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2024-03-31 0001051512 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember us-gaap:ServiceMember tds:TowersSegmentMember 2024-01-01 2024-03-31 0001051512 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember us-gaap:ServiceMember tds:TDSTelecomSegmentMember 2024-01-01 2024-03-31 0001051512 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember us-gaap:ProductMember tds:WirelessSegmentMember 2024-01-01 2024-03-31 0001051512 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember us-gaap:ProductMember tds:TowersSegmentMember 2024-01-01 2024-03-31 0001051512 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember us-gaap:ProductMember tds:TDSTelecomSegmentMember 2024-01-01 2024-03-31 0001051512 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember tds:TDSTelecomSegmentMember 2024-03-31 0001051512 tds:TotalSegmentMember 2024-03-31 0001051512 tds:USCellularTotalMember 2024-03-31 0001051512 us-gaap:CorporateNonSegmentMember 2024-03-31

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)
☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 001-14157

TELEPHONE AND DATA SYSTEMS, INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware |  | 36-2669023
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)

30 North LaSalle Street, Suite 4000, Chicago, Illinois 60602
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (312) 630-1900

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, $.01 par value |  | TDS |  | New York Stock Exchange
Depository Shares each representing a 1/1000th interest in a share of 6.625% Series UU Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, $.01 par value |  | TDSPrU |  | New York Stock Exchange
Depository Shares each representing a 1/1000th interest in a share of 6.000% Series VV Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, $.01 par value |  | TDSPrV |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. | ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). | Yes | ☐ | No | ☒

The number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of March 31, 2025, is 107 million Common Shares, $.01 par value, and 7 million Series A Common Shares, $.01 par value.

Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
For the Period Ended March 31, 2025

Index | Page No.
Management Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 1
Executive Overview | 1
Terms Used by TDS | 4
Results of Operations – TDS Consolidated | 5
UScellular Operations | 7
Wireless Operations | 9
Towers Operations | 12
TDS Telecom Operations | 14
Liquidity and Capital Resources | 19
Consolidated Cash Flow Analysis | 23
Consolidated Balance Sheet Analysis | 24
Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures | 25
Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates | 29
Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 Safe Harbor Cautionary Statement | 30
Risk Factors | 33
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 34
Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 35
Consolidated Statement of Operations | 35
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows | 36
Consolidated Balance Sheet | 37
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity | 39
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 41
Controls and Procedures | 54
Legal Proceedings | 55
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 56
Other Information | 57
Exhibits | 58
Form 10-Q Cross Reference Index | 59
Signatures | 60

Table of Contents

| Telephone and Data Systems, Inc. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Executive Overview
The following discussion and analysis compares Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.’s (TDS) financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2025, to the three months ended March 31, 2024. It should be read in conjunction with TDS’ interim consolidated financial statements and notes included herein, and with the description of TDS’ business, its audited consolidated financial statements and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) included in TDS’ Annual Report on Form 10-K (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2024. Certain numbers included herein are rounded to millions for ease of presentation; however, certain calculated amounts and percentages are determined using the unrounded numbers.
This report contains statements that are not based on historical facts, which may be identified by words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “projects,” “will” and similar expressions. These statements constitute and represent “forward looking statements” as this term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, events or developments to be significantly different from any future results, events or developments expressed or implied by such forward looking statements. See the disclosure under the heading Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 Safe Harbor Cautionary Statement elsewhere in this report for additional information.
The accounting policies of TDS conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). However, TDS uses certain “non-GAAP financial measures” in the MD&A and the business segment information. A discussion of the reasons TDS determines these metrics to be useful and reconciliations of these measures to their most directly comparable measures determined in accordance with GAAP are included in the disclosure under the heading Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within the MD&A of this report.
General
TDS is a diversified telecommunications company that provides high-quality communications services to approximately 5.5 million connections nationwide as of March 31, 2025. TDS provides wireless services and leases tower space to third-party carriers on owned towers through its 83%-owned subsidiary, United States Cellular Corporation (UScellular). TDS also provides broadband, video, voice and wireless services through its wholly-owned subsidiary, TDS Telecommunications LLC (TDS Telecom). TDS operates entirely in the United States. See Note 11 — Business Segment Information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about TDS' segments.
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TDS Mission and Strategy
TDS’ mission is to provide outstanding communications services to its customers and meet the needs of its shareholders, its people, and its communities. In pursuing this mission, TDS seeks to grow its businesses, create opportunities for its associates, support the communities it serves, and build value over the long term for its shareholders. Since its founding, TDS has been committed to bringing high-quality communications services to rural and underserved communities.
TDS’ historical long-term strategy has been to re-invest the majority of its operating capital in its businesses to strengthen their competitive positions and financial performance, while also returning value to TDS shareholders.
TDS plans to build shareholder value by continuing to execute on its strategies to build strong, competitive businesses providing high-quality, data-focused services and products. Strategic efforts include:
▪UScellular offers economical and competitively priced wireless service plans and devices to its customers and is focused on increasing revenues from sales of related products such as device protection plans and from services such as fixed wireless home internet. In addition, UScellular is focused on expanding its solutions available to business and government customers.
▪UScellular continues to enhance its network capabilities, including by deploying 5G technology to help address customers’ growing demand for data services and create opportunities for new services requiring high speed and reliability as well as low latency. Investments are focused on continued mid-band spectrum deployment to enhance speed and capacity needs, building on the existing 5G coverage across UScellular’s footprint.
▪UScellular seeks to grow revenue in its Towers segment primarily through increasing third-party colocations on existing towers through providing unique tower locations, attractive terms and streamlined implementation to third-party wireless operators.
▪TDS Telecom strives to provide high-quality broadband services in its markets with the ability to provide value-added bundling with video, voice and wireless service options. TDS Telecom focuses on driving growth by investing in fiber deployment.
▪TDS Telecom seeks to grow its operations by creating clusters of markets in attractive, growing locations and may seek to acquire and/or divest of assets to support its strategy.
Following the conclusion of the strategic alternatives review process for UScellular, TDS expects to focus its strategic efforts on its remaining businesses. TDS also expects to have additional opportunities to invest further in its remaining businesses, improve its liquidity and return value to its shareholders.
Announced Transactions and Strategic Alternatives Review
On August 4, 2023, TDS and UScellular announced that the Boards of Directors of both companies decided to initiate a process to explore a range of strategic alternatives for UScellular. On May 28, 2024, UScellular announced that its Board of Directors unanimously approved the execution of a Securities Purchase Agreement (Securities Purchase Agreement) by and among TDS, UScellular, T-Mobile US, Inc. (T-Mobile) and USCC Wireless Holdings, LLC, pursuant to which, among other things, UScellular agreed to sell its wireless operations and select spectrum assets to T-Mobile for a purchase price, subject to adjustments, as specified in the Securities Purchase Agreement, of $4,400 million, which is payable in a combination of cash and the assumption of up to approximately $2,000 million in debt. The purchase price includes $100 million contingent on the satisfaction of certain financial and operational targets prior to close; based on projected performance against such targets through an expected mid-year 2025 close, UScellular does not expect to receive most of this contingent consideration. The purchase price also includes $400 million allocated to certain wireless spectrum licenses held by entities in which UScellular is a non-controlling limited partner. The closing with respect to these wireless spectrum licenses is contingent upon UScellular's purchase, which is pending receipt of regulatory approval, of the remaining equity in the entities that UScellular does not currently own. The Securities Purchase Agreement also contemplates, among other things, a Short-Term Spectrum Manager Lease Agreement and Short-Term Spectrum Manager Sublease Agreements that will become effective at the closing date, which provide T-Mobile with an exclusive license to use certain UScellular spectrum assets and leases at no cost for up to one-year for the sole purpose of providing continued, uninterrupted service to customers. The sale of the wireless operations to T-Mobile is expected to close in mid-2025, subject to the receipt of regulatory approvals and the satisfaction of customary closing conditions.
TDS and UScellular expect that if the closing of the T-Mobile transaction were to occur that such closing will trigger or accelerate the recognition of certain cash and non-cash obligations. Such obligations include contingent advisory fees, employee compensation and severance, employee stock award costs, debt extinguishment, income tax expense, administrative costs, restructuring expenses and other wind down costs. In periods following the close of the T-Mobile transaction, UScellular also expects to incur significant decommissioning costs for certain towers that UScellular elects to retire, and such decommissioning costs are also expected to include remaining obligations under related ground leases. These costs are expected to have a significant impact on TDS' financial statements.
On October 17, 2024, UScellular, and certain subsidiaries of UScellular, entered into a License Purchase Agreement (Verizon Purchase Agreement) with Verizon Communications Inc. (Verizon) to sell certain AWS, Cellular and PCS wireless spectrum licenses and agreed to grant Verizon certain rights to lease such licenses prior to the transaction close for total proceeds of $1,000 million. As of March 31, 2025, UScellular's book value of the wireless spectrum licenses to be sold was $586 million. The transaction is subject to regulatory approval and other customary closing conditions, and is contingent on the closing of the T-Mobile transaction and the termination of the T-Mobile Short-Term Spectrum Manager Lease Agreement.
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On November 6, 2024, UScellular, and certain subsidiaries of UScellular, entered into a License Purchase Agreement (AT&T Purchase Agreement) with New Cingular Wireless PCS, LLC (AT&T), a subsidiary of AT&T Inc. to sell certain 3.45 GHz and 700 MHz wireless spectrum licenses and agreed to grant AT&T certain rights to lease and sub-lease such licenses prior to the transaction close for total proceeds of $1,018 million, subject to certain purchase price adjustments. As of March 31, 2025, UScellular's book value of the wireless spectrum licenses to be sold was $859 million. The transaction is subject to regulatory approval and other customary closing conditions and substantially all of the licenses subject to the transaction are contingent on the closing of the T-Mobile transaction. The purchase price includes $232 million allocated to certain wireless spectrum licenses that are held by an entity in which UScellular is a non-controlling limited partner. The closing with respect to these wireless spectrum licenses is contingent upon UScellular's purchase, which is pending receipt of regulatory approval, of the remaining equity in the entity that UScellular does not currently own.
The strategic alternatives review process is ongoing as UScellular works toward closing the transactions signed during 2024, including the T-Mobile, Verizon and AT&T transactions and continues to seek to opportunistically monetize its spectrum assets that are not subject to the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Verizon Purchase Agreement, or the AT&T Purchase Agreement.
TDS incurred third-party expenses related to the announced transactions and strategic alternatives review of $16 million and $11 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Other
TDS continues to monitor developments related to proposed increases in tariffs on imported goods and the impacts it may have on TDS operations and financial results. An increase in future tariffs may impact the price of procured goods and services, such as devices and network equipment. TDS is working closely with its suppliers to determine the impacts of any potential tariffs, and assess potential modifications or exemptions. The outcome of the potential tariff increases could negatively impact TDS operations and financial results in future periods.
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Terms Used by TDS
The following is a list of definitions of certain industry terms that are used throughout this document:
▪5G – fifth generation wireless technology that helps address customers’ growing demand for data services and creates opportunities for new services requiring high speed and reliability as well as low latency.
▪Account – represents an individual or business financially responsible for one or multiple associated connections. An account may include a variety of types of connections such as handsets and connected devices.
▪Broadband Connections – refers to the individual customers provided internet access through various transmission technologies, including fiber, coaxial and copper.
▪Broadband Penetration – metric which is calculated by dividing total broadband connections by total service addresses.
▪Cable Markets – markets where TDS provides service as the cable provider using coaxial cable and fiber technologies.
▪Churn Rate – represents the percentage of the connections that disconnect service each month. These rates represent the average monthly churn rate for each respective period.
▪Colocations – represents instances where a third-party wireless carrier rents or leases space on a company-owned tower.
▪Connected Devices – non-handset devices that connect directly to the UScellular network. Connected devices include products such as tablets, wearables, modems, fixed wireless, and hotspots.
▪EBITDA – refers to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and accretion and is used in the non-GAAP metric Adjusted EBITDA throughout this document. See Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for additional information.
▪Enhanced Alternative Connect America Cost Model (E-ACAM) – a USF support mechanism for certain carriers, which provides revenue support through 2038. This support comes with an obligation to provide 100 megabits per second (Mbps) of download speed and 20 Mbps of upload speed (100/20 Mbps) to a certain number of locations.
▪Expansion Markets – markets utilizing fiber networks in areas where TDS does not serve as the cable or incumbent service provider.
▪Free Cash Flow – non-GAAP metric defined as Cash flows from operating activities less Cash paid for additions to property, plant and equipment and less Cash paid for software license agreements. See Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for additional information.
▪Gross Additions – represents the total number of new connections added during the period, without regard to connections that were terminated during that period.
▪Incumbent Markets – markets where TDS is positioned as the traditional local telephone company.
▪IPTV – internet protocol television.
▪Net Additions (Losses) – represents the total number of new connections added during the period, net of connections that were terminated during that period.
▪OIBDA – refers to operating income before depreciation, amortization and accretion and is used in the non-GAAP metric Adjusted OIBDA throughout this document. See Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for additional information.
▪Postpaid Average Revenue per Account (Postpaid ARPA) – metric which is calculated by dividing total postpaid service revenues by the average number of postpaid accounts and by the number of months in the period.
▪Postpaid Average Revenue per User (Postpaid ARPU) – metric which is calculated by dividing total postpaid service revenues by the average number of postpaid connections and by the number of months in the period.
▪Residential Revenue per Connection – metric which is calculated by dividing total residential revenue by the average number of residential connections and by the number of months in the period.
▪Retail Connections – individual lines of service associated with each device activated by a postpaid or prepaid customer. Connections are associated with all types of devices that connect directly to the UScellular network.
▪Residential Fiber Churn Rate – represents the percentage of incumbent and expansion fiber connections that disconnected service each month. These rates represent the average monthly churn rate for each respective period.
▪Service Addresses – number of single residence homes, multi-dwelling units, and business locations that are capable of being connected to the TDS network, based on best available information.
▪Tower Tenancy Rate – average number of tenants that lease space on company-owned towers, measured on a per-tower basis.
▪Universal Service Fund (USF) – a system of telecommunications collected fees and support payments managed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) intended to promote universal access to telecommunications services in the United States.
▪Video Connections – represents the individual customers provided video services.
▪Voice Connections – refers to the individual circuits connecting a customer to TDS' central office facilities that provide voice services or the billable number of lines into a building for voice services.
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Results of Operations — TDS Consolidated
The following discussion and analysis compares financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2025, to the three months ended March 31, 2024.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 vs. 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
UScellular | $ | 891 |  |  | $ | 950 |  |  | (6) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
TDS Telecom | 257 |  |  | 266 |  |  | (3) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
All other 1 | 6 |  |  | 46 |  |  | (87) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating revenues | 1,154 |  |  | 1,262 |  |  | (9) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
UScellular | 850 |  |  | 899 |  |  | (5) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
TDS Telecom | 258 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
All other 1 | 11 |  |  | 56 |  |  | (77) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 1,119 |  |  | 1,195 |  |  | (6) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
UScellular | 41 |  |  | 51 |  |  | (19) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
TDS Telecom | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | N/M |  |  |  |  |  |
All other 1 | (6) |  |  | (11) |  |  | 38 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating income | 35 |  |  | 67 |  |  | (49) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities | 37 |  |  | 42 |  |  | (14) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 28 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (61) |  |  | (57) |  |  | (3) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Other, net | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | N/M |  |  |  |  |  |
Total other expense | (15) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (46) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | 20 |  |  | 58 |  |  | (65) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | 8 |  |  | 20 |  |  | (57) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | 12 |  |  | 38 |  |  | (69) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax | 5 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (49) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to TDS shareholders | 7 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (74) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
TDS Preferred Share dividends | 17 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to TDS common shareholders | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | N/M |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted OIBDA (Non-GAAP)2 | $ | 287 |  |  | $ | 318 |  |  | (10) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)2 | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 366 |  |  | (9) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures 3 | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 219 |  |  | (49) | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Numbers may not foot due to rounding.
N/M - Percentage change not meaningful
1 Consists of corporate and other operations and intercompany eliminations.
2 Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.
3 Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources within this MD&A for additional information on Capital expenditures.
Refer to individual segment discussions in this MD&A for additional details on operating revenues and expenses at the segment level.
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Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities represents TDS’ share of net income from entities in which it has a noncontrolling interest and that are accounted for using the equity method or the net asset value practical expedient. TDS’ investment in the Los Angeles SMSA Limited Partnership (LA Partnership) contributed pre-tax income of $15 million and $16 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. See Note 7 — Investments in Unconsolidated Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Interest expense
Interest expense increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025 due primarily to an increase in borrowings under the TDS term loan agreements, partially offset by a decrease in the average principal balance outstanding on the TDS revolving credit agreement, the UScellular term loan agreements and the receivables securitization agreement. See Market Risk for additional information regarding maturities of long-term debt and weighted average interest rates.
Income tax expense
Income tax expense decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2025 due primarily to the decrease in Income before income taxes.
TDS calculated income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2025, based on an estimated year-to-date tax rate. The effective tax rates are expected to vary in subsequent interim periods in 2025 due to fluctuations in Income (loss) before income taxes.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
UScellular noncontrolling public shareholders’ | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  |  |  |
Noncontrolling shareholders’ or partners’ | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  |  |

