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Business and Geographic Segment Information | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Segment Reporting [Abstract] |
Business and Geographic Segment Information | Business and Geographic Segment Information Laureate’s educational services are offered through six operating segments: Brazil, Mexico, Andean, Central America & U.S. Campuses, Rest of World and Online & Partnerships. Laureate determines its operating segments based on information utilized by the chief operating decision maker to allocate resources and assess performance. Our campus-based segments generate revenues by providing an education that emphasizes professional-oriented fields of study with undergraduate and graduate degrees in a wide range of disciplines. Our educational offerings are increasingly utilizing online and hybrid (a combination of online and in-classroom) courses and programs to deliver their curriculum. Many of our largest campus-based operations are in developing markets which are experiencing a growing demand for higher education based on favorable demographics and increasing secondary completion rates, driving increases in participation rates and resulting in continued growth in the number of higher education students. Traditional higher education students (defined as 18-24 year olds) have historically been served by public universities, which have limited capacity and are often underfunded, resulting in an inability to meet the growing student demand and employer requirements. This supply and demand imbalance has created a market opportunity for private sector participants. Most students finance their own education. However, there are some government-sponsored student financing programs which are discussed below. These campus-based segments include Brazil, Mexico, Andean, Central America & U.S. Campuses and Rest of World. Specifics related to each of these campus-based segments and our Online & Partnerships segment are discussed below. In Brazil, approximately 75% of post-secondary students are enrolled in private higher education institutions. While the federal government defines the national curricular guidelines, institutions are licensed to operate by city. Laureate owns 13 institutions in eight states throughout Brazil, with a particularly strong presence in the competitive São Paulo market. Many students finance their own education while others rely on the government-sponsored programs such as Prouni and FIES. Public universities in Mexico enroll approximately two-thirds of students attending post-secondary education. However, many public institutions are faced with capacity constraints or the quality of the education is considered low. Laureate owns two institutions and is present throughout the country with a footprint of over 40 campuses. Each institution in Mexico has a national license. Students in our Mexican institutions typically finance their own education. The Andean segment includes institutions in Chile, Peru, Portugal and Spain. In Chile, private universities enroll approximately 80% of post-secondary students. In Peru, the public sector plays a significant role but private universities are increasingly providing the capacity to meet growing demand. In Spain and Portugal, the high demand for post-secondary education places capacity constraints on the public sector, pushing students to turn to the private sector for high-quality education. Chile has government-sponsored student financing programs, while in the other countries students generally finance their own education. The institutions in Portugal and Spain are included in Discontinued Operations. The Central America & U.S. Campuses segment includes institutions in Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama and the United States. Students in Central America typically finance their own education while students in the United States finance their education in a variety of ways, including DOE Title IV programs. The entire Central America & U.S. Campuses segment is included in Discontinued Operations. The Rest of World segment includes an institution in the European country of Turkey, as well as institutions in the Middle East, Africa and Asia Pacific consisting of campus-based institutions with operations in Australia, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Africa and Thailand. Additionally, the Rest of World segment manages eight licensed institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and manages one additional institution in China through a joint venture arrangement. The institutions in the Rest of World segment are included in Discontinued Operations, except for Australia, New Zealand and the managed institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and China. The Online & Partnerships segment includes fully online institutions that offer professionally oriented degree programs in the United States through Walden University (Walden), a U.S.