10-K 1 slgn-2016x1231x10k.htm 10-K
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-K
(Mark One)

ý | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016
or

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 000-22117
SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 06-1269834
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
4 Landmark Square, Stamford, Connecticut |  | 06901
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (203) 975-7110
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ý |  | Accelerated filer o |  | Non-accelerated filer o |  | Smaller reporting company o
|  |  |  | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  |

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ý
The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s Common Stock held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the price at which the Registrant’s Common Stock was last sold as of June 30, 2016, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $2.088 billion. Common Stock of the Registrant held by executive officers and directors of the Registrant has been excluded from this computation in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not a conclusive determination for other purposes.
As of February 1, 2017, the number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, was 55,051,158.
Documents Incorporated by Reference:
Portions of the Registrant’s Proxy Statement, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2017 are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I | 1
Item 1. | Business | 1
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 15
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 23
Item 2. | Properties | 24
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 26
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 26
PART II | 27
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 27
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 29
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 31
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 44
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 46
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 46
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 46
Item 9B. | Other Information | 47
PART III | 48
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 48
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 48
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 48
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 48
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 48
PART IV | 49
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 49

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PART I
I TEM 1. B USINESS.
G ENERAL
We are a leading manufacturer of rigid packaging for consumer goods products. We had consolidated net sales of approximately $3.6 billion in 2016. Our products are used for a wide variety of end markets and we operate 87 manufacturing plants in North America, Europe, Asia and South America. Our products include:

• | steel and aluminum containers for human and pet food and general line products;

• | metal, composite and plastic closures for food and beverage products; and

• | custom designed plastic containers and closures for personal care, food, health care, pharmaceutical, household and industrial chemical, pet care, agricultural, automotive and marine chemical products.

We are a leading manufacturer of metal containers in North America and Europe, and in North America we are the largest manufacturer of metal food containers with a unit volume market share in the United States in 2016 of approximately sixty percent. Our leadership in these markets is driven by our high levels of quality, service and technological support, our low cost producer position, our strong long-term customer relationships and our proximity to customers through our widespread geographic presence. We have 46 metal container manufacturing facilities located in the United States, Europe and Asia, serving over 50 countries throughout the world. Additionally, we believe that we have the most comprehensive equipment capabilities in the industry. For 2016, our metal container business had net sales of $2.27 billion (approximately 62.9 percent of our consolidated net sales) and income from operations of $214.7 million (approximately 67.2 percent of our consolidated income from operations excluding corporate expense).
We are also a leading worldwide manufacturer of metal, composite and plastic closures for food and beverage products. Our leadership position in closures is a result of our ability to provide customers with high levels of quality, service and technological support. Our closures business provides customers with an extensive variety of proprietary metal, composite and plastic closures that ensure closure quality and safety, as well as state-of-the-art capping/sealing equipment and detection systems to complement our closures product offering. We have 19 closure manufacturing facilities located in North America, Europe, Asia and South America, from which we serve over 70 countries throughout the world. In addition, we license our technology to five other manufacturers for various markets we do not serve directly. For 2016, our closures business had net sales of $797.1 million (approximately 22.1 percent of our consolidated net sales) and income from operations of $99.8 million (approximately 31.2 percent of our consolidated income from operations excluding corporate expense).
Additionally, we are a leading manufacturer of plastic containers in North America for a variety of markets, including the personal care, food, health care and household and industrial chemical markets. Our success in the plastic packaging market is largely due to our demonstrated ability to provide our customers with high levels of quality, service and technological support, along with our value-added design-focused products and our extensive geographic presence with 22 manufacturing facilities in the United States and Canada. We produce plastic containers from a full range of resin materials and offer a comprehensive array of molding and decorating capabilities. For 2016, our plastic container business had net sales of $543.9 million (approximately 15.0 percent of our consolidated net sales) and income from operations of $5.2 million (approximately 1.6 percent of our consolidated income from operations excluding corporate expense).
Our customer base includes some of the world’s best-known branded consumer products companies. Our philosophy has been to develop long-term customer relationships by acting in partnership with our customers by providing reliable quality, service and technological support and utilizing our low cost producer position. The strength of our customer relationships is evidenced by our large number of multi-year supply arrangements, our high retention of customers’ business and our continued recognition from customers, as demonstrated by the many quality and service awards we have received. We estimate that in 2017 approximately 90 percent of our projected metal container sales and a majority of our projected closures and plastic container sales will be under multi-year customer supply arrangements.
Our objective is to increase shareholder value by efficiently deploying capital and management resources to grow our business, reduce operating costs and build sustainable competitive positions, or franchises, and to complete acquisitions that generate attractive cash returns. We believe that we will accomplish this goal because of our leading market positions and management expertise in acquiring, financing, integrating and efficiently operating consumer goods packaging businesses.
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O UR H ISTORY
We are a Delaware corporation. We were founded in 1987 by our Non-Executive Co-Chairmen of the Board, R. Philip Silver and D. Greg Horrigan. Since our inception, we have acquired thirty-four businesses. As a result of the benefits of acquisitions and organic growth, we have become a leading manufacturer of metal containers in North America and Europe, with net sales of $2.27 billion in 2016, and have increased our overall share of the metal food container market in the United States from approximately ten percent in 1987 to approximately sixty percent in 2016. Through acquisitions, we have become a leading worldwide manufacturer of closures for food and beverage products, with net sales of $797.1 million in 2016. We have also grown our market position in the plastic container business since 1987, with net sales increasing sixfold to $543.9 million in 2016. The following chart shows our acquisitions since our inception:

Acquired Business |  | Year |  | Products
Nestlé Food Company’s metal container manufacturing division |  | 1987 |  | Metal food containers
Monsanto Company’s plastic container business |  | 1987 |  | Plastic containers
Fort Madison Can Company of The Dial Corporation |  | 1988 |  | Metal food containers
Seaboard Carton Division of Nestlé Food Company |  | 1988 |  | Paperboard containers
Aim Packaging, Inc. |  | 1989 |  | Plastic containers
Fortune Plastics Inc. |  | 1989 |  | Plastic containers
Express Plastic Containers Limited |  | 1989 |  | Plastic containers
Amoco Container Company |  | 1989 |  | Plastic containers
Del Monte Corporation’s U.S. can manufacturing operations |  | 1993 |  | Metal food containers
Food Metal and Specialty business of American National Can Company |  | 1995 |  | Metal food containers and metal closures
Finger Lakes Packaging Company, Inc., a subsidiary of Birds Eye Foods, Inc. |  | 1996 |  | Metal food containers
Alcoa Inc.’s North American aluminum roll-on closures business |  | 1997 |  | Aluminum roll-on closures
Rexam PLC’s North American plastic container business |  | 1997 |  | Plastic containers and closures
Winn Packaging Co. |  | 1998 |  | Plastic containers
Campbell Soup Company’s steel container manufacturing business |  | 1998 |  | Metal food containers
Clearplass Containers, Inc. |  | 1998 |  | Plastic containers
RXI Holdings, Inc. |  | 2000 |  | Plastic containers and plastic closures, caps, sifters and fitments
Thatcher Tubes LLC |  | 2003 |  | Plastic tubes
Amcor White Cap, LLC |  | 2003 |  | Metal, composite and plastic vacuum closures
Pacific Coast Producers’ can manufacturing operations |  | 2003 |  | Metal food containers
Amcor White Cap (Europe, Asia and South America) |  | 2006 - 2008 |  | Metal, composite and plastic vacuum closures
Cousins-Currie Limited |  | 2006 |  | Plastic containers
Grup Vemsa 1857, S.L.’s metal vacuum closures operations in Spain and China |  | 2008 |  | Metal vacuum closures

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Acquired Business |  | Year |  | Products
IPEC Global, Inc. and its subsidiaries |  | 2010 |  | Plastic closures
Vogel & Noot Holding AG’s metal container operations |  | 2011 |  | Metal containers
DGS S.A.’s twist-off metal closures operations |  | 2011 |  | Metal vacuum closures
Nestlé Purina PetCare’s metal container manufacturing operations |  | 2011 |  | Metal containers
Öntaş Öner Teneke Ambalaj Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. |  | 2012 |  | Metal containers and metal vacuum closures
Rexam High Barrier Food Containers, Inc., Rexam PLC’s plastic food container operations |  | 2012 |  | Plastic food containers
Amcor Packaging (Australia) Pty Ltd's metal vacuum closures operations in Australia |  | 2013 |  | Metal vacuum closures
Portola Packaging, Inc. and its subsidiaries |  | 2013 |  | Plastic closures
Tecnocap S.p.A.'s and Tecnocap LLC's metal vacuum closures operations in the U.S. |  | 2013 |  | Metal vacuum closures
Van Can Company's metal container manufacturing assets |  | 2014 |  | Metal containers
Injected Plastics Co.'s plastic closures operations |  | 2015 |  | Plastic closures

On January 23, 2017, we entered into a definitive agreement, or the Purchase Agreement, with WestRock Company, or WestRock, to acquire WestRock's specialty closures and dispensing systems business, or the Dispensing Systems Business. The Dispensing Systems Business is a leading global supplier of highly engineered triggers, pumps, sprayers and dispensing closure solutions to major branded consumer goods product companies in the home, health and beauty markets. It operates a global network of 13 plants across North America, Europe, South America and Asia. For its fiscal year ended September 30, 2016, the Dispensing Systems Business generated net sales of $566 million. As a result of the acquisition, we expect to realize certain operational cost synergies within 24 months of closing related to reductions in general and administrative expenses, procurement savings and manufacturing efficiencies. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, certain of our subsidiaries will acquire all of the outstanding equity interests of certain direct and indirect subsidiaries of WestRock MWV, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of WestRock, that are engaged in the Dispensing Systems Business for a purchase price in cash of $1.025 billion. The purchase price is subject to adjustment for working capital, indebtedness and certain other items as set forth in the Purchase Agreement. In conjunction with the Purchase Agreement, we obtained a commitment for $800 million of incremental term loans under our senior secured credit facility, or the Committed Financing, from one of the lenders thereunder. We expect to initially fund the purchase price for this acquisition from a combination of cash on hand and borrowings under our senior secured credit facility, including the Committed Financing. This acquisition is subject to the satisfaction of certain customary conditions and receipt of applicable regulatory approvals and is expected to close late in the first quarter of 2017. The Purchase Agreement may be terminated under certain circumstances, including by the buyers or the seller if the acquisition has not closed within 90 days after the date of the Purchase Agreement, subject to the parties' rights to extend such date by up to an additional 90 days if all conditions precedent other than the regulatory approval condition precedent have been satisfied at that time or under certain other circumstances. See "Risk Factors - The pending acquisition of the Dispensing Systems Business is subject to various closing conditions, including regulatory approvals, as well as other uncertainties, and there can be no assurances as to whether and when it may be completed. A delay or failure to consummate the pending acquisition could negatively impact our future results of operations and financial condition" included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
O UR S TRATEGY
We intend to enhance our position as a leading manufacturer of consumer goods packaging products by continuing to aggressively pursue a strategy designed to achieve future growth and increase shareholder value by focusing on the following key elements:
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S UPPLY “B EST V ALUE” P ACKAGING P RODUCTS W ITH H IGH L EVELS OF Q UALITY, S ERVICE AND T ECHNOLOGICAL S UPPORT
Since our inception, we have been, and intend to continue to be, devoted to consistently supplying our products with the combination of quality, price and service that our customers consider to be “best value.” In our metal container business, we focus on providing high quality and high levels of service and utilizing our low cost producer position. We have made and are continuing to make significant capital investments to offer our customers value-added features such as our family of Quick Top® easy-open ends for our metal food containers, shaped metal food containers and alternative color offerings for metal food containers. In addition, we have made and continue to make investments for our Can Vision 2020 SM program, which investments are intended to enhance the competitive advantages of metal packaging for food. In our closures business, we emphasize high levels of quality, service and technological support. We believe our closures business is the premier innovative closures solutions provider to the food and beverage industry by offering customers an extensive variety of metal, composite and plastic closures, as well as proprietary equipment solutions such as cap feeders, cappers and detection systems to ensure high quality package safety. In our plastic container business, we provide high levels of quality and service and focus on value-added, custom designed plastic containers to meet changing product and packaging demands of our customers. We believe that we are one of the few plastic packaging businesses that can custom design, manufacture and decorate a wide variety of plastic containers, providing the customer with the ability to satisfy more of its plastic packaging needs through one supplier. We will continue to supply customized products that can be delivered quickly to our customers with superior levels of design, development and technological support.
M AINTAIN L OW C OST P RODUCER P OSITION
We will continue pursuing opportunities to strengthen our low cost position in our business by:

• | maintaining a flat, efficient organizational structure, resulting in low selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of consolidated net sales;

• | achieving and maintaining economies of scale;

• | prudently investing in new technologies to increase manufacturing and production efficiency;

• | rationalizing our existing plant structure; and

• | serving our customers from our strategically located plants.

