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Segments
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2019
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Segments
19. Segments
 
We manage our business segments primarily based on the type of product or service provided. We have two segments which we operate within the U.S.: contract operations and aftermarket services. The contract operations segment primarily provides natural gas compression services to meet specific customer requirements. The aftermarket services segment provides a full range of services to support the compression needs of customers, from part sales and normal maintenance services to full operation of a customer’s owned assets.

We evaluate the performance of our segments based on gross margin for each segment. Revenue includes only sales to external customers.

The following table presents revenue and gross margin by segment during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands): 
 
Contract
Operations
 
Aftermarket
Services
 

Total
Three months ended June 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue
$
186,258

 
$
52,132

 
$
238,390

Gross margin
115,737

 
9,917

 
125,654

Three months ended June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue
$
165,450

 
$
61,420

 
$
226,870

Gross margin
97,641

 
10,627

 
108,268

 
 
 
 
 
 
Six months ended June 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue
$
368,765

 
$
105,784

 
$
474,549

Gross margin
223,509

 
19,667

 
243,176

Six months ended June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue
$
326,647

 
$
112,263

 
$
438,910

Gross margin
194,243

 
19,133

 
213,376


 
The following table reconciles total gross margin to income before income taxes (in thousands):

 
Three Months Ended
June 30,
 
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Total gross margin
$
125,654

 
$
108,268

 
$
243,176

 
$
213,376

Less:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Selling, general and administrative
28,618

 
26,649

 
57,607

 
54,157

Depreciation and amortization
45,482

 
43,331

 
89,588

 
87,786

Long-lived asset impairment
8,632

 
6,953

 
11,724

 
11,663

Restatement and other charges
24

 
(1,076
)
 
445

 
(591
)
Interest expense
25,954

 
23,337

 
49,571

 
45,884

Debt extinguishment loss
3,653

 
2,450

 
3,653

 
2,450

Transaction-related costs
2,687

 
5,686

 
2,867

 
9,811

Other income, net
(2,010
)
 
(1,644
)
 
(2,215
)
 
(2,789
)
Income before income taxes
$
12,614


$
2,582


$
29,936


$
5,005