Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Principles of Consolidation	The accounting policies of TDS conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) as set forth in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC). Unless otherwise specified, references to accounting provisions and GAAP in these notes refer to the requirements of the FASB ASC. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of TDS and subsidiaries in which it has a controlling financial interest, including UScellular and TDS Telecom. In addition, the consolidated financial statements include certain entities in which TDS has a variable interest that requires consolidation into the TDS financial statements under GAAP. See Note 16 — Variable Interest Entities for additional information relating to TDS’ VIEs. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain numbers included herein are rounded to millions for ease of presentation; however, certain calculated amounts and percentages are determined using the unrounded numbers.
Use of Estimates	The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect (a) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and (b) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash	Cash and cash equivalents include cash and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash and cash equivalents subject to contractual restrictions are classified as restricted cash. Restricted cash primarily consists of balances required under the receivables securitization agreement.
Accounts Receivable	UScellular’s accounts receivable consist primarily of amounts owed by customers for wireless services and equipment sales, including sales of certain devices and accessories under installment plans, by agents and third-party distributors for sales of equipment to them and by other wireless carriers whose customers have used UScellular’s wireless systems. TDS Telecom’s accounts receivable primarily consist of amounts owed by customers for services and products provided, by state and federal governments for grants and support funds, and by interexchange carriers for long-distance and data traffic, which TDS Telecom carries on its network.
Allowance for Credit Losses	TDS estimates expected credit losses related to accounts receivable balances based on a review of available and relevant information including current economic conditions, projected economic conditions, historical loss experience, account aging, and other factors that could affect collectability. Expected credit losses are determined for each pool of accounts receivable balances that share similar risk characteristics. The allowance for credit losses is the best estimate of the amount of expected credit losses related to existing accounts receivable. TDS does not have any off-balance sheet credit exposure related to its customers.
Inventory	Inventory consists primarily of wireless devices stated at the lower of cost, which approximates cost determined on a first-in first-out basis, or net realizable value. Net realizable value is determined by reference to the stand-alone selling price.
Cloud-Hosted Arrangements	TDS' cloud-hosted arrangements that are service contracts consist primarily of software used to perform administrative functions.These costs are amortized over the period of the service contract, which is generally three to five years.
Licenses	Licenses consist of direct and incremental costs incurred in acquiring Federal Communications Commission (FCC) wireless spectrum licenses that generally provide UScellular with the exclusive right to utilize designated radio spectrum within specific geographic service areas to provide wireless service. Although wireless spectrum licenses are issued for a fixed period of time, generally ten years, or in some cases twelve or fifteen years, the FCC has granted license renewals routinely and at a nominal cost. The wireless spectrum licenses held by UScellular expire at various dates. UScellular believes that it is probable that its future wireless spectrum license renewal applications will be granted. UScellular applies a consistent treatment to its wireless spectrum licenses with FCC build-out requirements that have not yet been satisfied as UScellular believes it is reasonable to assume that such requirements will be met by the FCC imposed deadlines. UScellular determined that there are currently no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic or other factors that limit the useful lives of the wireless spectrum licenses. Therefore, UScellular has determined that wireless spectrum licenses are indefinite-lived intangible assets. UScellular performs its annual impairment assessment of wireless spectrum licenses as of November 1 of each year or more frequently if there are events or circumstances that cause UScellular to believe it is more likely than not that the carrying value of wireless spectrum licenses exceeds fair value. For purposes of its impairment test, UScellular had twelve units of accounting in 2024 and one unit of accounting in 2023. UScellular performed a quantitative impairment assessment in the third quarter of 2024 and a qualitative impairment assessment as of its annual testing date of November 1, 2024 to determine whether the wireless spectrum licenses were impaired. Based on the impairment assessment performed during the third quarter of 2024, an impairment of wireless spectrum licenses was recorded. There was no further quantitative assessment or impairment indicated in the fourth quarter of 2024. See Note 8 — Intangible Assets for additional details related to the wireless spectrum license impairment. In 2023, UScellular performed a quantitative assessment and concluded that there was no impairment of wireless spectrum licenses.