Through our metal container facilities, we believe that we provide the most comprehensive manufacturing capabilities in the industry. Through our closures business, we manufacture an extensive variety of metal, composite and plastic closures for the food and beverage industry throughout the world utilizing state-of-the-art technology and equipment, and we provide our customers with state-of-the-art capping/sealing equipment and detection systems. Through our plastic container facilities, we have the capacity to manufacture customized products across the entire spectrum of resin materials, decorating techniques and molding processes required by our customers. We intend to leverage our manufacturing, design and engineering capabilities to continue to create cost-effective manufacturing systems that will drive our improvements in product quality, operating efficiency and customer support.
In 2015, we initiated optimization plans in each of our businesses, which plans were designed to reduce manufacturing and logistical costs and provide productivity improvements and manufacturing efficiencies, thereby resulting in a lower cost manufacturing network for our businesses and strengthening the competitive position of each of our businesses in their respective markets. The optimization plans included the construction of a new metal container manufacturing facility and two new plastic container manufacturing facilities in the United States, the relocation of various equipment lines to facilities where we can better serve our customers and the rationalization of several existing manufacturing facilities. Each of our businesses had substantially completed the execution of its optimization plan by the end of 2016, including commercializing the new metal container manufacturing facility and the two new plastic container manufacturing facilities.
M AINTAIN AN O PTIMAL C APITAL S TRUCTURE TO S UPPORT G ROWTH AND I NCREASE S HAREHOLDER V ALUE
Our financial strategy is to use reasonable leverage to support our growth and increase shareholder returns. Our stable and predictable cash flow, generated largely as a result of our long-term customer relationships and generally recession resistant business, supports our financial strategy. We intend to continue using reasonable leverage, supported by our stable cash flows, to make value enhancing acquisitions. In determining reasonable leverage, we evaluate our cost of capital and manage our level of debt to maintain an optimal cost of capital based on current market conditions. If acquisition opportunities are not identified over a longer period of time, we may use
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our cash flow to repay debt, repurchase shares of our common stock or increase dividends to our shareholders or for other permitted purposes. In January 2014, we refinanced our previous senior secured credit facility, or our 2011 Credit Facility, with our new senior secured credit facility, or our Credit Agreement. Our Credit Agreement refinanced all outstanding amounts under our 2011 Credit Facility and provides us with a $985.6 million multicurrency revolving loan facility and a Cdn $15.0 million revolving loan facility for working capital requirements and other strategic initiatives. In September 2014, we funded the purchase price for the metal container manufacturing assets of Van Can Company, or Van Can, with cash on hand. In 2015, we used cash on hand and revolving loan borrowings under our Credit Agreement to fund repurchases of our common stock for $170.1 million (which included $161.8 million of our common stock purchased pursuant to a "modified Dutch auction" tender offer completed in March 2015). In 2016, we used cash on hand and revolving loan borrowings under our Credit Agreement to fund repurchases of our common stock for $277.3 million (which included $269.4 million of our common stock purchased pursuant to a "modified Dutch auction" tender offer completed in November 2016). You should also read Note 18 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
E XPAND T HROUGH A CQUISITIONS AND I NTERNAL G ROWTH
We intend to continue to increase our market share in our current business lines and related business lines through acquisitions and internal growth. We use a disciplined approach to make acquisitions that generate attractive cash returns. As a result, we expect to continue to expand and diversify our customer base, geographic presence and product lines. This strategy has enabled us to increase our net sales and income from operations over the last ten years.
We are a leading manufacturer of metal containers in North America and Europe, primarily as a result of our acquisitions but also as a result of growth with existing customers. During the past 29 years, the metal food container market in North America has experienced significant consolidation primarily due to the desire by food processors to reduce costs and focus resources on their core operations rather than self-manufacture their metal food containers. Our acquisitions of the metal food container manufacturing operations of Nestlé Food Company, or Nestlé, The Dial Corporation, or Dial, Del Monte Corporation, or Del Monte, Birds Eye Foods, Inc., or Birds Eye, Campbell Soup Company, or Campbell, Pacific Coast Producers, or Pacific Coast, and Nestlé Purina PetCare's steel container self-manufacturing assets, or Purina Steel Can, reflect this trend. We estimate that approximately seven percent of the market for metal food containers in the United States is still served by self-manufacturers.
While we have expanded our metal container business and increased our market share of metal containers primarily through acquisitions and growth with existing customers, we have also made over the last several years, and are continuing to make, significant capital investments in our metal container business to enhance our business and offer our customers value-added features, such as our family of Quick Top® easy-open ends for metal food containers, shaped metal food containers and alternative color offerings for metal food containers. In 2016, approximately 65 percent of our metal food containers sold had an easy-open end. In addition, we have made and continue to make investments for our Can Vision 2020 SM program, which investments are intended to enhance the competitive advantages of metal packaging for food. In 2016, we completed the construction of a new metal food container manufacturing facility in Burlington, Iowa to better optimize the logistical footprint of our metal container operations in North America, allowing us to further reduce costs of our metal container business.
With our acquisitions of our closures operations in North America, Europe, Asia and South America, we established ourselves as a leading worldwide manufacturer of metal, composite and plastic closures for food and beverage products, with leadership positions in the North American and European markets. In 2013, we expanded the geographic scope, product offerings and scale of our closures business with the acquisitions of Portola Packaging, Inc. and its subsidiaries, or Portola, the metal vacuum closures operations in Australia of Amcor Limited, or Amcor Australia Metal Closures, and the U.S. metal vacuum closures operations of Tecnocap S.p.A. and Tecnocap LLC, or Tecnocap U.S. Metal Closures. We may pursue further consolidation opportunities in the closures markets in which we operate or in adjacent closure markets, such as dispensing closures with our pending acquisition of the Dispensing Systems Business. Additionally, we expect to continue to generate internal growth in our closures business, particularly in plastic closures. In making investments to pursue internal growth, we use a disciplined approach to generate attractive cash returns.
We have grown our market position for our plastic container business since 1987, with net sales increasing sixfold to $543.9 million in 2016. We achieved this improvement primarily through strategic acquisitions as well as through internal growth. In 2012, we completed the strategic acquisition of the plastic food container operations of Rexam PLC now operating under the name Silgan Plastic Food Containers, or PFC, broadening our product
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offerings for shelf-stable food products to include plastic thermoformed barrier and non-barrier bowls and trays. As part of the acquisition of Portola in 2013, we acquired three plastic container manufacturing facilities in Canada, further expanding the geographic scope and product offerings of our plastic container business. In 2016, we completed construction of two new plastic container manufacturing facilities, including a near-site facility to a major customer and another facility to meet the growing needs of our customers and allow us to further reduce costs of our plastic container business. These new facilities are located in North East, Pennsylvania and Hazelwood, Missouri. The plastic containers segment of the consumer goods packaging industry continues to be highly fragmented, and we intend to pursue further consolidation opportunities in this market. Over the long term, we also expect to continue to generate internal growth in our plastic container business. As with acquisitions, we use a disciplined approach to pursue internal growth to generate attractive cash returns. Through a combination of these efforts, we intend to continue to expand our customer base in the markets that we serve, such as the personal care, food, health care, pharmaceutical, household and industrial chemical, pet care, agricultural, automotive and marine chemical markets.
E NHANCE P ROFITABILITY T HROUGH P RODUCTIVITY I MPROVEMENTS AND C OST R EDUCTIONS
We intend to continue to enhance profitability through investment of capital for productivity improvements, manufacturing efficiencies, manufacturing cost reductions, and the optimization of our manufacturing facilities footprints. The additional sales and production capacity provided through acquisitions and investments have enabled us to rationalize plant operations and decrease overhead costs through plant closings and downsizings. From 2012, we have closed four metal container manufacturing facilities, two closure manufacturing facilities and six plastic container manufacturing facilities in connection with our continuing efforts to streamline our plant operations, reduce operating costs and better match supply with geographic demand.
We expect that most future acquisitions will continue to enable us to realize manufacturing efficiencies as a result of optimizing production scheduling and other benefits from economies of scale and the elimination of redundant selling and administrative functions. In addition to the benefits realized through the integration of acquired businesses, we have improved and expect to continue to improve the operating performance of our plant facilities by investing capital for productivity improvements and manufacturing cost reductions. While we have made some of these investments in certain of our plants, more opportunities still exist throughout our system. We will continue to use a disciplined approach to identify these opportunities to generate attractive cash returns.
In 2015, we initiated optimization plans in each of our businesses that were designed to reduce manufacturing and logistical costs and provide productivity improvements and manufacturing efficiencies, thereby resulting in a lower cost manufacturing network for our businesses and strengthening the competitive position of each of our businesses in their respective markets. The optimization plans included the construction of a new metal food container manufacturing facility and two new plastic container manufacturing facilities, the relocation of various equipment lines to facilities where we can better serve our customers and the rationalization of several existing manufacturing facilities. The three new manufacturing facilities are strategically located to meet the unique needs of our customers. Each of our businesses had substantially completed the execution of its optimization plan by the end of 2016, including commercializing the new metal container manufacturing facility and the two new plastic container manufacturing facilities.
B USINESS S EGMENTS
We are a holding company that conducts our business through various operating subsidiaries. We operate three businesses, our metal container business, our closures business and our plastic container business.
M ETAL C ONTAINERS—62.9 PERCENT OF OUR CONSOLIDATED NET SALES IN 2016
We are a leading manufacturer of metal containers in North America and Europe, and in North America we are the largest manufacturer of metal food containers with a unit volume market share in the United States in 2016 of approximately sixty percent. Our metal container business is engaged in the manufacture and sale of steel and aluminum containers that are used primarily by processors and packagers for food products, such as soup, vegetables, fruit, meat, tomato based products, seafood, coffee, adult nutritional drinks, pet food and other miscellaneous food products, as well as general line metal containers primarily for chemicals. We have 46 metal container manufacturing facilities located in the United States, Europe and Asia, serving over 50 countries throughout the world. For 2016, our metal container business had net sales of $2.27 billion (approximately 62.9 percent of our consolidated net sales) and income from operations of $214.7 million (approximately 67.2 percent of our consolidated income from operations excluding corporate expense). We estimate that approximately 90 percent of our projected metal container sales in 2017 will be pursuant to multi-year customer supply arrangements.
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Although metal containers face competition from plastic, paper, glass and composite containers, we believe metal containers are superior to plastic, paper and composite containers in applications where the contents are prepared at high temperatures, or packaged in larger consumer or institutional quantities, or where the long-term storage of the product is desirable while maintaining the product’s quality. We also believe that metal containers are generally more desirable than glass containers because metal containers are more durable and less costly to transport. Additionally, while the market for metal food containers in the United States has experienced little or no growth over the last ten years, we have increased our market share of metal food containers in the United States primarily through acquisitions, such as our acquisition of Van Can, and growth with existing customers, and have enhanced our business by focusing on providing customers with high quality, high levels of service and value-added features such as our family of Quick Top® easy-open ends, shaped metal food containers and alternative color offerings for metal food containers. In addition, we have made and continue to make investments for our Can Vision 2020 SM program, which investments are intended to enhance the competitive advantages of metal packaging for food. In 2016, we completed the construction of a new metal food container manufacturing facility in the United States to better optimize the logistical footprint of our metal container business in North America. This new facility will allow us to further reduce costs of our metal container business.
C LOSURES—22.1 PERCENT OF OUR CONSOLIDATED NET SALES IN 2016
We are a leading worldwide manufacturer of metal, composite and plastic closures for food and beverage products. Our closures business provides customers with an extensive variety of proprietary metal, composite and plastic closures that ensure closure quality and safety, as well as state-of-the-art capping/sealing equipment and detection systems to complement our closures product offering. We have 19 closure manufacturing facilities located in North America, Europe, Asia and South America, from which we serve over 70 countries throughout the world. In addition, we license our technology to five other manufacturers for various markets we do not serve directly. For 2016, our closures business had net sales of $797.1 million (approximately 22.1 percent of our consolidated net sales) and income from operations of $99.8 million (approximately 31.2 percent of our consolidated income from operations excluding corporate expense).
We manufacture metal, composite and plastic closures for food and beverage products, such as juices and juice drinks, ready-to-drink teas, sports and energy drinks, dairy products, ketchup, salsa, pickles, tomato sauce, soup, cooking sauces, gravies, fruits, vegetables, preserves, baby food, baby juices and infant formula products. We provide customers of our closures business with custom formulations of sealing/lining materials, designed to minimize removal torques and to enhance openability of our closures while meeting applicable regulatory requirements. We offer our customers an extensive range of printing options for our closures. We also provide customers with sealing/capping equipment and detection systems to complement our closures product offering for food and beverage products. As a result of our extensive range of closures, our geographic presence and our focus on providing high levels of quality, service and technological support, we believe that we are uniquely positioned to serve food and beverage product companies for their closure needs.
P LASTIC C ONTAINERS—15.0 PERCENT OF OUR CONSOLIDATED NET SALES IN 2016
We produce plastic containers from a full range of resin materials and offer a comprehensive array of molding and decorating capabilities. We are one of the leading manufacturers of custom designed high density polyethylene, or HDPE, and polyethylene terephthalate, or PET, containers for the personal care market in North America. Through our acquisition of PFC, we are also a leading manufacturer in North America of plastic thermoformed barrier and non-barrier bowls and trays for shelf-stable food products. We operate 22 plastic container manufacturing facilities in the United States and Canada. For 2016, our plastic container business had net sales of $543.9 million (approximately 15.0 percent of our consolidated net sales) and income from operations of $5.2 million (approximately 1.6 percent of our consolidated income from operations excluding corporate expense). Since 1987, we have improved our market position for our plastic container business, with net sales increasing sixfold.
We manufacture custom designed and stock plastic containers for personal care and health care products, including containers for mouthwash, shampoos, conditioners, hand creams, lotions, liquid soap, respiratory and gastrointestinal products, cosmetics and toiletries; food and beverage products, including peanut butter, salad dressings, condiments, dairy products, powdered drink mixes and liquor; household and industrial chemical products, including containers for scouring cleaners, cleaning agents and lawn, garden and agricultural products; and pharmaceutical products, including containers for tablets and antacids. We also manufacture plastic closures, caps, sifters and fitments for food and household products, including salad dressings, peanut butter, spices, liquid margarine, powdered drink mixes and arts and crafts supplies. In addition, we manufacture plastic thermoformed
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barrier and non-barrier bowls and trays for food products, such as soups and other ready-to-eat meals and pet food, as well as thermoformed plastic tubs for personal care and household products, including soft fabric wipes.
Our leading position in the plastic container market is largely driven by our rapid response to our customers’ design, development and technology support needs and our value-added, diverse product line. This product line is the result of our ability to produce plastic containers from a full range of resin materials using a broad array of manufacturing, molding and decorating capabilities. We benefit from our large scale and nationwide presence, as significant consolidation is occurring in many of our customers’ markets. Through these capabilities, we are well-positioned to serve our customers, who demand customized solutions as they continue to seek innovative means to differentiate their products in the marketplace using packaging. In 2016, we completed the construction of two new plastic container manufacturing facilities in the United States, including a near-site facility to a major customer and another facility to meet the growing needs of our customers and allow us to further reduce costs of our plastic container business.
M ANUFACTURING AND P RODUCTION
As is the practice in the industry, most of our customers provide us with quarterly or annual estimates of products and quantities pursuant to which periodic commitments are given. These estimates enable us to effectively manage production and control working capital requirements. We schedule our production to meet customers’ requirements. Because the production time for our products is short, the backlog of customer orders in relation to our sales is not material.
As of February 1, 2017, we operated a total of 87 manufacturing facilities in 21 different countries throughout the world that serve the needs of our customers.
M ETAL C ONTAINER B USINESS
The manufacturing operations of our metal container business include cutting, coating, lithographing, fabricating, assembling and packaging finished cans. We use three basic processes to produce cans. The traditional three-piece method requires three pieces of flat metal to form a cylindrical body with a welded
side seam, a bottom and a top. High integrity of the side seam is assured by the use of sophisticated electronic weld monitors and organic coatings that are thermally cured by induction and convection processes. The other two methods of producing cans start by forming a shallow cup that is then formed into the desired height using either the draw and iron process or the draw and redraw process. Using the draw and redraw process, we manufacture steel and aluminum two-piece cans, the height of which generally does not exceed the diameter. For cans the height of which is greater than the diameter, we manufacture steel two-piece cans by using a drawing and ironing process. Quality and stackability of these cans are comparable to that of the shallow two-piece cans described above. We manufacture can bodies and ends from thin, high-strength aluminum alloys and steels by utilizing proprietary tool and die designs and selected can making equipment. We also manufacture our Quick Top® easy-open ends from both steel and aluminum alloys in a sophisticated precision progressive die process. We regularly review our Quick Top® easy-open end designs for improvements for optimum consumer preference through consumer studies and feedback.
C LOSURES B USINESS
The manufacturing operations for metal closures include cutting, coating, lithographing, fabricating and lining. We manufacture twist-off, lug style and press-on, twist-off steel closures and aluminum roll-on closures for glass, metal and plastic containers, ranging in size from 18 to 110 millimeters in diameter. We employ state-of-the-art multi-die presses to manufacture metal closures, offering a low-cost, high quality means of production. We also provide customers of our closures business with custom formulations of sealing/lining materials, designed to minimize torque removal and enhance the openability of our closures while meeting applicable regulatory requirements.
We utilize two basic processes to produce plastic closures. In the injection molded process, pellets of plastic resin are heated and injected into a mold, forming a plastic closure shell. The shell can include a molded linerless seal or a custom formulated, compression molded sealing system. The shell can then be slit and printed depending on its end use. In the compression molded process, pellets of plastic resin are heated and extruded, and then compressed to form a plastic closure shell. The shell can include a molded linerless seal or a custom formulated, compression molded sealing system. The shell can then be slit and printed depending on its end use. In either process, the shell can also be lined with foil seal systems formulated for its end use.
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For composite closures, a metal panel is manufactured using the same manufacturing process for metal closures, including the use of custom formulations of sealing/lining materials, and then it is inserted into a plastic closure shell.
P LASTIC C ONTAINER B USINESS
We utilize two basic processes to produce plastic containers. In the extrusion blowmolding process, pellets of plastic resin are heated and extruded into a tube of plastic. A two-piece metal mold is then closed around the plastic tube and high pressure air is blown into it causing a bottle to form in the mold’s shape. In the injection and injection stretch blowmolding processes, pellets of plastic resin are heated and injected into a mold, forming a plastic preform. The plastic preform is then blown into a bottle-shaped metal mold, creating a plastic bottle.
We also manufacture plastic closures, caps, sifters and fitments using runnerless injection molding technology. In this process, pellets of plastic resin are melted and forced under pressure into a mold, where they take the mold’s shape.
Our plastic thermoformed bowls, trays and tubs are manufactured by melting pellets of plastic resin into an extruded plastic sheet. The plastic sheet is then formed in a mold to make the plastic bowl, tray or tub.
We have state-of-the-art decorating equipment, including several of the largest sophisticated decorating facilities in the United States. Our decorating methods for plastic containers are in-mold labeling, which applies a plastic film label to the bottle during the blowing process, and post-mold decoration. Post-mold decoration includes:

• | silk screen decoration which enables the applications of images in multiple colors to the bottle;

• | pressure sensitive decoration which uses a plastic film or paper label with an adhesive;

• | heat transfer decoration which uses a plastic coated label applied by heat;

• | hot stamping decoration which transfers images from a die using metallic foils; and

• | shrink sleeve labeling.

