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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Unrecognized Tax Benefits A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits follows:
Year ended December 31,
20242023
Gross balance - beginning of year$17,084 16,835 
Additions based on tax positions of prior years2,081 819 
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year2,397 2,242 
Settlements with taxing authorities— (247)
Reductions for tax positions of prior years(885)(460)
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statutes of limitations(2,495)(2,105)
Gross balance - end of year$18,182 17,084 
Provision for Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
The provision for income taxes consists of the following components:
Year ended December 31,
202420232022
Current:
Federal$66,295 65,952 67,649 
State7,849 5,732 10,984 
Foreign146 32 (49)
Total current provision74,290 71,716 78,584 
Deferred:
Federal(18,716)(42,073)32,298 
State(2,786)(10,270)2,198 
Foreign(119)12 20 
Total deferred provision(21,621)(52,331)34,516 
Provision for income tax expense$52,669 19,385 113,100 
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation
The differences between the income tax provision computed at the statutory federal corporate tax rate and the financial statement provision for income taxes are shown below:
Year ended December 31,
202420232022
Tax expense at federal rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
State tax, net of federal income tax benefit2.1 (0.6)2.8 
Tax credits(1.8)(4.1)(0.6)
Change in valuation allowance0.1 0.4 (0.5)
Other0.9 1.1 (0.9)
Effective tax rate22.3 %17.8 %21.8 %
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The tax effect of temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities include the following:
As of December 31,
20242023
Deferred tax assets:
Tax credit carryforwards$30,252 12,190 
Student loans20,354 16,489 
Deferred revenue18,322 17,399 
Accrued expenses15,129 9,623 
Stock compensation6,541 6,584 
Intangible assets4,778 987 
Net operating losses4,556 4,563 
Lease liability2,685 2,929 
Other428 — 
Total gross deferred tax assets103,045 70,764 
Less state tax valuation allowance(703)(562)
Net deferred tax assets102,342 70,202 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Partnership basis71,509 71,423 
Debt and equity investments12,015 4,711 
Basis in certain derivative contracts11,614 26,139 
Depreciation6,229 9,526 
Prepaid expenses5,615 — 
Lease right of use asset2,573 2,770 
Loan origination services2,026 2,635 
Securitization170 267 
Other— 3,784 
Total gross deferred tax liabilities111,751 121,255 
Net deferred tax asset (liability)$(9,409)(51,053)