient, effective and preferable alternatives to other treatment solutions in the market or may use our products without being adequately trained, which could result in inferior clinical outcomes.

We believe that ophthalmic surgeons will not use our products unless they conclude that our products provide a safe, efficient, effective and preferable alternative to currently available treatment options. If ophthalmic surgeons determine that any of our products are not sufficiently effective, efficient or safe, whether based on longer-term patient studies or clinical experience or unsatisfactory patient outcomes or patient injury, our sales would be harmed. Surgeons may base such determination on patient outcomes that are the result of other unqualified surgeons performing procedures for which they haven’t been trained. It is also possible that as our products become more widely used, latent defects could be identified, creating negative publicity and liability problems for us and adversely affecting demand for our products. If an increasing number of ophthalmic surgeons do not continue to adopt the use of our products, our operating and financial results will be negatively impacted.

If we fail to manage our anticipated growth effectively, we may not be able to meet customer demand for our products and our business could suffer.

Since the commercial launch of the iStent in 2012, we have seen significant period-to-period growth in our business, both organically and through transactions, and we must continue to grow in order to meet our business and financial objectives. However, continued growth creates numerous challenges, including, among others, new and increased responsibilities for our management team; increased competition; increased product demand which could strain our manufacturing capacity; the management of an increasing number of customer, supplier and other relationships; increased pressure on our operating, financial and reporting systems; entry into new international territories with unfamiliar regulations and business approaches; and the need to hire, train and manage additional qualified personnel. If we fail to manage any of these challenges effectively, our business may be harmed.

If we are unable to retain or recruit qualified personnel for growth, our business results could suffer.

We have benefited substantially from the leadership and performance of our senior management and other key employees. For example, our chief executive officer, as well as other key members of our senior management, has experience successfully developing novel technologies and scaling early-stage medical device and pharmaceutical companies to achieve profitability. We also rely on our qualified sales representatives and on consultants and advisors in

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our research, operations, clinical and commercial efforts to grow our business, develop and commercialize new products and implement our business strategies. Our success will depend on our ability to retain our current management and key employees, consultants and advisors, and to attract and retain qualified personnel in the future, including by providing competitive compensation and benefit programs, flexible work arrangements, career advancement prospects and sufficient opportunities to develop leadership, managerial and other valuable skills. The loss of services of these personnel, which could occur without notice and without cause, could prevent or delay our growth plans and the implementation of our strategic objectives, or divert management’s attention to seeking qualified replacements. Our U.S. employees, including our senior management, are not subject to non-competition agreements. Accordingly, the adverse effect of losing key personnel could be compounded by our inability to prevent them from competing with us.

We have and may continue to enter into acquisitions, collaborations, in-licensing agreements, joint ventures, alliances or partnerships with third parties that could fail.

We have and may continue to enter into acquisitions, collaborations, in-licensing agreements, joint ventures and partnerships in order to retain our competitive position within the marketplace, develop new products or expand into new markets. Examples include our acquisitions of DOSE Medical and Avedro, as well as our licensing of Santen’s PRESERFLO® Microshunt® (Preserflo MicroShunt), the Intratus drug delivery platform and the Attillaps, iVeena and Stuart pharmaceutical compounds and our collaboration agreement with Radius XR to market its wearable patient engagement and diagnostic system. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully complete any future acquisition we may pursue, or that we will be able to successfully integrate any acquired business, product or technology in a cost-effective and non-disruptive manner. Our future successes will depend, in part, on our ability to manage an expanded business, which may pose substantial challenges for our management, such as increased costs and complexity. There can be no assurances that we will be successful in managing such expanded business or that we will realize the expected economies of scale, synergies and other benefits currently anticipated from recent or future acquisitions or strategic transactions. Additionally, these collaborations, joint ventures, and partnerships may fail to result in any commercialized product, including due to delays in or failures to obtain regulatory approvals, such as the failure to receive approval of the PreserFlo MicroShunt in the U.S., and could require us to invest a substantial amount of resources only to ultimately change regulatory strategies or to fail. In addition, these arrangements may be terminated before we are able to realize net sales to sufficiently cover the costs associated therewith, which could materially impact our business. We cannot assure you that any such transaction would result in the benefits expected from the transaction, including revenue growth, increased profitability or an enhancement in our business prospects. Further, pursuing acquisitions, collaborations, in-licensing agreements, joint ventures, alliances or partnerships with third parties, whether or not completed, is costly and time-consuming and could distract Company management from the operation of the business, which could negatively impact our operating results.