R AW M ATERIALS
Based upon our existing arrangements with suppliers and our current and anticipated requirements, we believe that we have made adequate provisions for acquiring our raw materials. As a result of significant consolidation of suppliers, we are, however, dependent upon a limited number of suppliers for our steel, aluminum, coatings and compound raw materials. Increases in the prices of raw materials have generally been passed along to our customers in accordance with our multi-year customer supply arrangements and through general price increases.
M ETAL C ONTAINER B USINESS
We use tinplated and chromium plated steel, aluminum, copper wire, organic coatings, lining compound and inks in the manufacture and decoration of our metal container products. Although there has been significant consolidation of suppliers, we believe that we have made adequate provisions to purchase sufficient quantities of these raw materials for the foreseeable future.
Our metal container supply agreements with our customers provide for the pass through of changes in our metal costs. For our metal container customers without long-term agreements, we have also generally increased prices to pass through increases in our metal costs. Although no assurances can be given, we expect to be able to purchase sufficient quantities of metal to timely meet all of our customers’ requirements in 2017.
Our material requirements are supplied through agreements and purchase orders with suppliers with whom we have long-term relationships. If our suppliers fail to deliver under their arrangements, we would be forced to purchase raw materials on the open market, and no assurances can be given that we would be able to purchase such raw materials or, if we are so able, that we would be able to purchase such raw materials at comparable prices or terms.
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C LOSURES B USINESS
We use tinplated and chromium plated steel, aluminum, organic coatings, low-metallic inks and pulpboard, plastic and organic lining materials in the manufacture of metal closures.
We use resins in pellet form, such as homopolymer polypropylene, copolymer polypropylene and HDPE, thermoplastic elastomer lining materials, processing additives and colorants in the manufacture of plastic closures.
Our closures supply agreements with our customers provide for the pass through of changes in our metal and resin costs, subject in many cases with respect to resin to a lag in the timing of such pass through. For our closures customers without long-term contracts, our closures business has also generally passed through changes in our metal and resin costs. Although no assurances can be given, we believe we have made adequate provisions to purchase sufficient quantities of these raw materials for the foreseeable future, despite the significant consolidation of suppliers.
P LASTIC C ONTAINER B USINESS
The raw materials we use in our plastic container business are primarily resins in pellet form such as virgin HDPE, virgin PET, recycled HDPE, recycled PET, polypropylene and, to a lesser extent, polystyrene, low density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate glycol, polyvinyl chloride and medium density polyethylene. Our resin requirements are acquired through multi-year arrangements for specific quantities of resins with several major suppliers of resins. The price that we pay for resin raw materials is not fixed and is subject to market pricing, which has fluctuated significantly in the past few years. Our plastic container supply agreements with our customers provide for the pass through of changes in our resin costs, subject in many cases to a lag in the timing of such pass through. For our plastic container customers without long-term contracts, our plastic container business has also generally passed through changes in our resin costs.
We believe that we have made adequate provisions to purchase sufficient quantities of resins for the foreseeable future, absent unforeseen events such as significant hurricanes.
S ALES AND M ARKETING
Our philosophy has been to develop long-term customer relationships by acting in partnership with our customers, providing reliable quality and service. We market our products primarily by a direct sales force and for our plastic container business, in part, through a network of distributors. Because of the high cost of transporting empty containers, our metal container business generally sells to customers within a 300 mile radius of its manufacturing plants.
Approximately 13 percent, 12 percent and 12 percent of our consolidated net sales were to Nestlé in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. No other customer accounted for more than 10 percent of our total consolidated net sales during those years.
You should also read “Risk Factors—We face competition from many companies and we may lose sales or experience lower margins on sales as a result of such competition” included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
M ETAL C ONTAINER B USINESS
We are a leading manufacturer of metal containers in North America and Europe, and in North America we are the largest manufacturer of metal food containers with a unit volume market share in the United States in 2016 of approximately sixty percent. We have 46 metal container manufacturing facilities located in the United States, Europe and Asia, serving over 50 countries throughout the world. Our largest customers for these products include Bonduelle Group, Campbell, Chicken of the Sea, ConAgra Foods, Inc., Del Monte, General Mills, Inc., Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Hormel Foods Corporation, Kraft Heinz Company, Mars, Incorporated, Nestlé, Pacific Coast, Pinnacle Foods Group LLC, Stanislaus Food Products Company and TreeHouse Foods, Inc.
We have entered into multi-year supply arrangements with many of our customers, including Nestlé, Campbell and other food producers. We estimate that approximately 90 percent of our projected metal container sales in 2017 will be pursuant to multi-year customer supply arrangements. Historically, we have been successful in continuing these multi-year customer supply arrangements. In Europe, our metal container business has had long-term relationships with many of its customers, although, as is common practice, many supply arrangements are negotiated on a year-by-year basis.
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Since our inception in 1987, we have supplied Nestlé with substantially all of its U.S. metal food container requirements purchased from third party manufacturers. Our net sales of metal food containers to Nestlé in 2016 were $416.6 million. We have a supply agreement with Nestlé for a substantial portion of the metal food containers we supply Nestlé, which agreement runs through December 2019. In September 2011, we acquired Purina Steel Can from Nestlé and consolidated such assets into our existing metal container facilities in the United States. In connection with this acquisition, we entered into a long-term supply agreement with Nestlé that runs through December 2021 for the steel container volume previously manufactured by Purina Steel Can. In addition to these supply agreements, other metal food containers that we sell to Nestlé are supplied pursuant to a shorter-term supply agreement. Each of these supply agreements provide for certain prices and specify that those prices will be increased or decreased based upon cost change formulas.
Our metal container business’ sales and income from operations are dependent, in part, upon the vegetable and fruit harvests in the midwest and western regions of the United States and, to a lesser extent, in a variety of national growing regions in Europe. The size and quality of these harvests varies from year to year, depending in large part upon the weather conditions in those regions. Because of the seasonality of the harvests, we have historically experienced higher unit sales volume in the third quarter of our fiscal year and generated a disproportionate amount of our annual income from operations during that quarter. You should also read “Risk Factors—The seasonality of the fruit and vegetable packing industry causes us to incur short-term debt” included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
C LOSURES B USINESS
We are a leading worldwide manufacturer of metal, composite and plastic closures for food and beverage products. We have 19 closure manufacturing facilities located in North America, Europe, Asia and South America, from which we serve over 70 countries throughout the world.
Our largest customers of our closures business include Andros Group, Grupo Lala and its affiliated entities including Borden Dairy Company, Inc., Campbell, The Coca-Cola Company, Dean Foods Company, Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., Kraft Heinz Company, Hipp GmbH & Co KG, The J.M. Smucker Company, The Kroger Co., MillerCoors LLC, The Mizkan Group Corporation, Nestlé, PepsiCo Inc., Prairie Farms Dairy, Incorporated and TreeHouse Foods, Inc. We have multi-year supply arrangements with many of our customers in the United States. Outside of the United States, the closures business has had long-term relationships with most of its customers, although, as is common practice, many supply arrangements are negotiated on a year-by-year basis.
In addition, we license our technology to five other manufacturers who supply products in China, India, Israel, South Korea, Malaysia, Maldives, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand.
P LASTIC C ONTAINER B USINESS
We are one of the leading manufacturers of custom designed and stock plastic containers sold in North America for a variety of markets, including the personal care, food, health care and household and industrial chemical markets. We are also a leading manufacturer in North America of plastic thermoformed barrier and non-barrier bowls and trays for shelf-stable food products. We market our plastic containers and closures in most areas of North America through a direct sales force and a large network of distributors. We also market certain stock plastic containers for personal care and health care products through an on-line shopping catalog.
Our largest customers for our plastic container business include Bayer AG, Berlin Packaging LLC, Campbell, The Clorox Company, ConAgra Foods, Inc., General Mills, Inc., Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Johnson & Johnson, Kraft Heinz Company, Mars, Incorporated, McCormick & Company, Inc., The Procter & Gamble Company, The Scotts Company LLC, TreeHouse Foods, Inc., TricorBraun and Vi-Jon Laboratories, Inc.
We have arrangements to sell some of our plastic containers and closures to distributors, who in turn resell those products primarily to regional customers. Plastic containers sold to distributors are generally manufactured by using generic and custom molds with decoration added to meet the end users’ requirements. The distributors’ warehouses and their sales personnel enable us to market and inventory a wide range of such products to a variety of customers.
We have written purchase orders or contracts for the supply of plastic containers with the majority of our customers. In general, these purchase orders and contracts are for containers made from proprietary molds and are for a duration of one to five years.
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C OMPETITION
The packaging industry is highly competitive. We compete in this industry with manufacturers of similar and other types of packaging, as well as fillers, food processors and packers who manufacture containers for their own use and for sale to others. We attempt to compete effectively through the quality of our products, competitive pricing and our ability to meet customer requirements for delivery, performance and technical assistance.
M ETAL C ONTAINER B USINESS
Of the commercial metal container manufacturers, Ardagh Group, Ball Corporation and Crown Holdings, Inc. are our most significant competitors. Our competitors also include other regional suppliers. As an alternative to purchasing containers from commercial can manufacturers, customers have the ability to invest in equipment to self-manufacture their containers.
Because of the high cost of transporting empty containers, our metal container business generally sells to customers within a 300 mile radius of its manufacturing plants. Strategically located existing plants give us an advantage over competitors from other areas, but we could be potentially disadvantaged by the relocation of a major customer.
Although metal containers face competition from plastic, paper, glass and composite containers, we believe that metal containers are superior to plastic, composite and paper containers in applications, where the contents are prepared at high temperatures or packaged in larger consumer or institutional quantities or where long-term storage of the product is desirable while maintaining the product’s quality. We also believe that metal containers are more desirable generally than glass containers because metal containers are more durable and less costly to transport.
C LOSURES B USINESS
Our closures business competes primarily with Bericap Group, Berry Plastics Corporation, Closures Systems International, Inc. (part of Rank Group Limited), Crown Holdings, Inc., Global Closure Systems, Groupe Massilly and Tecnocap S.p.A. With our ability to manufacture an extensive range of metal, composite and plastic closures as well as state-of-the-art capping/sealing equipment and detection systems and our geographic presence, we believe we are uniquely positioned to serve food and beverage product companies for their closure needs.
P LASTIC C ONTAINER B USINESS
Our plastic container business competes with a number of large national producers of plastic containers and closures for personal care, food, health care, pharmaceutical, household and industrial chemical, pet care, agricultural, automotive and marine chemical products. These competitors include Alpha Packaging, Alpla-Werke Alwin Lehner GmbH & Co. KG, Amcor Limited, Berry Plastics Corporation, CCL Industries Inc., Cebal Americas, Consolidated Container Company LLC, Graham Packaging Company (part of Rank Group Limited) and Plastipak Packaging Inc. To compete effectively in the constantly changing market for plastic containers and closures, we must remain current with, and to some extent anticipate, innovations in resin composition and applications and changes in the technology for the manufacturing of plastic containers and closures.
E MPLOYEES
As of December 31, 2016, we employed approximately 2,400 salaried and 6,700 hourly employees on a full-time basis. Approximately 35 percent of our hourly plant employees in the United States and Canada as of that date were represented by a variety of unions, and most of our hourly employees in Europe, Asia, South America and Central America were represented by a variety of unions or other labor organizations. In addition, as of December 31, 2016, Campbell provided us with approximately 115 hourly employees on a full-time basis at one of the facilities that we lease from Campbell.
Our labor contracts expire at various times between 2017 and 2020. As of December 31, 2016, contracts covering approximately 15 percent of our hourly employees in the United States and Canada will expire during 2017. We expect no significant changes in our relations with these unions.
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E NVIRONMENTAL AND O THER R EGULATIONS
We are subject to federal, foreign, state and local environmental laws and regulations. In general, these laws and regulations limit the discharge of pollutants into the environment and establish standards for the treatment, storage, and disposal of solid and hazardous waste. We believe that we are either in compliance in all material respects with all presently applicable environmental laws and regulations or are operating in accordance with appropriate variances, schedules under compliance orders or similar arrangements.
In addition to costs associated with regulatory compliance, we may be held liable for alleged environmental damage associated with the past disposal of hazardous substances. Those that generate hazardous substances that are disposed of at sites at which environmental problems are alleged to exist, as well as the owners of those sites and other classes of persons, are subject to claims for clean up and natural resource damages under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, or CERCLA, regardless of fault or the legality of the original disposal. CERCLA and many similar state and foreign statutes may hold a responsible party liable for the entire cleanup cost at a particular site even though that party may not have caused the entire problem. Other state statutes may impose proportionate rather than joint and several liability. The federal Environmental Protection Agency or a state or foreign agency may also issue orders requiring responsible parties to undertake removal or remedial actions at sites.
We are also subject to the Occupational Safety and Health Act and other federal, foreign, state and local laws regulating noise exposure levels and other safety and health concerns in the production areas of our plants.
While management does not believe that any of the regulatory matters described above, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings, financial position or competitive position, we cannot assure you that a material environmental or other regulatory claim will not arise in the future.
R ESEARCH AND P RODUCT D EVELOPMENT
Our research, product development and product engineering efforts relating to our metal container business are conducted at our research facilities in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin. Our research, product development and product engineering efforts relating to our metal, composite and plastic closures business for food and beverage products are conducted at our research facilities in Downers Grove, Illinois and Hannover, Germany. Our research, product development and product engineering efforts with respect to our plastic container business are performed by our manufacturing and engineering personnel located at our Norcross, Georgia facility. In addition to research, product development and product engineering, these sites also provide technical support to our customers. The amounts we have spent on research and development during the last three fiscal years are not material.
We rely on a combination of patents, trade secrets, unpatented know-how, technological innovation, trademarks and other intellectual property rights, nondisclosure agreements and other protective measures to protect our intellectual property. We do not believe that any individual item of our intellectual property portfolio is material to our business. We employ various methods, including confidentiality agreements and nondisclosure agreements, with third parties, employees and consultants to protect our trade secrets and know-how. However, others could obtain knowledge of our trade secrets and know-how through independent development or other means.
F INANCIAL I NFORMATION ABOUT S EGMENTS AND G EOGRAPHIC A REAS
Financial and other information by segment and relating to geographic areas for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 is set forth in Note 16 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
For the year ended December 31, 2016, our foreign operations for all our businesses generated $707.8 million of net sales, which represents approximately 20 percent of our consolidated net sales worldwide. For a discussion of risks attendant to our foreign operations, see “Risk Factors—Global economic conditions, disruptions in the credit markets and the instability of the Euro could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations,” “Risk Factors—Our international operations are subject to various risks that may adversely affect our financial results” and “Risk Factors—We are subject to the effects of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates” included elsewhere in this Annual Report, as well as “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk” included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
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A VAILABLE I NFORMATION
We file annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. You may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the SEC’s Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website that contains annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information that issuers (including the Company) file electronically with the SEC. The Internet address of the SEC’s website is http://www.sec.gov.
We maintain a website, the Internet address of which is http://www.silganholdings.com. Information contained on our website is not part of this Annual Report. We make available free of charge on or through our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K (and any amendments to those reports) and Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed on behalf of our directors and executive officers as soon as reasonably practicable after such documents are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC.
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I TEM 1A. R ISK F ACTORS.
The following are certain risk factors that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently view as immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
O UR INDEBTEDNESS COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR CASH FLOW.
At December 31, 2016, we had $1,571.2 million of total consolidated indebtedness. We incurred much of this indebtedness as a result of financing acquisitions and refinancing our previously outstanding debt. In addition, at December 31, 2016, after taking into account outstanding letters of credit of $18.0 million and outstanding revolving loan borrowings of $99.5 million, we had up to $868.1 million and Cdn $15.0 million of revolving loans that we may borrow under our Credit Agreement. We also have available to us under our Credit Agreement an uncommitted multicurrency incremental loan facility in an amount of up to an additional $1.25 billion (which amount may be increased as provided under our Credit Agreement), and we may incur additional indebtedness as permitted by our Credit Agreement and our other instruments governing our indebtedness. Additionally, on February 13, 2017, we issued an aggregate of $300 million of our 4¾% Senior Notes due 2025, or the 4¾% Notes, and €650 million of our 3¼% Senior Notes due 2025, or the 3¼% Notes, in a private placement in reliance on Rule 144A and Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. We used a portion of the net proceeds from such issuances to repay indebtedness under our Credit Agreement. We intend to use the remaining net proceeds from such issuance to repay outstanding Euro revolving loans under our Credit Agreement, to repay certain other foreign bank revolving and term loans of certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries and to redeem a portion of our 5% Senior Notes due 2020, or the 5% Notes, on or after April 1, 2017 and pay the applicable premium for such redemption.
A significant portion of our cash flow must be used to service our indebtedness and is therefore not available to be used in our business. In 2016, we repaid $67.4 million in principal and paid $65.5 million in interest on our indebtedness. Our ability to generate cash flow is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that may be beyond our control. In addition, a substantial portion of our indebtedness bears interest at floating rates, and therefore a substantial increase in interest rates could adversely impact our results of operations. Based on the average outstanding amount of our variable rate indebtedness in 2016, a one percentage point change in the interest rates for our variable rate indebtedness would have impacted our 2016 interest expense by an aggregate of approximately $9.5 million, after taking into account the average outstanding notional amount of our interest rate swap agreements during 2016.
Our indebtedness could have important consequences. For example, it could:

• | increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

• | require us to dedicate a significant portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, acquisitions and capital expenditures, and for other general corporate purposes;

• | limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;

• | restrict us from making strategic acquisitions or exploiting business opportunities; and

• | limit, along with the financial and other restrictive covenants in our indebtedness, among other things, our ability to borrow additional funds.

D ESPITE OUR CURRENT LEVELS OF INDEBTEDNESS, WE MAY INCUR ADDITIONAL DEBT IN THE FUTURE, WHICH COULD INCREASE THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR LEVERAGE.
We are continually evaluating and pursuing acquisition opportunities in the consumer goods packaging market and may incur additional indebtedness, including indebtedness under our Credit Agreement, to finance any such acquisitions and to fund any resulting increased operating needs, including for the pending acquisition of the Dispensing Systems Business. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks we now face could increase. We will have to effect any new financing in compliance with the agreements governing our then existing indebtedness. The indentures governing the 5% Notes, the 5½% Notes, the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes do not prohibit us from incurring additional indebtedness.
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T HE TERMS OF OUR DEBT INSTRUMENTS RESTRICT THE MANNER IN WHICH WE CONDUCT OUR BUSINESS AND MAY LIMIT OUR ABILITY TO IMPLEMENT ELEMENTS OF OUR GROWTH STRATEGY.
Our Credit Agreement contains numerous covenants, including financial and operating covenants, some of which are quite restrictive. These covenants affect, and in many respects limit, among other things, our ability to:

• | incur additional indebtedness;

• | create liens;

• | consolidate, merge or sell assets;

• | make certain advances, investments and loans;

• | enter into certain transactions with affiliates; and

• | engage in any business other than the packaging business and certain related businesses.