Other Intangible Assets	TDS Telecom has definite-lived franchise rights as a result of past acquisitions of cable businesses. Franchise rights are intangible assets that provide their holder with the right to operate a business in a certain geographical location as sanctioned by the franchiser, usually a government agency. Franchise rights are generally granted for ten years and may be renewed for additional terms upon approval by the granting authority. TDS anticipates that future renewals of its franchise rights will be granted. TDS reviews franchise rights for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. TDS re-evaluates the useful life used for amortization of franchise rights each year or whenever events or circumstances warrant to determine if changes in technology or other business changes which may require a revision of its remaining useful life. During 2024, TDS changed its estimated useful life for franchise rights from 15 years to 12 years. Franchise rights are included in Other intangible assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. TDS Telecom has definite-lived internet protocol addresses, which are required for customers to connect to the internet. TDS re-evaluates the useful life used for amortization of internet protocol addresses each year or whenever events or circumstances warrant to determine if changes in technology would warrant a revision of its useful life. Internet protocol addresses are included in Other intangible assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Investments in Unconsolidated Entities	For its equity method investments for which financial information is readily available, TDS records its equity in the earnings of the entity in the current period. For its equity method investments for which financial information is not readily available, TDS records its equity in the earnings of the entity on a one quarter lag basis.
Property, Plant and Equipment	Property, plant and equipment is stated at the original cost of construction or purchase including capitalized costs of certain taxes, payroll-related expenses, interest and estimated costs to remove the assets. Expenditures that enhance the productive capacity of assets in service or extend their useful lives are capitalized and depreciated. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs of assets in service are charged to Cost of services or Selling, general and administrative expense, as applicable. Retirements and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the original cost of the asset (along with the related accumulated depreciation) from plant in service and recording it, together with proceeds, if any, and net removal costs (removal costs less an applicable accrued asset retirement obligation and salvage value realized), as a gain or loss, as appropriate. Certain TDS Telecom segment assets use the group depreciation method. Accordingly, when a group method asset is retired in the ordinary course of business, the original cost of the asset and accumulated depreciation in the same amount are removed, with no gain or loss recognized on the disposition. Software licenses that qualify for capitalization as an asset are accounted for as the acquisition of an asset and the incurrence of a liability to the extent that the license fees are not fully paid at acquisition.
Depreciation and Amortization	Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related asset, except for certain TDS Telecom segment assets, which use the group depreciation method. The group depreciation method develops a depreciation rate based on the average useful life of a specific group of assets, rather than each asset individually. TDS depreciates leasehold improvement assets over periods ranging from one year to thirty years; such periods approximate the shorter of the assets’ economic lives or the specific lease terms. Useful lives of specific assets are reviewed throughout the year to determine if changes in technology or other business changes would warrant accelerating the depreciation of those specific assets. There were no material changes to the assigned useful lives of the various categories of property, plant and equipment in 2024, 2023 or 2022.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets	TDS reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. Due to its plan to divest of its wireless operations, UScellular expects to generate cash flows from the wireless operations separately from the retained business and during 2024, bifurcated the historical single asset group into two asset groups – wireless and towers. See Note 7 — Divestitures for additional information. It is possible that any outcomes of the strategic alternatives review could change the composition of UScellular's long-lived assets, how UScellular may derive cash flows from these assets and may result in uncertainty related to asset recoverability. This may impact UScellular's asset groups for purposes of assessing property, plant and equipment for impairment and may require an impairment assessment to be performed which may result in the need to write down certain long-lived assets in the near term. TDS Telecom has one asset group based on the integrated nature of its network, assets and operations.