Failure to protect our information technology infrastructure against cyber incidents, network security breaches, service interruptions, or data corruption could materially disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business, operating results, or the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting.

The efficient operation of our global business depends on our information technology systems, including telecommunications, the internet, network communications, email and various computer hardware and software applications. We rely on our information technology systems to effectively manage sales and marketing data, accounting and financial functions, inventory management, product development tasks, clinical data, quality systems, customer service and technical support functions. Our information technology systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, fires, floods and other natural disasters, terrorist attacks, power losses, computer system or data network failures, data corruption and security breaches or other cyber-based incidents, some of which we have experienced and which we continue to monitor. Cyber incidents can include ransomware, computer denial-of-service attacks, worms, and other malicious software programs introduced to our computers and networks, including intrusions that are designed to evade detection for an extended period of time, phishing attacks, social engineering attacks, and efforts to discover and exploit any design flaws, bugs, security vulnerabilities or weaknesses, as well as intentional or unintentional acts by employees or other insiders with access privileges, intentional acts of vandalism or fraud by third parties and sabotage. While none of the cyber incidents or service interruptions that we have experienced to date have had a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or operations, we cannot assure that future incidents will not materially and adversely impact us. In addition, some of our software systems are cloud-based data management applications, hosted by third-party service providers whose security and information technology systems are subject to similar risks. The failure to protect either our or our service providers’ information technology infrastructure could disrupt our entire operation, resulting in decreased sales, increased overhead costs, product shortages, or loss or misuse

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of intellectual property or proprietary, confidential, sensitive or personal information, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results.

Our enterprise resource planning (ERP) system is integral to our ability to accurately and efficiently maintain our books and records, record transactions, and prepare our financial statements. Any disruptions or difficulties that may occur in connection with our ERP system (whether in connection with the regular operation, periodic enhancements or upgrades of such systems, or due to cyber incidents) could adversely affect our ability to provide services, fulfill contractual obligations, file reports with the SEC in a timely manner, operate our business or otherwise affect our controls environment. If our independent registered public accounting firm determines that we have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the New York Stock Exchange, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Failure to comply with data privacy and security laws could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to state, federal and foreign laws relating to data privacy and security in the conduct of our business, including state breach notification laws, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the U.K. Data Protection Act and the U.K. GDPR, the California Consumer Privacy Act, and the California Privacy Rights Act, among others. These laws affect how we collect and use data of our employees, consultants, customers and other parties, including patients treated with our products. These laws, as well as similar laws being enacted by other states and countries, impose substantial requirements that involve the expenditure of significant resources and the investment of significant time and effort to comply. We also rely on third parties to host or otherwise process some of this data. In some instances, these third parties have experienced failures to protect data privacy. Our failure or the failure of these third parties to comply with these laws or prevent security breaches of such data could result in significant liability under applicable data privacy laws, cause disruption to our business, harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business.

We cannot be certain that our net operating loss tax carryforwards will be available to offset future taxable income.

At December 31, 2022, we had approximately $449.1 million, $321.1 million and $10.8 million of NOL carryforwards for federal, state and foreign purposes, respectively. Federal NOL carryforwards incurred prior to 2018 begin to expire in 2024, while federal NOL carryforwards of $241.1 million will not expire but can only be used to offset 80 percent of future taxable income. State and foreign NOL carryforwards begin to expire in 2023. At December 31, 2022, we had federal and state R&D credit carryforwards of approximately $40.4 million and $22.3 million, respectively. Federal and $4.3 million of state credits begin to expire in 2023, while $18.0 million of state credits carry forward indefinitely. We continue to provide a valuation allowance against a portion of these tax attributes because we believe that uncertainty exists with respect to their future realization. Utilization of these tax attributes may be subject to annual limitations under IRC Sections 382 and 383 if the Company experiences an ownership change. To the extent available, we intend to use these NOL and credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income and/or income tax liabilities associated with our operations. There can be no assurance that we will generate sufficient taxable income in the carryforward period to utilize the remaining tax attributes before they expire.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

The requirement that we service our indebtedness could limit the cash flow available for our operations and have other consequences that could adversely affect our business, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our debt obligations.