The indentures governing the 5% Notes, the 5½% Notes, the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes contain certain covenants that also restrict our ability to create liens, engage in sale and leaseback transactions and consolidate, merge or sell assets. These covenants could restrict us in the pursuit of our growth strategy.
G LOBAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, DISRUPTIONS IN THE CREDIT MARKETS AND THE INSTABILITY OF THE E URO COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR BUSINESS, FINANCIAL CONDITION OR RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
In the recent past, the global financial markets have experienced substantial disruption, including, among other things, volatility in securities prices, diminished liquidity and credit availability, rating downgrades of certain investments and declining valuations of others. Additionally, the global economy experienced a recession, and economic weakness has generally continued in European markets and, more recently, has arisen in China. If such economic conditions, disruption of global financial markets and tightening of credit in the financial markets were to occur again, then, among other risks we face, our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to obtain additional financing in the future, including on terms satisfactory to us, could be adversely affected.
Economic conditions and disruptions in the credit markets could also harm the liquidity or financial position of our customers or suppliers, which could in turn cause such parties to fail to meet their contractual or other obligations to us or reduce our customers’ purchases from us, any of which could negatively affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Additionally, under such circumstances, the creditworthiness of the counterparties to our interest rate and commodity pricing transactions could deteriorate, thereby increasing the risk that such counterparties fail to meet their contractual obligations to us.
Additionally, there has been concern regarding the overall stability of the Euro and the future of the Euro as a single currency given the diverse economic and political circumstances in individual Eurozone countries. Potential negative developments (such as a Eurozone country in which we operate replacing the Euro with its own currency) and market perceptions related to the Euro could adversely affect the value of our Euro-denominated assets, reduce the amount of our translated amounts of U.S. dollar revenue and income from operations, negatively impact our indebtedness in any such Eurozone country (including our ability to refinance such indebtedness) and otherwise negatively affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
W E FACE COMPETITION FROM MANY COMPANIES AND WE MAY LOSE SALES OR EXPERIENCE LOWER MARGINS ON SALES AS A RESULT OF SUCH COMPETITION.
The manufacture and sale of metal and plastic containers and closures is highly competitive. We compete with other manufacturers of metal and plastic containers and closures and manufacturers of alternative packaging products, as well as packaged goods companies who manufacture containers and closures for their own use and for sale to others. We compete primarily on the basis of price, quality and service. To the extent that any of our competitors is able to offer better prices, quality and/or services, we could lose customers and our sales and margins may decline.
In 2016, approximately 90 percent of our metal container sales and a majority of our closures and plastic container sales were pursuant to multi-year supply arrangements. In general, many of these arrangements provide that during the term the customer may receive competitive proposals for all or up to a portion of the products we furnish to the customer. We have the right to retain the business subject to the terms and conditions of the competitive proposal. If we match a competitive proposal, it may result in reduced sales prices for the products that
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are the subject of the proposal. If we choose not to match a competitive proposal, we may lose the sales that were the subject of the proposal.
In addition, the loss of any major customer, a significant reduction in the purchasing levels of any major customer or a significant adverse change in the terms of our supply agreement with any major customer could adversely affect our results of operations.
D EMAND FOR OUR PRODUCTS COULD BE AFFECTED BY CHANGES IN LAWS AND REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO FOOD AND BEVERAGES AND CHANGES IN CONSUMER PREFERENCES.
We manufacture and sell metal and plastic rigid packaging for consumer goods products. Many of our products are used to package food and beverages, and therefore they come into direct contact with these products. Accordingly, such products must comply with various laws and regulations for food and beverages applicable to our customers. Changes in such laws and regulations could negatively impact our customers’ demand for our products as they comply with such changes and/or require us to make changes to our products. Such changes to our products could include modifications relating to the inclusion of bisphenol A in the coatings and compounds that we use, possibly resulting in the incurrence by us of additional costs. Additionally, because our products are used to package consumer goods, we are subject to a variety of risks that could influence consumer behavior and negatively impact demand for our products, including changes in consumer preferences driven by various health-related concerns and perceptions.
O UR FINANCIAL RESULTS COULD BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED IF WE ARE NOT ABLE TO OBTAIN SUFFICIENT QUANTITIES OF RAW MATERIALS OR MAINTAIN OUR ABILITY TO PASS RAW MATERIAL PRICE INCREASES THROUGH TO OUR CUSTOMERS.
We purchase steel, aluminum, plastic resins and other raw materials from various suppliers. Sufficient quantities of these raw materials may not be available in the future, whether due to reductions in capacity because of, among other things, significant consolidation of suppliers, increased demand in excess of available supply, unforeseen events such as significant hurricanes or other reasons. In addition, such materials are subject to price fluctuations due to a number of factors, including increases in demand for the same raw materials, the availability of other substitute materials and general economic conditions that are beyond our control.
Over the last few years, there has been significant consolidation of suppliers of steel. Additionally, tariffs and court cases in the United States have negatively impacted the ability and desire of certain foreign steel suppliers to competitively supply steel in the United States. Our metal container and metal closures supply agreements with our customers provide for the pass through of changes in our metal costs. For our customers without long-term agreements, we also generally increase prices to pass through increases in our metal costs.
Our resin requirements are acquired through multi-year arrangements for specific quantities of resins with several major suppliers of resins. The prices that we pay for resins are not fixed and are subject to market pricing, which has fluctuated significantly in the past few years. Our plastic container and plastic closures supply agreements with our customers provide for the pass through of changes in resin prices, subject in many cases to a lag in the timing of such pass through. For customers without long-term agreements, we also generally pass through changes in resin prices.
Although no assurances can be given, we expect to be able to purchase sufficient quantities of raw materials to timely meet all of our customers’ requirements in 2017. Additionally, although no assurances can be given, we generally have been able to pass raw material price increases through to our customers. The loss of our ability to pass those price increases through to our customers or the inability of our suppliers to meet our raw material requirements, however, could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
A SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER THAN NORMAL CROP YIELD MAY REDUCE DEMAND FOR OUR METAL CONTAINERS AND CLOSURES FOR FOOD PRODUCTS.
Our metal container business’ sales and income from operations are dependent, in part, upon the vegetable and fruit harvests in the midwest and western regions of the United States and, to a lesser extent, in a variety of national growing regions in Europe. Our closures business is also dependent, in part, upon the vegetable and fruit harvests. The size and quality of these harvests varies from year to year, depending in large part upon the weather conditions in applicable regions, and our results of operations could be impacted accordingly. Our sales, income from operations and net income could be materially adversely affected in a year in which crop yields are substantially lower than normal.
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T HE SEASONALITY OF THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PACKING INDUSTRY CAUSES US TO INCUR SHORT-TERM DEBT.
We sell metal containers and closures used to package fruits and vegetables, which is a seasonal process. As a result, we have historically generated a disproportionate amount of our annual income from operations in our third quarter. Additionally, as is common in the packaging industry, we must access working capital to build inventory ahead of the fruit and vegetable packing process. We also provide extended payment terms to some of our customers due to the seasonality of the fruit and vegetable packing process and, accordingly, carry accounts receivable for some customers beyond the end of the packing season. Due to our seasonal requirements, we may incur short-term indebtedness to finance our working capital requirements.
T HE COST OF PRODUCING OUR PRODUCTS MAY BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY INCREASES TO THE PRICE OF ENERGY.
The cost of producing our products is sensitive to our energy costs, such as natural gas and electricity. We have, from time to time, entered into contracts to hedge a portion of our natural gas costs. Energy prices, in particular oil and natural gas prices, have been volatile in recent years, with a corresponding effect on our production costs.
W E MAY NOT BE ABLE TO PURSUE OUR GROWTH STRATEGY BY ACQUISITION.
Historically, we have grown predominantly through acquisitions. Our future growth will depend in large part on additional acquisitions of consumer goods packaging businesses. We may not be able to locate or acquire other suitable acquisition candidates consistent with our strategy, and we may not be able to fund future acquisitions because of limitations under our indebtedness or otherwise, including due to the limited availability of funds if the financial markets are impaired.
F UTURE ACQUISITIONS MAY CREATE RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES THAT COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR OPERATING RESULTS AND DIVERT OUR MANAGEMENT’S ATTENTION.
In pursuing our strategy of growth through acquisitions, including the pending acquisition of the Dispensing Systems Business, we will face risks commonly encountered with an acquisition strategy. These risks include:

• | failing to identify material problems and liabilities in our due diligence review of acquisition targets;

• | failing to obtain sufficient indemnification rights to fully offset possible liabilities associated with acquired businesses;

• | failing to assimilate the operations and personnel of the acquired businesses;

• | difficulties in identifying or retaining employees for the acquired businesses;

• | disrupting our ongoing business;

• | diluting our limited management resources;

• | operating in new geographic regions; and

• | impairing relationships with employees and customers of the acquired business as a result of changes in ownership and management.

Through our experience integrating our acquisitions, we have learned that, depending upon the size of the acquisition, it can take us up to two to three years to completely integrate an acquired business into our operations and systems and realize the full benefit of the integration. During the early part of this integration period, the operating results of an acquired business may decrease from results attained prior to the acquisition due to costs, delays or other challenges that arise when integrating the acquired business. In addition, we may not be able to achieve potential synergies or maintain the levels of revenue, earnings or operating efficiency that each business had achieved or might achieve separately. Moreover, indebtedness incurred to fund acquisitions could adversely affect our liquidity and financial stability.
T HE PENDING ACQUISITION OF THE D ISPENSING S YSTEMS B USINESS IS SUBJECT TO VARIOUS CLOSING CONDITIONS, INCLUDING REGULATORY APPROVALS, AS WELL AS OTHER UNCERTAINTIES, AND THERE CAN BE NO ASSURANCES AS TO WHETHER AND WHEN IT MAY BE COMPLETED. A DELAY OR FAILURE TO CONSUMMATE THE PENDING ACQUISITION COULD NEGATIVELY IMPACT OUR FUTURE RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AND FINANCIAL CONDITION.
The consummation of the pending acquisition of the Dispensing Systems Business is subject to the satisfaction of certain customary conditions, including the receipt of applicable regulatory approvals, and is
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expected to close late in the first quarter of 2017. The Purchase Agreement may be terminated under certain circumstances, including by the buyers or the seller if the acquisition has not closed within 90 days after the date of the Purchase Agreement, subject to the parties' rights to extend such date by up to an additional 90 days if all conditions precedent other than the regulatory approval condition precedent have been satisfied at that time or under certain other circumstances.
We cannot predict with certainty whether or when any of the required conditions will be satisfied, whether the satisfaction of any such conditions will result in a materially adverse impact on us or the Dispensing Systems Business or if the pending acquisition will be consummated at all. If the pending acquisition is not completed, if there is a significant delay in completing it or if the satisfaction of any such conditions results in a materially adverse impact, such failure, delay or impact could adversely affect our future results of operations and financial condition, and, to the extent that the current price of our common stock reflects an assumption regarding the completion of the pending acquisition, the price per share for our common stock could be negatively impacted.
W E MAY BE UNABLE TO ACHIEVE, OR MAY BE DELAYED IN ACHIEVING, ADEQUATE RETURNS FROM OUR EFFORTS TO OPTIMIZE OUR OPERATIONS, WHICH COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AND FINANCIAL CONDITION.
We continually strive to improve our operating performance and further enhance our franchise positions in our businesses through the investment of capital for productivity improvements, manufacturing efficiencies, manufacturing cost reductions and the rationalization of our manufacturing facilities footprints. Our operations include complex manufacturing systems as well as intricate scheduling and numerous geographic and logistical complexities associated with our facilities and our customers’ facilities. Accordingly, our efforts to achieve productivity improvements, manufacturing efficiencies and manufacturing cost reductions and to rationalize our manufacturing facilities footprints are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could impact our ability to achieve adequate returns from our efforts as planned. These risks and uncertainties include, among others, completing any such efforts on time and as planned and retaining customers impacted thereby.
I F WE ARE UNABLE TO RETAIN KEY MANAGEMENT, WE MAY BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED.
We believe that our future success depends, in large part, on our experienced management team. Losing the services of key members of our current management team could make it difficult for us to manage our business and meet our objectives.
P ROLONGED WORK STOPPAGES AT OUR FACILITIES WITH UNIONIZED LABOR COULD JEOPARDIZE OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION.
As of December 31, 2016, we employed approximately 6,700 hourly employees on a full-time basis. Approximately 35 percent of our hourly plant employees in the United States and Canada as of that date were represented by a variety of unions, and most of our hourly employees in Europe, Asia, South America and Central America were represented by a variety of unions or other labor organizations. Our labor contracts expire at various times between 2017 and 2020. We cannot assure you that, upon expiration of existing collective bargaining agreements, new agreements will be reached without union action or that any such new agreements will be on terms no less favorable to us than current agreements. Disputes with the unions representing our employees could result in strikes or other labor protests that could disrupt our operations and divert the attention of management from operating our business. If we were to experience a strike or work stoppage, it could be difficult for us to find a sufficient number of people with the necessary skills to replace those employees. Prolonged work stoppages at our facilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
W E ARE SUBJECT TO COSTS AND LIABILITIES RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH AND SAFETY LAWS AND REGULATIONS AND RISKS RELATED TO LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
We continually review our compliance with environmental and other laws, such as the Occupational Safety and Health Act and other laws regulating noise exposure levels and other safety and health concerns in the production areas of our plants in the United States and environmental protection, health and safety laws and regulations abroad. We may incur liabilities for noncompliance, or substantial expenditures to achieve compliance, with environmental and other laws or changes thereto in the future or as a result of the application of additional laws and regulations to our business, including those limiting greenhouse gas emissions and those requiring compliance with the European Commission’s registration, evaluation and authorization of chemicals (REACH) procedures. In addition, stricter regulations, or stricter interpretations of existing laws or regulations, may impose new liabilities on us, and we may become obligated in the future to incur costs associated with the investigation and/or remediation of contamination at our facilities or other locations. Additionally, many of our products come into contact with the
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food and beverages that they package, and therefore we may be subject to risks and liabilities related to health and safety matters in connection with our products. Changes in or additional health and safety laws and regulations in connection with our products may also impose new requirements and costs on us. Such requirements, liabilities and costs could have a material adverse effect on our capital expenditures, results of operations, financial condition or competitive position.
We are involved in various legal proceedings, contract disputes and claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. Additionally, a competition authority in Germany commenced an antitrust investigation in 2015 involving the industry association for metal packaging in Germany and its members, including our metal container and closures subsidiaries in Germany. Although we are not able to predict the outcome of such proceedings, investigations, disputes and claims, any payments in respect thereof, including pursuant to any settlements, will reduce our available cash flows and could adversely impact our results of operations.
O UR INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO VARIOUS RISKS THAT MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR FINANCIAL RESULTS.
Our international operations generated approximately $707.8 million, or approximately 20 percent, of our consolidated net sales in 2016. As of February 1, 2017, we have a total of 35 manufacturing facilities in a total of 20 countries outside of the United States, including Canada and countries located in Europe, Asia, South America and Central America, serving customers in approximately 90 countries worldwide. Our business strategy may include continued expansion of international activities, including with the pending acquisition of the Dispensing Systems Business. Accordingly, the risks associated with operating in foreign countries may have a negative impact on our liquidity and net income. For example, the current economic uncertainty in Europe and China and the geopolitical disruptions in the Ukraine, Russia and the Middle East and related adverse economic conditions may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, we shut down our closures manufacturing facility in Venezuela in the fourth quarter of 2014 because our operations in Venezuela were unable to import raw materials on a regular basis due to the ongoing unstable political environment and an increasingly restrictive monetary policy, and in 2016 we ceased operations at our metal container manufacturing facility in the Ukraine because of the geopolitical environment.
Risks associated with operating in foreign countries include, but are not limited to:

• | political, social and economic instability;

• | inconsistent product regulation or policy changes by foreign agencies or governments;

• | war, civil disturbance or acts of terrorism;

• | compliance with and changes in applicable foreign laws;

• | loss or non-renewal of treaties or similar agreements with foreign tax authorities;

• | difficulties in enforcement of contractual obligations and intellectual property rights;

• | high social benefits for labor;

• | national and regional labor strikes;

• | imposition of limitations on conversions of foreign currencies into U.S. dollars or payment of dividends and other payments by non-U.S. subsidiaries;

• | foreign exchange rate risks;

• | difficulties in expatriating cash generated or held by non-U.S. subsidiaries in a tax efficient manner;

• | uncertainties arising from local business practices and cultural considerations;

• | changes in tax laws, or the interpretation thereof, affecting foreign tax credits or tax deductions relating to our non-U.S. earnings or operations;

• | hyperinflation, currency devaluation or defaults in certain foreign countries;

• | duties, taxes or government royalties, including the imposition or increase of withholding and other taxes on remittances and other payments by non-U.S. subsidiaries;

• | customs, import/export and other trade compliance regulations;

• | non-tariff barriers and higher duty rates;

• | difficulty in collecting international accounts receivable and potentially longer payment cycles;

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• | application of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws;

• | increased costs in maintaining international manufacturing and marketing efforts; and

• | taking of property by nationalization or expropriation without fair compensation.