Agent Liabilities	UScellular has relationships with agents, which are independent businesses that obtain customers for UScellular. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, UScellular had accrued $44 million and $50 million, respectively, in agent related liabilities. These amounts are included in Other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Debt Issuance Costs	Debt issuance costs include underwriters’ and legal fees and other charges related to issuing and renewing various borrowing instruments and other long-term agreements and are amortized over the respective term of each instrument. Debt issuance costs related to TDS’ and UScellular's revolving credit agreements and UScellular's receivables securitization agreement are recorded in Other assets and deferred charges in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. All other debt issuance costs are presented as an offset to the related debt obligation in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Asset Retirement Obligations	TDS records asset retirement obligations for the fair value of legal obligations associated with asset retirements and a corresponding increase in the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset in the period in which the obligations are incurred. In periods subsequent to initial measurement, TDS recognizes changes in the liability resulting from the passage of time and updates to the timing or the amount of the original estimates. The liability is accreted to its estimated settlement date value over the period to the estimated settlement date. The change in the carrying amount of the long-lived asset is depreciated over the average remaining life of the related asset.
Treasury Shares	Common Shares repurchased by TDS are recorded at cost as treasury shares and result in a reduction of equity. When treasury shares are reissued, TDS determines the cost using the first-in, first-out cost method. The difference between the cost of the treasury shares and reissuance price is included in Capital in excess of par value or Retained earnings.
Revenue Recognition	Revenues from sales of equipment and products are recognized when control has transferred to the customer, agent or third-party distributor. Service revenues are recognized as the related service is provided. As a practical expedient, TDS groups similar contracts or similar performance obligations together into portfolios of contracts or performance obligations if doing so does not result in a significant difference from accounting for the individual contracts discretely. TDS applies this grouping method for the following types of transactions: device activation fees, contract acquisition costs, contract fulfillment costs, and certain customer promotions. Contract portfolios are recognized over the respective expected customer lives or terms of the contracts. Services are deemed to be highly interrelated when the method and timing of transfer and performance risk are the same. Highly interrelated services that are determined to not be distinct have been grouped into a single performance obligation. Each month of services promised is a performance obligation. The series of monthly service performance obligations promised over the course of the contract are combined into a single performance obligation for purposes of the revenue allocation. TDS has made judgments regarding transaction price, including but not limited to issues relating to variable consideration, time value of money, returns and non-cash consideration. When determined to be significant in the context of the contract, these items are considered in the valuation of transaction price at contract inception or modification, as appropriate. UScellular and TDS Telecom each sell bundled service and equipment offerings. In these instances, TDS recognizes its revenue based on the relative standalone selling prices for each distinct service or equipment performance obligation, or bundles thereof. TDS estimates the standalone selling price of the device or accessory to be its retail price excluding discounts. TDS estimates the standalone selling price of service to be the price offered to customers on month-to-month contracts. Discounts, incentives, and rebates to agents and end customers that are deemed cash are recognized as a reduction of Operating revenues concurrently with the associated revenue. From time to time, UScellular may offer certain promotions to incentivize customers to switch to, or to purchase additional services from, UScellular. Under these types of promotions, an eligible customer may receive an incentive in the form of a discount off additional services purchased shown as a credit to the customer’s monthly bill. UScellular accounts for the future discounts as material rights at the time of the initial transaction by allocating and deferring revenue based on the relative proportion of the future discounts in comparison to the aggregate initial purchase. The deferred revenue is recognized as service revenue in future periods. TDS records amounts collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis within a liability account if the amount is assessed upon the customer and TDS merely acts as an agent in collecting the amount on behalf of the imposing governmental authority. If the amount is assessed upon TDS, then amounts collected from customers are recorded in Service revenues and amounts remitted to governmental authorities are recorded in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. For contracts that involve multiple element service and equipment offerings, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. When consideration is received in advance of delivery of goods or services, a contract liability is recorded. A contract asset is recorded when revenue is recognized in advance of TDS’ right to receive consideration. Once there is an unconditional right to receive the consideration, TDS records such amounts as receivables, and then bills the customer under the terms of the respective contract. TDS recognizes Equipment and product sales revenue when the equipment is delivered to the customer and a corresponding contract asset or liability is recorded for the difference between the amount of revenue recognized and the amount billed to the customer in cases where discounts are offered. The contract asset or liability is reduced over the contract term as service is provided and billed to the customer. As practical