As of December 31, 2022, we had $287.5 million in principal amount of indebtedness as a result of the issuance of the Convertible Notes. We may also incur additional indebtedness to meet future financing needs. Interest payments, fees, covenants and restrictions under agreements governing our current or future indebtedness, including the indenture governing the Convertible Notes, could have significant consequences, including the following: impairing our ability to successfully continue to commercialize our current or future products; limiting our ability to obtain additional financing on satisfactory terms; increasing our vulnerability to general economic downturns, competition and industry conditions; requiring the dedication of a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness; inhibiting

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our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business; and diluting the interests of our existing stockholders if we issue shares of our common stock upon conversion of the Convertible Notes. The occurrence of any one of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows and ability to satisfy our obligations under the indenture governing the Convertible Notes and any other indebtedness.

Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal and interest on, or to refinance the amounts payable under, our current or future indebtedness, including the Convertible Notes, while still making necessary investments in our business, will depend on our operating and financial performance, including our ability to generate sufficient cash flow from operations, which may be subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to sell assets, restructure existing debt or obtain additional debt financing or equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance any future indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or secure desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.

We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the Convertible Notes in cash or to repurchase the Convertible Notes upon a fundamental change, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the Convertible Notes.

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Noteholders may require us to repurchase their Convertible Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. In addition, upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the Convertible Notes being converted. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of the Convertible Notes surrendered or Convertible Notes being converted. In addition, our ability to repurchase the Convertible Notes or to pay cash upon conversions of the Convertible Notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase Convertible Notes, or to pay any cash payable on future conversions of the Convertible Notes as required by the indenture governing the Convertible Notes would constitute a default under the indenture governing the Convertible Notes, which event, or the occurrence of the fundamental change itself, may lead to a default under any future credit facility or other agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the Convertible Notes or make cash payments upon conversions thereof.

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The conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

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In the event the conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes is triggered, as it was for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, holders of the Convertible Notes will have the option to convert the Convertible Notes at any time during specified periods. If one or more holders elect to convert their Convertible Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders of the Convertible Notes do not elect to convert their Convertible Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Convertible Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.

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The capped call transactions may affect the value of our common stock, and subject us to counterparty risk.

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In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, we entered into capped call transactions with certain option counterparties. The capped call transactions cover, subject to customary adjustments, the number of shares of common stock initially underlying the Convertible Notes. The capped call transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution of our common stock upon any conversion of the Convertible Notes or at our election (subject to certain conditions), offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the aggregate principal amount of converted Convertible Notes, as the case may be, with such reduction or offset subject to a cap. We have been advised that the option counterparties or their respective affiliates have established initial hedges of the capped call transaction,

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and may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivative transactions with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the Convertible Notes (and are likely to do so on each exercise date of the capped call transactions, which are expected to occur during the 40 trading day period beginning on the 41st scheduled trading day prior to the maturity date of the Convertible Notes, or following any termination of any portion of the capped call transactions in connection with any repurchase, redemption or early conversion of the Convertible Notes). This activity could impact the market price of our common stock.

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The option counterparties to the capped call transactions are financial institutions, and we are subject to the risk that any or all of them might default under the capped call transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties is not secured by any collateral. Past global economic conditions have resulted in the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of many financial institutions. If an option counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under the capped call transactions with such option counterparty. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, an increase in our exposure will be correlated to an increase in the market price subject to the cap and in the volatility of our common stock. In addition, upon a default by an option counterparty, we may suffer more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurances as to the financial stability or viability of the option counterparties.

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Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment

Our business, products and processes are subject to extensive regulation both in the U.S. and abroad and it can be costly to comply with these regulations. Any failure to adhere to applicable regulations could harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our medical devices, drugs, drug/device combination products and other products are subject to extensive government regulation in the U.S. by the FDA, state regulatory authorities and foreign regulatory authorities in the countries in which we conduct business. These regulations relate to, among other things, R&D, labeling, advertising, promotion, pricing and discounts, recordkeeping, reporting, import and export, post-approval studies and the sale and distribution of our products. See Item 1, Business, “Government Regulation – U.S. Regulation & Reimbursement” and “International Regulation & Reimbursement” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023 (the Annual Report) for additional information. Our failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could result in enforcement action by the FDA, state or foreign regulatory authorities, which may include, among other things, warning letters, fines, injunctions, recalls, refusals to grant or delays in granting requests, civil fines and penalties, operating restrictions, withdrawal of approvals and even criminal prosecution.