W E ARE SUBJECT TO THE EFFECTS OF FLUCTUATIONS IN FOREIGN CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES.
Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. As a result of our international operations, a portion of our consolidated net sales, and some of our costs, assets and liabilities, are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. As a result, we must translate local currency financial results into U.S. dollars based on average exchange rates prevailing during a reporting period for the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Consequently, changes in exchange rates may unpredictably and adversely affect our consolidated operating results. For example, during times of a strengthening U.S. dollar, our reported international revenue and earnings will be reduced because the local currency will translate into fewer U.S. dollars. Conversely, a weakening U.S. dollar will effectively increase the dollar-equivalent of our expenses denominated in foreign currencies. Although we may use currency exchange rate protection agreements from time to time to reduce our exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations in some cases, these hedges may not eliminate or reduce the effect of currency fluctuations.
I F THE INVESTMENTS IN OUR PENSION BENEFIT PLANS DO NOT PERFORM AS EXPECTED, WE MAY HAVE TO CONTRIBUTE ADDITIONAL AMOUNTS TO THESE PLANS, WHICH WOULD OTHERWISE BE AVAILABLE TO COVER OPERATING AND OTHER EXPENSES.
We maintain noncontributory, defined benefit pension plans covering a substantial number of our employees, which we fund based on certain actuarial assumptions. The plans’ assets consist primarily of common stocks and fixed income securities. If the investments of the plans do not perform at expected levels, then we will have to contribute additional funds to ensure that the plans will be able to pay out benefits as scheduled. Such an increase in funding could result in a decrease in our available cash flow.
W E PARTICIPATE IN MULTIEMPLOYER PENSION PLANS UNDER WHICH, IN THE EVENT OF CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, WE COULD INCUR ADDITIONAL LIABILITIES WHICH MAY BE MATERIAL AND MAY NEGATIVELY AFFECT OUR FINANCIAL RESULTS,
We participate in four multiemployer pension plans which provide defined benefits to certain of our union employees. Because of the nature of multiemployer pension plans, there are risks associated with participating in such plans that differ from single-employer pension plans. Amounts contributed by an employer to a multiemployer pension plan are not segregated into a separate account and are not restricted to provide benefits only to employees of that contributing employer. In the event that another participating employer to a multiemployer pension plan in which we participate no longer contributes to such plan, the unfunded obligations of such plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers, including us. In such event, our required contributions to such plan could increase, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations. In the event that we withdraw from participation in a multiemployer pension plan in which we participate or otherwise cease to make contributions to such a plan or in the event of the termination of such a plan, we potentially could be required under applicable law to make additional contributions to such plan in respect of the unfunded accrued benefits of such plan, which unfunded accrued benefits could be significant. Such additional contributions could be material and could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations. As further discussed in Note 11 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included elsewhere in this Annual Report, two of the multiemployer pension plans in which we participate have a funded status of less than 65 percent.
I F WE WERE REQUIRED TO WRITE-DOWN ALL OR PART OF OUR GOODWILL OR TRADE NAMES, OUR NET INCOME AND NET WORTH COULD BE MATERIALLY ADVERSELY AFFECTED.
As a result of our acquisitions, we have $604.7 million of goodwill and $32.1 million of indefinite-lived trade names recorded on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2016. We are required to periodically determine if our goodwill and trade names have become impaired, in which case we would write-down the impaired portion. If we were required to write-down all or part of our goodwill or trade names, our net income and net worth could be materially adversely affected.
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I NCREASED INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SECURITY THREATS AND MORE SOPHISTICATED AND TARGETED COMPUTER CRIME COULD POSE A RISK TO OUR SYSTEMS, NETWORKS, PRODUCTS, SOLUTIONS AND SERVICES.
Increased global security threats and more sophisticated and targeted computer crime pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data. While we attempt to mitigate these risks by employing a number of measures, including employee training, comprehensive monitoring of our networks and systems and maintenance of backup and protective systems, our systems, networks, products, solutions and services remain potentially vulnerable to advanced persistent threats. Depending on their nature and scope, such threats could potentially lead to the compromise of confidential information, improper use of our systems and networks, manipulation and destruction of data, defective products, production downtimes and operational disruptions, which in turn could adversely affect our reputation, competitiveness and results of operations.
O UR PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS HAVE SUBSTANTIAL INFLUENCE OVER US AND THEIR EXERCISE OF THAT INFLUENCE COULD BE ADVERSE TO YOUR INTERESTS.
As of December 31, 2016, Messrs. Silver and Horrigan beneficially owned an aggregate of 17,760,521 shares of our common stock, or approximately 32 percent of our outstanding common stock. Accordingly, if they act together, they will be able to exercise substantial influence over all matters submitted to the stockholders for a vote, including the election of directors. In addition, we and Messrs. Silver and Horrigan have entered into an amended and restated principal stockholders agreement, or the Stockholders Agreement, that provides for certain director nomination rights. Under the Stockholders Agreement, the Group (as defined in the Stockholders Agreement and generally including Messrs. Silver and Horrigan and their affiliates and related family transferees and estates) has the right to nominate for election all of our directors until the Group holds less than one-half of the number of shares of our common stock held by it in the aggregate on February 14, 1997. At least one of the Group’s nominees must be either Mr. Silver or Mr. Horrigan during the three-year period covering the staggered terms of our three classes of directors. On February 14, 1997, the Group held 28,612,360 shares of our common stock in the aggregate (as adjusted for our two-for-one stock splits in 2005 and 2010). Additionally, the Group has the right to nominate for election either Mr. Silver or Mr. Horrigan as a member of our Board of Directors when the Group no longer holds at least one-half of the number of shares of our common stock held by it in the aggregate on February 14, 1997 but beneficially owns at least 5 percent of our common stock. The Stockholders Agreement continues until the death or disability of both of Messrs. Silver and Horrigan. The provisions of the Stockholders Agreement could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of Silgan Holdings Inc. and preventing our stockholders from receiving a premium for their shares of our common stock in any proposed acquisition of Silgan Holdings Inc.
A NTI-TAKEOVER PROVISIONS IN OUR AMENDED AND RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION AND OUR AMENDED AND RESTATED BY-LAWS COULD HAVE THE EFFECT OF DISCOURAGING, DELAYING OR PREVENTING A MERGER OR ACQUISITION. A NY OF THESE EFFECTS COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT THE MARKET PRICE OF OUR COMMON STOCK.
Provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated by-laws may have the effect of delaying or preventing transactions involving a change of control of Silgan Holdings Inc., including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a substantial premium for their shares over then current market prices, and may limit the ability of stockholders to approve transactions that they may deem to be in their best interests.
In particular, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that:

• | the Board of Directors is authorized to issue one or more classes of preferred stock having such designations, rights and preferences as may be determined by the Board;

• | the Board of Directors is divided into three classes, and each year approximately one-third of the directors are elected for a term of three years;

• | the Board of Directors is fixed at seven members; and

• | action taken by the holders of common stock must be taken at a meeting and may not be taken by consent in writing.

Additionally, our amended and restated by-laws provide that a special meeting of the stockholders may only be called by either of our Co-Chairmen of the Board on their own initiative or at the request of a majority of the Board of Directors, and may not be called by the holders of common stock.
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U PON THE OCCURRENCE OF CERTAIN CHANGE OF CONTROL EVENTS, WE MAY NOT BE ABLE TO SATISFY ALL OF OUR OBLIGATIONS UNDER OUR C REDIT A GREEMENT AND INDENTURES.
Under our Credit Agreement, the occurrence of a change of control (as defined in our Credit Agreement) constitutes an event of default, permitting, among other things, the acceleration of amounts owed thereunder. Additionally, upon the occurrence of a change of control as defined in the indentures governing the 5% Notes and the 5½% Notes , we must make an offer to repurchase the 5% Notes and the 5½% Notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued interest to the date of purchase. In addition, upon the occurrence of a change of control repurchase event as defined in the indenture governing the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes, we must make an offer to repurchase the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes at a repurchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued interest to the date of repurchase. We may not have sufficient funds or be able to obtain sufficient financing to meet such obligations under our Credit Agreement and such indentures.
I TEM 1B. U NRESOLVED S TAFF C OMMENTS.
None.
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I TEM 2. P ROPERTIES.
Our principal executive offices are located at 4 Landmark Square, Suite 400, Stamford, Connecticut 06901. The administrative headquarters and principal places of business for our metal container business are located at 21800 Oxnard Street, Woodland Hills, California 91367 and Landskrongasse 5/1, 1010 Vienna, Austria; the administrative headquarters and principal places of business for our closures business are located at 1140 31 st Street, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515 and North 88, Riesstrasse 16, 80992 Munich, Germany; and the administrative headquarters and principal place of business for our plastic container business is located at 14515 N. Outer Forty, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017. We lease all of these offices.
We own and lease properties for use in the ordinary course of business. The properties consist primarily of 46 operating facilities for the metal container business, 19 operating facilities for the closures business and 22 operating facilities for the plastic container business. We own 49 of these facilities and lease 38. The leases expire at various times through 2030. Some of these leases provide renewal options as well as various purchase options.
Below is a list of our operating facilities, including attached warehouses, as of February 1, 2017 for our metal container business:

Location | Approximate Building Area (square feet)
Antioch, CA | 144,500 |  |  | (leased)
Modesto, CA | 37,800 |  |  | (leased)
Modesto, CA | 128,000 |  |  | (leased)
Modesto, CA | 150,000 |  |  | (leased)
Riverbank, CA | 167,000 |  |  |
Sacramento, CA | 217,600 |  |  | (leased)
Hoopeston, IL | 323,600 |  |  |
Rochelle, IL | 295,900 |  |  | (75,000 leased)
Waukegan, IL | 74,200 |  |  | (leased)
Hammond, IN | 158,000 |  |  | (leased)
Burlington, IA | 414,400 |  |  |
Ft. Dodge, IA | 232,400 |  |  | (leased)
Ft. Madison, IA | 150,700 |  |  | (56,000 leased)
Savage, MN | 160,000 |  |  |
Mt. Vernon, MO | 100,000 |  |  |
St. Joseph, MO | 206,500 |  |  |
Edison, NJ | 265,500 |  |  |
Lyons, NY | 149,700 |  |  |
Maxton, NC | 225,700 |  |  | (leased)
Napoleon, OH | 302,100 |  |  | (leased)
Lancaster, SC | 58,100 |  |  |
Trenton, TN | 96,300 |  |  | (leased)
Paris, TX | 266,300 |  |  | (leased)
Toppenish, WA | 217,700 |  |  |
Menomonee Falls, WI | 116,000 |  |  |
Menomonie, WI | 129,400 |  |  | (leased)
Oconomowoc, WI | 114,600 |  |  |
Plover, WI | 86,800 |  |  | (leased)
Waupun, WI | 212,000 |  |  |
Las Piedras, Puerto Rico | 26,800 |  |  | (leased)
Mitterdorf im Murtzal, Austria | 192,000 |  |  |
Grodno, Belarus | 72,000 |  |  | (leased)
Leipzig, Germany | 190,000 |  |  |
Meissen, Germany | 139,000 |  |  |
Agios Ionnis Renti, Greece | 309,000 |  |  |
Skydra, Greece | 200,000 |  |  |

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Location | Approximate Building Area (square feet)
Wadi al Rayan, Jordan | 215,000 |  |  |
Bitola, Macedonia | 120,000 |  |  |
Malomice, Poland | 87,000 |  |  |
Szprotawa, Poland | 82,000 |  |  |
Tczew, Poland | 116,000 |  |  |
Enem, Adjigeva, Russia | 99,000 |  |  |
Stupino, Russia | 77,000 |  |  |
Nove-Mesto nad Vahom, Slovakia | 403,000 |  |  | (119,000 leased)
Ljubljana-Zalog, Slovenia | 145,000 |  |  |
Izmir, Turkey | 170,000 |  |  |

Below is a list of our operating facilities, including attached warehouses, as of February 1, 2017 for our closures business:

Location | Approximate Building Area (square feet)
Tolleson, AZ | 115,000 |  |  | (leased)
Athens, GA | 222,200 |  |  | (leased)
Champaign, IL | 254,600 |  |  | (leased)
Evansville, IN | 186,000 |  |  |
Richmond, IN | 462,700 |  |  |
New Castle, PA | 126,500 |  |  |
West Hazleton, PA | 151,500 |  |  | (leased)
Kingsport, TN | 100,000 |  |  |
Pocos de Caldas, Brazil | 39,800 |  |  |
Shanghai, China | 49,400 |  |  |
Louny, Czech Republic | 56,800 |  |  | (leased)
Hannover, Germany | 549,000 |  |  | (leased)
Battipaglia, Italy | 156,500 |  |  |
Guadalajara, Mexico | 80,000 |  |  | (leased)
Santa Rosa City, Philippines | 87,800 |  |  | (leased)
Niepolomice, Poland | 170,100 |  |  |
Niepolomice, Poland | 78,700 |  |  |
Torello, Spain | 71,900 |  |  | (leased)
Doncaster, United Kingdom | 80,000 |  |  | (leased)

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Below is a list of our operating facilities, including attached warehouses, as of February 1, 2017 for our plastic container business:

Location | Approximate Building Area (square feet)
Deep River, CT | 146,000 |  |  |
Monroe, GA | 117,000 |  |  |
Flora, IL | 56,400 |  |  |
Ligonier, IN | 469,000 |  |  | (276,000 leased)
Seymour, IN | 406,000 |  |  |
Franklin, KY | 122,000 |  |  | (leased)
Hazelwood, MO | 335,300 |  |  | (leased)
Union, MO | 195,000 |  |  |
Penn Yan, NY | 103,000 |  |  |
Ottawa, OH | 447,000 |  |  | (180,000 leased)
Langhorne, PA | 172,600 |  |  | (leased)
North East, PA | 135,000 |  |  | (leased)
Houston, TX | 335,200 |  |  |
Triadelphia, WV | 168,400 |  |  |
Edmonton, Alberta | 55,600 |  |  | (leased)
Delta, British Columbia | 43,000 |  |  | (leased)
Scarborough, Ontario | 117,000 |  |  |
Woodbridge, Ontario | 147,500 |  |  | (leased)
Woodbridge, Ontario | 97,600 |  |  | (leased)
Lachine, Quebec | 113,300 |  |  | (leased)
Lachine, Quebec | 79,400 |  |  | (leased)
Montreal, Quebec | 43,500 |  |  | (leased)

We lease our research facilities in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, Downers Grove, Illinois, Hannover, Germany and Norcross, Georgia. We also own and lease other warehouse facilities that are detached from our manufacturing facilities. Additionally, we may sublease other facilities that we previously operated.
We believe that our plants, warehouses and other facilities are in good operating condition, adequately maintained, and suitable to meet our present needs and future plans. We believe that we have sufficient capacity to satisfy the demand for our products in the foreseeable future. To the extent that we need additional capacity, we believe that we can convert certain facilities to continuous operation or make the appropriate capital expenditures to increase capacity.
I TEM 3. L EGAL P ROCEEDINGS.
We are a party to routine legal proceedings, contract disputes and claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not a party to, and none of our properties are subject to, any pending legal proceedings which could have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition.
A competition authority in Germany commenced an antitrust investigation in 2015 involving the industry association for metal packaging in Germany and its members, including our metal container and closures subsidiaries in Germany. Given the early stage of the investigation, we cannot reasonably assess what actions may result from the investigation or estimate what costs we may incur as a result of the investigation.
I TEM 4. M INE S AFETY D ISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
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PART II
I TEM 5. M ARKET F OR R EGISTRANT’S C OMMON E QUITY, R ELATED S TOCKHOLDER M ATTERS A ND I SSUER P URCHASES O F E QUITY S ECURITIES.
Our common stock is quoted on the Nasdaq Global Select Market System under the symbol SLGN. As of January 31, 2017, we had 40 holders of record of our common stock.
We began paying quarterly cash dividends on our common stock in 2004, and have increased the amount of the quarterly cash dividend payable on our common stock each year since then. In February 2016, our Board of Directors increased the amount of our quarterly cash dividend payable on our common stock from $0.16 per share to $0.17 per share. The payment of future dividends is at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our consolidated results of operations and financial condition, federal tax policies and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors.
The table below sets forth the high and low closing sales prices of our common stock as reported by the Nasdaq Global Select Market System for the periods indicated below and the cash dividends paid per share of our common stock in the periods indicated below.

| Closing Sales Prices |  | Cash Dividends Per Share
| High |  | Low |
2016 |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter | $54.32 |  | $49.63 |  | $0.17
Second Quarter | 53.99 |  | 48.63 |  | 0.17
Third Quarter | 52.67 |  | 47.66 |  | 0.17
Fourth Quarter | 51.70 |  | 47.68 |  | 0.17
| Closing Sales Prices |  | Cash Dividends Per Share
| High |  | Low |
2015 |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter | $58.47 |  | $51.41 |  | $0.16
Second Quarter | 58.74 |  | 52.76 |  | 0.16
Third Quarter | 55.61 |  | 50.75 |  | 0.16
Fourth Quarter | 55.82 |  | 49.97 |  | 0.16