expedients, revenue related to contracts of less than one year, generally month-to-month contracts, and contracts with a fixed per-unit price and variable quantity, are excluded from these estimates. A significant portion of TDS Telecom's residential revenue is derived from customers who may generally cancel their subscriptions at any time without penalty. For these contracts, the amount of revenue related to unsatisfied performance obligations is not necessarily indicative of the future revenue to be recognized from TDS Telecom's existing customer base and therefore is excluded from these estimates. TDS expects that commission fees paid as a result of obtaining contracts are recoverable, and therefore TDS defers and amortizes these costs. As a practical expedient, costs with an amortization period of one year or less are expensed as incurred.Deferred commission fees and fulfillment costs are amortized based on the timing of transfer of the goods or services to which the assets relate, typically the contract term.
Advertising Costs	TDS expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising costs totaled $207 million, $208 million and $196 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Income Taxes	TDS files a consolidated federal income tax return. Deferred taxes are computed using the liability method, whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for future deductible temporary differences and operating loss carryforwards, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for future taxable temporary differences. Both deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates in effect when the temporary differences are expected to reverse. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. TDS evaluates income tax uncertainties, assesses the probability of the ultimate settlement with the applicable taxing authority and records an amount based on that assessment. Deferred taxes are reported as a net non-current asset or liability by jurisdiction. Any corresponding valuation allowance to reduce the amount of deferred tax assets is also recorded as non-current.
Stock-Based Compensation and Other Plans	TDS has established long-term incentive plans, dividend reinvestment plans, and a non-employee director compensation plan. The dividend reinvestment plan of TDS is not considered a compensatory plan, and therefore recognition of compensation costs for grants made under this plan is not required. All other plans are considered compensatory plans; therefore, recognition of costs for grants made under these plans is required. TDS recognizes stock compensation expense based upon the estimated fair value of the specific awards granted on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which generally represents the vesting period. Stock-based compensation cost recognized has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements	In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2024-03 Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). ASU 2024-03 requires more detailed information about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the Consolidated Statement of Operations. ASU 2024-03 is effective on a prospective or retrospective basis for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. TDS is evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its financial statement disclosures.
Lessee Agreements	TDS’ most significant leases are for land and tower spaces, network facilities, retail spaces, and offices, substantially all of which are classified as operating leases. Many of TDS' leases include renewal and early termination options. Lease terms include options to extend or terminate when it is reasonably certain that TDS will exercise the option. TDS has recognized a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability that represents the present value of TDS’ obligation to make payments over the lease term. The present value of the lease payments is calculated using an incremental borrowing rate, which was determined using a portfolio approach based on TDS' unsecured rates, adjusted to approximate the rates at which TDS would be required to borrow on a collateralized basis over a term similar to the recognized lease term. Lease and nonlease components are accounted for separately and the cost of nonlease components (e.g., utilities and common area maintenance) are typically expensed as incurred at their relative standalone price. TDS recognizes variable lease expense related to lease payments that were not originally included in the lease liability calculation, which primarily relate to lease payment escalations that are tied to an index, real estate taxes, and additional payments linked to performance.
Lessor Agreements	TDS’ most significant lessor leases are for tower space, all of which are classified as operating leases. Many of TDS’ leases include renewal and early termination options. Lease terms include options to extend or terminate when it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise the option. Lessor agreements with lease and nonlease components are generally accounted for separately. TDS recognizes variable lease income related to lease payments that were not originally included in the lease receivable calculation, which primarily relate to lease payment escalations that are tied to an index.
Variable Interest Entities	TDS consolidates VIEs in which it has a controlling financial interest as defined by GAAP, and is therefore deemed the primary beneficiary. TDS reviews the criteria for a controlling financial interest at the time it enters into agreements and subsequently when events warranting reconsideration occur. These VIEs have risks similar to those described in the “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-K.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