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax includes the noncontrolling public shareholders’ share of UScellular’s net income, the noncontrolling shareholders’ or partners’ share of certain UScellular subsidiaries’ net income and other TDS noncontrolling interests.

Earnings
(Dollars in millions)
Three Months Ended
Net income and Adjusted EBITDA decreased due primarily to lower operating revenues, partially offset by lower operating and tax expenses.
*Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.

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| UScellular OPERATIONS

Business Overview
UScellular provides wireless service throughout its footprint, and leases tower space to third-party carriers on UScellular-owned towers. UScellular is an 83%-owned subsidiary of TDS.

OPERATIONS
▪Serves customers with 4.4 million retail connections including approximately 3.9 million postpaid and 0.4 million prepaid connections
▪Operates in 21 states
▪Employs approximately 4,100 associates
▪Owns 4,413 towers
▪Operates 7,009 cell sites in service

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Financial Overview — UScellular
The following discussion and analysis compares financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2025, to the three months ended March 31, 2024.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 vs. 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wireless | $ | 864 |  |  | $ | 925 |  |  | (7) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Towers | 61 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Intra-company eliminations | (34) |  |  | (33) |  |  | (3) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating revenues | 891 |  |  | 950 |  |  | (6) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wireless | 844 |  |  | 896 |  |  | (6) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Towers | 40 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 11 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Intra-company eliminations | (34) |  |  | (33) |  |  | (3) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 850 |  |  | 899 |  |  | (5) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | (19) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | (17) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted OIBDA (Non-GAAP)1 | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | (6) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)1 | $ | 254 |  |  | $ | 272 |  |  | (7) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures 2 | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | (60) | % |  |  |  |  |  |

N/M - Percentage change not meaningful
1 Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.
2 Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources within this MD&A for additional information on Capital expenditures.
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Wireless Operations

As of March 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Retail Connections – End of Period |  |
| Postpaid |  | 3,946,000 |  |  | 4,051,000
| Prepaid |  | 431,000 |  |  | 436,000
| Total |  | 4,377,000 |  |  | 4,487,000

| Q1 2025 |  | Q1 2024 |  | Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024 |  |  |  |  |
Postpaid Activity and Churn |
Gross Additions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Handsets | 68,000 |  |  | 63,000 |  |  | 8 | % |  |  |  |  |
Connected Devices | 37,000 |  |  | 43,000 |  |  | (14) | % |  |  |  |  |
Total Gross Additions | 105,000 |  |  | 106,000 |  |  | (1) | % |  |  |  |  |
Net Additions (Losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Handsets | (38,000) |  |  | (47,000) |  |  | 19 | % |  |  |  |  |
Connected Devices | (1,000) |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | N/M |  |  |  |  |
Total Net Additions (Losses) | (39,000) |  |  | (44,000) |  |  | 11 | % |  |  |  |  |
Churn |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Handsets | 1.03 | % |  | 1.03 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Connected Devices | 2.40 | % |  | 2.52 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Churn | 1.21 | % |  | 1.22 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |

N/M - Percentage change not meaningful
Total postpaid handset net losses decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, when compared to the same period last year due primarily to an increase in gross additions and a decrease in defections as a result of increased promotional spend.
Total postpaid connected device net losses increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025 when compared to the same period last year due to lower gross additions for home internet, partially offset by a decrease in tablet churn.
Postpaid Revenue

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 vs. 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) | $ | 52.06 |  |  | $ | 51.96 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Average Revenue Per Account (ARPA) | $ | 132.25 |  |  | $ | 132.00 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |

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Financial Overview — Wireless
The following discussion and analysis compares financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2025, to the three months ended March 31, 2024.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 vs. 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail service | $ | 660 |  |  | $ | 678 |  |  | (3) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 54 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Service revenues | 714 |  |  | 729 |  |  | (2) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Equipment sales | 150 |  |  | 196 |  |  | (24) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating revenues | 864 |  |  | 925 |  |  | (7) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
System operations (excluding Depreciation, amortization and accretion reported below) | 191 |  |  | 197 |  |  | (3) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of equipment sold | 178 |  |  | 216 |  |  | (18) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 322 |  |  | 324 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 152 |  |  | 154 |  |  | (2) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on asset disposals, net | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (73) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on license sales and exchanges, net | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 18 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 844 |  |  | 896 |  |  | (6) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | (30) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted OIBDA (Non-GAAP)1 | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | (7) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)1 | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | (7) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures 2 | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | (60) | % |  |  |  |  |  |

N/M - Percentage change not meaningful
1 Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.
2 Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources within this MD&A for additional information on Capital expenditures.
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Operating Revenues
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024
(Dollars in millions)
Service revenues consist of:
▪Retail Service - Postpaid and prepaid charges for voice, data and value-added services and cost recovery surcharges
▪Other Service - Amounts received from the Federal USF, inbound roaming, miscellaneous other service revenues and Internet of Things (IoT)
Equipment revenues consist of:
▪Sales of wireless devices and related accessories to new and existing customers, agents, and third-party distributors

Key components of changes in the statement of operations line items were as follows:
Total operating revenues
Retail service revenues decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily as a result of a decrease in average postpaid and prepaid connections.
Equipment sales revenues decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, due primarily to a decline in smartphone devices sold due to lower upgrades as well as a lower average price of new smartphone sales.
Wireless service providers have been aggressive promotionally and on price to attract and retain customers. This includes both traditional carriers and cable wireless companies. UScellular expects promotional aggressiveness by traditional carriers to continue and pricing pressures from cable wireless companies and new entrants to increase into the foreseeable future. Additionally, other wireless service providers have more developed networks and coverage as well as lower costs per subscriber than UScellular, which has negatively affected and may continue to negatively affect UScellular's ability to compete over time. Operating revenues and Operating income have been negatively impacted by these factors in current and prior periods, and are expected to be negatively impacted in future periods.
System operations expenses
System operations expenses decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, due primarily to a decrease in expenses driven by the shutdown of the 3G Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) network in the first quarter of 2024.
Cost of equipment sold
Cost of equipment sold decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, due primarily to a decline in smartphone devices sold due to lower upgrades.
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Towers Operations

As of March 31, | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 vs. 2024
Owned towers | 4,413 |  | 4,382 |  | 1 | %
Number of colocations | 2,469 |  | 2,397 |  | 3 | %
Tower tenancy rate | 1.56 |  | 1.55 |  | 1 | %

Number of colocations
Number of colocations increased for the period ended March 31, 2025 when compared to the same period last year due to an increase in new tenant and equipment change executions partially offset by terminations.
Financial Overview — Towers
The following discussion and analysis compares financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2025, to the three months ended March 31, 2024.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 vs. 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Third-party revenues | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | 6 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Intra-company revenues | 34 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total tower revenues | 61 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
System operations (excluding Depreciation, amortization and accretion reported below) | 19 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 10 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 33 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 40 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 11 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | (5) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted OIBDA (Non-GAAP)1 | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | (1) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)1 | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | (1) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | (42) | % |  |  |  |  |  |

N/M - Percentage change not meaningful
1 Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.
Key components of changes in the statement of operations line items were as follows:
Total tower revenues
Third-party revenues increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily as a result of new colocations and escalators on renewed leases.
Intra-company revenues increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily as a result of rent escalations and an increase in the number of owned towers.
Upon closing of the transaction to dispose of the wireless operations and select spectrum assets to T-Mobile, UScellular expects an increase in Third-party revenues that will be recognized under the Master License Agreement that will go into effect under the Securities Purchase Agreement. However, at such time Intra-company revenues would cease, resulting in significantly lower Total tower revenues in periods following the close.
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Total operating expenses
Total operating expenses increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025 due primarily to increases in selling, general and administrative expenses as a result of an increase in bad debts expense due to payments received on aged receivables in the first quarter of 2024.
Upon and following closing of the transaction to dispose of the wireless operations and select spectrum assets to T-Mobile, UScellular expects expenses may be incurred to effect the separation including costs to decommission certain towers and record remaining ground lease obligations on such decommissioned towers. These factors and other uncertainties in how the ongoing tower operations will be supported in the long-term may significantly impact operating expenses recorded in periods following the close.
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| TDS TELECOM OPERATIONS

Business Overview
TDS Telecom owns, operates and invests in high-quality networks, services and products in a mix of small to mid-sized urban, suburban and rural communities throughout the United States. TDS Telecom is a wholly-owned subsidiary of TDS and provides a wide range of broadband, video, voice and wireless communications services to residential, commercial and wholesale customers, with the constant focus on delivering outstanding customer service.

OPERATIONS

▪Serves 1.1 million connections in 31 states
▪Employs approximately 3,300 associates

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Operational Overview — TDS Telecom
Total Service Address Mix
As of March 31,
TDS Telecom increased its service addresses 6% from a year ago to 1.8 million as of March 31, 2025 through footprint expansion. TDS Telecom serves 44% of incumbent service addresses with fiber.
TDS Telecom offers 1Gig+ service to 74% of its total footprint as of March 31, 2025, compared to 73% a year ago.

As of March 31, | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 vs. 2024
Residential connections |  |  |  |  |
Broadband |  |  |  |  |
Incumbent Fiber | 119,700 |  | 109,800 |  | 9 | %
Incumbent Copper | 112,600 |  | 135,300 |  | (17) | %
Expansion Fiber | 133,200 |  | 100,400 |  | 33 | %
Cable | 190,200 |  | 202,400 |  | (6) | %
Total Broadband | 555,800 |  | 547,900 |  | 1 | %
Video | 118,700 |  | 128,800 |  | (8) | %
Voice | 256,900 |  | 279,400 |  | (8) | %
Total Residential Connections | 931,400 |  | 956,100 |  | (3) | %
Commercial connections | 187,600 |  | 206,200 |  | (9) | %
Total connections | 1,119,000 |  | 1,162,200 |  | (4) | %
Total residential broadband net adds | 2,800 |  |  | 6,400 |  |
Residential fiber churn | 0.9 | % |  | 1.0 | % |  |
Total residential broadband churn | 1.3 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  |

Numbers may not foot due to rounding.
Total connections decreased due to legacy voice, video, and competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC) connections declines, partially offset by broadband connection growth.
Q1 2024 total connections include 18,100 subscribers that were part of the 2024 divestitures.
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Residential Broadband Connections by Speed
As of March 31,
Residential broadband customers continue to take higher speeds with 82% on 100 Mbps or higher products and 24% on 1Gig+ products.
Residential Revenue per Connection
Total residential revenue per connection increased 2% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, due primarily to price increases.

