The carrying value of the Company’s equity method investments was $38.4 million as of June 30, 2020 and $40.0 million as of December 31, 2019, and is included in “Investments” in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

The Company recognized gains of $1.1 million and $0.7 million related to its equity method investments for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company recognized gains of $2.1 million and $1.5 million related to its equity method investments for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company’s share of the net gains or losses is reflected in “Gains (losses) on equity method investments” in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three months ended June 30, 2020, the Company did not recognize any impairment charges relating to existing equity method investments. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $2.5 million relating to existing equity method investments. The impairment was recorded in “Other income (loss)” in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company did not recognize any impairment charges relating to existing equity method investments.

See Note 14—“Related Party Transactions,” for information regarding related party transactions with unconsolidated entities included in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company has acquired investments for which it did not have the ability to exert significant influence over operating and financial policies of the investees. These investments are accounted for using the measurement alternative in accordance with the guidance on recognition and measurement. The carrying value of these investments was $0.4 million as of both June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, and they are included in “Investments” in the Company’s unaudited condensed statements of financial condition. The Company did not recognize any gains, losses, or impairments relating to investments carried under the measurement alternative for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.

In addition, the Company owns membership shares, which are included in “Other assets” in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of financial condition as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. These equity investments are accounted for using the measurement alternative in accordance with the guidance on recognition and measurement. The Company recognized $5.9 thousand of unrealized losses and $20.4 million of unrealized gains to reflect observable transactions for these shares during the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company recognized $46.2 thousand of unrealized losses and $20.6 million unrealized gains to reflect observable transactions for these shares during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The unrealized gains (losses) are reflected in “Other income (loss)” in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Certain of the Company’s equity method investments are considered VIEs, as defined under the accounting guidance for consolidation. The Company is not considered the primary beneficiary of and therefore does not consolidate these VIEs. The Company’s involvement with such entities is in the form of direct equity interests and related agreements. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to the VIEs is its investment in such entities, as well as a credit facility and a subordinated loan.

The following table sets forth the Company’s investment in its unconsolidated VIEs and the maximum exposure to loss with respect to such entities (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
			Maximum				Maximum
			Exposure to				Exposure to
	Investment		Loss		Investment		Loss
Variable interest entities¹	$	2,021	$	3,001	$	4,699	$	5,679

The Company is invested in a limited liability company that is focused on developing a proprietary trading technology. The limited liability company is a VIE, and it was determined that the Company is the primary beneficiary of this VIE because the Company was the provider of the majority of this VIE’s start-up capital and has the power to direct the activities of this VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, primarily through its voting percentage and consent rights on the activities that would most significantly influence the entity. The consolidated VIE had total assets of $6.7 million and $7.4 million as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, which primarily consisted of clearing margin. There were no material restrictions on the consolidated VIE’s assets. The consolidated VIE had total liabilities of $2.6 million and $2.1 million as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The Company’s exposure to economic loss on this VIE was $1.1 million and $2.8 million as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.