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I SSUER P URCHASES OF E QUITY S ECURITIES
On October 17, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase by us of up to an additional $300.0 million of our common stock by various means from time to time through and including December 31, 2021, which was in addition to approximately $98.8 million that remained available to us for the repurchase of our common stock by various means from time to time through and including December 31, 2019 pursuant to a previous authorization by our Board of Directors in 2014. Under these authorizations, we completed a "modified Dutch auction" tender offer on November 22, 2016 pursuant to which we purchased 5,308,905 shares of our common stock from our stockholders at a price of $50.75 per share, for a total purchase price of $269.4 million, exclusive of $0.7 million of fees and expenses. Accordingly, at December 31, 2016, we had approximately $129.4 million remaining for the repurchase of our common stock under the October 17, 2016 Board of Directors authorization.
The following table provides information about shares of our common stock that we repurchased during the fourth quarter of 2016:

|  |  |  |  | (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | (d) Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in millions)
| (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  |  |
|  | (b) Average Price Paid per Share |  |
October 1-31, 2016 | — |  | — |  | — |  | $98.8
November 1-30, 2016 | 5,308,905 |  | $50.75 |  | 5,308,905 |  | $129.4
December 1-31, 2016 | — |  | — |  | — |  | $129.4
Total | 5,308,905 |  | $50.75 |  | 5,308,905 |  | $129.4

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I TEM 6. S ELECTED F INANCIAL D ATA.
In the table that follows, we provide you with selected financial data of Silgan Holdings Inc. We have derived this data from our consolidated financial statements for the five years ended December 31, 2016. Our consolidated financial statements for the five years ended December 31, 2016 have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm.
You should read this selected financial data along with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report, as well as the section of this Annual Report titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
Selected Financial Data

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014(a) |  | 2013(a) |  | 2012(a)
| (Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Operating Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 3,612.9 |  |  | $ | 3,764.0 |  |  | $ | 3,911.8 |  |  | $ | 3,708.5 |  |  | $ | 3,588.3 |
Cost of goods sold | 3,079.4 |  |  | 3,209.9 |  |  | 3,312.0 |  |  | 3,161.3 |  |  | 3,070.7 |
Gross profit | 533.5 |  |  | 554.1 |  |  | 599.8 |  |  | 547.2 |  |  | 517.6 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses (b) | 214.7 |  |  | 219.9 |  |  | 224.4 |  |  | 211.0 |  |  | 183.4 |
Rationalization charges | 19.1 |  |  | 14.4 |  |  | 14.5 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 8.7 |
Income from operations | 299.7 |  |  | 319.8 |  |  | 360.9 |  |  | 324.2 |  |  | 325.5 |
Interest and other debt expense before loss on early extinguishment of debt | 67.8 |  |  | 66.9 |  |  | 74.8 |  |  | 67.4 |  |  | 63.0 |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 38.7 |
Interest and other debt expense | 67.8 |  |  | 66.9 |  |  | 76.3 |  |  | 69.5 |  |  | 101.7 |
Income before income taxes | 231.9 |  |  | 252.9 |  |  | 284.6 |  |  | 254.7 |  |  | 223.8 |
Provision for income taxes | 78.5 |  |  | 80.5 |  |  | 102.2 |  |  | 69.3 |  |  | 72.5 |
Net income | $ | 153.4 |  |  | $ | 172.4 |  |  | $ | 182.4 |  |  | $ | 185.4 |  |  | $ | 151.3 |
Per Share Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic net income per share | $ | 2.56 |  |  | $ | 2.83 |  |  | $ | 2.88 |  |  | $ | 2.89 |  |  | $ | 2.18 |
Diluted net income per share | $ | 2.55 |  |  | $ | 2.81 |  |  | $ | 2.86 |  |  | $ | 2.87 |  |  | $ | 2.17 |
Dividends per share | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 0.64 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 0.48 |
Selected Segment Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Metal containers | $ | 2,271.9 |  |  | $ | 2,365.3 |  |  | $ | 2,369.7 |  |  | $ | 2,341.4 |  |  | $ | 2,293.7 |
Closures | 797.1 |  |  | 805.0 |  |  | 882.9 |  |  | 720.1 |  |  | 680.1 |
Plastic containers | 543.9 |  |  | 593.7 |  |  | 659.2 |  |  | 647.0 |  |  | 614.5 |
Income from operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Metal containers (c) | 214.7 |  |  | 236.4 |  |  | 248.7 |  |  | 236.3 |  |  | 231.5 |
Closures (d) | 99.8 |  |  | 91.8 |  |  | 75.6 |  |  | 63.0 |  |  | 73.1 |
Plastic containers (e) | 5.2 |  |  | 7.8 |  |  | 51.5 |  |  | 38.6 |  |  | 30.8 |

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Selected Financial Data

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014(a) |  | 2013(a) |  | 2012(a)
| (Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | $ | 191.9 |  |  | $ | 237.3 |  |  | $ | 140.5 |  |  | $ | 103.1 |  |  | $ | 119.2 |
Depreciation and amortization (f) | 143.1 |  |  | 142.2 |  |  | 148.1 |  |  | 167.6 |  |  | 165.0 |
Net cash provided by operating activities (g) | 394.6 |  |  | 335.7 |  |  | 348.2 |  |  | 351.2 |  |  | 352.5 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (180.3 | ) |  | (237.1 | ) |  | (156.9 | ) |  | (376.4 | ) |  | (436.8 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (g) | (289.5 | ) |  | (221.3 | ) |  | (129.2 | ) |  | (279.9 | ) |  | 152.8 |
Balance Sheet Data (at end of period): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 24.7 |  |  | $ | 99.9 |  |  | $ | 222.6 |  |  | $ | 160.5 |  |  | $ | 465.6 |
Goodwill | 604.7 |  |  | 612.8 |  |  | 630.3 |  |  | 651.0 |  |  | 510.8 |
Total assets (h) (i) | 3,149.4 |  |  | 3,192.7 |  |  | 3,274.1 |  |  | 3,282.5 |  |  | 3,249.9 |
Total debt (h) | 1,561.6 |  |  | 1,513.5 |  |  | 1,584.1 |  |  | 1,686.4 |  |  | 1,656.4 |
Stockholders’ equity | 469.4 |  |  | 639.2 |  |  | 710.0 |  |  | 713.8 |  |  | 753.6 |

Notes to Selected Financial Data

(a) | In September 2014, we acquired the metal container assets of Van Can. In October 2013, we acquired Portola. In 2013, we also acquired Amcor Australia Metal Closures and Tecnocap U.S. Metal Closures. In August 2012, we acquired PFC, the plastic food container operations of Rexam PLC. In 2012, we also acquired Öntaş Öner Teneke Ambalaj Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S., a metal container and closure manufacturer in Turkey.

(b) | Selling, general and administrative expenses include costs attributed to announced acquisitions of $1.4 million in 2016 and $1.5 million in each of 2013 and 2012.

(c) | Income from operations of the metal container business includes rationalization charges (credits) of $12.1 million, $(0.4) million, $2.5 million and $2.5 million in 2016, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Income from operations of the metal container business also includes new plant start-up costs of $0.8 million and $6.4 million in 2013 and 2012, respectively.

(d) | Income from operations of the closures business includes rationalization charges of $0.6 million, $1.7 million, $12.2 million, $5.6 million and $2.9 million in 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, and (loss) income from operations in Venezuela of $(3.1) million, $(2.9) million and $5.1 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The loss from operations in Venezuela in 2013 included a charge of $3.0 million for the remeasurement of net assets due to a currency devaluation.

(e) | Income from operations of the plastic container business includes rationalization charges of $6.4 million, $12.7 million, $2.7 million, $3.9 million and $3.3 million in 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

(f) | Depreciation and amortization excludes amortization of debt discount and issuance costs. In 2014, we increased the estimated useful lives of certain production equipment by an average of approximately 5 years to a maximum depreciable life of 20 years.

(g) | In 2016, we retrospectively adopted new accounting guidance regarding certain classifications on the statement of cash flows related to excess tax benefits and shares repurchased from employees for tax withholding purposes. As a result, net cash provided by operating activities was increased by $0.3 million, $3.2 million, $0.5 million and $0.8 million in 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, and net cash (used in) provided by financing activities was decreased by $0.3 million, $3.2 million, $0.5 million and $0.8 million in 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

(h) | In 2015, we retrospectively adopted new accounting guidance regarding the classification of certain debt issuance costs. As a result, each of total assets and total debt were decreased by $14.9 million, $17.4 million and $14.9 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

(i) | In 2015, we retrospectively adopted new accounting guidance regarding the classification of deferred taxes. As a result, each of total assets and total liabilities were decreased by $14.9 million, $21.1 million and $28.8 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

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I TEM 7. M ANAGEMENT’S D ISCUSSION AND A NALYSIS OF F INANCIAL C ONDITION AND R ESULTS OF O PERATIONS.
The following discussion and analysis is intended to assist you in understanding our consolidated financial condition and results of operations for the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. Our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report contain detailed information that you should refer to in conjunction with the following discussion and analysis.
G ENERAL
We are a leading manufacturer of rigid packaging for consumer goods products. We currently produce steel and aluminum containers for human and pet food and general line products; metal, composite and plastic closures for food and beverage products; and custom designed plastic containers and closures for personal care, food, health care, pharmaceutical, household and industrial chemical, pet care, agricultural, automotive and marine chemical products. We are a leading manufacturer of metal containers in North America and Europe, the largest manufacturer of metal food containers in North America with a unit volume market share in the United States for the year ended December 31, 2016 of approximately sixty percent, a leading worldwide manufacturer of metal, composite and plastic closures for food and beverage products and a leading manufacturer of plastic containers in North America for a variety of markets, including the personal care, food, health care and household and industrial chemical markets.
Our objective is to increase shareholder value by efficiently deploying capital and management resources to grow our business, reduce operating costs, build sustainable competitive positions, or franchises, and to complete acquisitions that generate attractive cash returns. We have grown our net sales and income from operations largely through acquisitions but also through internal growth, and we continue to evaluate acquisition opportunities in the consumer goods packaging market.
S ALES G ROWTH
We have increased net sales and market share in our metal container, closures and plastic container businesses through both acquisitions and internal growth. As a result, we have expanded and diversified our customer base, geographic presence and product lines.
We are a leading manufacturer of metal containers in North America and Europe, primarily as a result of our acquisitions but also as a result of growth with existing customers. During the past 30 years, the metal food container market has experienced significant consolidation primarily due to the desire by food processors to reduce costs and focus resources on their core operations rather than self-manufacture their metal food containers. Our acquisitions of the metal food container manufacturing operations of Nestlé, Dial, Del Monte, Birds Eye, Campbell, Pacific Coast and Purina Steel Can reflect this trend. We estimate that approximately seven percent of the market for metal food containers in the United States is still served by self-manufacturers. In addition, the metal food container market in North America has been relatively flat during this period, despite losing market share as a result of more dining out, fresh produce and competing materials. However, we increased our share of the market for metal food containers in the United States primarily through acquisitions and growth with existing customers, and we have enhanced our business by focusing on providing customers with high levels of quality and service and value-added features such as our Quick Top® easy-open ends, shaped metal food containers and alternative color offerings for metal food containers. We anticipate that the market will be relatively flat in the future, but will continue to increase in areas of consumer convenience products such as single-serve sizes and easy-open ends. In 2016, approximately 65 percent of our metal food containers sold had an easy-open end. We expect to further enhance our metal container business through our Can Vision 2020 SM program, which is intended to further the competitive advantages of metal packaging for food. In 2016, we completed the construction of a new metal food container manufacturing facility in the United States to better optimize the logistical footprint of our metal container business in North America, allowing us to further reduce costs of our metal container business.
With our acquisitions of our closures operations in North America, Europe, Asia and South America, we established ourselves as a leading worldwide manufacturer of metal, composite and plastic closures for food and beverage products, with leadership positions in the North American and European markets. In 2013, we expanded the geographic scope, product offerings and scale of our closures business with the acquisitions of Portola, Amcor Australia Metal Closures and Tecnocap U.S. Metal Closures. We may pursue further consolidation opportunities in the closures markets in which we operate or in adjacent closure markets, such as dispensing closures with our pending acquisition of the Dispensing Systems Business. Additionally, we expect to continue to generate internal growth in our closures business, particularly in plastic closures.
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We have improved the market position of our plastic container business since 1987, with net sales increasing sixfold to $543.9 million in 2016. We achieved this improved market position primarily through strategic acquisitions as well as through internal growth. In 2012, we completed the strategic acquisition of PFC, broadening our product offerings for shelf-stable food products to include plastic thermoformed barrier and non-barrier bowls and trays. As part of the acquisition of Portola in 2013, we acquired three plastic container manufacturing facilities in Canada, further expanding the geographic scope and product offerings of our plastic container business. In 2016, we completed construction of two new plastic container manufacturing facilities in the United States, including a near-site facility to a major customer and another facility to meet the growing needs of our customers and allow us to further reduce costs of our plastic container business. The plastic container market of the consumer goods packaging industry continues to be highly fragmented, with growth rates in excess of population expansion due to substitution of plastic for other materials. We have focused on the segment of this market where custom design and decoration allows customers to differentiate their products such as in personal care. We intend to pursue further acquisition opportunities in markets where we believe that we can successfully apply our acquisition and value-added operating expertise and strategy.
O PERATING P ERFORMANCE
We operate in a competitive industry where it is necessary to realize cost reduction opportunities to offset continued competitive pricing pressure. We have improved the operating performance of our plant facilities through the investment of capital for productivity improvements, manufacturing efficiencies, manufacturing cost reductions and the optimization of our manufacturing facilities footprints. Our acquisitions and investments have enabled us to rationalize plant operations and decrease overhead costs through plant closings and downsizings and to realize manufacturing efficiencies as a result of optimizing production scheduling. From 2012, we have closed four metal container manufacturing facilities, two closure manufacturing facilities and six plastic container manufacturing facilities in connection with our continuing efforts to streamline our plant operations, reduce operating costs and better match supply with geographic demand.
We have also invested substantial capital in the past several years for new market opportunities and value-added products such as Quick Top® easy-open ends for metal food containers, shaped metal food containers and alternative color offerings for metal food containers. In addition, we have begun to make investments for our Can Vision 2020 SM program which are intended to enhance the competitive advantages of metal packaging for food. In 2015, we initiated optimization plans in each of our businesses that were designed to reduce manufacturing and logistical costs and provide productivity improvements and manufacturing efficiencies, thereby resulting in a lower cost manufacturing network for our businesses and strengthening the competitive position of each of our businesses in their respective markets. The optimization plans included the construction of a new metal food container manufacturing facility and two new plastic container manufacturing facilities, the relocation of various equipment lines to facilities where we can better serve our customers and the rationalization of several existing manufacturing facilities. The three new manufacturing facilities are strategically located to meet the unique needs of our customers. In addition to optimizing freight and logistical costs, we expect that these three new facilities will allow us to further reduce costs and rationalize our manufacturing footprint. Each of our businesses had substantially completed the execution of its optimization plan by the end of 2016, including commercializing the new metal container manufacturing facility and the two new plastic container manufacturing facilities.
Historically, we have been successful in renewing our multi-year supply arrangements with our customers. We estimate that in 2017 approximately 90 percent of our projected metal container sales and a majority of our projected closures and plastic containers sales will be under multi-year arrangements.
Many of our multi-year customer supply arrangements generally provide for the pass through of changes in raw material, labor and other manufacturing costs, thereby significantly reducing the exposure of our results of operations to the volatility of these costs. Our metal container and metal closure supply agreements with our customers provide for the pass through of changes in our metal costs. For our metal container and metal closure customers without long-term contracts, we have also generally increased prices to pass through increases in our metal costs. Our plastic closure and plastic container supply agreements with our customers provide for the pass through of changes in our resin costs, subject in many cases to a lag in the timing of such pass through. For our plastic closure and plastic container customers without long-term contracts, we have also generally passed through changes in our resin costs.
Our metal container business’ sales and income from operations are dependent, in part, upon the vegetable and fruit harvests in the midwest and western regions of the United States and, to a lesser extent, in a variety of national growing regions in Europe. Our closures business is also dependent, in part, upon vegetable and fruit
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harvests. The size and quality of these harvests varies from year to year, depending in large part upon the weather conditions in applicable regions. Because of the seasonality of the harvests, we have historically experienced higher unit sales volume in the third quarter of our fiscal year and generated a disproportionate amount of our annual income from operations during that quarter. Additionally, as is common in the packaging industry, we provide extended payment terms to some of our customers in our metal container business due to the seasonality of the vegetable and fruit packing process.
U SE OF C APITAL
Historically, we have used leverage to support our growth and increase shareholder returns. Our stable and predictable cash flow, generated largely as a result of our long-term customer relationships and generally recession resistant business, supports our financial strategy. We intend to continue using reasonable leverage, supported by our stable cash flows, to make value enhancing acquisitions. In determining reasonable leverage, we evaluate our cost of capital and manage our level of debt to maintain an optimal cost of capital based on current market conditions. If acquisition opportunities are not identified over a longer period of time, we may use our cash flow to repay debt, repurchase shares of our common stock or increase dividends to our shareholders or for other permitted purposes. In January 2014, we refinanced our 2011 Credit Facility with our Credit Agreement. Our Credit Agreement refinanced all outstanding amounts under our 2011 Credit Facility and provides us with a $985.6 million multicurrency revolving loan facility and a Cdn $15.0 million revolving loan facility for working capital requirements and other strategic initiatives. In September 2014, we funded the purchase price for Van Can with cash on hand. In 2015 we used cash on hand and revolving loan borrowings under our Credit Agreement to fund repurchases of our common stock for $170.1 million (which included $161.8 million of our common stock purchased pursuant to a "modified Dutch auction" tender offer completed in March 2015). In 2016, we used cash on hand and revolving loan borrowings under our Credit Agreement to fund repurchases of our common stock for $277.3 million (which included $269.4 million of our common stock purchased pursuant to a "modified Dutch auction" tender offer completed in November 2016). You should also read Note 18 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
To the extent we utilize debt for acquisitions or other permitted purposes in future periods, our interest expense may increase. Further, since the revolving loan and term loan borrowings under our Credit Agreement bear interest at floating rates, our interest expense is sensitive to changes in prevailing rates of interest and, accordingly, our interest expense may vary from period to period. After taking into account interest rate swap agreements that we entered into to mitigate the effect of interest rate fluctuations, at December 31, 2016 we had $663.1 million of indebtedness, or approximately 42 percent of our total outstanding indebtedness, which bore interest at floating rates. You should read Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included elsewhere in this Annual Report for information regarding our interest rate swap agreements.
In light of our strategy to use leverage to support our growth and optimize shareholder returns, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant interest expense. For 2016, 2015 and 2014, our aggregate interest and other debt expense before loss on early extinguishment of debt as a percentage of our income from operations was 22.6 percent, 20.9 percent, 20.7 percent, respectively.
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R ESULTS OF O PERATIONS
The following table sets forth certain income statement data expressed as a percentage of net sales for each of the periods presented. You should read this table in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Operating Data: |  |  |  |  |
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |
Metal containers | 62.9 | % |  | 62.8 | % |  | 60.6 | %
Closures | 22.1 |  |  | 21.4 |  |  | 22.6 |
Plastic containers | 15.0 |  |  | 15.8 |  |  | 16.8 |
Consolidated | 100.0 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 100.0 |
Cost of goods sold | 85.2 |  |  | 85.3 |  |  | 84.7 |
Gross profit | 14.8 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 15.3 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 6.0 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 5.7 |
Rationalization charges | 0.5 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.4 |
Income from operations | 8.3 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 9.2 |
Interest and other debt expense | 1.9 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 1.9 |
Income before income taxes | 6.4 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 7.3 |
Provision for income taxes | 2.2 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 2.6 |
Net income | 4.2 | % |  | 4.6 | % |  | 4.7 | %