The process of obtaining clearances or approvals to market our products can be expensive and lengthy, and we cannot guarantee that our current products will receive approval for additional indications or that our future products will receive clearance or approval on a timely basis, or without restrictions, if at all. Additionally, based upon a recent FDA determination, our pipeline products that are determined to be drug-device combination products, such as our iDose TR product, will require review and coordination by each of FDA’s drug and device centers prior to approval, which may delay approval. In some instances, we or our partners have pursued, and may in the future pursue, a regulatory clearance or approval that proves unsuccessful, such as the FDA’s recent failure to approve the PreserFlo Microshunt in the U.S. and our recent determination to conduct a second pivotal confirmatory study of our Epioxa pharmaceutical therapy based on recommendations from the FDA in pre-NDA submission meetings. When this occurs, the time and financial resources required to obtain FDA or other regulatory approval may substantially increase or new competitive products could reach the market faster than our product candidate, which could materially adversely impact our competitive position and prospects. We cannot assure you that we will receive the requisite approvals to sell our product candidates on our anticipated timeline or at all.

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Before we can obtain regulatory approval for any product candidate, we may have to undertake complex, time-consuming and expensive clinical testing in humans to demonstrate safety and efficacy, the outcomes of which are inherently uncertain and may never result in approved products or commercial sales. We have experienced in the past, and could experience in the future, delays in the commencement or completion of clinical trials or testing that could significantly affect our product development costs. We do not know whether planned clinical trials will begin on time, need to be redesigned, enroll an adequate number of patients in a timely manner or be completed on schedule, if at all, or be deemed insufficient by the FDA, which may require additional lengthy, time-consuming and expensive trials, which

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would further delay approval. We may suffer significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after earlier trials showed promising results, and failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. We, the clinical trial investigators, the independent review board overseeing the trial, the FDA, or another regulatory authority may suspend, delay or terminate clinical trials at any time due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the trial in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements or trial protocols, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using the product, lack of sufficient funding, medical device product malfunctions, adverse events, or to avoid exposing trial participants to unacceptable health risks. Any delay or failure in clinical trials would delay or prevent our ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.

As part of the regulatory application and approval process, the FDA will generally conduct a pre-approval inspection of the applicant or its third-party manufacturers’ or suppliers’ manufacturing facilities to ensure compliance with the FDA’s Quality System Regulation (QSR) for medical devices or current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations for drug and combination products, such as our iDose TR product, which is not yet approved by the FDA. If our facilities, or those of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers, fail to meet the QSR or cGMP regulations, as applicable, or other standards required by the FDA, we could experience a delay in obtaining the necessary regulatory clearances or approvals to commercialize our pipeline products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition and results.

Even after we have obtained the proper regulatory clearance or approval to market a product, we have ongoing responsibilities under FDA regulations and applicable foreign laws and regulations. We may also be required to seek additional regulatory approvals to modify our approved products or their manufacturing processes or indications, which may entail significant time and expense. We and our suppliers are subject to extensive post-marketing regulatory requirements including post-marketing studies, and failure to comply with applicable requirements in a timely manner could subject us to enforcement actions, including recall or product approval withdrawals. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements is subject to continual review and is monitored rigorously through periodic inspections by the FDA. Other post-market requirements on our products include establishment registration and device listing, quality system and good manufacturing requirements, reporting of adverse events and device malfunctions, product tracing, reporting of corrections and removals (recalls), labeling requirements, and promotional restrictions. Under FDA regulations, combination products are subject to the quality system and good manufacturing requirements applicable to both drugs and medical devices. Our products could malfunction, cause unexpected adverse events, or experience performance problems that require review and possible corrective action by us or a component supplier, including a recall or market withdrawal. Any recall or product withdrawal, whether required by the FDA or another regulatory authority or initiated by us, could harm our reputation with customers and negatively affect our sales.