The accounting policies of TDS conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) as set forth in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC). Unless otherwise specified, references to accounting provisions and GAAP in these notes refer to the requirements of the FASB ASC. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of TDS and subsidiaries in which it has a controlling financial interest, including UScellular and TDS Telecom. In addition, the consolidated financial statements include certain entities in which TDS has a variable interest that requires consolidation into the TDS financial statements under GAAP. See Note 16 — Variable Interest Entities for additional information relating to TDS’ VIEs. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Certain numbers included herein are rounded to millions for ease of presentation; however, certain calculated amounts and percentages are determined using the unrounded numbers.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect (a) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and (b) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents include cash and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash and cash equivalents subject to contractual restrictions are classified as restricted cash. Restricted cash primarily consists of balances required under the receivables securitization agreement.

Accounts Receivable

UScellular’s accounts receivable consist primarily of amounts owed by customers for wireless services and equipment sales, including sales of certain devices and accessories under installment plans, by agents and third-party distributors for sales of equipment to them and by other wireless carriers whose customers have used UScellular’s wireless systems.

TDS Telecom’s accounts receivable primarily consist of amounts owed by customers for services and products provided, by state and federal governments for grants and support funds, and by interexchange carriers for long-distance and data traffic, which TDS Telecom carries on its network.

Allowance for Credit Losses

TDS estimates expected credit losses related to accounts receivable balances based on a review of available and relevant information including current economic conditions, projected economic conditions, historical loss experience, account aging, and other factors that could affect collectability. Expected credit losses are determined for each pool of accounts receivable balances that share similar risk characteristics. The allowance for credit losses is the best estimate of the amount of expected credit losses related to existing accounts receivable. TDS does not have any off-balance sheet credit exposure related to its customers.

Inventory

Inventory consists primarily of wireless devices stated at the lower of cost, which approximates cost determined on a first-in first-out basis, or net realizable value. Net realizable value is determined by reference to the stand-alone selling price.

Cloud-Hosted Arrangements

TDS' cloud-hosted arrangements that are service contracts consist primarily of software used to perform administrative functions.These costs are amortized over the period of the service contract, which is generally three to five years.

Licenses

Licenses consist of direct and incremental costs incurred in acquiring Federal Communications Commission (FCC) wireless spectrum licenses that generally provide UScellular with the exclusive right to utilize designated radio spectrum within specific geographic service areas to provide wireless service. Although wireless spectrum licenses are issued for a fixed period of time, generally ten years, or in some cases twelve or fifteen years, the FCC has granted license renewals routinely and at a nominal cost. The wireless spectrum licenses held by UScellular expire at various dates. UScellular believes that it is probable that its future wireless spectrum license renewal applications will be granted. UScellular applies a consistent treatment to its wireless spectrum licenses with FCC build-out requirements that have not yet been satisfied as UScellular believes it is reasonable to assume that such requirements will be met by the FCC imposed deadlines. UScellular determined that there are currently no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic or other factors that limit the useful lives of the wireless spectrum licenses. Therefore, UScellular has determined that wireless spectrum licenses are indefinite-lived intangible assets.

UScellular performs its annual impairment assessment of wireless spectrum licenses as of November 1 of each year or more frequently if there are events or circumstances that cause UScellular to believe it is more likely than not that the carrying value of wireless spectrum licenses exceeds fair value. For purposes of its impairment test, UScellular had twelve units of accounting in 2024 and one unit of accounting in 2023.

UScellular performed a quantitative impairment assessment in the third quarter of 2024 and a qualitative impairment assessment as of its annual testing date of November 1, 2024 to determine whether the wireless spectrum licenses were impaired. Based on the impairment assessment performed during the third quarter of 2024, an impairment of wireless spectrum licenses was recorded. There was no further quantitative assessment or impairment indicated in the fourth quarter of 2024. See Note 8 — Intangible Assets for additional details related to the wireless spectrum license impairment. In 2023, UScellular performed a quantitative assessment and concluded that there was no impairment of wireless spectrum licenses.

