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Income taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Provision for taxes on income | The provision for taxes on income for the years ended December 31 consists of the following:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Pretax income |  |  |  |  |
Domestic | $ | 363,518 |  |  | $ | (342,951) |  |  | $ | 54,397 |
Foreign | 207,764 |  |  | 181,969 |  |  | 201,195 |
Total pretax income | $ | 571,282 |  |  | $ | (160,982) |  |  | $ | 255,592 |
Current |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 55,016 |  |  | $ | 21,247 |  |  | $ | 10,868 |
State | 15,997 |  |  | 15,212 |  |  | 4,608 |
Foreign | 59,762 |  |  | 55,018 |  |  | 42,764 |
Total current | $ | 130,775 |  |  | $ | 91,477 |  |  | $ | 58,240 |
Deferred |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | (2,495) |  |  | $ | (120,243) |  |  | $ | 432 |
State | (5,441) |  |  | (39,709) |  |  | 512 |
Foreign | (4,330) |  |  | 1,045 |  |  | (6,154) |
Total deferred | $ | (12,266) |  |  | $ | (158,907) |  |  | $ | (5,210) |
Total taxes | $ | 118,509 |  |  | $ | (67,430) |  |  | $ | 53,030 |
Deferred tax liabilities/(assets) | Deferred tax (liabilities)/assets are comprised of the following at December 31:
| 2022 |  | 2021
Property, plant and equipment | $ | (104,162) |  |  | $ | (97,806) |
Intangibles | (104,171) |  |  | (96,057) |
Leases | (89,226) |  |  | (75,587) |
Outside basis in Metal Packaging | (74,092) |  |  | — |
Gross deferred tax liabilities | $ | (371,651) |  |  | $ | (269,450) |
Retiree health benefits | $ | 1,222 |  |  | $ | 2,935 |
Foreign loss carryforwards | 79,460 |  |  | 76,462 |
U.S. Federal loss and credit carryforwards | 36,529 |  |  | 34,700 |
Capital loss carryforwards | 3,626 |  |  | 4,050 |
U.S. State loss and credit carryforwards | 20,961 |  |  | 21,900 |
Capitalized research and development costs | 45,826 |  |  | 22,875 |
Employee benefits | 42,641 |  |  | 46,503 |
Leases | 89,416 |  |  | 78,518 |
Accrued liabilities and other assets | 56,601 |  |  | 30,835 |
Gross deferred tax assets | $ | 376,282 |  |  | $ | 318,778 |
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets | $ | (82,046) |  |  | $ | (93,992) |
Total deferred taxes, net | $ | (77,415) |  |  | $ | (44,664) |
Reconciliation of U.S. federal statutory tax rate to actual consolidated tax expense | A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the actual provision for/(benefit from) income taxes is as follows:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Statutory tax rate | $ | 119,945 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | (33,806) |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 53,674 |  |  | 21.0 | %
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit | 13,149 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | (15,863) |  |  | 9.9 | % |  | 4,859 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Valuation allowance | (10,477) |  |  | (1.8) | % |  | (33,576) |  |  | 20.9 | % |  | 1,589 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Tax examinations including change in reserve for uncertain tax positions | 567 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 5,665 |  |  | (3.5) | % |  | 5,546 |  |  | 2.2 | %
Adjustments to prior year deferred taxes | (2,110) |  |  | (0.4) | % |  | 1,239 |  |  | (0.8) | % |  | (265) |  |  | (0.1) | %
Foreign earnings taxed at other than U.S. rates | 12,334 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 9,659 |  |  | (6.0) | % |  | 3,275 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Divestiture of business | — |  |  | — | % |  | (808) |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | (15,356) |  |  | (6.0) | %
Effect of tax rate changes | (2,151) |  |  | (0.4) | % |  | 275 |  |  | (0.2) | % |  | (523) |  |  | (0.2) | %
Foreign withholding taxes | 4,670 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 8,107 |  |  | (5.0) | % |  | 2,157 |  |  | 0.8 | %
Tax credits | (14,077) |  |  | (2.5) | % |  | (21,936) |  |  | 13.6 | % |  | (13,529) |  |  | (5.3) | %
Global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) | 2,851 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 11,323 |  |  | (7.0) | % |  | 15,795 |  |  | 6.2 | %
Foreign-derived intangible income | (657) |  |  | (0.1) | % |  | (202) |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | (1,238) |  |  | (0.5) | %
Foreign currency gain/(loss) on distributions of previously taxed income | (1,280) |  |  | (0.2) | % |  | 3,365 |  |  | (2.1) | % |  | (344) |  |  | (0.1) | %
Other, net | (4,255) |  |  | (0.7) | % |  | (872) |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | (2,610) |  |  | (1.0) | %
Provision for/(Benefit from) income taxes | $ | 118,509 |  |  | 20.7 | % |  | $ | (67,430) |  |  | 41.9 | % |  | $ | 53,030 |  |  | 20.8 | %
Reconciliation of gross amounts of unrecognized tax benefits | The following table sets forth the reconciliation of the gross amounts of unrecognized tax benefits at the beginning and ending of the periods indicated:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Gross Unrecognized Tax Benefits at January 1 | $ | 18,142 |  |  | $ | 11,230 |  |  | $ | 12,200 |
Increases in prior years’ unrecognized tax benefits | 223 |  |  | 12,283 |  |  | 91 |
Decreases in prior years’ unrecognized tax benefits | (144) |  |  | (275) |  |  | (464) |
Increases in current year's unrecognized tax benefits | 1,807 |  |  | 1,088 |  |  | 1,569 |
Decreases in unrecognized tax benefits from the lapse of statutes of limitations | (1,174) |  |  | (6,170) |  |  | (1,866) |
Settlements | (233) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (300) |
Gross Unrecognized Tax Benefits at December 31 | $ | 18,621 |  |  | $ | 18,142 |  |  | $ | 11,230 |

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