In addition, our promotional materials, sales techniques, pricing programs and training methods must comply with FDA and other applicable laws and regulations, including the prohibition of the promotion of a drug or medical device for a use that has not been cleared or approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, also known as an “off-label” use. The FDA or other regulatory authorities may limit the indications for use of our products, thereby restricting our ability to promote the drug or device. Physicians may use our products, particularly newly-approved products, off-label or in combination with other products that are not indicated or appropriate, as the FDA does not restrict or regulate a physician's choice of treatment within the practice of medicine. However, if the FDA determines that our promotional materials, sales techniques, pricing programs or training constitutes promotion of an off-label use or encourages over-utilization of our products or use of our products in combinations that are not indicated or appropriate, it could request that we modify our materials, techniques, programs or training or subject us to enforcement actions.

We are subject to healthcare fraud and abuse, anti-kickback, false claims and transparency laws and regulations, among others, which are enforced by federal, state and international governments with respect to our marketing, training, customer arrangements, discount, rebate and pricing programs, product bundling, financial arrangements with physicians, patient assistance programs, reimbursement support services, and other practices. See Item 1, Business, “Government Regulation – U.S. Regulation & Reimbursement” and “International Regulation & Reimbursement” contained in our Annual Report for additional information about the laws and regulations which apply to us. The U.S. Department of Justice has increased its scrutiny of interactions between manufacturers and healthcare providers, as well as various patient, product and reimbursement support programs and speaker bureaus, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry. Although we try to structure our arrangements within available safe harbors whenever possible, we may nevertheless become subject to government scrutiny or investigation. Violations may result in civil monetary penalties, criminal penalties, and exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, all of which would have an adverse effect on our business.

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We are subject to compliance with various laws and regulations, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions, which generally prohibit companies and their agents from making bribes or other improper payments to officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We are also subject to limitations on trade with persons in sanctioned countries. Our sales in international markets increase the inherent risks of encountering such issues. While our employees, distributors and agents are required to comply with these laws and regulations, no assurance can be given that our training efforts and internal policies and procedures will prevent violations of these laws. Any actual or alleged violations of these laws and regulations could subject us to government investigations, criminal sanctions, severe fines and penalties that could have a material adverse impact on our reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The scope and enforcement of each of the laws applicable to our business and products is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the government regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs and the curtailment or restricting of our operations, any of which could harm our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Responding to a government investigation is time and resource intensive, and may cause harm to our business and reputation even if we are able to successfully defend against it. Additionally, resolution of any such investigation may require agreement to onerous corporate integrity agreements or other compliance or reporting requirements, which may negatively affect our business.

Legislative or regulatory reform of the healthcare system could hinder or prevent our products’ commercial success.

In the U.S. and in certain states and foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory proposals and adoptions to change the healthcare systems in ways that could impact our ability to sell our products profitably, if at all. In addition, new regulations and interpretations of existing healthcare statutes and regulations are frequently adopted and we may not be able to comply with the changed laws, they could increase the cost of manufacturing, marketing or selling our product, could make approvals of pipeline products more difficult or prevent us from selling at all. We expect there will continue to be a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the U.S. health care system that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulatory approval, manufacture and marketing of regulated products or the reimbursement thereof and may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of planned or future products. It is also difficult to predict whether and how the policies and priorities of a new administration could materially impact the regulation governing our products.

In 2017, the EU adopted Medical Devices Regulation 2017/745 (MDR), which repealed and replaced the Medical Device Directive (MDD). MDR went into effect in May 2021 and provides for stricter controls of medical devices than did MDD. Under provisions that govern the transition from MDD to MDR, medical devices with notified body certificates issued under the MDD prior to May 2021 may continue to be marketed and sold as long as those certificates are valid (up to a maximum of five years from the date of issue) or until May 2024 at the latest, although Regulation (EU) 2023/607 recently extended that deadline through 2028 for qualifying products. After the expiration of any applicable transitional period, only devices that have been CE marked under MDR may be placed on the market in the EU. Our failure, or the failure of our contract manufacturers, to obtain CE marks for all of our products under MDR on a timely basis, or to comply with MDR, could restrict our ability to sell our products in the EU or other parts of the world, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Additionally, the U.K.’s withdrawal from the EU and the end of the mutual recognition and related trade facilitating effects for medical devices between the EU and Switzerland have added certain costs and complexities to the shipment and sales of our products in those countries.

