15. Restructuring and Other Charges

As discussed in Note 4 (“Discontinued Operations”), we completed the Spin-off in 2015. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we incurred $1.4 million and $3.6 million, respectively, of costs for retention benefits associated with the Spin-off that were directly attributable to Archrock. The restructuring charges associated with the Spin-off are not directly attributable to our reportable segments because they primarily represent costs incurred within the corporate function. No such costs were incurred subsequent to December 31, 2017. Total costs incurred related to these Spin-off-related restructuring charges in 2015 through 2017 were $9.1 million.

In the first quarter of 2016, we determined to undertake a cost reduction program to reduce our on-going operating expenses, including workforce reductions and closure of certain make-ready shops. These actions were a result of our review of our businesses and efforts to efficiently manage cost and maintain our businesses in line with then current and expected activity levels and anticipated make-ready demand in the U.S. market. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we incurred $13.3 million of restructuring and other charges as a result of this plan primarily related to severance benefits and consulting fees. These charges are reflected as restructuring and other charges in our consolidated statement of operations. The cost reduction program under this plan was completed during the fourth quarter of 2016.

The following table presents the expense incurred under this plan by reportable segment (in thousands):



	Contract Operations		Aftermarket Services		Other ⁽¹⁾		Total
Year ended December 31, 2016	$	3,424	$	1,113	$	8,791	$	13,328

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⁽¹⁾	Represents expenses incurred under this plan that are not directly attributable to our reportable segments because it represents severance benefits and consulting fees incurred within the corporate function.

The following table summarizes the changes to our accrued liability balance related to restructuring and other charges for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 (in thousands):



	Spin-off			Cost Reduction Plan			Total
Balance at January 1, 2016	$	855		$	—		$	855
Additions for costs expensed	3,573			13,328			16,901
Less: non-cash expense⁽¹⁾	(1,828		)	—			(1,828		)
Reductions for payments	(1,888		)	(13,328		)	(15,216		)
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	712		$	—		$	712
Additions for costs expensed	1,386			—			1,386
Less: non-cash expense⁽¹⁾	(997		)	—			(997		)
Reductions for payments	(1,101		)	—			(1,101		)
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	—		$	—		$	—

——————


⁽¹⁾	Includes non-cash retention benefits associated with the Spin-off to be settled in Archrock stock.

The following table summarizes the components of charges included in restructuring and other charges in our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016
Retention and severance benefits	$	1,386	$	12,374
Consulting services	—		4,527
Total restructuring and other charges	$	1,386	$	16,901