10-Q 1 mcy-2016930xq3.htm 10-Q
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_________________________
FORM 10-Q
_________________________
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2016
Commission File No. 001-12257
______________________________
MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
________________________________

California | 95-2211612
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
4484 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, California | 90010
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (323) 937-1060
_______________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer |  | ý |  | Accelerated filer |  | o
Non-accelerated filer |  | o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  | Smaller reporting company |  | o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in the Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ý
At October 27, 2016, the Registrant had issued and outstanding an aggregate of 55,270,922 shares of its Common Stock.

Table of Contents
MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION
INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

|  | Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1 | Financial Statements | 3
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 | 6
| Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 7
Item 2 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
Item 3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks | 40
Item 4 | Controls and Procedures | 41
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1 | Legal Proceedings | 42
Item 1A | Risk Factors | 42
Item 2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 43
Item 3 | Defaults upon Senior Securities | 43
Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 43
Item 5 | Other Information | 43
Item 6 | Exhibits | 43
SIGNATURES | 44

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PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands)

| September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
| (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |
Investments, at fair value: |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost $2,876,287; $2,804,275) | $ | 2,972,927 |  |  | $ | 2,880,003 |
Equity securities (cost $359,193; $313,528) | 374,458 |  |  | 315,362 |
Short-term investments (cost $206,744; $185,353) | 206,851 |  |  | 185,277 |
Total investments | 3,554,236 |  |  | 3,380,642 |
Cash | 229,857 |  |  | 264,221 |
Receivables: |  |  |
Premiums | 474,586 |  |  | 436,621 |
Accrued investment income | 41,143 |  |  | 42,747 |
Other | 22,291 |  |  | 21,925 |
Total receivables | 538,020 |  |  | 501,293 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs | 206,757 |  |  | 201,762 |
Fixed assets (net of accumulated depreciation $314,290; $299,192) | 155,730 |  |  | 157,131 |
Current income taxes | — |  |  | 9,041 |
Deferred income taxes | 13,521 |  |  | 23,231 |
Goodwill | 42,796 |  |  | 42,796 |
Other intangible assets, net | 27,144 |  |  | 31,702 |
Other assets | 33,211 |  |  | 16,826 |
Total assets | $ | 4,801,272 |  |  | $ | 4,628,645 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | $ | 1,244,553 |  |  | $ | 1,146,688 |
Unearned premiums | 1,102,151 |  |  | 1,049,314 |
Notes payable | 290,000 |  |  | 290,000 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 119,508 |  |  | 122,571 |
Current income taxes | 2,748 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities | 226,855 |  |  | 199,187 |
Total liabilities | 2,985,815 |  |  | 2,807,760 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock without par value or stated value: Authorized 70,000 shares; issued and outstanding 55,271; 55,164 | 94,937 |  |  | 90,985 |
Additional paid-in capital | 3,147 |  |  | 8,870 |
Retained earnings | 1,717,373 |  |  | 1,721,030 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 1,815,457 |  |  | 1,820,885 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 4,801,272 |  |  | $ | 4,628,645 |

See accompanying Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Revenues: |  |  |
Net premiums earned | $ | 790,850 |  |  | $ | 745,520 |
Net investment income | 30,371 |  |  | 30,898 |
Net realized investment losses | (15,465 | ) |  | (26,286 | )
Other | 2,406 |  |  | 2,281 |
Total revenues | 808,162 |  |  | 752,413 |
Expenses: |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | 576,316 |  |  | 545,692 |
Policy acquisition costs | 140,203 |  |  | 132,881 |
Other operating expenses | 59,006 |  |  | 60,788 |
Interest | 1,012 |  |  | 785 |
Total expenses | 776,537 |  |  | 740,146 |
Income before income taxes | 31,625 |  |  | 12,267 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 4,695 |  |  | (3,003 | )
Net income | $ | 26,930 |  |  | $ | 15,270 |
Net income per share: |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |
Diluted | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |
Basic | 55,259 |  |  | 55,164 |
Diluted | 55,328 |  |  | 55,178 |
Dividends paid per share | $ | 0.6200 |  |  | $ | 0.6175 |

See accompanying Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Revenues: |  |  |
Net premiums earned | $ | 2,337,256 |  |  | $ | 2,197,803 |
Net investment income | 91,440 |  |  | 94,101 |
Net realized investment gains (losses) | 54,973 |  |  | (75,595 | )
Other | 6,416 |  |  | 6,823 |
Total revenues | 2,490,085 |  |  | 2,223,132 |
Expenses: |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | 1,765,484 |  |  | 1,581,306 |
Policy acquisition costs | 421,685 |  |  | 401,868 |
Other operating expenses | 178,000 |  |  | 191,017 |
Interest | 2,922 |  |  | 2,304 |
Total expenses | 2,368,091 |  |  | 2,176,495 |
Income before income taxes | 121,994 |  |  | 46,637 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 22,868 |  |  | (4,437 | )
Net income | $ | 99,126 |  |  | $ | 51,074 |
Net income per share: |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.79 |  |  | $ | 0.93 |
Diluted | $ | 1.79 |  |  | $ | 0.93 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |
Basic | 55,238 |  |  | 55,154 |
Diluted | 55,304 |  |  | 55,172 |
Dividends paid per share | $ | 1.8600 |  |  | $ | 1.8525 |

See accompanying Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
(unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net income | $ | 99,126 |  |  | $ | 51,074 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 19,702 |  |  | 19,967 |
Net realized investment (gains) losses | (54,973 | ) |  | 75,595 |
Bond amortization, net | 19,878 |  |  | 17,279 |
Excess tax benefit from exercise of stock options | (995 | ) |  | (106 | )
Increase in premiums receivables | (37,965 | ) |  | (46,952 | )
Change in current and deferred income taxes | 22,494 |  |  | (35,822 | )
Increase in deferred policy acquisition costs | (4,995 | ) |  | (8,043 | )
Increase in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses | 97,865 |  |  | 21,079 |
Increase in unearned premiums | 52,838 |  |  | 56,562 |
Decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses | (2,172 | ) |  | (17,509 | )
Share-based compensation | (3,472 | ) |  | 2,946 |
Changes in other payables | 2,539 |  |  | 10,255 |
Other, net | (319 | ) |  | 2,382 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 209,551 |  |  | 148,707 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Fixed maturities available-for-sale in nature: |  |  |
Purchases | (742,671 | ) |  | (807,150 | )
Sales | 230,909 |  |  | 211,724 |
Calls or maturities | 421,737 |  |  | 283,311 |
Equity securities available-for-sale in nature: |  |  |
Purchases | (535,155 | ) |  | (573,011 | )
Sales | 499,126 |  |  | 641,854 |
Calls | — |  |  | 2,378 |
Changes in securities payable and receivable | 17,272 |  |  | (6,658 | )
Changes in short-term investments and purchased options | (24,366 | ) |  | 210,274 |
Purchase of fixed assets | (12,874 | ) |  | (16,384 | )
Sale of fixed assets | 3 |  |  | 136 |
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | 7,771 |
Other, net | 3,186 |  |  | 2,291 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (142,833 | ) |  | (43,464 | )
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Dividends paid to shareholders | (102,783 | ) |  | (102,183 | )
Excess tax benefit from exercise of stock options | 995 |  |  | 106 |
Proceeds from stock options exercised | 706 |  |  | 2,111 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (101,082 | ) |  | (99,966 | )
Net (decrease) increase in cash | (34,364 | ) |  | 5,277 |
Cash: |  |  |
Beginning of the year | 264,221 |  |  | 289,907 |
End of period | $ | 229,857 |  |  | $ | 295,184 |
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW DISCLOSURE |  |  |
Interest paid | $ | 2,797 |  |  | $ | 2,228 |
Income taxes paid | $ | 374 |  |  | $ | 31,385 |

See accompanying Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
1. General
Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Mercury General Corporation and its subsidiaries (referred to herein collectively as the "Company"). For the list of the Company’s subsidiaries, see Note 1 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), which differ in some respects from those filed in reports to insurance regulatory authorities. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.
The financial data of the Company included herein are unaudited. In the opinion of management, all material adjustments of a normal recurring nature have been made to present fairly the Company’s financial position at September 30, 2016 and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. These statements were prepared in accordance with the instructions for interim reporting and do not contain certain information that was included in the annual financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. Readers are urged to review the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 for more complete descriptions and discussions. Operating results and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2016.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates require the Company to apply complex assumptions and judgments, and often the Company must make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain and will likely change in subsequent periods. The most significant assumptions in the preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements relate to reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates. See Note 1 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.
Earnings per Share
Potentially dilutive securities representing approximately 22,000 and 74,000 shares of common stock for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and 29,000 and 52,000 shares of common stock for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Deferred policy acquisition costs consist of commissions paid to outside agents, premium taxes, salaries, and certain other underwriting costs that are incremental or directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts and are amortized over the life of the related policy in proportion to premiums earned. Deferred policy acquisition costs are limited to the amount that will remain after deducting from unearned premiums and anticipated investment income, the estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses, and the servicing costs that will be incurred as premiums are earned. The Company’s deferred policy acquisition costs are further limited by excluding those costs not directly related to the successful acquisition of insurance contracts. Deferred policy acquisition cost amortization was $140.2 million and $132.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $421.7 million and $401.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company does not defer advertising expenditures but expenses them as incurred. The Company recorded net advertising expense of approximately $34 million and $39 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
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2. Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In August 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-15, "Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (Topic 230)." The new guidance is intended to reduce diversity in how certain transactions are classified in the consolidated statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 will be effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2018. The Company is evaluating the impact that ASU 2016-15 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326)." The amendments in this ASU replace the "incurred loss" methodology for recognizing credit losses with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of information including past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of reported amounts of financial assets that are not accounted for at fair value through net income, such as loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investment in leases, off-balance sheet credit exposures and reinsurance receivables. Under the current GAAP incurred loss methodology, recognition of the full amount of credit losses is generally delayed until the loss is probable of incurring. Current GAAP restricts the ability to record credit losses that are expected, but do not yet meet the probability threshold. ASU 2016-13 becomes effective for the Company beginning with the first quarter ending March 31, 2020. The Company is evaluating the impact that ASU 2016-13 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, "Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718)," which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 becomes effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2017 and is required to be applied on a modified retrospective basis. The Company is evaluating the impact that ASU 2016-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)," which supersedes the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 840, "Leases." ASU 2016-02 requires a lessee to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities resulting from all leases. ASU 2016-02 retains the distinction between a finance lease and an operating lease. Lessor accounting is largely unchanged from ASC 840. ASU 2016-02 becomes effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2019. However, in transition, the Company will be required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period (the first quarter of 2017) using a modified retrospective approach. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2016-02 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, "Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10), Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities." The amendments in this ASU address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. ASU 2016-01: (1) requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method or those that result in the consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized in net income; (2) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment; (3) eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet; (4) requires the use of the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; (5) requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or the notes to the financial statements; and (6) clarifies that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity’s other deferred tax assets. ASU 2016-01 is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2018. The Company does not anticipate that ASU 2016-01 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-09, "Financial Services -Insurance (Topic 944), Disclosures About Short-Duration Contracts." ASU 2015-09 requires insurance entities to provide additional disclosures related to claims liabilities. The additional disclosure requirements for the annual reports include: (1) claims development information by accident year, on a net of reinsurance basis, for the number of years for which claims incurred remain outstanding but not to exceed the most recent 10 years, and for the most recent reporting period presented, an insurer also needs to disclose the amount of total net outstanding claims for all accident years included in the claims development tables; (2) a reconciliation of claims development information and the aggregate carrying amount of the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses; and (3) information about the claims frequency and the amount of the incurred-but-not-reported liabilities for each accident year presented. In addition, a description of the methodology used to determine the amounts disclosed is required. The roll forward of the liability for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses, currently required only for annual periods, will also be required for interim periods. ASU 2015-09 becomes effective for the Company beginning with the annual period ending December 31, 2016, and quarter periods beginning with the
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first quarter of 2017. Although the adoption of this standard will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements, the Company will expand the nature and extent of its insurance contracts disclosures.
In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, "Consolidation (Topic 810), Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis" affecting the consolidation evaluation of limited partnerships and similar entities, fees paid to a decision maker or a service provider as a variable interest, and variable interests in a variable interest entity held by related parties of the reporting entities. The amendments became effective for the Company on January 1, 2016. As in previous GAAP, consolidation analysis under ASU 2015-02 contains two primary consolidation models: the voting control model and the variable interest ("VIE") model. An entity being evaluated for consolidation is required to first be subjected to the requirements of the VIE model. Only if the entity fails to meet the requirements to be consolidated under the VIE model, would the voting control consolidation model apply. The adoption of ASU 2015-02 did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)." ASU 2014-09 requires entities to apply a five-step model to determine the amount and timing of revenue recognition. The model specifies, among other criteria, that revenue should be recognized when an entity transfers control of goods or services to a customer in the amount to which the entity expects to be entitled. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date," which deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09 for the Company to January 1, 2018. Through the first half of 2016, the FASB issued additional ASUs on Topic 606 that do not change the core principle of the guidance in ASU 2014-09 but merely clarify certain aspects of it. The additional ASUs also become effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2018. The Company is evaluating the impact that these ASUs will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
3. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The financial instruments recorded in the consolidated balance sheets include investments, receivables, options sold, total return swaps, accounts payable, and secured and unsecured notes payable. Due to their short-term maturities, the carrying values of receivables and accounts payable approximate their fair market values. All investments are carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents the estimated fair values of financial instruments:

| September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
| (Amounts in thousands)
Assets |  |  |
Investments | $ | 3,554,236 |  |  | $ | 3,380,642 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Options sold | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 260 |
Total return swaps | $ | 3,285 |  |  | $ | 11,525 |
Secured notes | $ | 140,000 |  |  | $ | 140,000 |
Unsecured note | $ | 150,000 |  |  | $ | 150,000 |