Other Intangible Assets

TDS Telecom has definite-lived franchise rights as a result of past acquisitions of cable businesses. Franchise rights are intangible assets that provide their holder with the right to operate a business in a certain geographical location as sanctioned by the franchiser, usually a government agency. Franchise rights are generally granted for ten years and may be renewed for additional terms upon approval by the granting authority. TDS anticipates that future renewals of its franchise rights will be granted. TDS reviews franchise rights for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. TDS re-evaluates the useful life used for amortization of franchise rights each year or whenever events or circumstances warrant to determine if changes in technology or other business changes which may require a revision of its remaining useful life. During 2024, TDS changed its estimated useful life for franchise rights from 15 years to 12 years. Franchise rights are included in Other intangible assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

TDS Telecom has definite-lived internet protocol addresses, which are required for customers to connect to the internet. TDS re-evaluates the useful life used for amortization of internet protocol addresses each year or whenever events or circumstances warrant to determine if changes in technology would warrant a revision of its useful life. Internet protocol addresses are included in Other intangible assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Investments in Unconsolidated Entities

For its equity method investments for which financial information is readily available, TDS records its equity in the earnings of the entity in the current period. For its equity method investments for which financial information is not readily available, TDS records its equity in the earnings of the entity on a one quarter lag basis.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment is stated at the original cost of construction or purchase including capitalized costs of certain taxes, payroll-related expenses, interest and estimated costs to remove the assets.

Expenditures that enhance the productive capacity of assets in service or extend their useful lives are capitalized and depreciated. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs of assets in service are charged to Cost of services or Selling, general and administrative expense, as applicable. Retirements and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the original cost of the asset (along with the related accumulated depreciation) from plant in service and recording it, together with proceeds, if any, and net removal costs (removal costs less an applicable accrued asset retirement obligation and salvage value realized), as a gain or loss, as appropriate. Certain TDS Telecom segment assets use the group depreciation method. Accordingly, when a group method asset is retired in the ordinary course of business, the original cost of the asset and accumulated depreciation in the same amount are removed, with no gain or loss recognized on the disposition.

Software licenses that qualify for capitalization as an asset are accounted for as the acquisition of an asset and the incurrence of a liability to the extent that the license fees are not fully paid at acquisition.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related asset, except for certain TDS Telecom segment assets, which use the group depreciation method. The group depreciation method develops a depreciation rate based on the average useful life of a specific group of assets, rather than each asset individually. TDS depreciates leasehold improvement assets over periods ranging from one year to thirty years; such periods approximate the shorter of the assets’ economic lives or the specific lease terms.

Useful lives of specific assets are reviewed throughout the year to determine if changes in technology or other business changes would warrant accelerating the depreciation of those specific assets. There were no material changes to the assigned useful lives of the various categories of property, plant and equipment in 2024, 2023 or 2022.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

TDS reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. Due to its plan to divest of its wireless operations, UScellular expects to generate cash flows from the wireless operations separately from the retained business and during 2024, bifurcated the historical single asset group into two asset groups – wireless and towers. See Note 7 — Divestitures for additional information. It is possible that any outcomes of the strategic alternatives review could change the composition of UScellular's long-lived assets, how UScellular may derive cash flows from these assets and may result in uncertainty related to asset recoverability. This may impact UScellular's asset groups for purposes of assessing property, plant and equipment for impairment and may require an impairment assessment to be performed which may result in the need to write down certain long-lived assets in the near term. TDS Telecom has one asset group based on the integrated nature of its network, assets and operations.