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Financial Overview — TDS Telecom
The following discussion and analysis compares financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2025, to the three months ended March 31, 2024.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 vs. 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Incumbent | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | (5) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Expansion | 34 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 33 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Cable | 64 |  |  | 70 |  |  | (8) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total residential | 184 |  |  | 185 |  |  | (1) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | 35 |  |  | 37 |  |  | (6) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale | 39 |  |  | 44 |  |  | (12) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total service revenues | 257 |  |  | 266 |  |  | (3) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Equipment revenues | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating revenues | 257 |  |  | 266 |  |  | (3) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services (excluding Depreciation, amortization and accretion reported below) | 101 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of equipment and products | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 83 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 10 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 71 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 10 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on asset disposals, net | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (9) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 258 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | N/M |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | (85) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted OIBDA (Non-GAAP)1 | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | (22) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)1 | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 95 |  |  | (20) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures 2 | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | (32) | % |  |  |  |  |  |

N/M - Percentage change not meaningful
Numbers may not foot due to rounding.
1 Refer to Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures within this MD&A for a reconciliation of this measure.
2 Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources within this MD&A for additional information on Capital expenditures.
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Operating Revenues
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024
(Dollars in millions)
Residential revenues consist of:
•Broadband services
•Video services, including IPTV, traditional cable programming and satellite offerings
•Voice services
•Wireless services
Commercial revenues consist of:
•High-speed and dedicated business internet services
•Video services
•Voice services
Wholesale revenues consist of:
•Network access services primarily related to interexchange and wireless carriers for carrying data and voice traffic on TDS Telecom's networks
•Federal and state regulatory support, including E-ACAM

Key components of changes in the statement of operations items were as follows:
Total operating revenues
Residential revenues decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, due primarily to a decline in legacy markets and divestitures, partially offset by growth in expansion markets and price increases.
Commercial revenues decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, due primarily to declining connections in CLEC markets.
Wholesale revenues decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, due primarily to a discrete reserve adjustment and the continued decline of special access circuits.
Cost of services
Cost of services increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, due primarily to an increase in employee-related expenses, partially offset by lower video programming costs.
Selling, general and administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, due primarily to a cumulative stock-based compensation adjustment, increase in other employee-related expenses, and advertising costs.
Depreciation, amortization and accretion
Depreciation, amortization and accretion increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025, due primarily to capital expenditures on new fiber assets.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources of Liquidity
TDS and its subsidiaries operate capital-intensive businesses. In the past, TDS’ existing cash and investment balances, funds available under its financing agreements, preferred share offerings, and cash flows from operating and certain investing and financing activities, including sales of assets or businesses, provided sufficient liquidity and financial flexibility for TDS to meet its day-to-day operating needs and debt service requirements, to finance the build-out and enhancement of markets, pay dividends and to fund acquisitions. There is no assurance that this will be the case in the future. TDS has incurred negative free cash flow at times in past periods, and this could occur in future periods.
TDS believes that existing cash and investment balances, funds available under its financing agreements, its ability to obtain future external financing, potential dispositions and expected cash flows from operating and investing activities will provide sufficient liquidity for TDS to meet its day-to-day operating needs and debt service requirements. In addition, TDS retains the ability, as described below, to reduce its capital expenditures to lower its funding needs.
TDS may require substantial additional funding for, among other uses, capital expenditures, making additional investments including new technologies, fiber deployments and E-ACAM builds, agreements to purchase goods or services, leases, repurchases of shares, or payment of dividends. It may be necessary from time to time to increase the size of its existing credit facilities, to amend existing or put in place new credit agreements, to obtain other forms of financing, issue equity securities, or to divest assets in order to fund potential expenditures. TDS' liquidity would be adversely affected if it is unable to obtain short or long-term financing with acceptable terms.
TDS will continue to monitor the rapidly changing business and market conditions and is reducing costs and intends to take other appropriate actions, as necessary, to meet its liquidity needs. Due to its lack of scale and structural disadvantages, UScellular has higher costs per subscriber than its competitors and is balancing the timing of investments, such as its continued 5G deployment, with liquidity considerations. TDS Telecom has entered into and may continue to enter into agreements to divest of certain non-strategic assets, including in certain cases the associated E-ACAM build-out obligations, as well as slow the pace of and reprioritize its fiber deployment plans and reduce or defer planned capital expenditures as a means to lower its funding needs and meet its obligations. It is possible that TDS Telecom will be required, if it is unable to access capital on acceptable terms, to substantially reduce its plans for fiber deployment, in both the short and long-term, which may result in fewer opportunities to deploy fiber as competitors continue their deployments.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash and money market investments. The primary objective of TDS’ Cash and cash equivalents investment activities is to preserve principal. TDS does not have direct access to UScellular cash.

Cash and Cash Equivalents
(Dollars in millions)
The majority of TDS’ Cash and cash equivalents are held in money market funds that purchase only debt issued by the U.S. Treasury or U.S. government agencies. Refer to the Consolidated Cash Flow Analysis for additional information related to changes in Cash and cash equivalents.

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In addition to Cash and cash equivalents, TDS and UScellular had available undrawn borrowing capacity from the following debt facilities at March 31, 2025.

| TDS |  | UScellular
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Revolving Credit Agreement | $ | 399 |  |  | $ | 300 |
Term Loan Agreements | 75 |  |  | — |
Receivables Securitization Agreement | — |  |  | 448 |
Total available undrawn borrowing capacity | $ | 474 |  |  | $ | 748 |

Financing
Revolving Credit Agreements
TDS and UScellular have unsecured revolving credit agreements with maximum borrowing capacities of $400 million and $300 million, respectively. Amounts under the agreements may be borrowed, repaid and reborrowed from time to time until maturity in July 2026. As of March 31, 2025, there were no outstanding borrowings under the agreements, and TDS' and UScellular's unused borrowing capacity was $399 million and $300 million, respectively.
In April 2025, TDS and UScellular amended the revolving credit agreements to extend the maturity dates to July 2027 and allow for permitted dispositions, as specified in the amendments. The amendments also include a provision that will be triggered upon the sale of the UScellular wireless operations to T-Mobile, which accelerates the maturity date to the earliest of (i) 270 days following the consummation of the sale of the UScellular wireless operations to T-Mobile, (ii) the date on which UScellular receives net proceeds from the cumulative sale of wireless spectrum licenses to AT&T, Verizon and other parties that equals or exceeds $1.1 billion, or (iii) July 20, 2027. Additionally, the amendment to the UScellular revolving credit agreement includes a provision that will be triggered upon UScellular receiving net proceeds from the cumulative sale of wireless spectrum licenses to AT&T, Verizon and other parties that equals or exceeds $500 million, which provision would automatically reduce the maximum borrowing capacity of the UScellular revolving credit agreement from $300 million to $150 million five business days after UScellular's receipt of such net proceeds.
Unsecured Term Loan Agreements
TDS has unsecured term loan agreements with maximum borrowing capacities of $875 million. The maturity dates for the agreements range from July 2028 to July 2031. As of March 31, 2025, the outstanding borrowings were $783 million and the unused borrowing capacity was $75 million.
UScellular has unsecured term loan agreements with maximum borrowing capacities of $800 million. The maturity dates for the agreements range from July 2026 to July 2031. As of March 31, 2025, UScellular has borrowed the full amount available under the agreements and the outstanding borrowings were $718 million.
In April 2025, UScellular amended its $300 million unsecured term loan agreement due July 2026 to extend the maturity date to July 2027 and allow for permitted dispositions, as specified in the amendment.
Secured Term Loan Agreement
TDS has a secured term loan agreement with maximum borrowing capacity of $300 million. In February 2025, TDS amended the agreement to extend the maturity date to the earlier of (i) September 2026 and (ii) the scheduled maturity date of TDS' existing revolving credit agreement (which had a then existing maturity date of July 2026, which has since been extended as described above). As of March 31, 2025, the outstanding borrowings under the agreement were $300 million, which is the full amount available under the agreement.
In April 2025, TDS amended the secured term loan agreement to extend the maturity date to the earliest of (i) 270 days following the consummation of the sale of the UScellular wireless operations to T-Mobile, (ii) the date on which UScellular receives net proceeds from the cumulative sale of wireless spectrum licenses to AT&T, Verizon and other parties that equals or exceeds $1.1 billion, or (iii) July 20, 2027, and to allow for permitted dispositions, as specified in the amendment.
Debt Covenants
The TDS and UScellular revolving credit agreements, term loan agreements including the secured term loan, export credit financing agreements and the UScellular receivables securitization agreement require TDS or UScellular, as applicable, to comply with certain affirmative and negative covenants, which include certain financial covenants that may restrict the borrowing capacity available. TDS and UScellular are required to maintain the Consolidated Leverage Ratio, based on gross debt, as of the end of any fiscal quarter at a level not to exceed the following: 4.00 to 1.00 from April 1, 2024 through and including March 31, 2025; 3.75 to 1.00 from April 1, 2025 and thereafter. TDS and UScellular are also required to maintain the Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio at a level not lower than 3.00 to 1.00 as of the end of any fiscal quarter. TDS and UScellular believe they were in compliance as of March 31, 2025 with all such financial covenants.
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The TDS $375 million term loan agreement with a maturity date of May 2029 requires TDS to comply with certain affirmative and negative covenants, which includes a financial covenant that may restrict the borrowing capacity available. TDS is required to maintain the Consolidated Leverage Ratio as of the end of any fiscal quarter at a level not to exceed the following: 4.50 to 1.00 from April 1, 2024 through and including March 31, 2025; 4.25 to 1.00 from April 1, 2025 and thereafter. TDS believes that it was in compliance as of March 31, 2025 with such financial covenant.
In April 2025, the TDS and UScellular revolving credit agreements, UScellular $300 million unsecured term loan agreement and TDS $300 million secured term loan agreement were amended to require, upon the consummation of the sale of the UScellular wireless operations to T-Mobile, TDS and UScellular to maintain the Consolidated Leverage Ratio, based on net debt, as of the end of any fiscal quarter from and including the quarter in which such sale occurs at a level not to exceed 3.50 to 1.00.
Capital Expenditures
Capital expenditures (i.e., additions to property, plant and equipment and system development expenditures; excludes wireless spectrum license additions), which include the effects of accruals and capitalized interest, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, were as follows:

Capital Expenditures
(Dollars in millions)
UScellular’s capital expenditures for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, were $53 million and $131 million, respectively.
In 2019-2023, UScellular focused capital expenditures on 5G coverage and predominantly used low-band spectrum to launch 5G services in portions of substantially all of its markets. During 2023 and 2024, UScellular focused on deploying 5G over its mid-band spectrum, largely overlapping areas already covered with low-band 5G service to enhance speed and capacity for UScellular’s mobility and fixed wireless services. Capital expenditures decreased by $78 million or 60% in line with the expectations that continued 5G deployment in 2025 will focus on adding speed and capacity to existing areas.
Capital expenditures for the full year 2025 are expected to be used principally for the following purposes:
▪Continue to deploy 5G using mid-band spectrum to provide additional speed and capacity to accommodate increased data usage by current customers; and
▪Invest in information technology to support existing and new services and products.
TDS Telecom’s capital expenditures for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, were $59 million and $87 million, respectively.
Capital expenditures for the full year 2025 are expected to be between $375 million and $425 million. These expenditures are expected to be used principally for the following purposes:
▪Continue to expand fiber deployment primarily in expansion markets;
▪Support broadband growth and success-based spending; and
▪Maintain and enhance existing infrastructure including build-out requirements of state broadband and E-ACAM programs.