We may from time to time increase the prices of our products, as we have done with our Photrexa therapies. Drug pricing by pharmaceutical manufacturers is subject to federal and state reporting requirements and is currently, and is expected to continue to be, under close scrutiny, including with respect to manufacturers that increase the price of products after acquiring those products from other companies. In some cases, such scrutiny has resulted in congressional inquiries and federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturers’ patient support programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. Although our price increases have been based upon third party studies of the projected economic value of our products to the healthcare system, they may still become subject to such scrutiny.

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Additionally, the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which is designed to, among other things, have a direct impact on drug prices and reduce drug spending by the federal government requires drug manufacturers to pay rebates to Medicare if they increase prices faster than inflation for certain drugs used by Medicare beneficiaries. The expansion of inflation-based rebates may complicate our pricing strategies. Moreover, as a condition of participating in, and having products covered under, certain federal healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, we may become subject to federal laws and regulations that require pharmaceutical manufacturers to calculate and report certain pricing metrics to the government and comply with certain pricing, discount and rebate policies, including the Best Price under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and the 340B Ceiling Price under the 340B Drug Pricing Program, and with respect to Medicaid, pay statutory rebates on utilization of manufacturers’ products by Medicaid beneficiaries. These and other similar legislation or regulations could have the effect of significantly reducing the prices we can charge and reimbursement we receive for our products subject to that act, and compliance with these laws and programs may require significant resources, thereby reducing our revenues and profitability.

If we cannot sell our products profitably, whether due to our own inability to comply with, or the inability of other economic operators in our supply chain to qualify under, any legislative reform or pricing programs, our business would be harmed. In addition, any change in the laws or regulations that govern the clearance and approval processes relating to our current and future products could make it more difficult and costly to obtain clearance or approval for new products, or to produce, market and distribute existing products.

Inadequate or inconsistent reimbursement for our products may adversely impact our business.

Our ability to successfully commercialize and achieve market acceptance of our products and compete against other therapies designed to address the same disease states depends in significant part on adequate financial coverage and reimbursement from third party payors, including governmental payors (such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs in the U.S.), managed care organizations and private health insurers. See Item 1, Business, “Government Regulation – U.S. Regulation & Reimbursement” and “International Regulation & Reimbursement” contained in our Annual Report for additional information. Payors continually review the clinical evidence for new therapies and can change their coverage policies without notice or deny payment if the product was not used in accordance with the payor’s coverage policy. Therefore, coverage for our products can differ significantly from payor to payor. In addition, payors continually review new therapies for possible coverage and can, without notice, deny coverage for these products and procedures. As a result, the coverage determination process is often time-consuming and costly and requires us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage will be obtained or will be maintained once it is obtained.

In addition to uncertainties surrounding coverage policies, there are uncertainties regarding appropriate reimbursement for the procedures associated with our new products like iAccess, a precision blade, iPRIME, a viscoelastic delivery system, and iStent infinite as well as sporadic volatility in reimbursement levels of existing products, including our Photrexa therapy. The demand for, and the profitability of, our products could be materially harmed if the Medicaid program, Medicare program, other healthcare programs in the U.S. or elsewhere, or third party commercial payors in the U.S. or elsewhere, deny reimbursement for our products, limit the indications for which our products will be reimbursed, are unclear on appropriate reimbursement codes or provide reimbursement only on unfavorable terms. For example, in June 2023 five MACs, which set physician fee payment rates for products covered by temporary CPT Category III codes, published proposed local coverage determinations (LCDs) that deemed certain ophthalmic procedures, including the procedures using our iAccess and iPRIME products, investigational and therefore not covered by Medicare and not reimbursed. In October 2023, one of the five MACs confirmed its non-coverage for certain procedures, including the ophthalmic canaloplasty procedure utilizing our iPRIME product. Further, such final LCD indicated that surgical MIGS procedures should not be performed in combination with other MIGS or surgical glaucoma procedures. If the remaining MACs ultimately adopt similar coverage policies, or policies as originally proposed, we may experience an adverse impact on the sales of certain of our products, the full extent of which is not known at this time. Also, when procedures associated with our products transition from temporary CPT Category III codes to permanent CPT Category I codes, the physician and facility reimbursement levels associated with the procedures using these products could be decreased, such as the decreased payment rates for procedures using our iStent-related products, in conjunction with cataract surgery, established by CMS for 2022 and 2023, as discussed earlier in these Risk Factors under the heading “Risks Related to Our Business.” Even when a permanent billing code has been assigned to a product, there is no guarantee that coverage will be provided. If we are unable to maintain our existing codes or obtain new permanent codes for procedures using our products, use existing codes for new products or obtain new reimbursement codes for our products in development, we may be subject to significant pricing pressure, that could

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harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In the foreign markets in which we operate, different pricing and reimbursement systems, could result in lower reimbursement, harming our ability to operate our business.