-based accredited institution, and through the University of Liverpool and the University of Roehampton in the United Kingdom. These online institutions primarily serve working adults with undergraduate and graduate degree program offerings. Students in the United States finance their education in a variety of ways, including Title IV programs. As discussed in Note 1, Description of Business, during the third quarter of 2018, a number of our subsidiaries met the requirements to be classified as discontinued operations, including the entire Central America & U.S. Campuses segment. As a result, the operations of the Central America & U.S. Campuses segment have been excluded from the segment information for all periods presented. In addition, the portions of the Andean and Rest of World reportable segments that are included in Discontinued Operations have also been excluded from the segment information for all periods presented. Intersegment transactions are accounted for in a similar manner as third-party transactions and are eliminated in consolidation. The “Corporate” amounts presented in the following tables include corporate charges that were not allocated to our reportable segments and adjustments to eliminate intersegment items. We evaluate segment performance based on Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP performance measure defined as Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net income of affiliates, adding back the following items: Gain (loss) on sales of subsidiaries, net, Foreign currency exchange (loss) gain, net, Other income (expense), net, Gain (loss) on derivatives, Loss on debt extinguishment, Interest expense, Interest income, Depreciation and amortization expense, Loss on impairment of assets, Share-based compensation expense and expenses related to our Excellence-in-Process (EiP) initiative. EiP is an enterprise-wide initiative to optimize and standardize Laureate’s processes, creating vertical integration of procurement, information technology, finance, accounting and human resources. It includes the establishment of regional shared services organizations (SSOs) around the world, as well as improvements to the Company's system of internal controls over financial reporting. We have also expanded the EiP initiative into other back- and mid-office areas, as well as certain student-facing activities. EiP also includes certain non-recurring costs incurred in connection with the planned dispositions described in Note 4, Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale, and the completed dispositions described in Note 6, Dispositions and Asset Sales. When we review Adjusted EBITDA on a segment basis, we exclude intercompany revenues and expenses related to network fees and royalties between our segments, which eliminate in consolidation. We use total assets as the measure of assets for reportable segments. The following tables provide financial information for our reportable segments, including a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net (loss) income of affiliates, as reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
| Brazil |  | Mexico |  | Andean |  | Rest of World |  | Online & Partnerships |  | Corporate |  | Total
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 654,300 |  |  | $ | 646,134 |  |  | $ | 1,155,691 |  |  | $ | 238,006 |  |  | $ | 664,226 |  |  | $ | (8,133 | ) |  | $ | 3,350,224 |
Adjusted EBITDA | 103,969 |  |  | 143,221 |  |  | 317,126 |  |  | 40,367 |  |  | 194,742 |  |  | (176,319 | ) |  | 623,106 |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 35,532 |  |  | 31,007 |  |  | 70,905 |  |  | 16,588 |  |  | 33,506 |  |  | 25,945 |  |  | 213,483 |
Loss on impairment of assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,080 |  |  | 10,030 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,110 |
Total assets | 1,011,391 |  |  | 971,309 |  |  | 1,608,406 |  |  | 231,421 |  |  | 1,308,854 |  |  | 1,638,255 |  |  | 6,769,636 |
Expenditures for long-lived assets | 32,423 |  |  | 31,376 |  |  | 59,493 |  |  | 14,791 |  |  | 21,079 |  |  | 27,280 |  |  | 186,442 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 765,746 |  |  | $ | 646,154 |  |  | $ | 1,085,640 |  |  | $ | 214,720 |  |  | $ | 690,374 |  |  | $ | (16,758 | ) |  | $ | 3,385,876 |
Adjusted EBITDA | 134,205 |  |  | 147,171 |  |  | 301,249 |  |  | 32,411 |  |  | 204,543 |  |  | (204,108 | ) |  | 615,471 |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 35,715 |  |  | 27,990 |  |  | 67,764 |  |  | 20,659 |  |  | 35,440 |  |  | 16,765 |  |  | 204,333 |
Loss on impairment of assets | 3,320 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,530 |  |  | — |  |  | 257 |  |  | 1,014 |  |  | 7,121 |
Total assets | 1,256,364 |  |  | 969,400 |  |  | 1,714,819 |  |  | 225,429 |  |  | 1,294,147 |  |  | 1,931,126 |  |  | 7,391,285 |
Expenditures for long-lived assets | 50,244 |  |  | 38,615 |  |  | 72,098 |  |  | 9,697 |  |  | 23,730 |  |  | 24,001 |  |  | 218,385 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 690,804 |  |  | $ | 626,011 |  |  | $ | 969,717 |  |  | $ | 330,423 |  |  | $ | 704,976 |  |  | $ | (20,067 | ) |  | $ | 3,301,864 |
Adjusted EBITDA | 95,442 |  |  | 143,741 |  |  | 225,538 |  |  | 53,352 |  |  | 208,237 |  |  | (145,893 | ) |  | 580,417 |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 35,695 |  |  | 26,273 |  |  | 68,050 |  |  | 21,668 |  |  | 38,452 |  |  | 9,668 |  |  | 199,806 |
Loss on impairment of assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Expenditures for long-lived assets | 29,332 |  |  | 28,081 |  |  | 80,396 |  |  | 8,126 |  |  | 29,275 |  |  | 33,621 |  |  | 208,831 |
As discussed in Note 4, Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale, a number of our entities have been classified as Discontinued Operations and their assets have been classified as assets held for sale and excluded from the segment information for all periods presented. Accordingly, in order to reconcile to total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 in the table above, assets held for sale related to Discontinued Operations of $1,276,876 and $1,549,340, respectively, are included in the Corporate amounts.