TDS intends to finance its capital expenditures for 2025 using primarily Cash flows from operating activities, existing cash balances and additional debt financing from its existing agreements and/or other forms of available financing.
Divestitures
TDS is engaged and may in the future be engaged in negotiations (subject to all applicable regulations) relating to the divestiture of companies, properties and assets. In general, TDS does not disclose such transactions until there is a definitive agreement.
See Note 6 — Divestitures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to divestitures.
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Other Obligations
TDS will require capital for future spending on existing contractual obligations, including long-term debt obligations; preferred stock dividend obligations; lease commitments; commitments for device purchases, network facilities and transport services; E-ACAM obligations; agreements for software licensing; long-term marketing programs; and other agreements to purchase goods or services. TDS has taken and expects to continue to take steps to reduce and defer capital expenditures to lower its funding needs. Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources within this MD&A for additional information.
Variable Interest Entities
TDS consolidates certain “variable interest entities” as defined under GAAP. See Note 9 — Variable Interest Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to these variable interest entities. TDS may elect to make additional capital contributions and/or advances to these variable interest entities in future periods to fund their operations.
Common Share Repurchase Program
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, UScellular repurchased 328,835 Common Shares for $21 million at an average cost per share of $63.49. As of March 31, 2025, the total cumulative amount of UScellular Common Shares authorized to be repurchased is 658,107.
Dividends
TDS paid quarterly dividends per outstanding share of $0.04 and $0.19 in the first quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively. It is uncertain at this time how the outcome of the ongoing strategic alternatives review process for UScellular, TDS' available opportunities to reinvest in its businesses, or TDS' ongoing liquidity needs, may impact the decisions of the TDS Board of Directors regarding the declaration of future dividends.
TDS paid quarterly dividends per outstanding Series UU depositary share (each representing 1/1,000th of a Preferred Share) of $0.414 in the first quarter of 2025 and 2024.
TDS paid quarterly dividends per outstanding Series VV depositary share (each representing 1/1,000th of a Preferred Share) of $0.375 in the first quarter of 2025 and 2024.
UScellular has not paid any cash dividends in recent periods and currently intends to retain all earnings for use in UScellular’s business. However, UScellular expects the agreement with T-Mobile combined with various wireless spectrum license transactions that were announced to deliver substantial proceeds. When the T-Mobile transaction closes, which is subject to regulatory approval, UScellular expects the UScellular Board of Directors to declare the first of potentially several, special dividends to UScellular shareholders.
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Consolidated Cash Flow Analysis
TDS operates a capital-intensive business. TDS makes substantial investments to acquire wireless spectrum licenses and to construct and upgrade communications networks and facilities with a goal of creating long-term value for shareholders. In recent years, rapid changes in technology and new opportunities have required substantial investments in potentially revenue‑enhancing and cost-saving upgrades to TDS’ networks. Revenues from certain of these investments are long-term and in some cases are uncertain. To meet its cash-flow needs, TDS may need to delay or reduce certain investments, dividend payments or sell assets. Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources within this MD&A and Note 6 — Divestitures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Cash flows may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year due to seasonality, timing and other factors. The following discussion summarizes TDS' cash flow activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
2025 Commentary
TDS’ Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash decreased $13 million. Net cash provided by operating activities was $186 million due to net income of $12 million adjusted for non-cash items of $257 million, distributions received from unconsolidated entities of $11 million and changes in working capital items which decreased net cash by $94 million. The working capital changes were primarily driven by payments of associate bonuses, wages and other benefits, prepaid maintenance and timing of vendor payments, partially offset by reduced receivable balances.
Cash flows used for investing activities were $123 million, due primarily to payments for property, plant and equipment of $129 million, partially offset by cash received from divestitures of $8 million.
Cash flows used for financing activities were $76 million, due primarily to the payment of $22 million in dividends, the repurchase of $21 million UScellular Common Shares, tax payments, net of cash receipts, for TDS and UScellular stock-based compensation awards of $13 million, cash paid for software license agreements of $10 million and repayments on the TDS and UScellular term loan agreements of $7 million.
2024 Commentary
TDS’ Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash increased $8 million. Net cash provided by operating activities was $224 million due to net income of $38 million adjusted for non-cash items of $258 million, distributions received from unconsolidated entities of $22 million, and changes in working capital items which decreased net cash by $94 million. The working capital changes were primarily driven by payment of associate bonuses, wages and other benefits, prepaid maintenance and timing of vendor payments, partially offset by reduced receivable and inventory balances.
Cash flows used for investing activities were $246 million, due primarily to payments for property, plant and equipment of $235 million.
Cash flows provided by financing activities were $30 million, due primarily to $100 million borrowed under the TDS revolving credit agreement and a $40 million borrowing under the UScellular receivables securitization agreement. These were partially offset by $57 million in repayments on the UScellular receivables securitization agreement and the TDS and UScellular term loan agreements, the payment of $39 million in dividends and cash paid for software license agreements of $9 million.
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Consolidated Balance Sheet Analysis
The following discussion addresses certain captions in the consolidated balance sheet and changes therein. This discussion is intended to highlight the significant changes and is not intended to fully reconcile the changes. Notable balance sheet changes during 2025 were as follows:
Prepaid expenses
Prepaid expenses increased $26 million due primarily to payments made for software and equipment maintenance.
Accrued compensation
Accrued compensation decreased $88 million due primarily to associate bonus payments in March 2025.
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Supplemental Information Relating to Non-GAAP Financial Measures
TDS sometimes uses information derived from consolidated financial information but not presented in its financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP to evaluate the performance of its business. Specifically, TDS has referred to the following measures in this report:
▪EBITDA
▪Adjusted EBITDA
▪Adjusted OIBDA
▪Free cash flow
These measures are considered “non-GAAP financial measures” under U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Rules. Following are explanations of each of these measures.
EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted OIBDA
EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted OIBDA are defined as Net income adjusted for the items set forth in the reconciliation below. EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted OIBDA are not measures of financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to Net income or Cash flows from operating activities, as indicators of cash flows or as measures of liquidity. TDS does not intend to imply that any such items set forth in the reconciliation below are non-recurring, infrequent or unusual; such items may occur in the future.
Adjusted EBITDA is a segment measure reported to the chief operating decision maker for purposes of assessing the segments' performance. See Note 11 — Business Segment Information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Management uses Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted OIBDA as measurements of profitability, and therefore reconciliations to applicable GAAP income measures are deemed appropriate. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted OIBDA are useful measures of TDS’ operating results before significant recurring non-cash charges, nonrecurring expenses, gains and losses, and other items as presented below as they provide additional relevant and useful information to investors and other users of TDS’ financial data in evaluating the effectiveness of its operations and underlying business trends in a manner that is consistent with management’s evaluation of business performance. Adjusted EBITDA shows adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and accretion, gains and losses, and expenses related to the strategic alternatives review of UScellular, while Adjusted OIBDA reduces this measure further to exclude Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities and Interest and dividend income in order to more effectively show the performance of operating activities excluding investment activities. The following tables reconcile EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted OIBDA to the corresponding GAAP measures, Net income and/or Operating income. Income and expense items below Operating income are not provided at the individual segment level for UScellular Wireless and UScellular Towers; therefore, the reconciliations begin with EBITDA and the most directly comparable GAAP measure is Operating income rather than Net income at the segment level.
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| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
TDS - CONSOLIDATED | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (GAAP) | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  |  |  |
Add back: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | 8 |  |  | 20 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 61 |  |  | 57 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 234 |  |  | 234 |  |  |  |  |
EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | 315 |  |  | 349 |  |  |  |  |
Add back or deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expenses related to strategic alternatives review | 16 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on asset disposals, net | 4 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on sale of business and other exit costs, net | (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on license sales and exchanges, net | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | 333 |  |  | 366 |  |  |  |  |
Deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities | 37 |  |  | 42 |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |
Other, net | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted OIBDA (Non-GAAP) | 287 |  |  | 318 |  |  |  |  |
Deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 234 |  |  | 234 |  |  |  |  |
Expenses related to strategic alternatives review | 16 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on asset disposals, net | 4 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on sale of business and other exit costs, net | (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on license sales and exchanges, net | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |
Operating income (GAAP) | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  |  |  |

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
UScellular | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (GAAP) | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  |  |  |
Add back: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | 20 |  |  | 28 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 40 |  |  | 43 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 163 |  |  | 165 |  |  |  |  |
EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | 243 |  |  | 260 |  |  |  |  |
Add back or deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expenses related to strategic alternatives review | 10 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on asset disposals, net | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on license sales and exchanges, net | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | 254 |  |  | 272 |  |  |  |  |
Deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities | 36 |  |  | 42 |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted OIBDA (Non-GAAP) | 215 |  |  | 228 |  |  |  |  |
Deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 163 |  |  | 165 |  |  |  |  |
Expenses related to strategic alternatives review | 10 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on asset disposals, net | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on license sales and exchanges, net | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |
Operating income (GAAP) | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  |  |  |

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| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
UScellular Wireless | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | 183 |  |  |  |  |
Add back or deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expenses related to strategic alternatives review | 9 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on asset disposals, net | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on license sales and exchanges, net | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted OIBDA (Non-GAAP) | 182 |  |  | 195 |  |  |  |  |
Deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 152 |  |  | 154 |  |  |  |  |
Expenses related to strategic alternatives review | 9 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on asset disposals, net | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on license sales and exchanges, net | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |
Operating income (GAAP) | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  |  |  |

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
UScellular Towers | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  |  |  |
Add back or deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expenses related to strategic alternatives review | 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted OIBDA (Non-GAAP) | 33 |  |  | 33 |  |  |  |  |
Deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |  |
Expenses related to strategic alternatives review | 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Operating income (GAAP) | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  |  |  |

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
TDS TELECOM | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (GAAP) | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  |  |  |
Add back: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 71 |  |  | 65 |  |  |  |  |
EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | 75 |  |  | 93 |  |  |  |  |
Add back or deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on asset disposals, net | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | 76 |  |  | 95 |  |  |  |  |
Deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Other, net | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted OIBDA (Non-GAAP) | 73 |  |  | 93 |  |  |  |  |
Deduct: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 71 |  |  | 65 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on asset disposals, net | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |
Operating income (GAAP) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  |  |  |

Numbers may not foot due to rounding.
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Free Cash Flow
The following table presents Free cash flow, which is defined as Cash flows from operating activities less Cash paid for additions to property, plant and equipment and Cash paid for software license agreements. Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure which TDS believes may be useful to investors and other users of its financial information in evaluating liquidity, specifically, the amount of net cash generated by business operations after deducting Cash paid for additions to property, plant and equipment and Cash paid for software license agreements.

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2025 |  | 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Cash flows from operating activities (GAAP) | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 224 |
Cash paid for additions to property, plant and equipment | (129) |  |  | (235) |
Cash paid for software license agreements | (10) |  |  | (9) |
Free cash flow (Non-GAAP) | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | (20) |

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Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
TDS prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. TDS’ significant accounting policies are discussed in detail in Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Note 2 — Revenue Recognition and Note 11 — Leases in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in TDS' Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. TDS’ application of critical accounting policies and estimates is discussed in detail in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included in TDS’ Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
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Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995
Safe Harbor Cautionary Statement
This Form 10-Q, including exhibits, contains statements that are not based on historical facts and represent forward-looking statements, as this term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, that address activities, events or developments that TDS intends, expects, projects, believes, estimates, plans or anticipates will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements. The words “believes,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “projects” and similar expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements, but are not the exclusive means of identifying them. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, events or developments to be significantly different from any future results, events or developments expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such risks, uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to, those set forth below, as more fully described under “Risk Factors” in TDS’ Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 and in this Form 10-Q. Each of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations. However, such factors are not necessarily all of the important factors that could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements contained in this document. Other unknown or unpredictable factors also could have material adverse effects on future results, performance or achievements. TDS undertakes no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You should carefully consider the Risk Factors in TDS’ Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, the following factors and other information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this Form 10-Q to understand the material risks relating to TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations.
Announced Transactions and Strategic Alternatives Review Risk Factors
▪TDS and UScellular entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of May 24, 2024 with T-Mobile and USCC Wireless Holdings, LLC, pursuant to which, among other things, UScellular has agreed to sell its wireless operations and select spectrum assets to T-Mobile. In addition, UScellular, and certain subsidiaries of UScellular, entered into the Verizon Purchase Agreement on October 17, 2024, and the AT&T Purchase Agreement on November 6, 2024 to sell certain wireless spectrum licenses. There is no guarantee that the transactions contemplated by the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Verizon Purchase Agreement, or the AT&T Purchase Agreement will be able to be consummated or that UScellular will be able to find buyers at mutually agreeable prices for its spectrum assets not subject to the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Verizon Purchase Agreement, or the AT&T Purchase Agreement. Costs and uncertainties related to the transactions could have adverse effects on TDS’ financial condition or results of operations.
▪If the T-Mobile, Verizon and AT&T transactions are not consummated, substantial changes will be required to the manner in which UScellular’s wireless business is conducted, and we expect there will be a material adverse effect on TDS' financial condition and results of operations.
▪If the T-Mobile, Verizon and AT&T transactions are consummated, substantial costs will be triggered and substantial changes will be required to the manner in which UScellular’s remaining business is conducted, which could have a material adverse effect on TDS' financial condition and results of operations.
Operational Risk Factors
▪A delay or failure by TDS to complete significant network construction and systems implementation activities as part of its plans to improve the quality, coverage, capabilities and capacity of its network, support and other systems and infrastructure as well as renew wireless spectrum licenses, could adversely affect its operations.
▪Intense competition involving products, services, pricing, promotions and network speed and technologies could adversely affect TDS’ revenues or increase its costs to compete.
▪TDS’ lack of scale and structural disadvantages, particularly in the wireless business, relative to larger competitors that may have greater financial and other resources than TDS has caused and could continue to cause TDS to be unable to compete successfully, which has adversely affected and could continue to adversely affect its business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪Changes in roaming practices or other factors could cause TDS’ roaming revenues to decline from current levels, roaming expenses to increase from current levels and/or impact TDS’ ability to service its customers in geographic areas where TDS does not have its own network, which could have an adverse effect on TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪An inability to attract people of outstanding talent throughout all levels of the organization, to develop their potential through education and assignments, and to retain them by keeping them engaged, challenged and properly rewarded could have an adverse effect on TDS' business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪Changes in various business factors, including changes in demand, consumer preferences and perceptions, price competition, cost increases, churn from customer switching activity and other factors, could have an adverse effect on TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations.
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▪A failure by TDS to obtain access to adequate radio spectrum to meet current or anticipated future needs and/or to accurately predict future needs for radio spectrum could have an adverse effect on TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪Advances or changes in technology could render certain technologies used by TDS obsolete, could put TDS at a competitive disadvantage, could reduce TDS’ revenues or could increase its costs of doing business.
▪Complexities associated with deploying new technologies present substantial risk and TDS’ investments in unproven technologies may not produce the benefits that TDS expects.
▪Costs, integration problems or other factors associated with acquisitions, divestitures or exchanges of properties or wireless spectrum licenses and/or expansion of TDS’ businesses could have an adverse effect on TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪Difficulties involving third parties with which TDS does business, including changes in TDS’ relationships with or financial or operational difficulties, including supply chain disruptions, of key suppliers or independent agents and third-party national retailers who market TDS’ services, could adversely affect TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪A failure by TDS to maintain flexible and capable telecommunication networks or information technologies, or a material disruption thereof, could have an adverse effect on TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations.
Financial Risk Factors
▪Uncertainty in TDS’ or UScellular's future cash flow and liquidity or the inability to access capital, deterioration in the capital markets, changes in interest rates, other changes in TDS’ or UScellular's performance or market conditions, changes in TDS’ or UScellular's credit ratings or other factors could limit or restrict the availability of financing on terms and prices acceptable to TDS, which has required and is expected in the future to require TDS to reduce or delay its construction, development or acquisition programs, divest assets or businesses, and/or reduce or cease share repurchases and/or the payment of common shareholder dividends.
▪TDS has a significant amount of indebtedness which could adversely affect its financial performance and in turn adversely affect its ability to make payments on its indebtedness, comply with terms of debt covenants and incur additional debt.
▪TDS has entered into a Senior Secured Credit Agreement that imposes certain restrictions on its business and operations that may affect its ability to operate its business and make payments on its indebtedness.
▪TDS’ assets and revenue are concentrated primarily in the U.S. telecommunications industry. Consequently, its operating results may fluctuate based on factors related primarily to conditions in this industry.
▪TDS has significant investments in entities that it does not control. Losses in the value of such investments could have an adverse effect on TDS’ financial condition or results of operations.
Regulatory, Legal and Governance Risk Factors
▪Failure by TDS to timely or fully comply with any existing applicable legislative and/or regulatory requirements or changes thereto could adversely affect TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪TDS receives significant regulatory support, and is also subject to numerous surcharges and fees from federal, state and local governments – the applicability and the amount of the support and fees are subject to uncertainty, including the ability to pass through certain fees to customers, and this uncertainty could have an adverse effect on TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪Settlements, judgments, restraints on its current or future manner of doing business and/or costs resulting from pending and future legal and policy proceedings could have an adverse effect on TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪The possible development of adverse precedent in litigation or conclusions in professional or environmental studies to the effect that potentially harmful emissions from devices or network equipment, including but not limited to radio frequencies emitted by wireless signals or due to contamination from network cabling, may cause harmful health or environmental consequences, including cancer, tumors or otherwise harmful impacts, or may interfere with various electronic medical devices or frequencies used by other industries, could have an adverse effect on TDS’ wireless and/or wireline business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪Claims of infringement of intellectual property and proprietary rights of others, primarily involving patent infringement claims, could prevent TDS from using necessary technology to provide products or services or subject TDS to expensive intellectual property litigation or monetary penalties, which could have an adverse effect on TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪Certain matters, such as control by the TDS Voting Trust and provisions in the TDS Restated Certificate of Incorporation, may serve to discourage or make more difficult a change in control of TDS or have other consequences.
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General Risk Factors
▪TDS has experienced, and in the future expects to experience, cyber-attacks or other breaches of network or information technology security of varying degrees on a regular basis, which could have an adverse effect on TDS' business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪Disruption in credit or other financial markets, a deterioration of U.S. or global economic conditions or other events could, among other things, impede TDS’ access to or increase the cost of financing its operating and investment activities and/or result in reduced revenues and lower operating income and cash flows, which would have an adverse effect on TDS’ business, financial condition or results of operations.
▪The impact of public health emergencies on TDS' business is uncertain, but depending on duration and severity could have a material adverse effect on TDS' business, financial condition or results of operations.
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Risk Factors
In addition to the information set forth in this Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in TDS’ Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which could materially affect TDS’ business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in this Form 10-Q and the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, may not be the only risks that could affect TDS. Additional unidentified or unrecognized risks and uncertainties could materially adversely affect TDS’ business, financial condition and/or operating results. Subject to the foregoing, TDS has not identified for disclosure any material changes to the risk factors as previously disclosed in TDS’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
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Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Market Risk
As of March 31, 2025, approximately 50% of TDS' long-term debt was in fixed-rate senior notes and approximately 50% in variable-rate debt. Fluctuations in market interest rates can lead to volatility in the fair value of fixed-rate notes and interest expense on variable-rate debt.
The following table presents the scheduled principal payments on long-term debt, lease obligations, and the related weighted average interest rates by maturity dates at March 31, 2025.