Agent Liabilities

UScellular has relationships with agents, which are independent businesses that obtain customers for UScellular. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, UScellular had accrued $44 million and $50 million, respectively, in agent related liabilities. These amounts are included in Other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs include underwriters’ and legal fees and other charges related to issuing and renewing various borrowing instruments and other long-term agreements and are amortized over the respective term of each instrument. Debt issuance costs related to TDS’ and UScellular's revolving credit agreements and UScellular's receivables securitization agreement are recorded in Other assets and deferred charges in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. All other debt issuance costs are presented as an offset to the related debt obligation in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Asset Retirement Obligations

TDS records asset retirement obligations for the fair value of legal obligations associated with asset retirements and a corresponding increase in the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset in the period in which the obligations are incurred. In periods subsequent to initial measurement, TDS recognizes changes in the liability resulting from the passage of time and updates to the timing or the amount of the original estimates. The liability is accreted to its estimated settlement date value over the period to the estimated settlement date. The change in the carrying amount of the long-lived asset is depreciated over the average remaining life of the related asset.

Treasury Shares

Common Shares repurchased by TDS are recorded at cost as treasury shares and result in a reduction of equity. When treasury shares are reissued, TDS determines the cost using the first-in, first-out cost method. The difference between the cost of the treasury shares and reissuance price is included in Capital in excess of par value or Retained earnings.

Revenue Recognition

Revenues from sales of equipment and products are recognized when control has transferred to the customer, agent or third-party distributor. Service revenues are recognized as the related service is provided.

As a practical expedient, TDS groups similar contracts or similar performance obligations together into portfolios of contracts or performance obligations if doing so does not result in a significant difference from accounting for the individual contracts discretely. TDS applies this grouping method for the following types of transactions: device activation fees, contract acquisition costs, contract fulfillment costs, and certain customer promotions. Contract portfolios are recognized over the respective expected customer lives or terms of the contracts.

Services are deemed to be highly interrelated when the method and timing of transfer and performance risk are the same. Highly interrelated services that are determined to not be distinct have been grouped into a single performance obligation. Each month of services promised is a performance obligation. The series of monthly service performance obligations promised over the course of the contract are combined into a single performance obligation for purposes of the revenue allocation.

TDS has made judgments regarding transaction price, including but not limited to issues relating to variable consideration, time value of money, returns and non-cash consideration. When determined to be significant in the context of the contract, these items are considered in the valuation of transaction price at contract inception or modification, as appropriate.

UScellular and TDS Telecom each sell bundled service and equipment offerings. In these instances, TDS recognizes its revenue based on the relative standalone selling prices for each distinct service or equipment performance obligation, or bundles thereof. TDS estimates the standalone selling price of the device or accessory to be its retail price excluding discounts. TDS estimates the standalone selling price of service to be the price offered to customers on month-to-month contracts.

Discounts, incentives, and rebates to agents and end customers that are deemed cash are recognized as a reduction of Operating revenues concurrently with the associated revenue.

From time to time, UScellular may offer certain promotions to incentivize customers to switch to, or to purchase additional services from, UScellular. Under these types of promotions, an eligible customer may receive an incentive in the form of a discount off additional services purchased shown as a credit to the customer’s monthly bill. UScellular accounts for the future discounts as material rights at the time of the initial transaction by allocating and deferring revenue based on the relative proportion of the future discounts in comparison to the aggregate initial purchase. The deferred revenue is recognized as service revenue in future periods.

TDS records amounts collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis within a liability account if the amount is assessed upon the customer and TDS merely acts as an agent in collecting the amount on behalf of the imposing governmental authority. If the amount is assessed upon TDS, then amounts collected from customers are recorded in Service revenues and amounts remitted to governmental authorities are recorded in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

For contracts that involve multiple element service and equipment offerings, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. When consideration is received in advance of delivery of goods or services, a contract liability is recorded. A contract asset is recorded when revenue is recognized in advance of TDS’ right to receive consideration. Once there is an unconditional right to receive the consideration, TDS records such amounts as receivables, and then bills the customer under the terms of the respective contract.

TDS recognizes Equipment and product sales revenue when the equipment is delivered to the customer and a corresponding contract asset or liability is recorded for the difference between the amount of revenue recognized and the amount billed to the customer in cases where discounts are offered. The contract asset or liability is reduced over the contract term as service is provided and billed to the customer.