For the years ended December 31, | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Adjusted EBITDA of reportable segments: |  |  |  |  |
Brazil | $ | 103,969 |  |  | $ | 134,205 |  |  | $ | 95,442 |
Mexico | 143,221 |  |  | 147,171 |  |  | 143,741 |
Andean | 317,126 |  |  | 301,249 |  |  | 225,538 |
Rest of World | 40,367 |  |  | 32,411 |  |  | 53,352 |
Online & Partnerships | 194,742 |  |  | 204,543 |  |  | 208,237 |
Total Adjusted EBITDA of reportable segments | 799,425 |  |  | 819,579 |  |  | 726,310 |
Reconciling items: |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate | (176,319 | ) |  | (204,108 | ) |  | (145,893 | )
Depreciation and amortization expense | (213,483 | ) |  | (204,333 | ) |  | (199,806 | )
Loss on impairment of assets | (13,110 | ) |  | (7,121 | ) |  | — |
Share-based compensation expense | (9,738 | ) |  | (61,844 | ) |  | (35,852 | )
EiP expenses | (95,793 | ) |  | (100,180 | ) |  | (54,082 | )
Operating income | 290,982 |  |  | 241,993 |  |  | 290,677 |
Interest income | 11,856 |  |  | 11,865 |  |  | 14,414 |
Interest expense | (235,235 | ) |  | (334,901 | ) |  | (390,391 | )
Loss on debt extinguishment | (7,481 | ) |  | (8,392 | ) |  | (17,363 | )
Gain (loss) on derivatives | 88,292 |  |  | 28,656 |  |  | (6,084 | )
Other income (expense), net | 12,173 |  |  | (1,892 | ) |  | 457 |
Foreign currency exchange (loss) gain, net | (32,409 | ) |  | 2,539 |  |  | 77,299 |
Gain (loss) on sales of subsidiaries, net | 254 |  |  | (10,490 | ) |  | 398,081 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net (loss) income of affiliates | $ | 128,432 |  |  | $ | (70,622 | ) |  | $ | 367,090 |
Geographic Information No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of Laureate’s consolidated revenues. Revenues from customers by geographic area, primarily generated by students enrolled at institutions in those areas, were as follows:
For the years ended December 31, | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
External Revenues |  |  |  |  |
Brazil (1) | $ | 654,070 |  |  | $ | 765,358 |  |  | $ | 690,377 |
Chile | 654,002 |  |  | 617,213 |  |  | 564,592 |
Mexico (1) | 643,348 |  |  | 644,015 |  |  | 624,939 |
United States | 627,127 |  |  | 635,637 |  |  | 633,471 |
Peru | 493,008 |  |  | 450,719 |  |  | 389,815 |
Other foreign countries | 278,669 |  |  | 272,934 |  |  | 398,670 |
Consolidated total | $ | 3,350,224 |  |  | $ | 3,385,876 |  |  | $ | 3,301,864 |
(1) Excludes intercompany revenues and therefore does not agree to the table above Long-lived assets are composed of Property and equipment, net. Laureate’s long-lived assets of continuing operations by geographic area were as follows:
December 31, | 2018 |  | 2017
Long-lived assets |  |  |
Chile | $ | 338,187 |  |  | $ | 387,422 |
Peru | 336,898 |  |  | 327,908 |
Mexico | 233,048 |  |  | 237,109 |
Brazil | 198,071 |  |  | 245,781 |
United States | 100,438 |  |  | 104,995 |
Other foreign countries | 72,293 |  |  | 77,202 |
Consolidated total | $ | 1,278,935 |  |  | $ | 1,380,417 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for reporting segments including data and tables. Reportable segments include those that meet any of the following quantitative thresholds a) it's reported revenue, including sales to external customers and intersegment sales or transfers is 10 percent or more of the combined revenue, internal and external, of all operating segments b) the absolute amount of its reported profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater, in absolute amount of 1) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that did not report a loss or 2) the combined reported loss of all operating segments that did report a loss c) its assets are 10 percent or more of the combined assets of all operating segments. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2134510 + Details
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