Summary results for our business segments for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 are provided below.

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (Dollars in millions)
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |
Metal containers | $ | 2,271.9 |  |  | $ | 2,365.3 |  |  | $ | 2,369.7 |
Closures | 797.1 |  |  | 805.0 |  |  | 882.9 |
Plastic containers | 543.9 |  |  | 593.7 |  |  | 659.2 |
Consolidated | $ | 3,612.9 |  |  | $ | 3,764.0 |  |  | $ | 3,911.8 |
Income from operations: |  |  |  |  |
Metal containers(1) | $ | 214.7 |  |  | $ | 236.4 |  |  | $ | 248.7 |
Closures(2) | 99.8 |  |  | 91.8 |  |  | 75.6 |
Plastic containers(3) | 5.2 |  |  | 7.8 |  |  | 51.5 |
Corporate(4) | (20.0 | ) |  | (16.2 | ) |  | (14.9 | )
Consolidated | $ | 299.7 |  |  | $ | 319.8 |  |  | $ | 360.9 |

______________________

(1) | Includes rationalization charges of $12.1 million and a rationalization credit of $0.4 million in 2016 and 2014, respectively.

(2) | Includes rationalization charges of $0.6 million, $1.7 million and $12.2 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and a loss from operations in Venezuela of $3.1 million in 2014.

(3) | Includes rationalization charges of $6.4 million, $12.7 million and $2.7 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

(4) | Includes costs attributed to announced acquisitions of $1.4 million in 2016.

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Y EAR E NDED D ECEMBER 31, 2016 C OMPARED WITH Y EAR E NDED D ECEMBER 31, 2015
Overview. Consolidated net sales were $3.61 billion in 2016, representing a 4.0 percent decrease as compared to 2015 primarily due to the pass through of lower raw material and other manufacturing costs in the metal container and closures businesses, a less favorable mix of products sold in the metal container business and lower unit volumes, the pass through of lower raw material costs and the impact from unfavorable foreign currency translation in the plastic container business, partially offset by higher unit volumes in the closures business. Income from operations for 2016 decreased by $20.1 million, or 6.3 percent, as compared to 2015 primarily as a result of higher start-up costs associated with the three new manufacturing facilities; the unfavorable impact in the metal container business from the contractual pass through to customers of indexed deflation, a reduction in inventories in 2016 as compared to an increase in inventories in 2015 and a less favorable mix of products sold; higher rationalization charges; the unfavorable impact from the lagged pass through of changes in resin costs in the closures and plastic container businesses as compared to the prior year period; lower unit volumes in the plastic container business; and foreign currency transaction gains in the prior year period in the plastic container business. These decreases were partially offset by improved manufacturing performance in each of the businesses and higher unit volumes in the closures business. Results for 2016 and 2015 included rationalization charges of $19.1 million and $14.4 million, respectively. Results for 2016 also included costs attributed to announced acquisitions of $1.4 million. Net income in 2016 was $153.4 million as compared to $172.4 million in 2015.
Net Sales. The $151.1 million decrease in consolidated net sales in 2016 as compared to 2015 was due to lower net sales across all of our businesses.
Net sales for the metal container business decreased $93.4 million, or 3.9 percent, in 2016 as compared to 2015. This decrease was primarily a result of the pass through of lower raw material and other manufacturing costs and a shift in sales mix to smaller sizes.
Net sales for the closures business in 2016 decreased $7.9 million, or 1.0 percent, as compared to 2015. This decrease was primarily the result of the pass through of lower raw material costs, partially offset by higher unit volumes of approximately 3 percent. The increase in unit volumes was primarily due to strong demand from U.S. beverage markets.
Net sales for the plastic container business in 2016 decreased $49.8 million, or 8.4 percent, as compared to 2015. This decrease was primarily due to lower unit volumes of approximately 3 percent primarily as a result of the continued rebalancing of the customer portfolio in conjunction with the footprint optimization program, the pass through of lower raw material costs and the impact of unfavorable foreign currency translation of approximately $4.0 million.
Gross Profit. Gross profit margin increased 0.1 percentage points to 14.8 percent in 2016 as compared to 14.7 percent in 2015 for the reasons discussed below in "Income from Operations."
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of consolidated net sales increased 0.2 percentage points to 6.0 percent for 2016 as compared to 5.8 percent in 2015. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $5.2 million in 2016 as compared to 2015 due primarily to ongoing cost control efforts, partially offset by costs attributed to announced acquisitions of $1.4 million.
Income from Operations. Income from operations for 2016 decreased by $20.1 million as compared to 2015, and operating margin decreased to 8.3 percent from 8.5 percent over the same periods. The decrease in income from operations was principally due to lower income from operations in the metal and plastic container businesses, partially offset by higher income from operations in the closures business. Income from operations in 2016 and 2015 included rationalization charges of $19.1 million and $14.4 million, respectively. Income from operations in 2016 also included costs attributed to announced acquisitions of $1.4 million.
Income from operations of the metal container business for 2016 decreased $21.7 million as compared to 2015, and operating margin decreased to 9.5 percent from 10.0 percent over the same periods. The decrease in income from operations was primarily due to higher rationalization charges, the unfavorable impact from the contractual pass through to customers of indexed deflation, the unfavorable impact from a reduction in inventories in the current year as compared to an increase in inventories in the prior year, start-up costs for the new manufacturing facility and a less favorable mix of products sold, partially offset by better operating performance. Rationalization charges were $12.1 million in 2016, primarily related to the shutdown of the LaPorte, Indiana manufacturing facility.
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Income from operations of the closures business for 2016 increased $8.0 million as compared to 2015, and operating margin increased to 12.5 percent from 11.4 percent over the same periods. The increase in income from operations was primarily due to higher unit volumes, improved manufacturing efficiencies and lower rationalization charges, partially offset by the unfavorable impact from the lagged pass through of changes in resin costs as compared to the favorable impact from resin in 2015. Rationalization charges were $0.6 million and $1.7 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Income from operations of the plastic container business for 2016 decreased $2.6 million as compared to 2015, and operating margin decreased to 1.0 percent from 1.3 percent over the same periods. The decrease in income from operations was primarily attributable to start-up costs for the new manufacturing facilities, lower unit volumes, the favorable impact in the prior year from the lagged pass through of decreases in resin costs and foreign currency transaction gains in the prior year, partially offset by lower rationalization charges and better operating performance later in the year. Rationalization charges of $6.4 million and $12.7 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively, were primarily related to the shutdown of the Woodstock, Illinois and Cape Girardeau, Missouri manufacturing facilities.
Interest and Other Debt Expense. Interest and other debt expense for 2016 was $67.8 million, an increase of $0.9 million as compared to $66.9 million for 2015 due primarily to higher weighted average interest rates.
Provision for Income Taxes. The effective tax rate for 2016 was 33.9 percent as compared to 31.8 percent for 2015. The effective tax rate for 2015 was favorably impacted primarily by higher income in more favorable tax jurisdictions and the ability to fully recognize benefits in 2015 from the legislative extension of certain U.S. tax provisions.
Y EAR E NDED D ECEMBER 31, 2015 C OMPARED WITH Y EAR E NDED D ECEMBER 31, 2014
Overview. Consolidated net sales were $3.76 billion in 2015, representing a 3.8 percent decrease as compared to 2014 primarily due to the impact of unfavorable foreign currency translation of approximately $138 million, the pass through of lower raw material costs in each of our businesses, lower volumes and the unfavorable financial impact from recent longer-term contract renewals in the plastic container business and the cessation of operations in Venezuela in the closures business at the end of 2014. These decreases were partially offset by higher unit volumes in the metal container and closures businesses. Income from operations for 2015 decreased by $41.1 million, or 11.4 percent, as compared to 2014 primarily as a result of higher manufacturing costs due to logistical challenges and a less favorable mix of products sold in the metal container business, significant incremental costs and inefficiencies related to the footprint optimization program in the plastic container business, the unfavorable financial impact from recent longer-term customer contract renewals and lower volumes in the plastic container business, the impact of unfavorable foreign currency translation, a customer reimbursement for certain historical project costs in the prior year in the plastic container business, start-up costs associated with the new manufacturing facilities and the impact from a reduction in inventories in 2015 as compared to an increase in inventories in 2014 in the closures business. These decreases were partially offset by higher unit volumes in the metal container and closures businesses, better operating performance in the closures business, the favorable impact from the lagged pass through of lower resin costs in the closures and plastic container businesses, an inventory build in the metal container business and operational losses in Venezuela in the closures business incurred in the prior year. Results for 2015 and 2014 included rationalization charges of $14.4 million and $14.5 million, respectively. Results for 2014 included a loss from operations in Venezuela of $3.1 million and a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $1.5 million. Net income in 2015 was $172.4 million as compared to $182.4 million in 2014.
Net Sales. The $147.8 million decrease in consolidated net sales in 2015 as compared to 2014 was due to lower net sales across all of our businesses.
Net sales for the metal container business decreased $4.4 million, or 0.2 percent, in 2015 as compared to 2014. This decrease was primarily a result of the impact of unfavorable foreign currency translation of approximately $56 million and the pass through of lower raw material costs, partially offset by higher unit volumes. Unit volumes increased approximately 5 percent versus the prior year principally due to volumes of smaller size cans associated with the Van Can operations acquired in September 2014 and continued growth for pet food products.
Net sales for the closures business in 2015 decreased $77.9 million, or 8.8 percent, as compared to 2014. This decrease was primarily the result of the impact of unfavorable foreign currency translation of approximately
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$63 million, the pass through of lower raw material costs and the cessation of operations in Venezuela at the end of 2014, partially offset by higher unit volumes of approximately 2 percent.
Net sales for the plastic container business in 2015 decreased $65.5 million, or 9.9 percent, as compared to 2014. This decrease was primarily due to the impact of unfavorable foreign currency translation of approximately $19 million, the pass through of lower raw material costs, lower volumes of approximately 3 percent principally due to weaker demand in certain markets and the unfavorable financial impact from recent longer-term customer contract renewals.
Gross Profit. Gross profit margin decreased 0.6 percentage points to 14.7 percent in 2015 as compared to 15.3 percent in 2014 for the reasons discussed below in “Income from Operations.”
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of consolidated net sales increased 0.1 percentage points to 5.8 percent for 2015 as compared to 5.7 percent in 2014.
Income from Operations. Income from operations for 2015 decreased by $41.1 million as compared to 2014, and operating margin decreased to 8.5 percent from 9.2 percent over the same periods. These decreases were principally due to lower income from operations in the metal and plastic container businesses, partially offset by higher income from operations in the closures business. Income from operations in 2015 and 2014 included rationalization charges of $14.4 million and $14.5 million, respectively.
Income from operations of the metal container business for 2015 decreased $12.3 million as compared to 2014, and operating margin decreased to 10.0 percent from 10.5 percent over the same periods. The decrease in income from operations was primarily due to higher manufacturing costs as a result of logistical challenges from changes in customer demand patterns, a less favorable mix of products sold and the impact of unfavorable foreign currency translation, partially offset by higher unit volumes sold and the impact from an inventory build in anticipation of optimizing production capacities in 2016.
Income from operations of the closures business for 2015 increased $16.2 million as compared to 2014, and operating margin increased to 11.4 percent from 8.6 percent over the same periods. The increase in income from operations was primarily due to lower rationalization charges, higher unit volumes, better operating performance largely as a result of the benefits from plant optimization programs, operational losses of $3.1 million in Venezuela incurred in the prior year and the favorable impact from the lagged pass through of lower resin costs as compared to the unfavorable impact from resin in 2014. These increases were partially offset by the impact of unfavorable foreign currency translation and a reduction in inventories in 2015 as compared to an increase in inventories in 2014. Rationalization charges were $1.7 million and $12.2 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively. Rationalization charges in 2014 were primarily related to the shutdown of the manufacturing facility in Venezuela and headcount reductions in Europe.
Income from operations of the plastic container business for 2015 decreased $43.7 million as compared to 2014, and operating margin decreased to 1.3 percent from 7.8 percent over the same periods. The decrease in income from operations was primarily attributable to the significant incremental costs and inefficiencies incurred to service customers during the footprint optimization program, the unfavorable financial impact from recent longer-term customer contract renewals, higher rationalization charges, lower volumes, a customer reimbursement for historical project costs in the prior year, the impact of unfavorable foreign currency translation and start-up costs associated with the new manufacturing facilities, partially offset by the favorable impact from the lagged pass through of lower resin costs. Rationalization charges were $12.7 million and $2.7 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively. Rationalization charges in 2015 were primarily related to the announced shutdown of the Woodstock, Illinois and Cape Girardeau, Missouri manufacturing facilities.
Interest and Other Debt Expense. Interest and other debt expense before loss on early extinguishment of debt for 2015 decreased $7.9 million as compared to 2014 primarily due to lower weighted average interest rates and the impact from favorable foreign currency translation. The loss on early extinguishment of debt of $1.5 million in 2014 was a result of the refinancing of our 2011 Credit Facility in January 2014.
Provision for Income Taxes. The effective tax rate for 2015 was 31.8 percent, as compared to 35.9 percent for 2014. The effective tax rate for 2015 was favorably impacted primarily by higher income in more favorable tax jurisdictions and the ability to fully recognize benefits in the current year period from the recent legislative extension of certain U.S. tax provisions. The effective tax rate for 2014 was unfavorably impacted primarily by the tax effect
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from the shutdown of the Venezuela manufacturing facility, partially offset by the favorable impact from the realization of certain foreign tax credit benefits.
C APITAL R ESOURCES AND L IQUIDITY
Our principal sources of liquidity have been net cash from operating activities and borrowings under our debt instruments, including our senior secured credit facility. Our liquidity requirements arise primarily from our obligations under the indebtedness incurred in connection with our acquisitions and the refinancing of that indebtedness, capital investment in new and existing equipment and the funding of our seasonal working capital needs.
On January 14, 2014, we completed the refinancing of our 2011 Credit Facility by entering into our Credit Agreement. Under our Credit Agreement, we borrowed term loans and have available to us revolving loans. The term loans, or the Term Loans, provided under our Credit Agreement refinanced the term loans under our 2011 Credit Facility. The Term Loans consisted of $365 million of U.S. term loans, Cdn $70 million of Canadian term loans and €220 million of Euro term loans. The Term Loans mature on January 14, 2020, and principal on the Term Loans is required to be repaid in scheduled annual installments as provided in our Credit Agreement beginning in December 2015. The revolving loans, or the Revolving Loans, consist of a $985.6 million multicurrency revolving loan facility and a Cdn $15.0 million Canadian revolving loan facility. We may use Revolving Loans under our Credit Agreement for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including acquisitions, capital expenditures, dividends, stock repurchases and refinancing of other debt. Revolving Loans may be borrowed, repaid and reborrowed until their final maturity on January 14, 2019. Our Credit Agreement also provides us with an uncommitted multicurrency incremental loan facility for up to an additional $1.25 billion (which amount may be increased as provided in our Credit Agreement), which may be used to finance acquisitions and for other permitted purposes. All amounts owed under our 2011 Credit Facility were repaid on January 14, 2014 with proceeds from our Credit Agreement, and our 2011 Credit Facility was terminated. As a result of the refinancing of our 2011 Credit Facility, we recorded a pre-tax charge for the loss on early extinguishment of debt of $1.5 million in the first quarter of 2014.
In 2016, we used cash provided by operating activities of $394.6 million, net borrowings of revolving loans of $122.3 million and cash and cash equivalents of $75.2 million to fund repurchases of our common stock of $280.7 million, net capital expenditures of $180.3 million, the repayment of long-term debt of $67.4 million (including $64.6 million of scheduled amortization payments under our Credit Agreement and the repayment of $2.8 million of foreign bank term loans), dividends paid on our common stock of $40.9 million and decreases in outstanding checks of $22.8 million.
In 2015, we used cash provided by operating activities of $335.7 million, cash and cash equivalents of $122.6 million, increases in outstanding checks of $19.0 million, proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt of $7.5 million and net borrowings of revolving loans of $2.3 million to fund net capital expenditures of $236.4 million (including for the construction of the three new manufacturing facilities), repurchases of our common stock of $173.0 million, dividends paid on our common stock of $39.7 million, the repayment of long-term debt of $37.3 million (including $33.0 million of scheduled amortization payments under our Credit Agreement and the repayment of $4.3 million of foreign bank term loans) and the purchase of a business for $0.7 million.
In 2014, we used proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt of $733.6 million and cash provided by operating activities of $348.2 million to fund the repayment of long-term debt of $754.8 million (including the refinancing of our 2011 Credit Facility), net capital expenditures of $139.2 million, dividends paid on our common stock of $38.6 million, repurchases of our common stock of $36.1 million, net repayments of revolving loans of $24.6 million, purchases of businesses for $17.7 million, debt issuance costs of $5.0 million related to our Credit Agreement and decreases in outstanding checks of $3.7 million and to increase cash and cash equivalents by $62.1 million.
At December 31, 2016, we had $1,571.2 million of total consolidated indebtedness and $24.7 million of cash and cash equivalents on hand, which included $23.4 million of cash and cash equivalents on hand in foreign countries. In addition, at December 31, 2016, we had outstanding letters of credit of $18.0 million and $99.5 million of outstanding revolving loan borrowings under our Credit Agreement.
Under our Credit Agreement, we have available to us revolving loans consisting of $985.6 million under a multicurrency revolving loan facility and Cdn $15.0 million under a Canadian revolving loan facility. Revolving loans under our Credit Agreement may be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including acquisitions, capital expenditures, dividends, stock repurchases and refinancing of other debt. Revolving loans may
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be borrowed, repaid and reborrowed over the life of our Credit Agreement until their final maturity in January 2019. At December 31, 2016, after taking into account outstanding revolving loans of $99.5 million and outstanding letters of credit of $18.0 million, borrowings available under the revolving loan facilities of our Credit Agreement were $868.1 million and Cdn $15.0 million. Under our Credit Agreement, we also have available to us an uncommitted multicurrency incremental loan facility in an amount of up to an additional $1.25 billion (which amount may be increased as provided in our Credit Agreement), and we may incur additional indebtedness as permitted by our Credit Agreement and our other instruments governing our indebtedness. You should also read Notes 8 and 18 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
On February 13, 2017, we issued an aggregate of $300 million of the 4¾% Notes and €650 million of the
3¼% Notes. Interest on the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes is payable semi-annually in cash on March 15 and September 15 of each year, commencing on September 15, 2017. Both the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes mature on March 15, 2025. We used the net proceeds from the sale of the 4¾% Notes to prepay a portion of our outstanding U.S. term loans and repay a portion of our outstanding revolving loans under our Credit Agreement. We used a portion of the net proceeds from the sale of the 3¼% Notes to prepay all of our outstanding Euro term loans under our Credit Agreement. We intend to use the remaining net proceeds from the sale of the 3¼% Notes to repay outstanding Euro revolving loans under our Credit Agreement, to repay certain other foreign bank revolving and term loans of certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries and to redeem a portion of the 5% Notes on or after April 1, 2017 and pay the applicable premium for such redemption.
Because we sell metal containers and closures used in fruit and vegetable pack processing, we have seasonal sales. As is common in the packaging industry, we must utilize working capital to build inventory and then carry accounts receivable for some customers beyond the end of the packing season. Due to our seasonal requirements, which generally peak sometime in the summer or early fall, we may incur short-term indebtedness to finance our working capital requirements. Our peak seasonal working capital requirements have historically averaged approximately $350 million and were generally funded with revolving loans under our senior secured credit facility, other foreign bank loans and cash on hand. For 2017, we expect to fund our seasonal working capital requirements with cash on hand, revolving loans under our Credit Agreement and foreign bank loans. We may use the available portion of revolving loans under our Credit Agreement, after taking into account our seasonal needs and outstanding letters of credit, for other general corporate purposes, including acquisitions, capital expenditures, dividends, stock repurchases and refinancing and repurchases of other debt.
We have entered into various supply chain financing arrangements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which (i) we sell receivables of certain customers without recourse to such financial intermediaries and pursuant to such arrangements accelerate payment in respect of such receivables sooner than provided in the applicable supply agreements with such customers and (ii) we have effectively extended our payment terms on certain of our payables. For 2016, as a result of such supply chain financing arrangements, we reduced our days sales outstanding by approximately three days and extended our days purchases payable outstanding by approximately sixteen days, effectively reducing our net working capital and our financing requirements for our working capital. If such supply chain financing arrangements ended, our net working capital would likely increase, and it would be necessary for us to finance such net working capital increase using cash on hand or revolving loans under our Credit Agreement or other indebtedness.
On October 17, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase by us of up to an additional $300.0 million of our common stock by various means from time to time through and including December 31, 2021. Pursuant to this new authorization, together with the remaining amount from a prior authorization in 2014, we repurchased a total of 147,465 shares of our common stock in 2016 at an average price of $48.81, for a total purchase price of $7.2 million; 139,421 shares of our common stock in 2015 at an average price per share $54.71, for a total purchase price of $7.6 million; 508,667 shares of our common stock in 2014 at an average price per share of $48.47, for a total purchase price of $24.7 million. In addition, we completed a "modified Dutch auction" tender offer on November 22, 2016 pursuant to which we purchased 5,308,905 shares of our common stock from our stockholders at a price of $50.75 per share for a total purchase price of $269.4 million. We also completed a "modified Dutch auction" tender offer on March 17, 2015 pursuant to which we purchased 2,766,354 shares of our common stock from our stockholders at a price of $58.50 per share for a total purchase price of $161.8 million. Accordingly, at December 31, 2016, we had approximately $129.4 million remaining for the repurchase of our common stock under the October 17, 2016 Board of Directors authorization.
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In addition to our operating cash needs and excluding any impact from acquisitions (including the pending acquisition of the Dispensing Systems Business), we believe our cash requirements over the next few years will consist primarily of:

