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Income Taxes Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Income Taxes

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Our provision for (benefit from) income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Year Ended December 31,
​		2020			2019			2018
Current tax provision (benefit):	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. federal	​	$	(99)	​	$	75	​	$	—
State	​		326	​		377	​		912
Total current	​	​	227	​	​	452	​	​	912
Deferred tax provision (benefit):	​	​		​	​		​	​
U.S. federal	​	​	(17,246)	​	​	(35,597)	​	​	6,197
State	​		(518)	​		(4,000)	​		(959)
Total deferred	​	​	(17,764)	​	​	(39,597)	​	​	5,238
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	​	$	(17,537)	​	$	(39,145)	​	$	6,150

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

The provision for (benefit from) income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 resulted in effective tax rates on continuing operations of 20.4%, (67.0)% and 17.4%, respectively. The following table reconciles these effective tax rates to the U.S. statutory rate of 21%, the rate in effect during 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Year Ended December 31,
​	​	2020			2019			2018
Income taxes at U.S. federal statutory rate		$	(18,056)		$	12,276		$	7,415
Net state income taxes	​		(817)	​		1,634	​		1,570
Tax credits	​		(1,256)	​		(1,757)	​		(244)
Noncontrolling interest	​		—	​		—	​		(1,793)
Unrecognized tax benefits (1)	​		772	​		(1,958)	​		(1,443)
Valuation allowances and write off of tax attributes (2)	​		236	​		(50,219)	​		(58)
Executive compensation limitation	​		1,159	​		1,102	​		977
Stock	​		538	​		66	​		(455)
Other	​		(113)	​		(289)	​		181
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	​	$	(17,537)	​	$	(39,145)	​	$	6,150

(1) Reflects a decrease in our uncertain tax benefit, net of federal benefit, due to settlements of tax audits and expiration of statute of limitations in 2019 and 2018.

(2) See “Tax Attributes and Valuation Allowances” below for further details.

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	December 31,
​	​	2020		​	2019
Deferred tax assets:		​			​
Net operating loss carryforwards	​	$	158,916	​	$	116,378
Accrued liabilities	​		3,133	​		3,486
Other	​		12,124	​		12,479
​	​		174,173	​		132,343
Valuation allowances (1)	​		(1,027)	​		(822)
Total deferred tax assets	​	​	173,146	​	​	131,521
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Deferred tax liabilities:	​			​
Property, plant and equipment	​	​	(6,066)	​	​	(6,440)
Basis difference in the Partnership	​		(103,721)	​		(81,645)
Other	​		(7,150)	​		(8,083)
Total deferred tax liabilities	​		(116,937)	​		(96,168)
Net deferred tax asset (2)	​	$	56,209	​	$	35,353

(1) See “Tax Attributes and Valuation Allowances” below for further details.

(2) The 2020 and 2019 net deferred tax asset are reflected in our consolidated balance sheets as deferred tax assets of $56.9 million and $36.6 million, respectively, and deferred tax liabilities of $0.7 million and $1.3 million, respectively.

Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Benefits Roll Forward

A reconciliation of the unrecognized tax benefit (including discontinued operations) activity is shown below (in thousands):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Year Ended December 31,
​	​	2020			2019			2018
Beginning balance		$	18,453		$	19,560		$	21,400
Additions based on tax positions related to current year	​		2,397	​		2,227	​		1,893
Additions based on tax positions related to prior years	​		—	​		2,047	​		450
Reductions based on settlement refunds from government authorities	​		—	​		(4,414)	​		(3,461)
Reductions based on tax positions related to prior years	​		(73)	​		(51)	​		(20)
Reductions based on lapse of statute of limitations	​		(1,885)	​		(916)	​		(702)
Ending balance	​	$	18,892	​	$	18,453	​	$	19,560

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