Investments
The Company applies the fair value option to all fixed maturity and equity securities and short-term investments at the time an eligible item is first recognized. The cost of investments sold is determined on a first-in and first-out method and realized gains and losses are included in net realized investment gains (losses). See Note 4. Fair Value Option for additional information.
Options Sold
The Company writes covered call options through listed and over-the-counter exchanges. When the Company writes an option, an amount equal to the premium received by the Company is recorded as a liability and is subsequently adjusted to the current fair value of the option written. Premiums received from writing options that expire unexercised are treated by the Company on the expiration date as realized gains from investments. If a call option is exercised, the premium is added to the proceeds from the sale of the underlying security in determining whether the Company has realized a gain or loss. The Company, as writer of an option, bears the market risk of an unfavorable change in the price of the security underlying the written option. Liabilities for covered call options of $0.1 million and $0.3 million were included in other liabilities at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
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Total Return Swaps
The fair values of the total return swaps reflect the estimated amounts that, upon termination of the contracts, would be received for selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 based on models using inputs, such as interest rate yield curves and credit spreads, observable for substantially the full term of the contract.
Secured Notes Payable
The fair values of the Company’s $120 million and $20 million secured notes, classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy described in Note 5. Fair Value Measurement, are estimated based on assumptions and inputs, such as the market value of underlying collateral and reset rates, for similarly termed notes that are observable in the market. The fair values of the secured notes approximate their carrying values.
Unsecured Note Payable
The fair value of the Company’s $150 million unsecured note, classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy described in Note 5. Fair Value Measurement, is based on the unadjusted quoted price for similar notes in active markets. The fair value of the unsecured note approximates its carrying value.
For additional disclosures regarding methods and assumptions used in estimating fair values, see Note 5. Fair Value Measurement.
4. Fair Value Option
The Company applies the fair value option to all fixed maturity and equity securities and short-term investments at the time an eligible item is first recognized. The primary reasons for electing the fair value option were simplification and cost-benefit considerations as well as the expansion of the use of fair value measurement by the Company consistent with the long-term measurement objectives of the FASB for accounting for financial instruments.
Gains and losses due to changes in fair value for items measured at fair value pursuant to application of the fair value option are included in net realized investment gains (losses) in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, while interest and dividend income on investment holdings are recognized on an accrual basis at each measurement date and are included in net investment income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
The following table presents gains (losses) due to changes in fair value of investments that are measured at fair value pursuant to application of the fair value option:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| (Amounts in thousands) |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities | $ | (19,521 | ) |  | $ | (1,602 | ) |  | $ | 20,913 |  |  | $ | (30,609 | )
Equity securities | (2,143 | ) |  | (16,938 | ) |  | 13,430 |  |  | (34,234 | )
Short-term investments | 532 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 638 |
Total | $ | (21,132 | ) |  | $ | (18,538 | ) |  | $ | 34,527 |  |  | $ | (64,205 | )

5. Fair Value Measurement
The Company employs a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date using the exit price. Accordingly, when market observable data are not readily available, the Company’s own assumptions are used to reflect those that market participants would be presumed to use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the level of judgment associated with inputs used to measure their fair values and the level of market price observability, as follows:
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Level 1 | Unadjusted quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date.
Level 2 | Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are based on the following: • Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; • Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets; or • Either directly or indirectly observable inputs as of the reporting date.
Level 3 | Pricing inputs are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement, and the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

In certain cases, inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Thus, a Level 3 fair value measurement may include inputs that are observable (Level 1 or Level 2) and unobservable (Level 3). The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and consideration of factors specific to the asset or liability.
The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market disruption. In periods of market disruption, the ability to observe prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be reclassified from Level 1 to Level 2, or from Level 2 to Level 3. The Company recognizes transfers between levels at either the actual date of the event or a change in circumstances that caused the transfer.
Summary of Significant Valuation Techniques for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
The Company’s fair value measurements are based on the market approach, which utilizes market transaction data for the same or similar instruments.
The Company obtained unadjusted fair values on 99.7% of its portfolio from an independent pricing service. For 0.3% of its portfolio, classified as Level 3, the Company obtained specific unadjusted broker quotes based on net fund value and, to a lesser extent, unobservable inputs from at least one knowledgeable outside security broker to determine the fair value as of September 30, 2016.
Level 1 Measurements - Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities are obtained from an independent pricing service, and are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Additional pricing services and closing exchange values are used as a comparison to ensure that reasonable fair values are used in pricing the investment portfolio.
U.S. government bonds and agencies/Short-term bonds: Valued using unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets in active markets.
Common stock: Comprised of actively traded, exchange listed U.S. and international equity securities and valued based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets.
Money market instruments: Valued based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets.
Options sold/Purchased options: Comprised of free-standing exchange listed derivatives that are actively traded and valued based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
Level 2 Measurements - Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities are obtained from an independent pricing service or outside brokers, and are based on prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Additional pricing services are used as a comparison to ensure reliable fair values are used in pricing the investment portfolio.
Municipal securities: Valued based on models or matrices using inputs such as quoted prices for identical or similar assets in active markets.
Mortgage-backed securities: Comprised of securities that are collateralized by residential and commercial mortgage loans valued based on models or matrices using multiple observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades and broker/dealer quotes, for identical or similar assets in active markets.
Corporate securities/Short-term bonds: Valued based on a multi-dimensional model using multiple observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes and issue spreads, for identical or similar assets in active markets.
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Non-redeemable preferred stock: Valued based on observable inputs, such as underlying and common stock of same issuer and appropriate spread over a comparable U.S. Treasury security, for identical or similar assets in active markets.
Total return swaps: Valued based on multi-dimensional models using inputs such as interest rate yield curves, underlying debt/credit instruments and the appropriate benchmark spread for similar assets in active markets, observable for substantially the full term of the contract.
Collateralized loan obligations: Valued based on underlying debt instruments and the appropriate benchmark spread for similar assets in active markets.
Other asset-backed securities: Comprised of securities that are collateralized by non-mortgage assets, such as automobile loans, valued based on models or matrices using multiple observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades and broker/dealer quotes, for identical or similar assets in active markets.
Secured notes payable: Valued based on underlying collateral and reset rates for similarly termed notes that are observable in the market.
Unsecured notes payable: Valued based on the unadjusted quoted price for similar notes in active markets.
Level 3 Measurements - Fair values of financial assets are based on inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement, including any items in which the evaluated prices obtained elsewhere were deemed to be of a distressed trading level.
Collateralized debt obligations/Private equity funds: Valued based on underlying debt/credit instruments and the appropriate benchmark spread for similar assets in active markets taking into consideration unobservable inputs related to liquidity assumptions.
The Company’s financial instruments at fair value are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets on a trade-date basis. Related unrealized gains or losses are recognized in net realized investment (losses) gains in the consolidated statements of operations. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs.
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The following tables present information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair values:

| September 30, 2016
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (Amounts in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government bonds and agencies | $ | 12,862 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,862 |
Municipal securities | — |  |  | 2,586,211 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,586,211 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 41,101 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,101 |
Corporate securities | — |  |  | 211,592 |  |  | — |  |  | 211,592 |
Collateralized loan obligations | — |  |  | 82,521 |  |  | — |  |  | 82,521 |
Other asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 38,640 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,640 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock | 331,842 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 331,842 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock | — |  |  | 33,080 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,080 |
Private equity funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,536 |  |  | 9,536 |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term bonds | 70,405 |  |  | 20,107 |  |  | — |  |  | 90,512 |
Money market instruments | 116,339 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 116,339 |
Total assets at fair value | $ | 531,448 |  |  | $ | 3,013,252 |  |  | $ | 9,536 |  |  | $ | 3,554,236 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes payable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured notes | $ | — |  |  | $ | 140,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 140,000 |
Unsecured notes | — |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 150,000 |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total return swaps | — |  |  | 3,285 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,285 |
Options sold | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 293,285 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 293,407 |

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| December 31, 2015
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (Amounts in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government bonds and agencies | $ | 22,507 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,507 |
Municipal securities | — |  |  | 2,505,040 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,505,040 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 49,838 |  |  | — |  |  | 49,838 |
Corporate securities | — |  |  | 243,372 |  |  | — |  |  | 243,372 |
Collateralized loan obligations | — |  |  | 50,548 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,548 |
Other asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 8,698 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,698 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock | 280,263 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 280,263 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock | — |  |  | 24,668 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,668 |
Private equity funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,431 |  |  | 10,431 |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term bonds | 69,991 |  |  | 9,850 |  |  | — |  |  | 79,841 |
Money market instruments | 105,436 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 105,436 |
Total assets at fair value | $ | 478,197 |  |  | $ | 2,892,014 |  |  | $ | 10,431 |  |  | $ | 3,380,642 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes payable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured notes | $ | — |  |  | $ | 140,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 140,000 |
Unsecured notes | — |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 150,000 |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total return swaps | — |  |  | 11,525 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,525 |
Options sold | 260 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 260 |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | 260 |  |  | $ | 301,525 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 301,785 |

The following table presents a summary of changes in fair value of Level 3 financial assets and financial liabilities:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | Private Equity Funds |  | Private Equity Funds
|  | (Amounts in thousands)
Beginning balance |  | $ | 8,972 |  |  | $ | 13,745 |
Realized gains (losses) included in earnings |  | 564 |  |  | (2,049 | )
Settlements |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | 9,536 |  |  | $ | 11,696 |
Amount of total gains (losses) for the period included in earnings attributable to assets still held at September 30 |  | $ | 564 |  |  | $ | (2,049 | )

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|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | Private Equity Funds |  | Private Equity Funds
|  | (Amounts in thousands)
Beginning balance |  | $ | 10,431 |  |  | $ | 11,719 |
Realized losses included in earnings |  | (895 | ) |  | (2,910 | )
Reclassification from other assets |  | — |  |  | 2,911 |
Settlements |  | — |  |  | (24 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 9,536 |  |  | $ | 11,696 |
Amount of total losses for the period included in earnings attributable to assets still held at September 30 |  | $ | (895 | ) |  | $ | (2,910 | )

There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2, and 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015.
At September 30, 2016, the Company did not have any nonrecurring fair value measurements of nonfinancial assets or nonfinancial liabilities.
6. Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations. The primary risk managed by using derivative instruments is equity price risk. Equity contracts (options sold) on various equity securities are intended to manage the price risk associated with forecasted purchases or sales of such securities.
The Company also enters into derivative contracts to enhance returns on its investment portfolio.
On February 13, 2014, Fannette Funding LLC ("FFL"), a special purpose investment vehicle formed and consolidated by the Company, entered into a total return swap agreement with Citibank. Under the total return swap agreement, FFL receives the income equivalent on underlying obligations due to Citibank and pays to Citibank interest on the outstanding notional amount of the underlying obligations. The total return swap is secured by approximately $30 million of U.S. Treasuries as collateral, which are included in short-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company paid interest equal to LIBOR plus 145 basis points on approximately $104 million and $95 million of underlying obligations as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The agreement had an initial term of one year, subject to annual renewal, and was renewed for an additional one-year term expiring February 13, 2017.
On August 9, 2013, Animas Funding LLC ("AFL"), a special purpose investment vehicle formed and consolidated by the Company, entered into a three-year total return swap agreement with Citibank, which has been renewed for an additional three-year term through August 9, 2019. Under the total return swap agreement, AFL receives the income equivalent on underlying obligations due to Citibank and pays to Citibank interest on the outstanding notional amount of the underlying obligations. The total return swap is secured by approximately $40 million of U.S. Treasuries as collateral, which are included in short-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company paid interest equal to LIBOR plus 135 basis points on approximately $144 million and $124 million of underlying obligations as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
Fair value amounts, and gains (losses) on derivative instruments
The following tables present the location and amounts of derivative fair values in the consolidated balance sheets and derivative gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of operations:

| Asset Derivatives |  | Liability Derivatives
| September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015 |  | September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
| (Amounts in thousands)
Total return swaps - Other liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,285 |  |  | $ | 11,525 |
Options sold - Other liabilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |  |  | 260 |
Total derivatives | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,407 |  |  | $ | 11,785 |