| Principal Payments Due by Period
| Long-Term Debt Obligations 1 |  | Weighted-Avg. Interest Rates on Long-Term Debt Obligations 2
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Remainder of 2025 | $ | 24 |  |  | 6.7 | %
2026 | 539 |  |  | 6.3 | %
2027 | 321 |  |  | 6.0 | %
2028 | 485 |  |  | 6.5 | %
2029 | 299 |  |  | 11.1 | %
Thereafter | 2,489 |  |  | 6.2 | %
Total | $ | 4,157 |  |  | 6.6 | %

1 The total long-term debt obligation differs from Long-term debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheet due to unamortized debt issuance costs on all non-revolving debt instruments and unamortized discounts related to UScellular's 6.7% Senior Notes. The 2025 amount includes repayment of $2 million of outstanding borrowings under the UScellular receivables securitization agreement. If the maturity date of the facility is not extended, principal repayments begin in October 2025. If the T-Mobile transaction is consummated, TDS expects to repay outstanding borrowings under certain long-term debt obligations.
2 Represents the weighted average stated interest rates at March 31, 2025, for debt maturing in the respective periods.
See Note 3 — Fair Value Measurements in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to the fair value of TDS’ Long-term debt as of March 31, 2025.
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Financial Statements
Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Operations
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
(Dollars and shares in millions, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service | $ | 997 |  |  | $ | 1,044 |  |  |  |  |
Equipment and product sales | 157 |  |  | 218 |  |  |  |  |
Total operating revenues | 1,154 |  |  | 1,262 |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services (excluding Depreciation, amortization and accretion reported below) | 276 |  |  | 298 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of equipment and products | 182 |  |  | 233 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 425 |  |  | 424 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 234 |  |  | 234 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on asset disposals, net | 4 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on sale of business and other exit costs, net | (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
(Gain) loss on license sales and exchanges, net | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 1,119 |  |  | 1,195 |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | 35 |  |  | 67 |  |  |  |  |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities | 37 |  |  | 42 |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (61) |  |  | (57) |  |  |  |  |
Other, net | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Total other expense | (15) |  |  | (9) |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | 20 |  |  | 58 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | 8 |  |  | 20 |  |  |  |  |
Net income | 12 |  |  | 38 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax | 5 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to TDS shareholders | 7 |  |  | 29 |  |  |  |  |
TDS Preferred Share dividends | 17 |  |  | 17 |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to TDS common shareholders | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 115 |  |  | 113 |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to TDS common shareholders | $ | (0.09) |  |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 115 |  |  | 117 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to TDS common shareholders | $ | (0.09) |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2025 |  | 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 38 |
Add (deduct) adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 234 |  |  | 234 |
Bad debts expense | 21 |  |  | 31 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 28 |  |  | 14 |
Deferred income taxes, net | 7 |  |  | 14 |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities | (37) |  |  | (42) |
Distributions from unconsolidated entities | 11 |  |  | 22 |
(Gain) loss on asset disposals, net | 4 |  |  | 7 |
(Gain) loss on sale of business and other exit costs, net | (1) |  |  | — |
(Gain) loss on license sales and exchanges, net | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Other operating activities | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Changes in assets and liabilities from operations |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 1 |  |  | 27 |
Equipment installment plans receivable | 38 |  |  | 2 |
Inventory | — |  |  | 24 |
Accounts payable | (17) |  |  | (35) |
Customer deposits and deferred revenues | (7) |  |  | 6 |
Accrued taxes | 1 |  |  | 4 |
Accrued interest | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Other assets and liabilities | (119) |  |  | (131) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 186 |  |  | 224 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Cash paid for additions to property, plant and equipment | (129) |  |  | (235) |
Cash paid for licenses | (2) |  |  | (11) |
Cash received from divestitures | 8 |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (123) |  |  | (246) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Issuance of long-term debt | — |  |  | 140 |
Repayment of long-term debt | (8) |  |  | (57) |
Tax payments, net of cash receipts, for TDS stock-based compensation awards | (6) |  |  | (1) |
Tax payments, net of cash receipts, for UScellular stock-based compensation awards | (7) |  |  | — |
Repurchase of UScellular Common Shares | (21) |  |  | — |
Dividends paid to TDS shareholders | (22) |  |  | (39) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | (2) |  |  | (2) |
Cash paid for software license agreements | (10) |  |  | (9) |
Other financing activities | — |  |  | (2) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (76) |  |  | 30 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (13) |  |  | 8 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  |
Beginning of period | 384 |  |  | 270 |
End of period | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 278 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheet — Assets
(Unaudited)

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | 364 |
Accounts receivable |  |  |
Customers and agents, less allowances of $61 and $68, respectively | 921 |  |  | 962 |
Other, less allowances of $2 and $2, respectively | 83 |  |  | 79 |
Inventory, net | 182 |  |  | 183 |
Prepaid expenses | 98 |  |  | 72 |
Income taxes receivable | 3 |  |  | 2 |
Other current assets | 38 |  |  | 33 |
Total current assets | 1,673 |  |  | 1,695 |
Assets held for sale | 14 |  |  | — |
Licenses | 4,590 |  |  | 4,588 |
Other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $135 and $128, respectively | 154 |  |  | 161 |
Investments in unconsolidated entities | 527 |  |  | 500 |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  |
In service and under construction | 14,357 |  |  | 14,363 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | 9,486 |  |  | 9,369 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 4,871 |  |  | 4,994 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 978 |  |  | 982 |
Other assets and deferred charges | 729 |  |  | 762 |
Total assets 1 | $ | 13,536 |  |  | $ | 13,682 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheet — Liabilities and Equity
(Unaudited)

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars and shares in millions, except per share amounts) |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 31 |
Accounts payable | 247 |  |  | 280 |
Customer deposits and deferred revenues | 276 |  |  | 283 |
Accrued interest | 25 |  |  | 16 |
Accrued taxes | 41 |  |  | 39 |
Accrued compensation | 62 |  |  | 150 |
Short-term operating lease liabilities | 151 |  |  | 153 |
Other current liabilities | 123 |  |  | 138 |
Total current liabilities | 960 |  |  | 1,090 |
Liabilities held for sale | 5 |  |  | — |
Deferred liabilities and credits |  |  |
Deferred income tax liability, net | 987 |  |  | 981 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | 867 |  |  | 867 |
Other deferred liabilities and credits | 807 |  |  | 809 |
Long-term debt, net | 4,042 |  |  | 4,051 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Noncontrolling interests with redemption features | 16 |  |  | 16 |
Equity |  |  |
TDS shareholders’ equity |  |  |
Series A Common and Common Shares |  |  |
Authorized 290 shares (25 Series A Common and 265 Common Shares) |  |  |
Issued 133 shares (7 Series A Common and 126 Common Shares) |  |  |
Outstanding 114 shares (7 Series A Common and 107 Common Shares) |  |  |
Par Value ($0.01 per share) | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Capital in excess of par value | 2,581 |  |  | 2,574 |
Preferred Shares, 0.279 shares authorized, par value $0.01 per share, 0.0444 shares outstanding (0.0168 Series UU and 0.0276 Series VV) | 1,074 |  |  | 1,074 |
Treasury shares, at cost, 18 and 19 Common Shares, respectively | (414) |  |  | (425) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 18 |  |  | 18 |
Retained earnings | 1,818 |  |  | 1,849 |
Total TDS shareholders' equity | 5,078 |  |  | 5,091 |
Noncontrolling interests | 774 |  |  | 777 |
Total equity | 5,852 |  |  | 5,868 |
Total liabilities and equity 1 | $ | 13,536 |  |  | $ | 13,682 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

1 The consolidated total assets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, include assets held by consolidated variable interest entities (VIEs) of $1,023 million and $983 million, respectively, which are not available to be used to settle the obligations of TDS. The consolidated total liabilities as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, include certain liabilities of consolidated VIEs of $23 million and $24 million, respectively, for which the creditors of the VIEs have no recourse to the general credit of TDS. See Note 9 — Variable Interest Entities for additional information.
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Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity
(Unaudited)

| TDS Shareholders |  |  |  |
| Series A Common and Common shares |  | Capital in excess of par value |  | Preferred Shares |  | Treasury shares |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income |  | Retained earnings |  | Total TDS shareholders' equity |  | Noncontrolling interests |  | Total equity
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2024 | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2,574 |  |  | $ | 1,074 |  |  | $ | (425) |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 1,849 |  |  | $ | 5,091 |  |  | $ | 777 |  |  | $ | 5,868 |
Net income attributable to TDS shareholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests classified as equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |
TDS Common and Series A Common share dividends ($0.04 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |
TDS Preferred share dividends ($414 per Series UU share and $375 per Series VV share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |
Incentive and compensation plans | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Adjust investment in subsidiaries for issuances and other compensation plans | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (10) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |
March 31, 2025 | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2,581 |  |  | $ | 1,074 |  |  | $ | (414) |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 1,818 |  |  | $ | 5,078 |  |  | $ | 774 |  |  | $ | 5,852 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity
(Unaudited)

| TDS Shareholders |  |  |  |
| Series A Common and Common shares |  | Capital in excess of par value |  | Preferred Shares |  | Treasury shares |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income |  | Retained earnings |  | Total TDS shareholders' equity |  | Noncontrolling interests |  | Total equity
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2,558 |  |  | $ | 1,074 |  |  | $ | (465) |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 2,023 |  |  | $ | 5,202 |  |  | $ | 794 |  |  | $ | 5,996 |
Net income attributable to TDS shareholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests classified as equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
TDS Common and Series A Common share dividends ($0.190 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22) |  |  | (22) |  |  | — |  |  | (22) |
TDS Preferred share dividends ($414 per Series UU share and $375 per Series VV share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |
Dividend reinvestment plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Incentive and compensation plans | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjust investment in subsidiaries for repurchases, issuances and other compensation plans | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 14 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
March 31, 2024 | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2,570 |  |  | $ | 1,074 |  |  | $ | (460) |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 2,008 |  |  | $ | 5,204 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 6,004 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1 Basis of Presentation
The accounting policies of Telephone and Data Systems, Inc. (TDS) conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) as set forth in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC). Unless otherwise specified, references to accounting provisions and GAAP in these notes refer to the requirements of the FASB ASC. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of TDS and subsidiaries in which it has a controlling financial interest, including TDS’ 83%-owned subsidiary, United States Cellular Corporation (UScellular) and TDS’ wholly-owned subsidiary, TDS Telecommunications LLC (TDS Telecom). In addition, the consolidated financial statements include certain entities in which TDS has a variable interest that requires consolidation into the TDS financial statements under GAAP. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
TDS’ business segments reflected in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2025, are UScellular Wireless, UScellular Towers and TDS Telecom. TDS’ non-reportable other business activities are presented as “Corporate, Eliminations and Other”, which includes its wholly-owned subsidiary Suttle-Straus, Inc. (Suttle-Straus). Suttle-Straus’ financial results were not significant to TDS’ operations. All of TDS’ segments operate only in the United States. See Note 11 — Business Segment Information for summary financial information on each business segment.
Certain numbers included herein are rounded to millions for ease of presentation; however, certain calculated amounts and percentages are determined using the unrounded numbers. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in TDS’ Annual Report on Form 10-K (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2024.
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring items, unless otherwise disclosed) necessary for the fair statement of TDS’ financial position as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, its results of operations, cash flows and changes in equity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income was not included because comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, doesn't materially differ from net income. These results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. TDS has not changed its significant accounting and reporting policies from those disclosed in its Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Restricted Cash
TDS presents restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Restricted cash primarily consists of balances required under the receivables securitization agreement. The following table provides a reconciliation of Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet to the total of the amounts in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | 364 |
Restricted cash included in Other current assets | 23 |  |  | 20 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 384 |