We cannot predict to what extent current global economic conditions may disrupt healthcare systems and access to our products or result in a widespread loss of individual health insurance coverage due to unemployment, a shift from commercial payor coverage to government payor coverage, or an increase in demand for patient assistance or free drug programs, any of which could adversely affect our net revenue. In addition, payers consistently engage in cost containment efforts, which could result in decreased reimbursement levels for prescription drugs and the imposition of prior authorization for the use of our products. We cannot predict actions that third party payors may take, including limiting access to or the level of reimbursement for our products or refusal to provide any approvals or coverage.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property, our competitors and other third parties could develop and commercialize products similar or identical to ours, which would substantially impair our ability to compete.

Our success and ability to compete depends significantly upon our ability to obtain, maintain and protect our proprietary rights and licensed intellectual property rights to the technologies and inventions used in or embodied by our products. We rely on a combination of patents and trademark rights, and to a lesser extent on trade secrets and copyrights, together with licenses and nondisclosure agreements to protect our technologies. These legal means, however, afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our business. We also have not pursued or maintained, and may not pursue or maintain in the future, patent protection for our products in every country or territory in which we sell or will in the future sell our products. In addition, we cannot be sure that any of our pending patent applications or pending trademark applications will issue or issue in a form that will be advantageous to us.

Despite our efforts, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to adequately protect our proprietary rights, which could substantially impair our ability to compete. Our patents may be challenged and held invalid or we may be unable to extend the protection on products with expiring patents. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how. Competitors could purchase our products and attempt to replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, infringe our intellectual property rights, design around our protected technology or develop their own competitive technologies that fall outside of our intellectual property rights. Further, although it is our policy to require each of our employees, consultants and any other parties who may be involved in the development of intellectual property on our behalf to execute proprietary information and inventions agreements, we may be unsuccessful in doing so with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The relevant assignment provisions may not be self-executing or may be breached, resulting in ownership disputes and/or litigation.

We have many foreign patents and patent applications, and expect to pursue patent protection in the most significant markets in which we do business. The laws of other countries in which our products are or may be sold may not protect our product offerings and intellectual property to the same extent as U.S. laws, if at all. Many companies have encountered significant difficulties in obtaining, protecting and defending such rights in international markets. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against other parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, and certain countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to other parties. We also may be unable to protect our rights in trade secrets and unpatented proprietary technology in these countries. If we encounter such difficulties or are otherwise precluded from effectively protecting our intellectual property rights in these countries, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be substantially harmed.

We may not be able to accurately estimate or control our future operating expenses in relation to obtaining, enforcing and/or defending intellectual property, which could lead to cash shortfalls. Our operating expenses may fluctuate significantly in the future as a result of the costs of preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing patent claims and other patent related costs, including litigation costs and the results of such litigation or costs associated with administrative proceedings and the results of such proceedings.

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We have been and may in the future become involved in patent and other intellectual property litigation or administrative proceedings relating to our intellectual property rights, which could be costly, time consuming and unsuccessful and could interfere with our ability to successfully commercialize our products.

Intellectual property rights are essential to our business. We have asserted and may in the future need to assert claims of infringement against third parties to protect our rights, or to invalidate or challenge the intellectual property rights of a third party, including those rights owned by our competitors. Additionally, third parties could assert infringement or misappropriation claims against us with respect to our current or future commercial products and seek to invalidate one or more of our patents or trademarks. Such claims could arise in situations where certain employees, consultants or contractors were previously, or are currently, employed by other medical device, biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors; we may be subject to claims that we or these individuals have, inadvertently or otherwise, misappropriated the intellectual property or disclosed the alleged trade secrets or other proprietary information, of these other employers.