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| Gains (Losses) Recognized in Income |  | Gains (Losses) Recognized in Income
| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| (Amounts in thousands)
Total return swaps - Net realized investment gains (losses) | $ | 4,172 |  |  | $ | (4,422 | ) |  | $ | 7,915 |  |  | $ | (710 | )
Options sold - Net realized investment gains | 1,030 |  |  | 695 |  |  | 3,324 |  |  | 2,219 |
Total | $ | 5,202 |  |  | $ | (3,727 | ) |  | $ | 11,239 |  |  | $ | 1,509 |

Most options sold consist of covered calls. The Company writes covered calls on underlying equity positions held as an enhanced income strategy that is permitted for the Company’s insurance subsidiaries under statutory regulations. The Company manages the risk associated with covered calls through strict capital limitations and asset diversification throughout various industries. For additional disclosures regarding options sold, see Note 5. Fair Value Measurement.
7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
There were no changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the periods presented. Goodwill is reviewed annually for impairment and more frequently if potential impairment indicators exist. No impairment indicators were identified during the periods presented.
Other Intangible Assets
The following table presents the components of other intangible assets:

| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Useful Lives
| (Amounts in thousands) |  | (in years)
As of September 30, 2016: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships | $ | 52,430 |  |  | $ | (38,081 | ) |  | $ | 14,349 |  |  | 11
Trade names | 15,400 |  |  | (4,973 | ) |  | 10,427 |  |  | 24
Technology | 4,300 |  |  | (3,332 | ) |  | 968 |  |  | 10
Insurance license | 1,400 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | Indefinite
Total other intangible assets, net | $ | 73,530 |  |  | $ | (46,386 | ) |  | $ | 27,144 |  |  |
As of December 31, 2015: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships | $ | 52,430 |  |  | $ | (34,327 | ) |  | $ | 18,103 |  |  | 11
Trade names | 15,400 |  |  | (4,491 | ) |  | 10,909 |  |  | 24
Technology | 4,300 |  |  | (3,010 | ) |  | 1,290 |  |  | 10
Insurance license | 1,400 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | Indefinite
Total other intangible assets, net | $ | 73,530 |  |  | $ | (41,828 | ) |  | $ | 31,702 |  |  |

Other intangible assets are reviewed annually for impairment and more frequently if potential impairment indicators exist. No impairment indicators were identified during the periods presented.
Other intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful lives. Other intangible assets amortization expense was $1.5 million for each of the three month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, and $4.6 million and $4.5 million for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
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The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense related to other intangible assets as of September 30, 2016:

Year |  | Amortization Expense
|  | (Amounts in thousands)
Remainder of 2016 |  | $ | 1,519 |
2017 |  | 5,349 |
2018 |  | 5,335 |
2019 |  | 4,906 |
2020 |  | 758 |
Thereafter |  | 7,877 |
Total |  | $ | 25,744 |

8. Share-Based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards granted or modified is based on the estimated grant-date fair value. The Company recognizes these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. As of September 30, 2016, all outstanding stock options have a term of ten years from the date of grant and become exercisable in four equal installments on the first through fourth anniversaries of the grant date. The fair value of stock option awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the grant-date assumptions and weighted-average fair values.
In February 2015, the Company's Board of Directors adopted the 2015 Incentive Award Plan (the "2015 Plan"), replacing the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2005 Plan") which expired in January 2015. The 2015 Plan was approved at the Company's Annual Meeting of Shareholders in May 2015. A maximum of 4,900,000 shares of common stock are authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan upon exercise of stock options, stock appreciation rights and other awards, or upon vesting of restricted stock units ("RSUs") or deferred stock awards. As of September 30, 2016, 189,000 RSUs were outstanding, and 4,711,000 shares of common stock were available for future issuances under the 2015 Plan. As of September 30, 2016, 82,000 RSUs and 108,000 stock options were outstanding under the 2005 Plan.
The Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors granted RSU awards to the Company’s senior management and key employees which will vest based upon the Company's performance during three-year performance periods ending on December 31, 2017 and 2018 for RSU awards granted under the 2015 Plan, and ending on December 31, 2016 for RSU awards granted under the 2005 Plan:

| Grant Year
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Three-year performance period ending December 31, | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Vesting shares, target (net of forfeited) | 93,250 |  |  | 95,750 |  |  | 82,000 |
Vesting shares, maximum (net of forfeited) | 174,844 |  |  | 179,531 |  |  | 153,750 |

The RSUs vest at the end of a three-year performance period beginning with the year of the grant, and then only if, and to the extent that, the Company’s performance during the performance period achieves the threshold established by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. Performance thresholds are based on the Company’s cumulative underwriting income, annual underwriting income, and net earned premium growth.
In February 2016, 88,074 shares of common stock, net of 58,822 shares withheld for payroll taxes, were issued upon the vesting of 146,896 RSUs awarded in 2013 resulting from the attainment of performance goals above the target threshold during the three-year performance period ended December 31, 2015.
During the nine month period ended September 30, 2016, 2,500, 3,500 and 3,500 target RSUs granted in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, were forfeited because the recipients were no longer employed by the Company.
The fair value of each RSU grant was determined based on the market price of the Company's common stock on the grant date. Compensation cost is recognized based on management’s best estimate that performance goals will be achieved. If such goals are not met, no compensation cost will be recognized and any recognized compensation cost will be reversed.
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No stock options were awarded during the nine month period ended September 30, 2016.
9. Income Taxes
For financial statement purposes, the Company recognizes tax benefits related to positions taken, or expected to be taken, on a tax return only if the positions are "more-likely-than-not" sustainable. Once this threshold has been met, the Company’s measurement of its expected tax benefits is recognized in its financial statements.
There was a $0.6 million increase to the total amount of unrecognized tax benefit related to tax uncertainties during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase was the result of tax positions taken regarding state tax apportionment issues based on management’s best judgment given the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date. The Company does not expect any changes in such unrecognized tax benefits to have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements within the next 12 months.
The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service and the taxing authorities of various states. Tax years that remain subject to examination by major taxing jurisdictions are 2013 through 2015 for federal taxes, and 2003 through 2015 for California state taxes. The Company is currently under examination by the California Franchise Tax Board ("FTB") for tax years 2003 through 2013. The FTB issued Notices of Proposed Assessments to the Company for tax years 2003 through 2010, which the Company formally protested. The proposed adjustments for tax years 2003 through 2006 were affirmed following an administrative protest process with the FTB examination. The Company is in settlement discussions with the FTB. If a reasonable settlement is not reached, the Company intends to pursue other options, including a formal hearing with the State Board of Equalization or litigation in superior court. Management believes that the resolution of these examinations and assessments will not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial reporting basis and the respective tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities, and expected benefits of utilizing net operating loss, capital loss, and tax-credit carryforwards. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized and, to the extent management does not believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized, a valuation allowance is established. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates or laws is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date.
At September 30, 2016, the Company’s deferred income taxes were in a net asset position, which included a combination of ordinary and capital deferred tax benefits. In assessing the Company’s ability to realize deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character within the carryback and carryforward periods available under the tax law. Management considers the reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income of an appropriate nature, and tax-planning strategies in making this assessment. The Company believes that through the use of prudent tax planning strategies and the generation of capital gains, sufficient income will be realized in order to maximize the full benefits of its deferred tax assets. Although realization is not assured, management believes that it is more likely than not that the Company’s deferred tax assets will be realized.
10. Contingencies
The Company is, from time to time, named as a defendant in various lawsuits or regulatory actions incidental to its insurance business. The majority of lawsuits brought against the Company relate to insurance claims that arise in the normal course of business and are reserved for through the reserving process. For a discussion of the Company’s reserving methods, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.
In March 2006, the California DOI issued an Amended Notice of Non-Compliance to a Notice of Non-Compliance originally issued in February 2004 (as amended, the "2004 NNC") alleging that the Company charged rates in violation of the California Insurance Code, willfully permitted its agents to charge broker fees in violation of California law, and willfully misrepresented the actual price insurance consumers could expect to pay for insurance by the amount of a fee charged by the consumer's insurance broker. The California DOI sought to impose a fine for each policy on which the Company allegedly permitted an agent to charge a broker fee, to impose a penalty for each policy on which the Company allegedly used a misleading advertisement, and to suspend certificates of authority for a period of one year. In January 2012, the administrative law judge bifurcated the 2004 NNC between (a) the California DOI’s order to show cause (the "OSC"), in which the California DOI asserts the false advertising allegations and accusation, and (b) the California DOI’s notice of noncompliance (the "NNC"), in which the California DOI asserts the unlawful rate allegations. In February 2012, the administrative law judge ("ALJ") submitted a proposed decision dismissing the NNC, but the Commissioner rejected the ALJ’s proposed decision. The Company challenged the rejection in Los Angeles Superior Court in April 2012, and the Commissioner responded with a demurrer. Following a hearing, the Superior Court sustained the
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Commissioner’s demurrer, based on the Company’s failure to exhaust its administrative remedies, and the Company appealed. The Court of Appeal affirmed the Superior Court's ruling that the Company was required to exhaust its administrative remedies, but expressly preserved for later appeal the legal basis for the ALJ’s dismissal: violation of Mercury’s due process rights. Following an evidentiary hearing in April 2013, post-hearing briefs, and an unsuccessful mediation, the ALJ closed the evidentiary record on April 30, 2014. Although a proposed decision was to be submitted to the Commissioner on or before June 30, 2014, after which the Commissioner would have 100 days to accept, reject or modify the proposed decision, the proposed decision was submitted on December 8, 2014. On January 7, 2015, the Commissioner adopted the ALJ’s proposed decision, which became the Commissioner’s adopted order (the "Order"). The decision and Order found that from the period July 1, 1996, through 2006, the Company’s "brokers" were actually operating as "de facto agents" and that the charging of "broker fees" by these producers constituted the charging of "premium" in excess of the Company's approved rates, and assessed a civil penalty in the amount of $27.6 million against the Company. On February 9, 2015, the Company filed a Writ of Administrative Mandamus and Complaint for Declaratory Relief (the "Writ") in the Orange County Superior Court seeking, among other things, to require the Commissioner to vacate the Order, to stay the Order while the Superior Court action is pending, and to judicially declare as invalid the Commissioner’s interpretation of certain provisions of the California Insurance Code. Subsequent to the filing of the Writ, a consumer group petitioned and was granted the right to intervene in the Superior Court action. The court did not order a stay, and the $27.6 million assessed penalty was accrued in the fourth quarter of 2014 and paid in March 2015. The Company filed an amended Writ on September 11, 2015, adding an explicit request for a refund of the penalty, with interest.
On August 12, 2016, the Court issued its ruling, granting the Writ and vacating the Commissioner’s Order. The Court found that the Commissioner and the Department did commit procedural due process violations in connection with the DOI’s rule-making efforts, but declined to vacate the Order on that specific ground. The principal findings of the Court were that (a) the "broker fees" at issue were not premium and the charging of such fees did not result in any violation of the Insurance Code rate regulation provisions, (b) the imposition of the $27.6 million penalty violated Mercury's right to fair notice and due process, and (c) there was an unreasonable delay by the Department in issuing the 2004 NNC which resulted in a "manifest injustice" to the Company. The case is expected to be remanded back to the Commissioner to refund the $27.6 million assessed penalty, plus interest, and to issue a new order consistent with the Court’s decision. The Company has not yet recognized the vacation of the Commissioner’s Order and its $27.6 million penalty, plus any related interest, as the Superior Court's decision is subject to appeal.
The Company has also accrued a liability for the estimated cost to continue to defend itself in the false advertising OSC. Based upon its understanding of the facts, the California Insurance Code and the Superior Court's recent decision on the alleged unlawful rate portion of the NNC, the Company does not expect that the ultimate resolution of the false advertising OSC will be material to its financial position.
The Company also establishes reserves for non-insurance claims related lawsuits, regulatory actions, and other contingencies when the Company believes a loss is probable and is able to estimate its potential exposure. For loss contingencies believed to be reasonably possible, the Company also discloses the nature of the loss contingency and an estimate of the possible loss, range of loss, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. While actual losses may differ from the amounts recorded and the ultimate outcome of the Company’s pending actions is generally not yet determinable, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of currently pending legal or regulatory proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
In all cases, the Company vigorously defends itself unless a reasonable settlement appears appropriate. For a discussion of legal matters, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.
11. Segment Information
The Company is primarily engaged in writing personal automobile insurance and provides related property and casualty insurance products to its customers through 14 subsidiaries in 11 states, principally in California.
The Company has one reportable business segment - the Property and Casualty business segment.
Property and Casualty Lines
The Property and Casualty business segment offers several insurance products to the Company’s individual customers and small business customers. These insurance products are: private passenger automobile, which is the Company’s primary business, and related insurance products such as homeowners, commercial automobile and commercial property. The related insurance products are primarily sold to the Company’s individual customers and small business customers, which increases retention of the Company’s private personal automobile client base. The insurance products comprising the Property and Casualty business segment are sold through the same distribution channels, mainly through independent and 100% owned insurance agents, and go through a similar underwriting process.
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The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker evaluates operating results based on pre-tax underwriting results which is calculated as net premiums earned less (i) losses and loss adjustment expenses; and (ii) underwriting expenses (policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses).
Expenses are allocated based on certain assumptions that are primarily related to premiums and losses. The Company’s net investment income, net realized investment gains (losses), other income, and interest expense are excluded in evaluating pre-tax underwriting profit. The Company does not allocate its assets, including investments, or income taxes in evaluating pre-tax underwriting profit.
Other Lines
The Other business segment represents net premiums written and earned from an operating segment that does not meet the quantitative thresholds required to be considered a reportable segment. This operating segment offers automobile mechanical breakdown warranties which are primarily sold through automobile dealerships and credit unions.
The following tables present the Company's operating results by reportable segment:

| Three Months Ended
| September 30, 2016 |  | September 30, 2015
| Property & Casualty Lines |  | Other |  | Total |  | Property & Casualty Lines |  | Other |  | Total
| (Amounts in millions)
Net premiums earned | $ | 780.6 |  |  | $ | 10.3 |  |  | $ | 790.9 |  |  | $ | 732.9 |  |  | $ | 12.6 |  |  | $ | 745.5 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | 570.8 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 576.3 |  |  | 538.6 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 545.7 |
Underwriting expenses | 194.8 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 199.3 |  |  | 188.6 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 193.7 |
Underwriting gain | 15.0 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 15.3 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 6.1 |
Investment income |  |  |  |  | 30.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30.9 |
Net realized investment losses |  |  |  |  | (15.5 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (26.3 | )
Other income |  |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.3 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (0.8 | )
Pre-tax income |  |  |  |  | $ | 31.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12.2 |
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 26.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 15.3 |

| Nine Months Ended
| September 30, 2016 |  | September 30, 2015
| Property & Casualty Lines |  | Other |  | Total |  | Property & Casualty Lines |  | Other |  | Total
| (Amounts in millions)
Net premiums earned | $ | 2,305.0 |  |  | $ | 32.3 |  |  | $ | 2,337.3 |  |  | $ | 2,158.6 |  |  | $ | 39.2 |  |  | $ | 2,197.8 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | 1,748.2 |  |  | 17.3 |  |  | 1,765.5 |  |  | 1,559.5 |  |  | 21.8 |  |  | 1,581.3 |
Underwriting expenses | 586.1 |  |  | 13.6 |  |  | 599.7 |  |  | 577.4 |  |  | 15.5 |  |  | 592.9 |
Underwriting gain | (29.3 | ) |  | 1.4 |  |  | (27.9 | ) |  | 21.7 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 23.6 |
Investment income |  |  |  |  | 91.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 94.1 |
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  |  |  |  | 55.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (75.6 | )
Other income |  |  |  |  | 6.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6.8 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  | (2.9 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (2.3 | )
Pre-tax income |  |  |  |  | $ | 122.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 46.6 |
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 99.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 51.1 |

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The following tables present the Company’s net premiums earned and direct premiums written by line of insurance business:

| Three Months Ended |
| September 30, 2016 |  | September 30, 2015 |
| Property & Casualty Lines |  | Other |  | Total |  | Property & Casualty Lines |  | Other |  | Total |
| (Amounts in millions) |
Private passenger automobile | $ | 614.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 614.0 |  |  | $ | 581.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 581.3 |  |
Homeowners | 105.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 105.5 |  |  | 95.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 95.8 |  |
Commercial automobile | 41.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 41.2 |  |  | 37.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 37.0 |  |
Other | 19.9 |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | 30.2 |  |  | 18.8 |  |  | 12.6 |  |  | 31.4 |  |
Net premiums earned | $ | 780.6 |  |  | $ | 10.3 |  |  | $ | 790.9 |  |  | $ | 732.9 |  |  | $ | 12.6 |  |  | 745.5 |  |
Private passenger automobile | $ | 630.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 630.1 |  |  | $ | 609.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 609.0 |  |
Homeowners | 116.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 116.0 |  |  | 106.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 106.6 |  |
Commercial automobile | 41.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 41.9 |  |  | 40.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 40.1 |  |
Other | 22.4 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 29.0 |  |  | 22.3 |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | 29.7 |  |
Direct premiums written | $ | 810.4 |  |  | $ | 6.6 |  |  | $ | 817.0 |  |  | $ | 778.0 |  |  | $ | 7.4 |  |  | $ | 785.4 |  |

| Nine Months Ended |
| September 30, 2016 |  | September 30, 2015 |
| Property & Casualty Lines |  | Other |  | Total |  | Property & Casualty Lines |  | Other |  | Total |
| (Amounts in millions) |
Private passenger automobile | $ | 1,820.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,820.1 |  |  | $ | 1,716.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,716.0 |  |
Homeowners | 307.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 307.0 |  |  | 281.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 281.6 |  |
Commercial automobile | 119.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 119.8 |  |  | 106.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 106.3 |  |
Other | 58.1 |  |  | 32.3 |  |  | 90.4 |  |  | 54.7 |  |  | 39.2 |  |  | 93.9 |  |
Net premiums earned | $ | 2,305.0 |  |  | $ | 32.3 |  |  | $ | 2,337.3 |  |  | $ | 2,158.6 |  |  | $ | 39.2 |  |  | 2,197.8 |  |
Private passenger automobile | $ | 1,857.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,857.3 |  |  | $ | 1,763.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,763.1 |  |
Homeowners | 331.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 331.4 |  |  | 300.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 300.8 |  |
Commercial automobile | 125.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 125.2 |  |  | 114.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 114.8 |  |
Other | 66.3 |  |  | 20.9 |  |  | 87.2 |  |  | 62.6 |  |  | 22.8 |  |  | 85.4 |  |
Direct premiums written | $ | 2,380.2 |  |  | $ | 20.9 |  |  | $ | 2,401.1 |  |  | $ | 2,241.3 |  |  | $ | 22.8 |  |  | $ | 2,264.1 |  |

12. Michigan and Pennsylvania Operations
The Company was unable to profitably grow its business in Michigan and Pennsylvania since it began writing insurance in in those states in 2004. Michigan and Pennsylvania combined net premiums earned were $15.4 million and $18.6 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively, and combined ratios were 137% and 130% in 2015 and 2014, respectively. During the second quarter of 2016, the Company implemented an exit plan to focus resources on other states with better opportunities for sustainable growth.
On April 29, 2016, the Company filed plans to exit the states of Michigan and Pennsylvania with the respective state regulatory agencies. The plans were accepted by the regulators in both states with no objections. On May 10, 2016, the Company ceased accepting new business in those states and began sending non-renewal notices on June 24, 2016. The non-renewal effective dates were August 13, 2016 for private passenger automobile policyholders in Michigan and homeowners policyholders in Pennsylvania, and September 12, 2016 for private passenger automobile and commercial automobile policyholders in Pennsylvania.
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The Company expects to complete the run-off of its Michigan and Pennsylvania operations in 2017.
In line with the goal of improving operating efficiencies and overall long-term profitability, during the second quarter of 2016, the Company restructured its claims operations in states outside of California resulting in a workforce reduction of approximately 100 employees. The affected employees, located primarily in the Company's New Jersey and Florida branch offices, were officially notified of their termination on April 29, 2016. As a result, during the second quarter of 2016, the Company recorded a charge, primarily in loss and loss adjustment expenses, of approximately $2 million for employee termination costs.
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Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Cautionary Statements
Certain statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or in other materials the Company has filed or will file with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") (as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by the Company) contain or may contain "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements may address, among other things, the Company’s strategy for growth, business development, regulatory approvals, market position, expenditures, financial results, and reserves. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance and are subject to important factors and events that could cause the Company’s actual business, prospects, and results of operations to differ materially from the historical information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and from those that may be expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in other reports or public statements made by the Company.
Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, among others: the competition in the automobile insurance markets in California and the other states in which the Company operates; the cyclical and generally competitive nature of the property and casualty insurance industry and general uncertainties regarding loss reserves or other estimates; the accuracy and adequacy of the Company’s pricing methodologies; the Company’s success in managing its non-California business; the impact of potential third party "bad-faith" legislation, changes in laws, regulations or new interpretations of existing laws and regulations, tax position challenges by the California Franchise Tax Board, and decisions of courts, regulators and governmental bodies, particularly in California; the Company’s ability to obtain and the timing of required regulatory approvals of premium rate changes for insurance policies issued in states where the Company operates; the Company’s reliance on independent agents to market and distribute its insurance policies; the investment yields the Company is able to obtain on its investments and the market risks associated with the Company’s investment portfolio; the effect government policies may have on market interest rates; uncertainties related to assumptions and projections generally, inflation and changes in economic conditions; changes in driving patterns, automobile technologies, and loss trends; acts of war and terrorist activities; court decisions, trends in litigation, and health care and automobile repair costs; adverse weather conditions or natural disasters, including those which may be related to climate change, in the markets served by the Company; the stability of the Company’s information technology systems and the ability of the Company to execute on its information technology initiatives; the Company’s ability to realize deferred tax assets or to hold certain securities with current loss positions to recovery or maturity; and other risks and uncertainties, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond the Company’s control. U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") prescribes when a company may reserve for particular risks including litigation exposures. Accordingly, results for a given reporting period could be significantly affected if and when a reserve is established for a major contingency. Reported results may therefore appear to be volatile in certain periods.
The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information or future events or otherwise. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or, in the case of any document the Company incorporates by reference, any other report filed with the SEC or any other public statement made by the Company, the date of the document, report or statement. Investors should also understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all factors and should not consider the risks set forth above to be a complete statement of all potential risks and uncertainties. If the expectations or assumptions underlying the Company’s forward-looking statements prove inaccurate or if risks or uncertainties arise, actual results could differ materially from those predicted in any forward-looking statements. The factors identified above are believed to be some, but not all, of the important factors that could cause actual events and results to be significantly different from those that may be expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements should also be considered in light of the information provided in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 and in Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
OVERVIEW
A. General
The operating results of property and casualty insurance companies are subject to significant quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year fluctuations due to the effect of competition on pricing, the frequency and severity of losses, the effect of weather and natural disasters on losses, general economic conditions, the general regulatory environment in states in which an insurer operates, state regulation of insurance including premium rates, changes in fair value of investments, and other factors such as changes in tax laws. The property and casualty insurance industry has been highly cyclical, with periods of high premium rates and shortages
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of underwriting capacity followed by periods of severe price competition and excess capacity. These cycles can have a significant impact on the Company’s ability to grow and retain business.
This section discusses some of the relevant factors that management considers in evaluating the Company’s performance, prospects, and risks. It is not all-inclusive and is meant to be read in conjunction with the entirety of management’s discussion and analysis, the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, and all other items contained within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
B. Business
The Company is primarily engaged in writing personal automobile insurance through 14 insurance subsidiaries ("Insurance Companies") in 11 states, principally California. The Company also writes homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial property, mechanical breakdown, and umbrella insurance. These policies are mostly sold through independent agents who receive a commission for selling policies. The Company believes that it has thorough underwriting and claims handling processes that, together with its agent relationships, provide the Company with competitive advantages.
The following table presents direct premiums written, by state and line of insurance business, during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
(Dollars in thousands)

| Private Passenger Automobile |  | Homeowners |  | Commercial Automobile |  | Other Lines |  | Total |  |
California | 1,551,442 |  |  | 279,295 |  |  | 64,359 |  |  | 78,456 |  |  | 1,973,552 |  |  | 82.2 | %
Florida (1) | 121,595 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 20,129 |  |  | 1,018 |  |  | 142,750 |  |  | 5.9 | %
Other states (2) | 184,276 |  |  | 52,103 |  |  | 40,756 |  |  | 7,626 |  |  | 284,761 |  |  | 11.9 | %
Total | 1,857,313 |  |  | 331,406 |  |  | 125,244 |  |  | 87,100 |  |  | 2,401,063 |  |  | 100.0 | %
| 77.4 | % |  | 13.8 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)

| Private Passenger Automobile |  | Homeowners |  | Commercial Automobile |  | Other Lines |  | Total |  |
California | $ | 1,461,576 |  |  | $ | 247,871 |  |  | $ | 58,538 |  |  | $ | 73,671 |  |  | $ | 1,841,656 |  |  | 81.3 | %
Florida (1) | 115,808 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 20,578 |  |  | 725 |  |  | 137,119 |  |  | 6.1 | %
Other states (2) | 185,710 |  |  | 52,952 |  |  | 35,655 |  |  | 10,993 |  |  | 285,310 |  |  | 12.6 | %
Total | $ | 1,763,094 |  |  | $ | 300,831 |  |  | $ | 114,771 |  |  | $ | 85,389 |  |  | $ | 2,264,085 |  |  | 100.0 | %
| 77.9 | % |  | 13.3 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  |

_____________

(1) | The Company is writing and expects to continue writing nominal premiums in the Florida homeowners market.

(2) | No individual state accounted for more than 4% of total direct premiums written.