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Note 2 Revenue Recognition
Disaggregation of Revenue
In the following table, TDS' revenues are disaggregated by type of service, which represents the relevant categorization of revenues for TDS' reportable segments, and timing of recognition. Service revenues are recognized over time and Equipment and product sales are recognized at a point in time.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | UScellular |  | TDS Telecom |  | Corporate, Eliminations and Other |  | Total
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Type of service: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail service | $ | 660 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 660 |
Residential | — |  |  | 184 |  |  | — |  |  | 184 |
Commercial | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |
Wholesale | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |
Other service | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 52 |
Service revenues from contracts with customers | 714 |  |  | 256 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 969 |
Equipment and product sales | 150 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 157 |
Total revenues from contracts with customers 1 | 864 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,126 |
Operating lease income 1 | 27 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |
Total operating revenues | $ | 891 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 1,154 |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 | UScellular |  | TDS Telecom |  | Corporate, Eliminations and Other |  | Total
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Type of service: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail service | $ | 678 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 678 |
Residential | — |  |  | 185 |  |  | — |  |  | 185 |
Commercial | — |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |
Wholesale | — |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |
Other service | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 69 |
Service revenues from contracts with customers | 729 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 1,012 |
Equipment and product sales | 196 |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | 218 |
Total revenues from contracts with customers 1 | 925 |  |  | 266 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 1,230 |
Operating lease income 1 | 25 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 32 |
Total operating revenues | $ | 950 |  |  | $ | 266 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 1,262 |

Numbers may not foot due to rounding.
1 UScellular's Total revenues from contracts with customers represents revenues related to the Wireless segment and Operating lease income represents revenues related to the Towers segment.

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Contract Balances
The following table provides balances for contract assets from contracts with customers, which are recorded in Other current assets and Other assets and deferred charges in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers, which are recorded in Customer deposits and deferred revenues and Other deferred liabilities and credits in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Contract assets | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Contract liabilities | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 382 |

Revenue recognized related to contract liabilities existing at January 1, 2025 was $160 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations
The following table includes estimated service revenues expected to be recognized related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) at the end of the reporting period. These estimates represent service revenues to be recognized when services are delivered to customers pursuant to service plan contracts and under certain roaming agreements with other carriers. These estimates are based on contracts in place as of March 31, 2025 and may vary from actual results. As practical expedients, revenue related to contracts of less than one year, generally month-to-month contracts, and contracts with a fixed per-unit price and variable quantity, are excluded from these estimates.
A significant portion of TDS Telecom's residential revenue is derived from customers who may generally cancel their subscriptions at any time without penalty. For these contracts, the amount of revenue related to unsatisfied performance obligations is not necessarily indicative of the future revenue to be recognized from TDS Telecom's existing customer base and therefore is excluded from these estimates.

| Service Revenues
(Dollars in millions) |
Remainder of 2025 | $ | 288 |
2026 | 130 |
Thereafter | 84 |
Total | $ | 502 |

Contract Cost Assets
TDS expects that commission fees paid as a result of obtaining contracts are recoverable, and therefore TDS defers and amortizes these costs. As a practical expedient, costs with an amortization period of one year or less are expensed as incurred. TDS also incurs fulfillment costs, such as installation costs, where there is an expectation that a future benefit will be realized. Deferred commission fees and fulfillment costs are amortized based on the timing of transfer of the goods or services to which the assets relate, typically the contract term. Contract cost asset balances, which are recorded in Other assets and deferred charges in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, were as follows:

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Costs to obtain contracts |  |  |
Sales commissions | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 145 |
Fulfillment costs |  |  |
Installation costs | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Total contract cost assets | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 147 |

Amortization of contract cost assets was $25 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024, and was included in Selling, general and administrative expenses and Cost of services expenses.
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Note 3 Fair Value Measurements
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, TDS did not have any material financial or nonfinancial assets or liabilities that were required to be recorded at fair value in its Consolidated Balance Sheet in accordance with GAAP.
The provisions of GAAP establish a fair value hierarchy that contains three levels for inputs used in fair value measurements. Level 1 inputs include quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 inputs include quoted market prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or quoted market prices for identical assets and liabilities in inactive markets. Level 3 inputs are unobservable. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is not representative of its expected performance or its overall risk profile and, therefore Level 3 assets are not necessarily higher risk than Level 2 assets or Level 1 assets.
As of March 31, 2025, UScellular recorded a net written call option at fair value, which was considered Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. See Note 6 — Divestitures for additional information.
TDS has applied the provisions of fair value accounting for purposes of computing the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes as displayed below.

| Level within the Fair Value Hierarchy |  | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Book Value |  | Fair Value |  | Book Value |  | Fair Value
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt | 2 |  | $ | 4,108 |  |  | $ | 4,017 |  |  | $ | 4,119 |  |  | $ | 4,015 |

Long-term debt excludes lease obligations, the current portion of Long-term debt and debt financing costs. The fair value of Long-term debt was estimated using various methods, including quoted market prices and discounted cash flow analyses.
The fair values of Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term debt approximate their book values due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments.
Note 4 Equipment Installment Plans
UScellular sells devices to customers under equipment installment plans over a specified time period. For certain equipment installment plans, after a specified period of time or amount of payments, the customer may have the right to upgrade to a new device and have the remaining unpaid equipment installment contract balance waived, subject to certain conditions, including trading in the original device in good working condition and signing a new equipment installment contract.
The following table summarizes equipment installment plan receivables.

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Equipment installment plan receivables, gross | $ | 1,054 |  |  | $ | 1,110 |
Allowance for credit losses | (78) |  |  | (82) |
Equipment installment plan receivables, net | $ | 976 |  |  | $ | 1,028 |
Net balance presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as: |  |  |
Accounts receivable — Customers and agents (Current portion) | $ | 567 |  |  | $ | 592 |
Other assets and deferred charges (Non-current portion) | 409 |  |  | 436 |
Equipment installment plan receivables, net | $ | 976 |  |  | $ | 1,028 |

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UScellular uses various inputs to evaluate the credit profiles of its customers, including internal data, information from credit bureaus and other sources. From this evaluation, a credit class is assigned to the customer that determines the number of eligible lines, the amount of credit available, and the down payment requirement, if any. These credit classes are grouped into four credit categories: lowest risk, lower risk, slight risk and higher risk. A customer's assigned credit class is reviewed periodically and a change is made, if appropriate. An equipment installment plan billed amount is considered past due if not paid within 30 days. The balance and aging of the equipment installment plan receivables on a gross basis by credit category were as follows:

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Lowest Risk |  | Lower Risk |  | Slight Risk |  | Higher Risk |  | Total |  | Lowest Risk |  | Lower Risk |  | Slight Risk |  | Higher Risk |  | Total
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unbilled | $ | 898 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 993 |  |  | $ | 955 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 1,050 |
Billed — current | 38 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 42 |
Billed — past due | 10 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 18 |
Total | $ | 946 |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 1,054 |  |  | $ | 1,001 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 1,110 |

The balance of the equipment installment plan receivables as of March 31, 2025 on a gross basis by year of origination were as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | Total
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lowest Risk | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 475 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 946 |
Lower Risk | 4 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 85 |
Slight Risk | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 16 |
Higher Risk | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |
Total | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 291 |  |  | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 1,054 |

The write-offs, net of recoveries for the three months ended March 31, 2025 on a gross basis by year of origination were as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | Total
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Write-offs, net of recoveries | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 19 |

Activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, in the allowance for credit losses for equipment installment plan receivables was as follows:

| March 31, 2025 |  | March 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 90 |
Bad debts expense | 15 |  |  | 22 |
Write-offs, net of recoveries | (19) |  |  | (24) |
Allowance for credit losses, end of period | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 88 |

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Note 5 Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to TDS common shareholders is computed by dividing Net income (loss) attributable to TDS common shareholders by the weighted average number of Common Shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to TDS common shareholders is computed by dividing Net income (loss) attributable to TDS common shareholders by the weighted average number of Common Shares outstanding during the period adjusted to include the effects of potentially dilutive securities. Potentially dilutive securities primarily include incremental shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and the vesting of performance and restricted stock units, as calculated using the treasury stock method.
The amounts used in computing basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to TDS common shareholders were as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
(Dollars and shares in millions, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to TDS common shareholders | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of shares used in basic earnings (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Shares | 108 |  |  | 106 |  |  |  |  |
Series A Common Shares | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |
Total | 115 |  |  | 113 |  |  |  |  |
Effects of dilutive securities | — |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of shares used in diluted earnings (loss) per share | 115 |  |  | 117 |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to TDS common shareholders | $ | (0.09) |  |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to TDS common shareholders | $ | (0.09) |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  |  |  |

Certain Common Shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options or vesting of performance and restricted stock units were not included in weighted average diluted shares outstanding for the calculation of Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to TDS common shareholders because their effects were antidilutive. The number of such Common Shares excluded was 4 million and 2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively.
Note 6 Divestitures
UScellular
On August 4, 2023, TDS and UScellular announced that the Boards of Directors of both companies decided to initiate a process to explore a range of strategic alternatives for UScellular. On May 28, 2024, UScellular announced that its Board of Directors unanimously approved the execution of a Securities Purchase Agreement (Securities Purchase Agreement) by and among TDS, UScellular, T-Mobile US, Inc. (T-Mobile) and USCC Wireless Holdings, LLC, pursuant to which, among other things, UScellular has agreed to sell its wireless operations and select spectrum assets to T-Mobile for a purchase price, subject to adjustments as specified in the Securities Purchase Agreement, of $4,400 million, which is payable in a combination of cash and the assumption of up to approximately $2,000 million in debt. The purchase price includes $100 million contingent on the satisfaction of certain financial and operational targets prior to close; based on projected performance against such targets through an expected mid-year 2025 close, UScellular does not expect to receive most of this contingent consideration. The purchase price also includes $400 million allocated to certain wireless spectrum licenses held by entities in which UScellular is a non-controlling limited partner. The closing with respect to these wireless spectrum licenses is contingent upon UScellular's purchase, which is pending receipt of regulatory approval, of the remaining equity in the entities that UScellular does not currently own. The Securities Purchase Agreement also contemplates, among other things, a Short-Term Spectrum Manager Lease Agreement and Short-Term Spectrum Manager Sublease Agreements that will become effective at the closing date, which provide T-Mobile with an exclusive license to use certain UScellular spectrum assets and leases at no cost for up to one-year for the sole purpose of providing continued, uninterrupted service to customers. UScellular expects to present the wireless operations and select spectrum assets sold to T-Mobile as discontinued operations if and when the accounting criteria is met. The sale of the wireless operations to T-Mobile is expected to close in mid-2025, subject to the receipt of regulatory approvals and the satisfaction of customary closing conditions.
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On October 17, 2024, UScellular, and certain subsidiaries of UScellular, entered into a License Purchase Agreement (Verizon Purchase Agreement) with Verizon Communications Inc. (Verizon) to sell certain AWS, Cellular and PCS wireless spectrum licenses and agreed to grant Verizon certain rights to lease such licenses prior to the transaction close for total proceeds of $1,000 million. As of March 31, 2025, UScellular's book value of the wireless spectrum licenses to be sold was $586 million. The transaction is subject to regulatory approval and other customary closing conditions, and is contingent on the closing of the T-Mobile transaction and the termination of the T-Mobile Short-Term Spectrum Manager Lease Agreement.
On November 6, 2024, UScellular, and certain subsidiaries of UScellular, entered into a License Purchase Agreement (AT&T Purchase Agreement) with New Cingular Wireless PCS, LLC (AT&T), a subsidiary of AT&T Inc. to sell certain 3.45 GHz and 700 MHz wireless spectrum licenses and agreed to grant AT&T certain rights to lease and sub-lease such licenses prior to the transaction close for total proceeds of $1,018 million, subject to certain purchase price adjustments. As of March 31, 2025, UScellular's book value of the wireless spectrum licenses to be sold was $859 million. The transaction is subject to regulatory approval and other customary closing conditions and substantially all of the licenses subject to the transaction are contingent on the closing of the T-Mobile transaction. The purchase price includes $232 million allocated to certain wireless spectrum licenses that are held by an entity in which UScellular is a non-controlling limited partner. The closing with respect to these wireless spectrum licenses is contingent upon UScellular's purchase, which is pending receipt of regulatory approval, of the remaining equity in the entity that UScellular does not currently own.
The strategic alternatives review process is ongoing as UScellular works toward closing the transactions signed during 2024, including the T-Mobile, Verizon and AT&T transactions and continues to seek to opportunistically monetize its spectrum assets that are not subject to the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Verizon Purchase Agreement or the AT&T Purchase Agreement.
TDS incurred third-party expenses related to the announced transactions and strategic alternatives review of $16 million and $11 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which are included in Selling, general and administrative expenses.
As part of the transaction, UScellular entered into a Put/Call Agreement with T-Mobile whereby T-Mobile has the right to call certain spectrum assets and UScellular has the right to put certain spectrum assets to T-Mobile for an aggregate agreed upon price of $106 million. The call option notice period started on May 24, 2024, and the put exercise period starts at the close of the broader transaction. There was no cash exchanged at the inception of the Put/Call Agreement. All license transfers pursuant to any put/call are subject to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval. UScellular accounts for this instrument as a net written call option and records such option at fair value each reporting period unless/until such option is exercised or terminated. UScellular estimated the fair value of the net written call option at $4 million as of March 31, 2025, which was recorded to Other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The change in fair value is recorded to (Gain) loss on license sales and exchanges, net in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
TDS Telecom
In February 2025, TDS Telecom entered into agreements with third-parties to sell certain incumbent markets in Colorado for a purchase price of $18 million. The assets and liabilities of the markets being sold have been classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2025. The transactions are expected to close in 2025, subject to customary closing conditions.
Note 7 Investments in Unconsolidated Entities
Investments in unconsolidated entities consist of amounts invested in entities in which TDS holds a noncontrolling interest. TDS’ Investments in unconsolidated entities are accounted for using the equity method, measurement alternative method or net asset value practical expedient method as shown in the table below. The carrying value of measurement alternative method investments represents cost minus any impairments plus or minus any observable price changes.