There is no guarantee that we would be successful enforcing or defending our intellectual property rights in court. A court could hold that some or all of our asserted intellectual property rights are not infringed, or could invalidate our rights, hold our rights unenforceable, or substantially narrow the scope of protection. Further, we could be prohibited from manufacturing or selling our products or a court could order us to pay substantial compensatory damages as well as other penalties and fines. Any such adverse result would undermine our competitive position. Regardless of the final outcome, any litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights in patents, copyrights, trade secrets or trademarks is highly unpredictable and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Anti-takeover provisions in our Charter and Bylaws and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.

Provisions in our Restated Certificate of Incorporation (Charter) and amended and restated bylaws (Bylaws) may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our Charter and Bylaws include provisions that:

| ● | authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by the stockholders, up to 5,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock;

| ● | require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be affected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent;

| ● | specify that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by our board of directors, the chairman of the board of directors, the chief executive officer or the president;

| ● | establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder approvals to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors;

| ● | divide our board of directors into three classes, with each class serving staggered three year terms;

| ● | provide that our directors may be removed only for cause by a supermajority vote of our stockholders;

| ● | provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum;

| ● | specify that no stockholder is permitted to cumulate votes at any election of directors; and

| ● | require a supermajority vote of the stockholders and a majority vote of the board to amend certain of the above-mentioned provisions and our Bylaws.

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These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which limits the ability of stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock to merge or combine with us.

The exclusive forum provisions in our organizational documents could limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the Company or its directors, officers or other employees.

Our Charter and Bylaws provide that, unless the Company consents in writing, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Company or its stockholders, (iii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our Charter or Bylaws, or (iv) any action or proceeding asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine (the Delaware Exclusive Forum Provision). The Delaware Exclusive Forum Provision is intended to apply to claims arising under Delaware state law and would not apply to claims brought pursuant to the Exchange Act or the Securities Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

Further, our Bylaws provide that the federal district courts of the U.S. will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action under the Securities Act (the Federal Forum Provision). Our decision to adopt the Federal Forum Provision followed a decision by the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware holding that such provisions are facially valid under Delaware law and means that suits brought by stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created under the Securities Act must be brought in federal court and cannot be brought in state court.

The exclusive forum provisions in our Charter and Bylaws will not relieve us of our duties to comply with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder and, accordingly, actions by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in federal courts. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with these laws, rules and regulations. The exclusive forum provisions in our Charter and Bylaws may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with the Company or its directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits. In addition, stockholders who do bring a claim in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware pursuant to the Delaware Exclusive Forum Provision could face additional litigation costs in pursuing any such claim, particularly if they do not reside in or near Delaware. The court in the designated forum under our exclusive forum provisions may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments or results may be more favorable to the Company than to our stockholders. Further, the enforceability of similar exclusive forum provisions in other companies’ organizational documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court could find any of our exclusive forum provisions to be inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings. If a court were to find all or any part of our exclusive forum provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we might incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

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Item 5. Other Information

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Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

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On August 11, 2023, Marc A. Stapley, a member of the Company’s Board of Directors, adopted a 10b5-1 trading plan (the “Trading Plan”). The Trading Plan is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The Trading Plan provides for the potential sale of 35,000 shares of the Company’s common stock commencing November 13, 2023. The Trading Plan terminates on the earlier of November 18, 2024 or the date all shares are sold.

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Item 6. Exhibits

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No. | ​ | Description | ​ | Form | ​ | File No. | ​ | Exhibit | ​ | Filing Date
3.1 | ​ | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant | ​ | 8-K | ​ | 1-37463 | ​ | 3.1 | ​ | 06/30/2015
3.2 | ​ | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant | ​ | 8-K | ​ | 1-37463 | ​ | 3.1 | ​ | 12/21/2022
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31.1* | ​ | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
31.2* | ​ | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
32.1** | ​ | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
32.2** | ​ | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
101.INS* | ​ | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
101.SCH* | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Schema Linkbase Document | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
101.CAL* | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
101.DEF* | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
101.LAB* | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Labels Linkbase Document | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
101.PRE* | ​ | XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
104 | ​ | Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

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* Filed Herewith.

** Furnished Herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Aliso Viejo, State of California, on November 1, 2023.

GLAUKOS CORPORATION | ​
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By: | /s/ THOMAS W. BURNS | ​
Thomas W. Burns | ​
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer; Duly Authorized Officer)
​ | ​ | ​
By: | /s/ ALEX R. THURMAN | ​
Alex R. Thurman | ​
Senior Vice President & Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer)

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