C. Regulatory and Legal Matters
The Department of Insurance ("DOI") in each state in which the Company operates is responsible for conducting periodic financial, market conduct, and rating and underwriting examinations of the Insurance Companies in their states. Market conduct examinations typically review compliance with insurance statutes and regulations with respect to rating, underwriting, claims handling, billing, and other practices.
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The following table presents a summary of current examinations:

State |  | Exam Type |  | Period Under Review |  | Status
GA |  | Financial |  | 2011 to 2013 |  | Received draft report and submitted response to the DOI.
CA |  | Market Conduct Claims |  | To be determined at future date. |  | Fieldwork to begin in the 4th quarter of 2016.
CA |  | Rating and Underwriting |  | 2014 |  | Fieldwork began in July 2014.
VA |  | Market Conduct |  | 2014 to 2015 |  | Fieldwork began in April 2016.

During the course of and at the conclusion of these examinations, the examining DOI generally reports findings to the Company. None of the findings reported to date is expected to be material to the Company’s financial position.
In February 2016, the California DOI approved a 5.0% rate increase on Mercury Insurance Company’s private passenger automobile line of insurance business, which represented approximately 50% of the Company's net premiums earned in nine month period ended September 30, 2016. This rate increase was implemented in March 2016.
In April 2016, the California DOI approved a 6.9% rate increase on California Automobile Insurance Company's private passenger automobile line of insurance business, which represented approximately 15% of the Company’s total net premiums earned in the the nine month period ended September 30, 2016. This rate increase was implemented in June 2016.
In July 2016, California Automobile Insurance Company filed for an additional 6.9% increase in its private passenger automobile line of business and is awaiting California DOI approval.
The Company is, from time to time, named as a defendant in various lawsuits or regulatory actions incidental to its insurance business. The majority of lawsuits brought against the Company relate to insurance claims that arise in the normal course of business and are reserved for through the reserving process. For a discussion of the Company’s reserving methods, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.
The Company also establishes reserves for non-insurance claims related lawsuits, regulatory actions, and other contingencies when the Company believes a loss is probable and is able to estimate its potential exposure. For loss contingencies believed to be reasonably possible, the Company also discloses the nature of the loss contingency and an estimate of the possible loss, range of loss, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. While actual losses may differ from the amounts recorded and the ultimate outcome of the Company’s pending actions is generally not yet determinable, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of currently pending legal or regulatory proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
In all cases, the Company vigorously defends itself unless a reasonable settlement appears appropriate. For a discussion of legal matters, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, and Note 10. Contingencies, of the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Quarterly Report.
D. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Losses and loss adjustment expense reserves ("loss reserves")
Preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements requires management’s judgment and estimates. The most significant is the estimate of loss reserves. Estimating loss reserves is a difficult process as many factors can ultimately affect the final settlement of a claim and, therefore, the loss reserve that is required. A key assumption in estimating loss reserves is the degree to which the historical data used to analyze reserves will be predictive of ultimate claim costs on incurred claims. Changes in the regulatory and legal environments, results of litigation, medical costs, the cost of repair materials, and labor rates, among other factors, can impact this assumption. In addition, time can be a critical part of reserving determinations since the longer the span between the incidence of a loss and the payment or settlement of a claim, the more variable the ultimate settlement amount could be. Accordingly, short-tail claims, such as property damage claims, tend to be more reasonably predictable than long-tail liability claims.
The Company calculates a loss reserve point estimate rather than a range. There is inherent uncertainty with estimates and this is particularly true with loss reserve estimates. This uncertainty comes from many factors which may include changes in claims reporting and settlement patterns, changes in the regulatory and legal environments, uncertainty over inflation rates, and uncertainty for unknown items. The Company does not make specific provisions for these uncertainties, rather it considers them in establishing its loss reserve by reviewing historical patterns and trends and projecting these out to current loss reserves. The
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underlying factors and assumptions that serve as the basis for preparing the loss reserve estimate include paid and incurred loss development factors, expected average costs per claim, inflation trends, expected loss ratios, industry data, and other relevant information.
The Company also engages independent actuarial consultants to review the Company’s loss reserves and to provide the annual actuarial opinions under statutory accounting principles as required by state regulation. The Company analyzes loss reserves quarterly primarily using the incurred loss, paid loss, average severity coupled with the claim count development methods, and the generalized linear model ("GLM") described below. When deciding among methods to use, the Company evaluates the credibility of each method based on the maturity of the data available and the claims settlement practices for each particular line of insurance business or coverage within a line of insurance business. The Company may also evaluate qualitative factors such as known changes in laws or legal rulings that could affect claims handling or other external environmental factors or internal factors that could affect the settlement of claims. When establishing the loss reserve, the Company will generally analyze the results from all of the methods used rather than relying on a single method. While these methods are designed to determine the ultimate losses on claims under the Company’s policies, there is inherent uncertainty in all actuarial models since they use historical data to project outcomes. The Company believes that the techniques it uses provide a reasonable basis in estimating loss reserves.

• | The incurred loss method analyzes historical incurred case loss (case reserves plus paid losses) development to estimate ultimate losses. The Company applies development factors against current case incurred losses by accident period to calculate ultimate expected losses. The Company believes that the incurred loss method provides a reasonable basis for evaluating ultimate losses, particularly in the Company’s larger, more established lines of insurance business which have a long operating history.

• | The paid loss method analyzes historical payment patterns to estimate the amount of losses yet to be paid.

• | The average severity method analyzes historical loss payments and/or incurred losses divided by closed claims and/or total claims to calculate an estimated average cost per claim. From this, the expected ultimate average cost per claim can be estimated. The average severity method coupled with the claim count development method provide meaningful information regarding inflation and frequency trends that the Company believes is useful in establishing loss reserves. The claim count development method analyzes historical claim count development to estimate future incurred claim count development for current claims. The Company applies these development factors against current claim counts by accident period to calculate ultimate expected claim counts.

• | The GLM determines an average severity for each percentile of claims that have been closed as a percentage of estimated ultimate claims. The average severities are applied to open claims to estimate the amount of losses yet to be paid. The GLM utilizes operational time, determined as a percentile of claims closed rather than a finite calendar period, which neutralizes the effect of changes in the timing of claims handling.

At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company recorded its point estimate of approximately $1.24 billion and $1.15 billion, respectively, in loss reserves, which include approximately $496 million and $441 million, respectively, of incurred but not reported loss reserves ("IBNR"). IBNR includes estimates, based upon past experience, of ultimate developed costs, which may differ from case estimates, unreported claims that occurred on or prior to September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, and estimated future payments for reopened claims. Management believes that the liability for loss reserves is adequate to cover the ultimate net cost of losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred to date; however, since the provisions are necessarily based upon estimates, the ultimate liability may be more or less than such provisions.
The Company evaluates its loss reserves quarterly. When management determines that the estimated ultimate claim cost requires a decrease for previously reported accident years, favorable development occurs and a reduction in losses and loss adjustment expenses is reported in the current period. If the estimated ultimate claim cost requires an increase for previously reported accident years, unfavorable development occurs and an increase in losses and loss adjustment expenses is reported in the current period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company reported unfavorable development of approximately $69 million on the 2015 and prior accident years’ loss reserves, which at December 31, 2015 totaled approximately $1.15 billion. The majority of the unfavorable development in 2016 was from the re-estimation of losses for California and Florida automobile liability coverages.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recorded catastrophe losses of approximately $23 million which were primarily the result of severe storms in Texas and Northern California and claims from the Sand Fire in Southern California.
For a further discussion of the Company’s reserving methods, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.
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Investments
The Company’s fixed maturity and equity securities are classified as "trading" and carried at fair value as required when applying the fair value option, with changes in fair value reflected in net realized investment gains or losses in the consolidated statements of operations. The majority of equity holdings, including non-redeemable preferred stocks, is actively traded on national exchanges or trading markets, and is valued at the last transaction price on the balance sheet dates.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Financial instruments recorded in the consolidated balance sheets include investments, receivables, total return swaps, accounts payable, options sold, and secured and unsecured notes payable. The fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Due to their short-term maturity, the carrying values of receivables and accounts payable approximate their fair market values. All investments are carried on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, as described in Note 3. Fair Value of Financial Instruments, of the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
The Company’s financial instruments include securities issued by the U.S. government and its agencies, securities issued by states and municipal governments and agencies, certain corporate and other debt securities, equity securities, and exchange traded funds. 99.7% of the fair value of financial instruments held at September 30, 2016 is based on observable market prices, observable pricing parameters, or is derived from such prices or parameters. The availability of observable market prices and pricing parameters can vary by financial instrument. Observable market prices and pricing parameters of a financial instrument, or a related financial instrument, are used to derive a price without requiring significant judgment.
The Company may hold or acquire financial instruments that lack observable market prices or pricing parameters because they are less actively traded currently or in future periods. The fair value of such instruments is determined using techniques appropriate for each particular financial instrument. These techniques may involve some degree of judgment. The price transparency of the particular financial instrument will determine the degree of judgment involved in determining the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments. Price transparency is affected by a wide variety of factors, including the type of financial instrument, whether it is a new financial instrument and not yet established in the marketplace, and the characteristics particular to the transaction. Financial instruments for which actively quoted prices or pricing parameters are available or for which fair value is derived from actively quoted prices or pricing parameters will generally have a higher degree of price transparency. By contrast, financial instruments that are thinly traded or not quoted will generally have diminished price transparency. Even in normally active markets, the price transparency for actively quoted instruments may be reduced during periods of market dislocation. Alternatively, in thinly quoted markets, the participation of market makers willing to purchase and sell a financial instrument provides a source of transparency for products that otherwise are not actively quoted.
Income Taxes
At September 30, 2016, the Company’s deferred income taxes were in a net asset position mainly due to deferred tax assets generated by unearned premiums, alternative minimum tax credit carryforwards, expense accruals and loss reserve discounting. These deferred tax assets were substantially offset by deferred tax liabilities resulting from deferred acquisition costs and unrealized gains on securities held. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized and, to the extent management does not believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized, a valuation allowance is established. Management’s recoverability assessment of the Company’s deferred tax assets which are ordinary in character takes into consideration the Company’s strong history of generating ordinary taxable income and a reasonable expectation that it will continue to generate ordinary taxable income in the future. Further, the Company has the capacity to recoup its ordinary deferred tax assets through tax loss carryback claims for taxes paid in prior years. Finally, the Company has various deferred tax liabilities that represent sources of future ordinary taxable income.
Management’s recoverability assessment with regard to its capital deferred tax assets is based on estimates of anticipated capital gains, tax-planning strategies available to generate future taxable capital gains, and the Company’s capacity to absorb capital losses carried back to prior years, each of which would contribute to the realization of deferred tax benefits. The Company has significant unrealized gains in its investment portfolio that could be realized through asset dispositions, at management’s discretion. In addition, the Company expects to hold certain debt securities, which are currently in loss positions, to recovery or maturity. Management believes unrealized losses related to these debt securities, which represent a portion of the unrealized loss positions at period-end, are fully realizable at maturity. Management believes its long-term time horizon for holding these securities allows it to avoid any forced sales prior to maturity. Further, the Company has the capability to generate additional realized capital gains by entering into sale-leaseback transactions using one or more of its appreciated real estate holdings. Finally, the Company has the capacity to recoup capital deferred tax assets through tax capital loss carryback claims for taxes paid within permitted carryback periods.
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The Company has the capability to implement tax planning strategies as it has a steady history of generating positive cash flow from operations and believes that its cash flow needs can be met in future periods without the forced sale of its investments. This capability assists management in controlling the timing and amount of realized losses generated during future periods. By prudent utilization of some or all of these strategies, management has the intent and believes that it has the ability to generate capital gains and minimize tax losses in a manner sufficient to avoid losing the benefits of its deferred tax assets. Management will continue to assess the need for a valuation allowance on a quarterly basis. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company’s deferred tax assets will be realized.
The Company’s effective income tax rate can be affected by several factors. These generally include tax-exempt investment income, other non-deductible expenses, and periodically, non-routine tax items such as adjustments to unrecognized tax benefits related to tax uncertainties. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was 18.7%, compared to (9.5)% for the same period in 2015. The increase in the effective tax rate was principally due to an increase of $75.4 million in total pre-tax income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to total pre-tax income for the same period in 2015, while tax-exempt investment income, a component of pre-tax income, remained relatively consistent. The Company's effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, was lower than the statutory tax rate primarily as a result of tax-exempt investment income earned.
Contingent Liabilities
The Company has known, and may have unknown, potential liabilities which include claims, assessments, lawsuits, or regulatory fines and penalties relating to the Company’s business. The Company continually evaluates these potential liabilities and accrues for them and/or discloses them in the condensed notes to the consolidated financial statements where required. The Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of currently pending legal or regulatory proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. See "Regulatory and Legal Matters" above and Note 10. Contingencies, of the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Premiums
The Company’s insurance premiums are recognized as income ratably over the term of the policies and in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided. Unearned premiums are carried as a liability on the consolidated balance sheets and are computed monthly on a pro-rata basis. The Company evaluates its unearned premiums periodically for premium deficiencies by comparing the sum of expected claim costs, unamortized acquisition costs, and maintenance costs partially offset by investment income to related unearned premiums. To the extent that any of the Company’s lines of insurance business become unprofitable, a premium deficiency reserve may be required.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2015
Revenues
Net premiums earned and net premiums written during the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased 6.1% and 3.8%, respectively, from the corresponding period in 2015. The increases in net premiums earned and net premiums written were primarily due to higher average premiums per policy arising from rate increases in the California private passenger automobile line of insurance business.
Net premiums earned, the most directly comparable GAAP measure to net premiums written, represents the portion of net premiums written that is recognized as revenue in the financial statements for the periods presented and earned on a pro-rata basis over the term of the policies. Net premiums written is a statutory financial measure which represents the premiums charged on policies issued during a fiscal period less any applicable reinsurance. Net premiums written is designed to determine production levels.
The following is a reconciliation of net premiums earned to net premiums written:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Amounts in thousands)
Net premiums earned | $ | 790,850 |  |  | 745,520 |
Change in net unearned premiums | 17,525 |  |  | 33,401 |
Net premiums written | $ | 808,375 |  |  | $ | 778,921 |