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Equity method investments | $ | 498 |  |  | $ | 472 |
Measurement alternative method investments | 21 |  |  | 19 |
Investments recorded using the net asset value practical expedient | 8 |  |  | 9 |
Total investments in unconsolidated entities | $ | 527 |  |  | $ | 500 |

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The following table, which is based on unaudited information provided in part by third parties, summarizes the combined results of operations of TDS’ equity method investments.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 1,916 |  |  | $ | 1,849 |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses | 1,523 |  |  | 1,421 |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | 393 |  |  | 428 |  |  |  |  |
Other income (expense), net | (12) |  |  | (9) |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | 419 |  |  |  |  |

Note 8 Debt
Revolving Credit Agreements
TDS and UScellular have unsecured revolving credit agreements with maximum borrowing capacities of $400 million and $300 million, respectively. Amounts under the agreements may be borrowed, repaid and reborrowed from time to time until maturity in July 2026. As of March 31, 2025, there were no outstanding borrowings under the agreements, and TDS' and UScellular's unused borrowing capacity was $399 million and $300 million, respectively.
In April 2025, TDS and UScellular amended the revolving credit agreements to extend the maturity dates to July 2027 and allow for permitted dispositions, as specified in the amendments. The amendments also include a provision that will be triggered upon the sale of the UScellular wireless operations to T-Mobile, which accelerates the maturity date to the earliest of (i) 270 days following the consummation of the sale of the UScellular wireless operations to T-Mobile, (ii) the date on which UScellular receives net proceeds from the cumulative sale of wireless spectrum licenses to AT&T, Verizon and other parties that equals or exceeds $1.1 billion, or (iii) July 20, 2027. Additionally, the amendment to the UScellular revolving credit agreement includes a provision that will be triggered upon UScellular receiving net proceeds from the cumulative sale of wireless spectrum licenses to AT&T, Verizon and other parties that equals or exceeds $500 million, which provision would automatically reduce the maximum borrowing capacity of the UScellular revolving credit agreement from $300 million to $150 million five business days after UScellular's receipt of such net proceeds.
Unsecured Term Loan Agreements
TDS has unsecured term loan agreements with maximum borrowing capacities of $875 million. The maturity dates for the agreements range from July 2028 to July 2031. As of March 31, 2025, the outstanding borrowings were $783 million and the unused borrowing capacity was $75 million.
UScellular has unsecured term loan agreements with maximum borrowing capacities of $800 million. The maturity dates for the agreements range from July 2026 to July 2031. As of March 31, 2025, UScellular has borrowed the full amount available under the agreements and the outstanding borrowings were $718 million.
In April 2025, UScellular amended its $300 million unsecured term loan agreement due July 2026 to extend the maturity date to July 2027 and allow for permitted dispositions, as specified in the amendment.
Secured Term Loan Agreement
TDS has a secured term loan agreement with maximum borrowing capacity of $300 million. In February 2025, TDS amended the agreement to extend the maturity date to the earlier of (i) September 2026 and (ii) the scheduled maturity date of TDS' existing revolving credit agreement (which had a then existing maturity date of July 2026, which has since been extended as described above). As of March 31, 2025, the outstanding borrowings under the agreement were $300 million, which is the full amount available under the agreement.
In April 2025, TDS amended the secured term loan agreement to extend the maturity date to the earliest of (i) 270 days following the consummation of the sale of the UScellular wireless operations to T-Mobile, (ii) the date on which UScellular receives net proceeds from the cumulative sale of wireless spectrum licenses to AT&T, Verizon and other parties that equals or exceeds $1.1 billion, or (iii) July 20, 2027, and to allow for permitted dispositions, as specified in the amendment.
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Debt Covenants
The TDS and UScellular revolving credit agreements, term loan agreements including the secured term loan, export credit financing agreements and the UScellular receivables securitization agreement require TDS or UScellular, as applicable, to comply with certain affirmative and negative covenants, which include certain financial covenants that may restrict the borrowing capacity available. TDS and UScellular are required to maintain the Consolidated Leverage Ratio, based on gross debt, as of the end of any fiscal quarter at a level not to exceed the following: 4.00 to 1.00 from April 1, 2024 through and including March 31, 2025; 3.75 to 1.00 from April 1, 2025 and thereafter. TDS and UScellular are also required to maintain the Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio at a level not lower than 3.00 to 1.00 as of the end of any fiscal quarter. TDS and UScellular believe they were in compliance as of March 31, 2025 with all such financial covenants.
The TDS $375 million term loan agreement with a maturity date of May 2029 requires TDS to comply with certain affirmative and negative covenants, which includes a financial covenant that may restrict the borrowing capacity available. TDS is required to maintain the Consolidated Leverage Ratio as of the end of any fiscal quarter at a level not to exceed the following: 4.50 to 1.00 from April 1, 2024 through and including March 31, 2025; 4.25 to 1.00 from April 1, 2025 and thereafter. TDS believes that it was in compliance as of March 31, 2025 with such financial covenant.
In April 2025, the TDS and UScellular revolving credit agreements, UScellular $300 million unsecured term loan agreement and TDS $300 million secured term loan agreement were amended to require, upon the consummation of the sale of the UScellular wireless operations to T-Mobile, TDS and UScellular to maintain the Consolidated Leverage Ratio, based on net debt, as of the end of any fiscal quarter from and including the quarter in which such sale occurs at a level not to exceed 3.50 to 1.00.
Note 9 Variable Interest Entities
Consolidated VIEs
TDS consolidates VIEs in which it has a controlling financial interest as defined by GAAP and is therefore deemed the primary beneficiary. TDS reviews the criteria for a controlling financial interest at the time it enters into agreements and subsequently when events warranting reconsideration occur. These VIEs have risks similar to those described in the “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-Q and TDS’ Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
UScellular formed USCC EIP LLC (Seller/Sub-Servicer), USCC Receivables Funding LLC (Transferor) and the USCC Master Note Trust (Trust), collectively the special purpose entities (SPEs), to facilitate a securitized borrowing using its equipment installment plan receivables. Under a Receivables Sale Agreement, UScellular wholly-owned, majority-owned and unconsolidated entities, collectively referred to as “affiliated entities”, transfer device equipment installment plan contracts to the Seller/Sub-Servicer. The Seller/Sub-Servicer aggregates device equipment installment plan contracts, and performs servicing, collection and all other administrative activities related to accounting for the equipment installment plan contracts. The Seller/Sub-Servicer sells the eligible equipment installment plan receivables to the Transferor, a bankruptcy remote entity, which subsequently sells the receivables to the Trust. The Trust, which is bankruptcy remote and isolated from the creditors of UScellular, will be responsible for issuing asset-backed variable funding notes (Notes), which are collateralized by the equipment installment plan receivables owned by the Trust. Given that UScellular has the power to direct the activities of these SPEs, and that these SPEs lack sufficient equity to finance their activities, UScellular is deemed to have a controlling financial interest in the SPEs, and therefore consolidates them. All transactions with third parties (e.g., issuance of the asset-backed variable funding notes) will be accounted for as a secured borrowing due to the pledging of equipment installment plan contracts as collateral, significant continuing involvement in the transferred assets, subordinated interests of the cash flows, and continued evidence of control of the receivables.
The following VIEs were formed to participate in FCC auctions of wireless spectrum licenses and to fund, establish, and provide wireless service with respect to any FCC wireless spectrum licenses won in the auctions:
▪Advantage Spectrum, L.P. (Advantage Spectrum) and Sunshine Spectrum, Inc., the general partner of Advantage Spectrum; and
▪King Street Wireless, L.P. (King Street Wireless) and King Street Wireless, Inc., the general partner of King Street Wireless.
These particular VIEs are collectively referred to as designated entities. The power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these VIEs is shared. Specifically, the general partner of these VIEs has the exclusive right to manage, operate and control the limited partnerships and make all decisions to carry on the business of the partnerships. The general partner of each partnership needs the consent of the limited partner, an indirect TDS subsidiary, to sell or lease certain wireless spectrum licenses, to make certain large expenditures, admit other partners or liquidate the limited partnerships. Although the power to direct the activities of these VIEs is shared, TDS has the most significant level of exposure to the variability associated with the economic performance of the VIEs, indicating that TDS is the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. Therefore, in accordance with GAAP, these VIEs are consolidated into the TDS financial statements.
TDS also consolidates other VIEs that are limited partnerships that provide wireless service. A limited partnership is a variable interest entity unless the limited partners hold substantive participating rights or kick-out rights over the general partner. For certain limited partnerships, UScellular is the general partner and manages the operations. In these partnerships, the limited partners do not have substantive kick-out or participating rights and, further, such limited partners do not have the authority to remove the general partner. Therefore, these limited partnerships also are recognized as VIEs and are consolidated into the TDS financial statements under the variable interest model.
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The following table presents the classification and balances of the consolidated VIEs’ assets and liabilities in TDS’ Consolidated Balance Sheet.

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 51 |
Accounts receivable | 614 |  |  | 639 |
Inventory, net | 4 |  |  | 5 |
Other current assets | 19 |  |  | 16 |
Licenses | 639 |  |  | 639 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 108 |  |  | 113 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 46 |  |  | 46 |
Other assets and deferred charges | 417 |  |  | 446 |
Total assets | $ | 1,884 |  |  | $ | 1,955 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Current liabilities | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 34 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | 39 |  |  | 39 |
Other deferred liabilities and credits | 26 |  |  | 27 |
Total liabilities 1 | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 100 |

1 Total liabilities does not include amounts borrowed under the receivables securitization agreement.
Unconsolidated VIEs
TDS manages the operations of and holds a variable interest in certain other limited partnerships, but is not the primary beneficiary of these entities, and therefore does not consolidate them into the TDS financial statements under the variable interest model.
TDS’ total investment in these unconsolidated entities was $5 million at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and is included in Investments in unconsolidated entities in TDS’ Consolidated Balance Sheet. The maximum exposure from unconsolidated VIEs is limited to the investment held by TDS in those entities.
Other Related Matters
TDS made contributions, loans or advances to its VIEs totaling $36 million and $207 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, of which $31 million in 2025 and $187 million in 2024, are related to USCC EIP LLC as discussed above. TDS may agree to make additional capital contributions and/or advances to these or other VIEs and/or to their general partners to provide additional funding for their operations or the development of wireless spectrum licenses granted in various auctions. TDS may finance such amounts with a combination of cash on hand, borrowings under its revolving credit or receivables securitization agreements and/or other long-term debt. There is no assurance that TDS will be able to obtain additional financing on commercially reasonable terms or at all to provide such financial support.
Note 10 Noncontrolling Interests
The following schedule discloses the effects of Net income attributable to TDS shareholders and changes in TDS’ ownership interest in UScellular on TDS’ equity:

Three Months Ended March 31, | 2025 |  | 2024
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |
Net income attributable to TDS shareholders | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests |  |  |
Change in TDS' Capital in excess of par value from UScellular's issuance of UScellular shares | (16) |  |  | (1) |
Change in TDS' Capital in excess of par value from UScellular's repurchases of UScellular shares | (3) |  |  | — |
Net transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests | (19) |  |  | (1) |
Net income (loss) attributable to TDS shareholders after transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | 28 |