As practical expedients, revenue related to contracts of less than one year, generally month-to-month contracts, and contracts with a fixed per-unit price and variable quantity, are excluded from these estimates.

A significant portion of TDS Telecom's residential revenue is derived from customers who may generally cancel their subscriptions at any time without penalty. For these contracts, the amount of revenue related to unsatisfied performance obligations is not necessarily indicative of the future revenue to be recognized from TDS Telecom's existing customer base and therefore is excluded from these estimates.

TDS expects that commission fees paid as a result of obtaining contracts are recoverable, and therefore TDS defers and amortizes these costs. As a practical expedient, costs with an amortization period of one year or less are expensed as incurred.Deferred commission fees and fulfillment costs are amortized based on the timing of transfer of the goods or services to which the assets relate, typically the contract term.

Advertising Costs

TDS expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising costs totaled $207 million, $208 million and $196 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Income Taxes

TDS files a consolidated federal income tax return. Deferred taxes are computed using the liability method, whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for future deductible temporary differences and operating loss carryforwards, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for future taxable temporary differences. Both deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates in effect when the temporary differences are expected to reverse. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. TDS evaluates income tax uncertainties, assesses the probability of the ultimate settlement with the applicable taxing authority and records an amount based on that assessment. Deferred taxes are reported as a net non-current asset or liability by jurisdiction. Any corresponding valuation allowance to reduce the amount of deferred tax assets is also recorded as non-current.

Stock-Based Compensation and Other Plans

TDS has established long-term incentive plans, dividend reinvestment plans, and a non-employee director compensation plan. The dividend reinvestment plan of TDS is not considered a compensatory plan, and therefore recognition of compensation costs for grants made under this plan is not required. All other plans are considered compensatory plans; therefore, recognition of costs for grants made under these plans is required.

TDS recognizes stock compensation expense based upon the estimated fair value of the specific awards granted on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which generally represents the vesting period. Stock-based compensation cost recognized has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2024-03 Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). ASU 2024-03 requires more detailed information about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the Consolidated Statement of Operations. ASU 2024-03 is effective on a prospective or retrospective basis for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. TDS is evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its financial statement disclosures.

Lessee Agreements

TDS’ most significant leases are for land and tower spaces, network facilities, retail spaces, and offices, substantially all of which are classified as operating leases. Many of TDS' leases include renewal and early termination options. Lease terms include options to extend or terminate when it is reasonably certain that TDS will exercise the option.

TDS has recognized a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability that represents the present value of TDS’ obligation to make payments over the lease term. The present value of the lease payments is calculated using an incremental borrowing rate, which was determined using a portfolio approach based on TDS' unsecured rates, adjusted to approximate the rates at which TDS would be required to borrow on a collateralized basis over a term similar to the recognized lease term.

Lease and nonlease components are accounted for separately and the cost of nonlease components (e.g., utilities and common area maintenance) are typically expensed as incurred at their relative standalone price.

TDS recognizes variable lease expense related to lease payments that were not originally included in the lease liability calculation, which primarily relate to lease payment escalations that are tied to an index, real estate taxes, and additional payments linked to performance.

Lessor Agreements

TDS’ most significant lessor leases are for tower space, all of which are classified as operating leases. Many of TDS’ leases include renewal and early termination options. Lease terms include options to extend or terminate when it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise the option.

Lessor agreements with lease and nonlease components are generally accounted for separately.

TDS recognizes variable lease income related to lease payments that were not originally included in the lease receivable calculation, which primarily relate to lease payment escalations that are tied to an index.

Variable Interest Entities

TDS consolidates VIEs in which it has a controlling financial interest as defined by GAAP, and is therefore deemed the primary beneficiary. TDS reviews the criteria for a controlling financial interest at the time it enters into agreements and subsequently when events warranting reconsideration occur. These VIEs have risks similar to those described in the “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-K.