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Expenses
Loss and expense ratios are used to interpret the underwriting experience of property and casualty insurance companies. The following table presents the Insurance Companies’ loss, expense, and combined ratios determined in accordance with GAAP:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Loss ratio | 72.9 | % |  | 73.2 | %
Expense ratio | 25.2 | % |  | 26.0 | %
Combined ratio | 98.1 | % |  | 99.2 | %

Loss ratio is calculated by dividing losses and loss adjustment expenses by net premiums earned. The Company's loss ratio was affected by unfavorable development of approximately $7 million and $2 million on prior accident years' loss reserves during the third quarter of 2016 and 2015, respectively. The 2016 loss ratio was also negatively impacted by a total of $4 million of catastrophe losses primarily due to the Sand Fire in Southern California. The 2015 loss ratio was also negatively impacted by a total of $1 million of catastrophe losses primarily the result of tornadoes in Oklahoma and severe storms in the Midwest and Texas. Excluding the effect of estimated prior accident years' loss development and catastrophe losses, the loss ratio was 71.5% and 72.8% for the third quarter of 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Expense ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of policy acquisition costs plus other operating expenses by net premiums earned. The 2016 expense ratio decreased compared to the 2015 expense ratio primarily due to lower profitability related expenses coupled with higher levels of earned premiums.
Combined ratio is equal to loss ratio plus expense ratio and is the key measure of underwriting performance traditionally used in the property and casualty insurance industry. A combined ratio under 100% generally reflects profitable underwriting results, and a combined ratio over 100% generally reflects unprofitable underwriting results.
Income tax expense (benefit) was $4.7 million and $(3.0) million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The $7.7 million increase in income tax expense was primarily due to a $19.4 million increase in total pre-tax income, while tax-exempt investment income, a component of total pre-tax income, remained relatively unchanged compared to the same period in 2015.
Investments
The following table presents the investment results of the Company:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Average invested assets at cost (1) | $ | 3,391,752 |  |  | $ | 3,278,469 |
Net investment income (2) |  |  |
Before income taxes | $ | 30,371 |  |  | $ | 30,898 |
After income taxes | $ | 26,777 |  |  | $ | 27,115 |
Average annual yield on investments (2) |  |  |
Before income taxes | 3.6 | % |  | 3.8 | %
After income taxes | 3.2 | % |  | 3.3 | %
Net realized investment losses | $ | (15,465 | ) |  | $ | (26,286 | )

_____________

(1) | Fixed maturities and short-term bonds at amortized cost; and equities and other short-term investments at cost. Average invested assets at cost are based on the monthly amortized cost of the invested assets for each respective period.

(2) | Net investment income before and after income taxes, and average annual yield on investments before and after income taxes, decreased slightly due to the maturity and replacement of higher yielding investments purchased when market interest rates were higher, with lower yielding investments purchased during low interest rate environments.

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The following tables present the components of net realized investment gains (losses) included in net income:

| Gains (Losses) Recognized in Net Income
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
| Sales | Changes in fair value | Total
| (Amounts in thousands)
Net realized investment (losses) gains |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities (1)(2) | $ | 231 |  | $ | (19,521 | ) | $ | (19,290 | )
Equity securities (1)(3) | 762 |  | (2,143 | ) | (1,381 | )
Short-term investments (1) | (528 | ) | 532 |  | 4 |
Total return swaps | (500 | ) | 4,672 |  | 4,172 |
Options sold | 1,024 |  | 6 |  | 1,030 |
Total | $ | 989 |  | $ | (16,454 | ) | $ | (15,465 | )

| Gains (Losses) Recognized in Net Income
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2015
| Sales | Changes in fair value | Total
| (Amounts in thousands)
Net realized investment (losses) gains |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities (1)(2) | $ | 10 |  | $ | (1,602 | ) | $ | (1,592 | )
Equity securities (1)(3) | (4,032 | ) | (16,938 | ) | (20,970 | )
Short-term investments (1) | — |  | 2 |  | 2 |
Total return swap | 74 |  | (4,496 | ) | (4,422 | )
Options sold | 753 |  | (57 | ) | 696 |
Total | $ | (3,195 | ) | $ | (23,091 | ) | $ | (26,286 | )

_____________

(1) | The changes in fair value of the investment portfolio result from the application of the fair value option.

(2) | The Company’s municipal bond holdings represent the majority of the fixed maturity securities portfolio. The fair value decreases in the third quarter of 2016 were primarily caused by the overall increase in market interest rates in the municipal bond market. The fair value decreases in 2015 were slightly affected by the increase in credit-related spreads during the three months ended September 30, 2015.

(3) | The decreases in the fair values of equity securities in the third quarter of 2016 compared to the decreases in the third quarter of 2015 were primarily due to the relative sell off in the equities markets in the third quarter of 2016 compared to a larger decline in the Company's holdings in industrial stocks during the third quarter of 2015.

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Net Income

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Net income | $ | 26,930 |  |  | $ | 15,270 |
Basic average shares outstanding | 55,259 |  |  | 55,164 |
Diluted average shares outstanding | 55,328 |  |  | 55,178 |
Basic Per Share Data: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |
Net realized investment losses, net of tax | $ | (0.18 | ) |  | $ | (0.31 | )
Diluted Per Share Data: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |
Net realized investment losses, net of tax | $ | (0.18 | ) |  | $ | (0.31 | )

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
Revenues
Net premiums earned and net premiums written during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased 6.3% and 6.0%, respectively, from the corresponding period in 2015. The increases in net premiums earned and net premiums written were primarily due to higher average premiums per policy arising from rate increases in the California private passenger automobile line of insurance business.
The following is a reconciliation of net premiums earned to net premiums written:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Amounts in thousands)
Net premiums earned | $ | 2,337,256 |  |  | 2,197,803 |
Change in net unearned premiums | 50,453 |  |  | 55,158 |
Net premiums written | $ | 2,387,709 |  |  | $ | 2,252,961 |

Expenses
The following table presents the Insurance Companies’ loss, expense, and combined ratios determined in accordance with GAAP:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Loss ratio | 75.5 | % |  | 71.9 | %
Expense ratio | 25.7 | % |  | 27.0 | %
Combined ratio | 101.2 | % |  | 98.9 | %

The Company's loss ratio was affected by unfavorable development of approximately $69 million and favorable development of approximately $3 million on prior accident years' loss reserves during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The majority of the unfavorable development for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was from the re-estimation of losses for California and Florida automobile liability coverages. The 2016 loss ratio was also negatively impacted by a total of $23 million of catastrophe losses primarily due to severe storms in Texas and Northern California and claims from the Sand Fire in Southern California. The 2015 loss ratio was also negatively impacted by a total of $11 million of catastrophe losses primarily the result of tornadoes in Oklahoma and severe storms in the Midwest and Texas. Excluding the effect of estimated
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prior accident years' loss development and catastrophe losses, the loss ratio was 71.6% for each of the nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015.
The 2016 expense ratio decreased compared to the 2015 expense ratio primarily due to lower profitability related expenses and advertising expenses coupled with higher levels of earned premiums.
Income tax expense (benefit) was $22.9 million and $(4.4) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The $27.3 million increase in income tax expense was primarily due to a $75.4 million increase in total pre-tax income, while tax-exempt investment income, a component of total pre-tax income, remained relatively unchanged compared to the same period in 2015.
Investments
The following table presents the investment results of the Company:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Average invested assets at cost (1) | $ | 3,359,037 |  |  | $ | 3,296,775 |
Net investment income (2) |  |  |
Before income taxes | $ | 91,440 |  |  | $ | 94,101 |
After income taxes | $ | 80,365 |  |  | $ | 82,320 |
Average annual yield on investments (2) |  |  |
Before income taxes | 3.6 | % |  | 3.8 | %
After income taxes | 3.2 | % |  | 3.3 | %
Net realized investment gains (losses) | $ | 54,973 |  |  | $ | (75,595 | )

_____________

(1) | Fixed maturities and short-term bonds at amortized cost; and equities and other short-term investments at cost. Average invested assets at cost are based on the monthly amortized cost of the invested assets for each respective period.

(2) | Net investment income before and after income taxes, and average annual yield on investments before and after income taxes decreased slightly due to the maturity and replacement of higher yielding investments purchased when market interest rates were higher, with lower yielding investments purchased during low interest rate environments.

The following tables present the components of net realized investment gains (losses) included in net income:

| Gains (Losses) Recognized in Net Income
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
| Sales | Changes in fair value | Total
| (Amounts in thousands)
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities (1)(2) | $ | 1,864 |  | $ | 20,913 |  | $ | 22,777 |
Equity securities (1)(3) | 7,871 |  | 13,430 |  | 21,301 |
Short-term investments (1) | (528 | ) | 184 |  | (344 | )
Total return swaps | (681 | ) | 8,596 |  | 7,915 |
Options sold | 3,358 |  | (34 | ) | 3,324 |
Total | $ | 11,884 |  | $ | 43,089 |  | $ | 54,973 |

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| (Losses) Gains Recognized in Net Income
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
| Sales | Changes in fair value | Total
| (Amounts in thousands)
Net realized investment (losses) gains |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities (1)(2) | $ | 214 |  | $ | (30,609 | ) | $ | (30,395 | )
Equity securities (1)(3) | (11,718 | ) | (34,234 | ) | (45,952 | )
Short-term investments (1) | (1,396 | ) | 638 |  | (758 | )
Total return swap | 1,324 |  | (2,034 | ) | (710 | )
Options sold | 2,203 |  | 17 |  | 2,220 |
Total | $ | (9,373 | ) | $ | (66,222 | ) | $ | (75,595 | )

_____________

(1) | The changes in fair value of the investment portfolio result from the application of the fair value option.

(2) | The Company’s municipal bond holdings represent the majority of the fixed maturity securities portfolio. The fair value increases in 2016 were primarily caused by the overall improvement in the municipal bond market. The fair values in 2015 were adversely affected by the increase in market interest rates during the nine months ended September 30, 2015.

(3) | The increases in the fair values of equity securities in 2016 compared to the decreases in 2015 were primarily due to the relative improvement in the equities markets in 2016 compared to a decline in the value of the Company's holdings in industrial stocks during the nine months ended September 30, 2015.