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Note 11 Business Segment Information
TDS has the following reportable segments: UScellular Wireless, UScellular Towers and TDS Telecom. UScellular Wireless generates its revenues by providing wireless services and equipment. UScellular Towers generates its revenues by leasing tower space on UScellular-owned towers to other wireless carriers. TDS Telecom generates its revenues by providing broadband, video, voice and wireless services. The Towers segment records rental revenue and the Wireless segment records a related expense when the Wireless segment uses company-owned towers to locate its network equipment, using estimated market pricing - this revenue and expense is eliminated in consolidation.
The reportable segments are billed for services they receive from TDS, consisting primarily of information processing, accounting, finance, and general management services. Such billings are based on expenses specifically identified to the reportable segments and on allocations of common expenses. Management believes the method used to allocate common expenses is reasonable and that all expenses and costs applicable to the reportable segments are reflected in the accompanying business segment information.
Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and accretion (Adjusted EBITDA) is the segment measure of profit or loss reported to the chief operating decision maker for purposes of assessing the segments' performance and making capital allocation decisions. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that shows adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and accretion, gains and losses, and expenses related to the strategic alternatives review of UScellular. TDS believes Adjusted EBITDA is a useful measure of TDS’ operating results before significant recurring non-cash charges, gains and losses, and other items as presented below as it provides additional relevant and useful information to investors and other users of TDS' financial data in evaluating the effectiveness of its operations and underlying business trends in a manner that is consistent with management's evaluation of business performance. TDS’ chief operating decision maker is its President and Chief Executive Officer.
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Financial data for TDS’ reportable segments for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, is as follows.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | UScellular Wireless | UScellular Towers | TDS Telecom | Total
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |
Revenues from external customers | $ | 864 |  | $ | 27 |  | $ | 256 |  | $ | 1,147 |
Intersegment revenues | — |  | 34 |  | 1 |  | 35 |
| 864 |  | 61 |  | 257 |  | 1,182 |
Reconciliation of revenue: |  |  |  |
All Other revenues 1 |  |  |  | 7 |
Elimination of intersegment revenues |  |  |  | (35) |
Total operating revenues |  |  |  | $ | 1,154 |
Less 2: |  |  |  |
Cost of services (excluding Depreciation, amortization and accretion reported below) | 191 |  | 19 |  | 101 |  |
Cost of equipment and products | 178 |  | — |  | — |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 322 |  | 10 |  | 83 |  |
Expenses related to strategic alternatives review (included in Selling, general and administrative) | (9) |  | (1) |  | — |  |
Other segment items | — |  | — |  | (3) |  |
Segment Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | $ | 182 |  | $ | 33 |  | $ | 76 |  | $ | 291 |
Reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA to Income before income taxes: |  |  |  |
All Other income (loss) before income taxes 1 |  |  |  | (25) |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion |  |  |  | (234) |
Expenses related to strategic alternatives review (included in Selling, general and administrative) |  |  |  | (10) |
Loss on asset disposals, net |  |  |  | (4) |
Gain on license sales and exchanges, net |  |  |  | 1 |
Equity earnings of unconsolidated entities |  |  |  | 36 |
Interest and dividend income |  |  |  | 3 |
Interest expense |  |  |  | (38) |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  | $ | 20 |

Other segment disclosures |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended or as of March 31, 2025 | UScellular Wireless | UScellular Towers | TDS Telecom | Segment Total | UScellular | All Other 1 | TDS Consolidated Total
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | $ | (152) |  | $ | (11) |  | $ | (71) |  | $ | (234) |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | (234) |
Loss on asset disposals, net | (2) |  | — |  | (2) |  | (4) |  |  | — |  | (4) |
Gain on sale of business and other exit costs, net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Gain on license sales and exchanges, net | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | 1 |
Investments in unconsolidated entities 3 |  |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | 479 |  | 44 |  | 527 |
Total assets 4 |  |  | 2,906 |  | 2,906 |  | 10,365 |  | 265 |  | 13,536 |
Capital expenditures | $ | 51 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 59 |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 112 |

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 | UScellular Wireless | UScellular Towers | TDS Telecom | Total
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |
Revenues from external customers | $ | 925 |  | $ | 25 |  | $ | 265 |  | $ | 1,215 |
Intersegment revenues | — |  | 33 |  | 1 |  | 34 |
| 925 |  | 58 |  | 266 |  | 1,249 |
Reconciliation of revenue: |  |  |  |
All Other revenues 1 |  |  |  | 47 |
Elimination of intersegment revenues |  |  |  | (34) |
Total operating revenues |  |  |  | $ | 1,262 |
Less 2: |  |  |  |
Cost of services (excluding Depreciation, amortization and accretion reported below) | 197 |  | 18 |  | 98 |  |
Cost of equipment and products | 216 |  | — |  | — |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 324 |  | 7 |  | 75 |  |
Expenses related to strategic alternatives review (included in Selling, general and administrative) | (7) |  | — |  | — |  |
Other segment items | — |  | — |  | (2) |  |
Segment Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | $ | 195 |  | $ | 33 |  | $ | 95 |  | $ | 323 |
Reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA to Income before income taxes: |  |  |  |
All Other income (loss) before income taxes 1 |  |  |  | (25) |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion |  |  |  | (230) |
Expenses related to strategic alternatives review (included in Selling, general and administrative) |  |  |  | (7) |
Loss on asset disposals, net |  |  |  | (8) |
Gain on license sales and exchanges, net |  |  |  | 1 |
Equity earnings of unconsolidated entities |  |  |  | 42 |
Interest and dividend income |  |  |  | 2 |
Interest expense |  |  |  | (41) |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  | $ | 58 |

Other segment disclosures |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended or as of March 31, 2024 | UScellular Wireless | UScellular Towers | TDS Telecom | Segment Total | UScellular | All Other 1 | TDS Consolidated Total
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | $ | (154) |  | $ | (11) |  | $ | (65) |  | $ | (230) |  |  | $ | (4) |  | $ | (234) |
Gain (loss) on asset disposals, net | (6) |  | — |  | (2) |  | (8) |  |  | 1 |  | (7) |
Gain on license sales and exchanges, net | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | 1 |
Investments in unconsolidated entities 3 |  |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | 482 |  | 40 |  | 526 |
Total assets 4 |  |  | 2,892 |  | 2,892 |  | 10,704 |  | 270 |  | 13,866 |
Capital expenditures | $ | 127 |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 87 |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 219 |

Numbers may not foot due to rounding.
1"All Other" represents TDS' non-reportable other business activities that do not meet the quantitative thresholds for being a reportable segment.
2 The significant segment expense categories and amounts align with the segment-level information that is regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. Intersegment expenses are included within the amounts shown.
3 This item is not included in the evaluation of operating performance of the Wireless and Towers segments, and therefore is reported for "UScellular".
4 Assets are not provided at the individual segment level for Wireless and Towers, and therefore are reported for "UScellular". The UScellular segments operate under a common capital structure, and management has historically considered its assets collectively as part of a combined wireless network.
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Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
Additional Required Information
Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
TDS maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in its reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is processed, recorded, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to TDS’ management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.
As required by SEC Rules 13a-15(b), TDS carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of TDS’ disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. Based on this evaluation, TDS’ principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that TDS' disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2025, at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in internal controls over financial reporting that have occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, TDS’ internal control over financial reporting.
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Legal Proceedings
In April 2018, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) notified TDS that it was conducting inquiries of UScellular and TDS under the federal False Claims Act relating to UScellular’s participation in wireless spectrum license auctions 58, 66, 73 and 97 conducted by the FCC. UScellular is or was a limited partner in several limited partnerships which qualified for the 25% bid credit in each auction. The investigation arose from two civil actions under the Federal False Claims Act brought by private parties in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma. In November and December 2019, following the DOJ’s investigation, the DOJ informed TDS and UScellular that it would not intervene in the above-referenced actions. Subsequently, the private party plaintiffs decided to continue the actions on their own. In July 2020, these actions were transferred to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. In March 2023, the District Court for the District of Columbia granted UScellular’s motions to dismiss both actions. The private party plaintiffs appealed the district court’s orders granting the motions to dismiss. On February 11, 2025, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit affirmed the dismissal of one matter. In that matter, the private party plaintiffs petitioned the D.C. Circuit to rehear the appeal, but on April 8, 2025, the appellate court denied the petitions. The second matter remains pending before the appellate court. TDS and UScellular believe that UScellular’s arrangements with the limited partnerships and the limited partnerships’ participation in the FCC auctions complied with applicable law and FCC rules. At this time, TDS cannot predict the outcome of the matter remaining before the appellate court.
On May 2, 2023, a putative stockholder class action was filed against TDS and UScellular and certain current and former officers and directors in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. An Amended Complaint was filed on September 1, 2023, which names TDS, UScellular, and certain current UScellular officers and directors as defendants, and alleges that certain public statements made between May 6, 2022 and November 3, 2022 (the potential class period) regarding, among other things, UScellular’s business strategies to address subscriber demand, violated Section 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The plaintiff seeks to represent a class of stockholders who purchased TDS equity securities during the potential class period and demands unspecified money damages. On November 1, 2024, the court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order granting in part and denying in part the defendants' motion to dismiss the lawsuit. On February 28, 2025, the parties reached a settlement in principle, which they are in the process of finalizing.
On June 18, 2024, a stockholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, Chancery Division against UScellular, certain TDS and UScellular directors and officers, and nominal defendant TDS. The derivative lawsuit takes issue with the same public statements made between May 6, 2022 and November 3, 2022, alleging that the fact that the statements were made was a breach of fiduciary duty on the part of the officer and director defendants, and bringing claims for indemnification and contribution against the officer and director defendants and UScellular. In addition to indemnification and contribution, the plaintiff seeks money damages and the implementation of certain governance proposals.
On January 31, 2025, a second stockholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, Chancery Division against certain TDS and UScellular directors and officers, and nominal defendant TDS. The derivative lawsuit makes similar claims as in the derivative lawsuit filed in 2024, and seeks similar relief. On April 1, 2025, the parties in both Cook County derivative suits jointly filed a motion seeking to consolidate the two lawsuits. The motion remains pending before the court.
On March 4, 2025, a third stockholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against certain TDS and UScellular directors and officers, and nominal defendant TDS. The derivative lawsuit makes similar claims as those in the Cook County derivative lawsuits, and in addition alleges claims against the director and officer defendants for violations of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and seeks similar relief to the Cook County derivative lawsuits.
TDS is unable at this time to determine whether the outcome of these actions would have a material impact on its results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows. TDS intends to contest plaintiffs’ claims vigorously on the merits.
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Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
On August 2, 2013, the Board of Directors of TDS authorized, and TDS announced by Form 8-K, a $250 million stock repurchase program for TDS Common Shares. Depending on market conditions, such shares may be repurchased in compliance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act, pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, or pursuant to accelerated share repurchase arrangements, prepaid share repurchases, private transactions or as otherwise authorized. This authorization does not have an expiration date. TDS did not determine to terminate the foregoing Common Share repurchase program, or cease making further purchases thereunder, during the first quarter of 2025.
The maximum dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under this program was $132 million as of March 31, 2025. There were no purchases made by or on behalf of TDS, or any open market purchases made by any "affiliated purchaser" (as defined by the SEC) of TDS, of TDS Common Shares during the quarter covered by this Form 10-Q.
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Other Information
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, none of TDS’ directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) has adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5–1 trading arrangement (each as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K under the 1934 Act).
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Exhibits

Exhibit Number | Description of Documents
Exhibit 2.1* | Letter Agreement, dated March 25, 2025, related to the Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 24, 2024, among Telephone and Data Systems, Inc., United States Cellular Corporation, USCC Wireless Holdings, LLC and T-Mobile US, Inc.
Exhibit 3.1 | TDS Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended on March 13, 2025, are hereby incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to TDS' Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 14, 2025.
Exhibit 4.1 | Second Amendment to Senior Secured Credit Agreement, among TDS, Wells Fargo Bank National Association, as administrative agent, and the other lenders thereto, dated as of April 17, 2025.
Exhibit 4.2 | Third Amendment to First Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, among TDS, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the other lenders thereto, dated as of April 17, 2025.
Exhibit 4.3 | Third Amendment to Senior Term Loan Credit Agreement, among UScellular, Toronto Dominion (Texas) LLC, as administrative agent, and the other lenders thereto, dated as of April 17, 2025, is hereby incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to UScellular's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2025.
Exhibit 4.4 | Fourth Amendment to First Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, among UScellular, Toronto Dominion (Texas) LLC, as administrative agent, and the other lenders thereto, dated as of April 17, 2025, is hereby incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to UScellular's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2025.
Exhibit 10.1 | Form of UScellular 2022 Long-Term Incentive Plan 2025 Performance Award Agreement is hereby incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to UScellular's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2025.
Exhibit 10.2 | Form of UScellular 2022 Long-Term Incentive Plan 2025 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement is hereby incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to UScellular's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2025.
Exhibit 10.3 | TDS 2025 Executive Officer Bonus Program is hereby incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to TDS' Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 14, 2025.
Exhibit 10.4 | Amendment Number Four to the Telephone and Data Systems, Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan.
Exhibit 31.1 | Principal executive officer certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Exhibit 31.2 | Principal financial officer certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Exhibit 32.1 | Principal executive officer certification pursuant to Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.
Exhibit 32.2 | Principal financial officer certification pursuant to Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.
Exhibit 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
Exhibit 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
Exhibit 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
Exhibit 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline document.

*Pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K, certain portions of this letter have been omitted and will be provided to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
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Form 10-Q Cross Reference Index

Item Number | Page No.
Part I. | Financial Information |  |  |
| Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 35 | - | 39
|  | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 41 | - | 51
| Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 1 | - | 30
| Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 34
| Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 54
Part II. | Other Information |  |  |
| Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 55
| Item1A. | Risk Factors | 33
| Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 56
| Item 5. | Other Information | 57
| Item 6. | Exhibits | 58
Signatures |  | 60

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | TELEPHONE AND DATA SYSTEMS, INC. |  |
|  | (Registrant) |  |
Date: | May 2, 2025 |  | /s/ Walter C. D. Carlson |
|  |  | Walter C. D. Carlson President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)
Date: | May 2, 2025 |  | /s/ Vicki L. Villacrez |
|  |  | Vicki L. Villacrez Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer)

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