Net Income

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Net income | $ | 99,126 |  |  | $ | 51,074 |
Basic average shares outstanding | 55,238 |  |  | 55,154 |
Diluted average shares outstanding | 55,304 |  |  | 55,172 |
Basic Per Share Data: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1.79 |  |  | $ | 0.93 |
Net realized investment gains (losses), net of tax | $ | 0.65 |  |  | $ | (0.89 | )
Diluted Per Share Data: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 1.79 |  |  | $ | 0.93 |
Net realized investment gains (losses), net of tax | $ | 0.65 |  |  | $ | (0.89 | )

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
A. Cash Flows
The Company has generated positive cash flow from operations since the public offering of its common stock in November 1985, and does not attempt to match the duration and timing of asset maturities with those of liabilities. Rather, the Company manages its portfolio with a view towards maximizing total return with an emphasis on after-tax income. With combined cash and short-term investments of $436.7 million at September 30, 2016 as well as $100 million of credit available on a $250 million revolving credit facility, the Company believes its cash flow from operations is adequate to satisfy its liquidity requirements without the forced sale of investments. Investment maturities are also available to meet the Company’s liquidity needs. However, the Company operates in a rapidly evolving and often unpredictable business environment that may change the timing or amount of expected future cash receipts and expenditures. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Company’s sources of funds will be sufficient to meet its liquidity needs or that the Company will not be required to raise additional funds to meet those needs or for future business expansion, through the sale of equity or debt securities or from credit facilities with lending institutions.
Net cash provided by operating activities in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $209.6 million, an increase of $60.8 million compared to the corresponding period in 2015. The increase was primarily due to an increase in premium collections,
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and decreases in operating expenses and income taxes paid, partially offset by higher paid losses, loss adjustment expenses and policy acquisition costs. Operating expenditures in the nine month period ended September 30, 2015 included the payment of the $27.6 million penalty assessed by California DOI as discussed in "Regulatory and Legal Matters" above. The Company utilized the cash provided by operating activities during the nine month period ended September 30, 2016 primarily for the payment of dividends to its shareholders and net purchases of investment securities.
The following table presents the estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2016 by contractual maturity in the next five years:

| Fixed Maturity Securities
| (Amounts in thousands)
Due in one year or less | $ | 422,977 |
Due after one year through two years | 200,878 |
Due after two years through three years | 162,468 |
Due after three years through four years | 78,636 |
Due after four years through five years | 92,487 |
Total due within five years | $ | 957,446 |

B. Reinsurance
The Company is party to a Catastrophe Reinsurance Treaty ("Treaty") covering a wide range of perils that is effective through June 30, 2017. The Treaty provides for $115 million coverage on a per occurrence basis after covered catastrophe losses exceed a $100 million Company retention limit.
C. Invested Assets
Portfolio Composition
An important component of the Company’s financial results is the return on its investment portfolio. The Company’s investment strategy emphasizes safety of principal and consistent income generation, within a total return framework. The investment strategy has historically focused on maximizing after-tax yield with a primary emphasis on maintaining a well-diversified, investment grade, fixed income portfolio to support the underlying liabilities and achieve return on capital and profitable growth. The Company believes that investment yield is maximized by selecting assets that perform favorably on a long-term basis and by disposing of certain assets to enhance after-tax yield and minimize the potential effect of downgrades and defaults. The Company continues to believe that this strategy enables the optimal investment performance necessary to sustain investment income over time. The Company’s portfolio management approach utilizes a market risk and consistent asset allocation strategy as the primary basis for the allocation of interest sensitive, liquid and credit assets as well as for determining overall below investment grade exposure and diversification requirements. Within the ranges set by the asset allocation strategy, tactical investment decisions are made in consideration of prevailing market conditions.
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The following table presents the composition of the total investment portfolio of the Company at September 30, 2016:

| Cost (1) |  | Fair Value
| (Amounts in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |
U.S. government bonds and agencies | $ | 12,719 |  |  | $ | 12,862 |
Municipal securities | 2,491,514 |  |  | 2,586,211 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 41,459 |  |  | 41,101 |
Corporate securities | 211,143 |  |  | 211,592 |
Collateralized loan obligations | 81,275 |  |  | 82,521 |
Other asset-backed securities | 38,177 |  |  | 38,640 |
| 2,876,287 |  |  | 2,972,927 |
Equity securities: |  |  |
Common stock | 313,869 |  |  | 331,842 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock | 32,436 |  |  | 33,080 |
Private equity funds | 12,888 |  |  | 9,536 |
| 359,193 |  |  | 374,458 |
Short-term investments | 206,744 |  |  | 206,851 |
Total investments | $ | 3,442,224 |  |  | $ | 3,554,236 |

_____________

(1) | Fixed maturities and short-term bonds at amortized cost; and equities and other short-term investments at cost.

At September 30, 2016, 72.4% of the Company’s total investment portfolio at fair value and 86.6% of its total fixed maturity securities at fair value were invested in tax-exempt state and municipal bonds. Equity holdings consist of non-redeemable preferred stocks, dividend-bearing common stocks on which dividend income is partially tax-sheltered by the 70% corporate dividend received deduction, and private equity funds. At September 30, 2016, 56.2% of short-term investments consisted of highly rated short-duration securities redeemable on a daily or weekly basis. The Company does not have any direct equity investment in sub-prime lenders.
Fixed Maturity Securities and Short-Term Investments
Fixed maturity securities include debt securities, which are mostly long-term bonds and other debt with maturities of at least one year from purchase, and which may have fixed or variable principal payment schedules, may be held for indefinite periods of time, and may be used as a part of the Company’s asset/liability strategy or sold in response to changes in interest rates, anticipated prepayments, risk/reward characteristics, liquidity needs, tax planning considerations, or other economic factors. Short-term instruments include money market accounts, options, and short-term bonds that are highly rated short duration securities and redeemable within one year.
A primary exposure for the fixed maturity securities is interest rate risk. The longer the duration, the more sensitive the asset is to market interest rate fluctuations. As assets with longer maturity dates tend to produce higher current yields, the Company’s historical investment philosophy has resulted in a portfolio with a moderate duration. The Company's portfolio is heavily weighted in investment grade tax-exempt municipal bonds. Fixed maturity securities purchased by the Company typically have call options attached, which further reduce the duration of the asset as interest rates decline. The holdings, which are heavily weighted with high coupon issues, are expected to be called prior to maturity. Modified duration measures the length of time it takes, on average, to receive the present value of all the cash flows produced by a bond, including reinvestment of interest. As it measures four factors (maturity, coupon rate, yield and call terms) which determine sensitivity to changes in interest rates, modified duration is considered a better indicator of price volatility than simple maturity alone.
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The following table presents the maturity and duration of the Company's fixed maturity securities portfolio:

| September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
| (in years)
Total Fixed Maturity Securities |  |  |
Nominal average maturities: |  |  |
excluding short-term instruments | 11.9 |  | 12.6
including short-term instruments | 11.1 |  | 12.2
Call-adjusted average maturities: |  |  |
excluding short-term instruments | 4.2 |  | 3.4
including short-term instruments | 3.9 |  | 3.3
Modified durations reflecting anticipated early calls: |  |  |
excluding short-term instruments | 3.5 |  | 3.2
including short-term instruments | 3.3 |  | 3.1
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations Modified Durations | 3.5 |  | 1.9
Short-term Instruments | — |  | —

Another exposure related to the fixed maturity securities is credit risk, which is managed by maintaining a weighted-average portfolio credit quality rating of A+, at fair value, at September 30, 2016, consistent with the average rating at December 31, 2015. The Company's municipal bond holdings of which 99.6% were tax exempt, represented 86.6% of its fixed maturity securities portfolio at September 30, 2016, at fair value, and are broadly diversified geographically. See Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks for a breakdown of municipal bond holdings by state.
To calculate the weighted-average credit quality ratings disclosed throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, individual securities were weighted based on fair value and a credit quality numeric score that was assigned to each security’s average of ratings assigned by nationally recognized securities rating organizations.
Taxable holdings consist principally of investment grade issues. At September 30, 2016, fixed maturity securities holdings rated below investment grade and non-rated bonds totaled $47.2 million and $8.9 million, respectively, at fair value, and represented 1.6% and 0.3%, respectively, of total fixed maturity securities. The majority of non-rated issues are a result of municipalities pre-funding and collateralizing those issues with U.S. government securities with an implicit AAA- equivalent credit risk. At December 31, 2015, fixed maturity securities holdings rated below investment grade and non-rated bonds totaled $37.5 million and $6.2 million, respectively, at fair value, and represented 1.3% and 0.2%, respectively, of total fixed maturity securities.
Credit ratings for the Company’s fixed maturity securities portfolio were stable during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, with 95.5% of fixed maturity securities at fair value experiencing no change in their overall rating. 2.5% and 2.0% of fixed maturity securities at fair value experienced upgrades and downgrades, respectively, during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The downgrades were slight and still within the investment grade portfolio during the nine months ended September 30, 2016.
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The following table presents the credit quality ratings of the Company’s fixed maturity securities portfolio by security type at fair value:

| September 30, 2016
| (Dollars in thousands)
| AAA(1) |  | AA(1) |  | A(1) |  | BBB(1) |  | Non-Rated/Other(1) |  | Total Fair Value(1)
U.S. government bonds and agencies: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Treasuries | $ | 12,862 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,862 |
Government agency | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | 12,862 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,862 |
| 100.0 | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 100.0 | %
Municipal securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insured | 64,468 |  |  | 259,581 |  |  | 407,617 |  |  | 35,850 |  |  | 11,851 |  |  | 779,367 |
Uninsured | 68,447 |  |  | 647,617 |  |  | 835,987 |  |  | 161,079 |  |  | 93,714 |  |  | 1,806,844 |
Total | 132,915 |  |  | 907,198 |  |  | 1,243,604 |  |  | 196,929 |  |  | 105,565 |  |  | 2,586,211 |
| 5.1 | % |  | 35.1 | % |  | 48.1 | % |  | 7.6 | % |  | 4.1 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | 4,727 |  |  | 1,408 |  |  | 4,266 |  |  | 4,330 |  |  | 15,961 |  |  | 30,692 |
Agencies | 3,546 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,546 |
Non-agencies: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prime | — |  |  | — |  |  | 562 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 1,541 |  |  | 2,204 |
Alt-A | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,118 |  |  | 3,541 |  |  | 4,659 |
Total | 8,273 |  |  | 1,408 |  |  | 4,828 |  |  | 5,549 |  |  | 21,043 |  |  | 41,101 |
| 20.1 | % |  | 3.4 | % |  | 11.7 | % |  | 13.5 | % |  | 51.3 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Corporate securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic materials | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,603 |  |  | 2,406 |  |  | 9,009 |
Communications | — |  |  | — |  |  | 168 |  |  | 5,948 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,116 |
Consumer-cyclical | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | 14,516 |  |  | 4,598 |  |  | 21,398 |
Consumer-non-cyclical | — |  |  | — |  |  | 493 |  |  | 5,017 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,510 |
Energy | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,576 |  |  | 29,531 |  |  | 30,254 |  |  | 66,361 |
Financial | — |  |  | 471 |  |  | 23,196 |  |  | 48,324 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,991 |
Industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 172 |  |  | 4,886 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,058 |
Technology | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,530 |  |  | 3,369 |  |  | 9,899 |
Utilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,421 |  |  | 9,829 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,250 |
Total | — |  |  | 471 |  |  | 39,310 |  |  | 131,184 |  |  | 40,627 |  |  | 211,592 |
| — | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | 18.6 | % |  | 62.0 | % |  | 19.2 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Collateralized loan obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate | 5,828 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,784 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,909 |  |  | 82,521 |
Total | 5,828 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,784 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,909 |  |  | 82,521 |
| 7.1 | % |  | — | % |  | 87.0 | % |  | — | % |  | 5.9 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Other asset-backed securities | 5,217 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,421 |  |  | 22,745 |  |  | 1,257 |  |  | 38,640 |
| 13.5 | % |  | — | % |  | 24.4 | % |  | 58.8 | % |  | 3.3 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Total | $ | 165,095 |  |  | $ | 909,077 |  |  | $ | 1,368,947 |  |  | $ | 356,407 |  |  | $ | 173,401 |  |  | $ | 2,972,927 |
| 5.6 | % |  | 30.6 | % |  | 46.0 | % |  | 12.0 | % |  | 5.8 | % |  | 100.0 | %

_____________

(1) | Intermediate ratings are included at each level (e.g., AA includes AA+, AA and AA-).

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U.S. Government Bonds and Agencies
The Company had $16.4 million, or 0.6% of its fixed maturity securities portfolio, at fair value, in U.S. government bonds and agencies and mortgage-backed securities (Agencies) at September 30, 2016. In February 2016, Moody's and Fitch affirmed their Aaa and AAA ratings, respectively, for U.S. government-issued debt, although a significant increase in government deficits and debt could lead to a downgrade. The Company understands that market participants continue to use rates of return on U.S. government debt as a risk-free rate and have continued to invest in U.S. Treasury securities.
Municipal Securities
The Company had $2.6 billion at fair value ($2.5 billion at amortized cost) in municipal bonds at September 30, 2016, of which $779.4 million are insured. The underlying ratings for insured municipal bonds have been factored into the average rating of the securities by the rating agencies with no significant disparity between the absolute bond ratings and the underlying credit ratings as of September 30, 2016.
57.4% of the insured municipal securities, most of which are investment grade, are insured by bond insurers that provide credit enhancement in addition to the ratings reflected by the financial strength of the underlying issuers. At September 30, 2016, the average rating of the Company’s insured investment grade municipal securities was A+. The remaining 42.6% of insured municipal securities have bond insurers that have credit ratings below or equal to the financial strength of the underlying issuers, therefore the Company believes the insurance does not provide a credit enhancement.
The Company considers the strength of the underlying credit as a buffer against potential market value declines which may result from future rating downgrades of the bond insurers. In addition, the Company has a long-term time horizon for its municipal bond holdings which generally allows it to recover the full principal amounts upon maturity and avoid forced sales prior to maturity of bonds that have declined in market value due to the bond insurers’ rating downgrades. Based on the uncertainty surrounding the financial condition of these insurers, it is possible that there will be additional downgrades to below investment grade ratings by the rating agencies in the future, and such downgrades could impact the estimated fair value of municipal bonds.
Mortgage-Backed Securities
At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, the mortgage-backed securities portfolio of $41.1 million and $49.8 million at fair value ($41.5 million and $49.6 million at amortized cost) was categorized as loans to "prime" residential and commercial real estate borrowers except for $4.7 million and $5.4 million at fair value ($4.7 million and $5.3 million at amortized cost) of Alt-A mortgages. Alt-A mortgage-backed securities are at fixed or variable rates and include certain securities that are collateralized by residential mortgage loans issued to borrowers with credit profiles stronger than those of sub-prime borrowers, but do not qualify for prime financing terms due to high loan-to-value ratios or limited supporting documentation. The Company had holdings of $30.7 million and $37.3 million at fair value ($31.4 million and $37.6 million at amortized cost) in commercial mortgage-backed securities at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
The weighted-average ratings of the Company’s Alt-A mortgage-backed securities at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were B- and B, respectively. The weighted-average rating of the entire mortgage-backed securities portfolio was BBB+ and A- at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
Corporate Securities
Included in fixed maturity securities are corporate securities as follows:

| September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Corporate securities at fair value | $ | 211,592 |  |  | $ | 243,372 |
Duration | 2.4 years |  |  | 2.8 years |
Weighted-average rating | BBB |  |  | BBB |

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Collateralized Loan Obligations
Included in fixed maturity securities are collateralized loan obligations as follows:

| September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Collateralized loan obligations at fair value | $ | 82,521 |  |  | $ | 50,548 |
Percentage of total investment portfolio | 2.3 | % |  | 1.5 | %
Duration | 4.6 years |  |  | 5.7 years |
Weighted-average rating | A |  |  | A |

Equity Securities
Equity holdings of $374.5 million consist of non-redeemable preferred stocks, common stocks on which dividend income is partially tax-sheltered by the 70% corporate dividend received deduction, and private equity funds. The net gains due to changes in fair value of the Company’s equity securities portfolio during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 were $13.4 million. The primary cause of the increase in the value of the Company’s equity securities was the strong performance of the utilities sector during the nine months ended September 30, 2016.
The Company’s common stock allocation is intended to enhance the return of and provide diversification for the total portfolio. At September 30, 2016, 10.5% of the total investment portfolio at fair value was held in equity securities, compared to 9.3% at December 31, 2015.
D. Debt
Notes payable consists of the following:

| Lender | Interest Rate | Expiration |  | September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  |  |  |  | (Amounts in thousands)
Secured credit facility | Bank of America | LIBOR plus 40 basis points | December 3, 2017 |  | $ | 120,000 |  |  | $ | 120,000 |
Secured loan (1) | Union Bank | LIBOR plus 40 basis points | December 3, 2017 |  | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |
$250 million unsecured credit facility | Bank of America and Union Bank | (2) | December 3, 2019 |  | 150,000 |  |  | 150,000 |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 290,000 |  |  | $ | 290,000 |

_____________
(1) On February 23, 2016, the loan agreement was amended to modify the borrower statutory surplus requirement to be an amount equal to or greater than the sum of (a) $750 million plus (b) 25% of positive consolidated statutory net income earned in each calendar year commencing with 2014.
(2) On July 2, 2013, the Company entered into an unsecured $200 million five-year revolving credit facility. The interest rate on borrowings under the credit facility is based on the Company’s debt to total capital ratio and ranges from LIBOR plus 112.5 basis points when the ratio is under 15% to LIBOR plus 162.5 basis points when the ratio is above 25%. Commitment fees for the undrawn portions of the credit facility range from 12.5 basis points when the ratio is under 15% to 22.5 basis points when the ratio is above 25%. Debt to capital ratio is expressed as a percentage of (a) consolidated debt to (b) consolidated shareholders' equity plus consolidated debt. Effective December 3, 2014, the credit facility agreement was amended to extend the maturity date from June 30, 2018 to December 3, 2019, and to expand the borrowing capacity from $200 million to $250 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the interest rate was LIBOR plus 112.5 basis points on the $150 million of borrowings and 12.5 basis points on the $100 million undrawn portion of the credit facility.
The bank loan and credit facilities contain financial covenants pertaining to minimum statutory surplus, debt to capital ratio, and risk based capital ratio. The Company was in compliance with all of its loan covenants at September 30, 2016.
E. Regulatory Capital Requirements
Among other considerations, industry and regulatory guidelines suggest that the ratio of a property and casualty insurer’s annual net premiums written to statutory policyholders’ surplus should not exceed 3.0 to 1. Based on the combined surplus of all the Insurance Companies of $1.44 billion at September 30, 2016, and net premiums written of $3.13 billion for the twelve months ended on that date, the ratio of net premiums written to surplus was 2.17 to 1 at September 30, 2016.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks
The Company is subject to various market risk exposures primarily due to its investing and borrowing activities. Primary market risk exposures are changes in interest rates, equity prices, and credit risk. Adverse changes to these rates and prices may occur due to changes in the liquidity of a market, or to changes in market perceptions of creditworthiness and risk tolerance. The following disclosure reflects estimates of future performance and economic conditions. Actual results may differ.
Overview
The Company’s investment policies define the overall framework for managing market and investment risks, including accountability and controls over risk management activities, and specify the investment limits and strategies that are appropriate given the liquidity, surplus, product profile, and regulatory requirements of the subsidiaries. Executive oversight of investment activities is conducted primarily through the Company’s investment committee. The Company’s investment committee focuses on strategies to enhance after-tax yields, mitigate market risks, and optimize capital to improve profitability and returns.
The Company manages exposures to market risk through the use of asset allocation, duration, and credit ratings. Asset allocation limits place restrictions on the total funds that may be invested within an asset class. Duration limits on the fixed maturities portfolio place restrictions on the amount of interest rate risk that may be taken. Comprehensive day-to-day management of market risk within defined tolerance ranges occurs as portfolio managers buy and sell within their respective markets based upon the acceptable boundaries established by investment policies.
Credit risk
Credit risk results from uncertainty in a counterparty’s ability to meet its obligations. Credit risk is managed by maintaining a high credit quality fixed maturities portfolio. As of September 30, 2016, the estimated weighted-average credit quality rating of the fixed maturities portfolio was A+, at fair value, consistent with the average rating at December 31, 2015.
The following table presents municipal bond holdings by state in descending order of holdings at fair value at September 30, 2016:

States | Fair Value |  | Average Rating
| (Amounts in thousands) |  |
Texas | $ | 440,802 |  |  | AA-
California (a) | 269,036 |  |  | A+
Florida | 228,318 |  |  | A+
Illinois | 149,755 |  |  | A+
Ohio | 124,859 |  |  | A+
Other states (a) | 1,373,441 |  |  | A+
Total | $ | 2,586,211 |  |  |

_____________
(a) Includes state municipal bond holdings classified as short-term investments.
The portfolio is broadly diversified among the states and the largest holdings are in populous states such as Texas and California. These holdings are further diversified primarily among cities, counties, schools, public works, hospitals, and state general obligations. The Company seeks to minimize overall credit risk and ensure diversification by limiting exposure to any particular issuer.
Taxable fixed maturity securities represented 13.4% of the Company’s total fixed maturity securities portfolio at September 30, 2016. 4.1% of the Company’s taxable fixed maturity securities were comprised of U.S. government bonds and agencies and mortgage-backed securities (Agencies), which were rated AAA at September 30, 2016. 11.9% of the Company’s taxable fixed maturity securities, representing 1.6% of its total fixed maturity securities portfolio, were rated below investment grade. Below investment grade issues are considered "watch list" items by the Company, and their status is evaluated within the context of the Company’s overall portfolio and its investment policy on an aggregate risk management basis, as well as their ability to recover their investment on an individual issue basis.
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Equity price risk
Equity price risk is the risk that the Company will incur losses due to adverse changes in the equity markets.
At September 30, 2016, the Company’s primary objective for common equity investments was current income. The fair value of the equity investments consisted of $331.8 million in common stocks, $33.1 million in non-redeemable preferred stocks, and $9.5 million in private equity funds. Common stock equity assets are typically valued for future economic prospects as perceived by the market.
Common stocks represented 9.3% of total investments at fair value at September 30, 2016. Beta is a measure of a security’s systematic (non-diversifiable) risk, which is measured by the percentage change in an individual security’s return for a 1% change in the return of the market.
Based on hypothetical reductions in the overall value of the stock market, the following table illustrates estimated reductions in the overall value of the Company’s common stock portfolio at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

|  | September 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | (Amounts in thousands, except average Beta)
Average Beta |  | 0.80 |  |  | 0.89 |
Hypothetical reduction in the overall value of the stock market of 25% |  | $ | 66,368 |  |  | $ | 62,359 |
Hypothetical reduction in the overall value of the stock market of 50% |  | $ | 132,737 |  |  | $ | 124,717 |

Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that the Company will incur a loss due to adverse changes in interest rates relative to the interest rate characteristics of interest bearing assets and liabilities. The Company faces interest rate risk, as it invests substantial funds in interest sensitive assets and issues interest sensitive liabilities. Interest rate risk includes risks related to changes in U.S. Treasury yields and other key benchmarks, as well as changes in interest rates resulting from widening credit spreads and credit exposure to collateralized securities.
The fair value of the fixed maturity securities portfolio at September 30, 2016, which represented 83.6% of total investments at fair value, is subject to interest rate risk. The change in market interest rates is inversely related to the change in the fair value of the fixed maturity securities portfolio. A common measure of the interest sensitivity of fixed maturity securities is modified duration, a calculation that utilizes maturity, coupon rate, yield and call terms to calculate an average age of the expected cash flows generated by such assets. The longer the duration, the more sensitive the asset is to market interest rate fluctuations.
The Company has historically invested in fixed maturity securities investments with a goal of maximizing after-tax yields and holding assets to the maturity or call date. Since assets with longer maturities tend to produce higher current yields, the Company’s historical investment philosophy resulted in a portfolio with a moderate duration. Bond investments made by the Company typically have call options attached, which further reduce the duration of the asset as interest rates decline. The modified durations of the overall bond portfolio, excluding short-term instruments, reflecting anticipated early calls were 3.5 years and 3.2 years at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
Given a hypothetical increase of 100 or 200 basis points in interest rates, the Company estimates that the fair value of its bond portfolio at September 30, 2016 would decrease by $105.6 million or $211.1 million, respectively. Conversely, if interest rates were to decrease, the fair value of the Company’s bond portfolio would rise, and it may cause a higher number of the Company's bonds to be called away. The proceeds from the called bonds would likely be reinvested at lower yields which would result in lower overall investment income for the Company.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance
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of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
As required by Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 13a-15(b), the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the quarter covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on the foregoing, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s process for evaluating controls and procedures is continuous and encompasses constant improvement of the design and effectiveness of established controls and procedures and the remediation of any deficiencies which may be identified during this process.
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The Company is, from time to time, named as a defendant in various lawsuits or regulatory actions incidental to its insurance business. The majority of lawsuits brought against the Company relate to insurance claims that arise in the normal course of business and are reserved for through the reserving process. For a discussion of the Company’s reserving methods, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.
The Company also establishes reserves for non-insurance claims related lawsuits, regulatory actions, and other contingencies when the Company believes a loss is probable and is able to estimate its potential exposure. For loss contingencies believed to be reasonably possible, the Company also discloses the nature of the loss contingency and an estimate of the possible loss, range of loss, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. While actual losses may differ from the amounts recorded and the ultimate outcome of the Company’s pending actions is generally not yet determinable, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of currently pending legal or regulatory proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
In all cases, the Company vigorously defends itself unless a reasonable settlement appears appropriate. For a discussion of legal matters, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. See also "Overview-C. Regulatory and Legal Matters" in Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
There are no environmental proceedings arising under federal, state, or local laws or regulations to be discussed.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition are subject to various risks. These risks are described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in the Company’s other filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. Except as noted below, the risk factors identified in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, have not changed in any material respect.
If the Company cannot maintain its A.M. Best ratings, it may not be able to maintain premium volume in its insurance operations sufficient to attain the Company's financial performance goals.
The Company’s ability to retain its existing business or to attract new business in its Insurance Companies is affected by its rating by A.M. Best Company. A.M. Best Company currently rates all of the Insurance Companies with sufficient operating history to be rated as either A+ (Superior) or A- (Excellent). On June 15, 2016, A.M. Best affirmed all of the Company’s ratings and revised the ratings outlook for the A+ rated entities from Stable to Negative, signaling the possibility for a ratings downgrade in the future. The Company believes that any downgrade would be within the A rating range, which is considered Excellent, and would not have a significant impact on the Company's business. The Company is also working to remove the Negative outlook back to Stable in the next ratings cycle, which is expected to occur in 2017. The Company believes that if it is unable to maintain its A.M. Best ratings within the A ratings range, it may face greater challenges to grow its premium volume sufficiently to attain its financial performance goals, and the result may adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of
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operations. Two of the smaller Insurance Companies, California General Underwriters Insurance Company, Inc. and Workmen's Auto Insurance Company, are not rated by A.M. Best Company and the rating is not critical to the type of business they produce.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
None.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
None.
Item 6. Exhibits

15.1 | Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
15.2 | Awareness Letter of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
31.1 | Certification of Registrant’s Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification of Registrant’s Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | Certification of Registrant’s Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This certification is being furnished solely to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company.
32.2 | Certification of Registrant’s Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This certification is being furnished solely to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION
Date: November 1, 2016 |  | By: | /s/ Gabriel Tirador
|  |  | Gabriel Tirador
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: November 1, 2016 |  | By: | /s/ Theodore R. Stalick
|  |  | Theodore R. Stalick
|  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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