• | capital expenditures of approximately $150 million in 2017, and thereafter annual capital expenditures of approximately $130 million to $160 million which may increase as a result of specific growth or specific cost savings projects;

• | principal payments of bank term loans and revolving loans under our Credit Agreement and other outstanding debt agreements of $217.1 million in 2017, $9.2 million in 2018, $2.8 million in 2019, $633.2 million in 2020, $300.0 million in 2022 and $408.9 million in 2025, which amounts do not give effect to the issuance by us on February 13, 2017 of the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes and the use of the net proceeds therefrom, except that the maturities of the term loans under our Credit Agreement which were repaid with such net proceeds were extended for the purposes of this paragraph to 2025 to match the maturities of the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes;

• | cash payments for quarterly dividends on our common stock as approved by our Board of Directors;

• | annual payments to satisfy employee withholding tax requirements resulting from certain restricted stock units becoming vested, which payments are dependent upon the price of our common stock at the time of vesting and the number of restricted stock units that vest, none of which is estimable at this time (payments in 2016 were not significant);

• | our interest requirements, including interest on revolving loans (the principal amount of which will vary depending upon seasonal requirements) and term loans under our Credit Agreement, which bear fluctuating rates of interest, the 5% Notes, the 5½% Notes, the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes;

• | payments of approximately $80 million to $90 million for federal, state and foreign tax liabilities in 2017, which may increase annually thereafter; and

• | payments for pension benefit plan contributions, which are not expected to be significant based on the fact that our domestic pension plans were more than 100 percent funded at December 31, 2016.

We believe that cash generated from operations and funds from borrowings available under our Credit Agreement will be sufficient to meet our expected operating needs, planned capital expenditures, debt service, tax obligations, pension benefit plan contributions, share repurchases required under our Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Incentive Plan and common stock dividends for the foreseeable future. We continue to evaluate acquisition opportunities in the consumer goods packaging market and may incur additional indebtedness, including indebtedness under our Credit Agreement, to finance any such acquisition, including the pending acquisition of the Dispensing Systems Business.
Our Credit Agreement contains restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur debt, sell assets and engage in certain transactions. The indentures governing the 5% Notes, the 5½% Notes, the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes contain certain covenants that restrict our ability to create liens, engage in sale and leaseback transactions and consolidate, merge or sell assets. We do not expect these limitations to have a material effect on our business or our results of operations. We are in compliance with all financial and operating covenants contained in our financing agreements and believe that we will continue to be in compliance during 2017 with all of these covenants.
We continually evaluate cost reduction opportunities across each of our businesses, including rationalizations of our existing facilities through plant closings and downsizings. We use a disciplined approach to identify opportunities that generate attractive cash returns. Under our rationalization plans, we made cash payments of $10.0 million, $6.6 million and $11.8 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Additional cash spending under our rationalization plans of approximately $5.7 million is expected through 2023. You should also read Note 3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
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C ONTRACTUAL O BLIGATIONS
Our contractual cash obligations at December 31, 2016 are provided below and do not give effect to the issuance by us of the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes and the use of the net proceeds therefrom:

| Payment due by period
| Total |  | Less than 1 year |  | 1-3 years |  | 3-5 years |  | More than 5 years
| (Dollars in millions)
Long-term debt obligations(1) | $ | 1,571.2 |  |  | $ | 217.1 |  |  | $ | 12.0 |  |  | $ | 633.2 |  |  | $ | 708.9 |
Interest on fixed rate debt(1) | 166.1 |  |  | 41.9 |  |  | 83.5 |  |  | 39.3 |  |  | 1.4 |
Interest on variable rate debt(1)(2) | 17.0 |  |  | 10.2 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |
Operating lease obligations | 158.1 |  |  | 35.9 |  |  | 46.6 |  |  | 30.8 |  |  | 44.8 |
Purchase obligations(3) | 29.2 |  |  | 29.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other postretirement benefit obligations(4) | 16.0 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 6.6 |
Total(5) | $ | 1,957.6 |  |  | $ | 336.8 |  |  | $ | 152.6 |  |  | $ | 706.5 |  |  | $ | 761.7 |

______________________

(1) | These amounts do not give effect to the issuance by us on February 13, 2017 of the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes and the use of the net proceeds therefrom, except that the maturities of the term loans under our Credit Agreement which were repaid with such net proceeds were extended for purposes of the table above to match the maturities of the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes. See "–Capital Resources and Liquidity."

(2) | These amounts represent expected cash payments of interest on our variable rate long-term debt under our Credit Agreement, after taking into consideration our interest rate swap agreements, at prevailing interest rates at December 31, 2016.

(3) | Purchase obligations represent commitments for capital expenditures of $29.2 million. Obligations that are cancelable without penalty are excluded.

(4) | Other postretirement benefit obligations have been actuarially determined through the year 2026.

(5) | Based on current legislation and the current funded status of our domestic pension benefit plans, there are no significant minimum required contributions to our pension benefit plans in 2017.

At December 31, 2016, we also had outstanding letters of credit of $18.0 million that were issued under our Credit Agreement.
You should also read Notes 8, 9, 10, 11 and 18 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
O FF-B ALANCE S HEET A RRANGEMENTS
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.
E FFECT OF I NFLATION AND I NTEREST R ATE F LUCTUATIONS
Historically, inflation has not had a material effect on us, other than to increase our cost of borrowing. In general, we have been able to increase the sales prices of our products to reflect any increases in the prices of raw materials (subject to contractual lag periods) and to significantly reduce the exposure of our results of operations to increases in other costs, such as labor and other manufacturing costs.
Because we have indebtedness which bears interest at floating rates, our financial results will be sensitive to changes in prevailing market rates of interest. As of December 31, 2016, we had $1,571.2 million of indebtedness outstanding, of which $663.1 million bore interest at floating rates, after taking into account two interest rate swap agreements for an aggregate notional principal amount of $100.0 million that we entered into to mitigate the effect of interest rate fluctuations. Under these agreements, we pay fixed rates of interest ranging from 1.38 percent to 1.64 percent and receive floating rates of interest based on three month LIBOR. These agreements mature in 2017. Depending upon market conditions, we may enter into additional interest rate swap or hedge agreements (with counterparties that, in our judgment, have sufficient creditworthiness) to hedge our exposure against interest rate volatility.
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C RITICAL A CCOUNTING P OLICIES
U.S. generally accepted accounting principles require estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Some of these estimates and assumptions require difficult, subjective and/or complex judgments. Critical accounting policies cover accounting matters that are inherently uncertain because the future resolution of such matters is unknown. We believe that our accounting policies for pension expense and obligations, rationalization charges and acquisition reserves and testing goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment reflect the more significant judgments and estimates in our consolidated financial statements. You should also read our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Our pension expense and obligations are developed from actuarial valuations. Two critical assumptions in determining pension expense and obligations are the discount rate and expected long-term return on plan assets. We evaluate these assumptions at least annually. Other assumptions reflect demographic factors such as retirement, mortality and turnover and are evaluated periodically and updated to reflect our actual experience. Actual results may differ from actuarial assumptions. The discount rate represents the market rate for non-callable high-quality fixed income investments and is used to calculate the present value of the expected future cash flows for benefit obligations under our pension benefit plans. A decrease in the discount rate increases the present value of benefit obligations and increases pension expense, while an increase in the discount rate decreases the present value of benefit obligations and decreases pension expense. A 25 basis point change in the discount rate would have a countervailing impact on our annual pension expense by approximately $2.2 million. For 2016, we decreased our domestic discount rate from 4.7 percent to 4.5 percent to reflect market interest rate conditions. We consider the current and expected asset allocations of our pension benefit plans, as well as historical and expected long-term rates of return on those types of plan assets, in determining the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. A 25 basis point change in the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets would have a countervailing impact on our annual pension expense by approximately $1.9 million. Our expected long-term rate of return on plan assets will remain at 8.5 percent in 2017. Effective January 1, 2016, we changed the method that we use to estimate the service and interest components of net periodic benefit cost for our defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans. This new method discounts the individual expected cash flows underlying the service and interest costs using the applicable individual spot rates derived from the yield curve used to discount the cash flows for the measurement of the benefit obligation. Historically, we estimated these service and interest cost components utilizing a single weighted average discount rate derived from the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period. We have made this change to provide a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by correlating the projected benefit cash flows to the corresponding spot rates from the yield curve. This change in estimate was accounted for prospectively and did not have a significant impact on our income from operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. You should also read Note 11 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Historically, we have maintained a strategy of acquiring businesses and enhancing profitability through productivity and cost reduction opportunities. Acquisitions require us to estimate the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transactions. These estimates of fair value are based on market participant perspectives when available and our business plans for the acquired entities, which include eliminating operating redundancies, facility closings and rationalizations and assumptions as to the ultimate resolution of liabilities assumed. We also continually evaluate the operating performance of our existing facilities and our business requirements and, when deemed appropriate, we exit or rationalize existing operating facilities. Establishing reserves for acquisition plans and facility rationalizations requires the use of estimates. Although we believe that these estimates accurately reflect the costs of these plans, actual costs incurred may differ from these estimates.
Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are reviewed for impairment each year and more frequently if circumstances indicate a possible impairment. Our tests for impairment require us to make assumptions regarding the expected earnings and cash flows of our reporting units. These assumptions are based on our internal forecasts. Developing these assumptions requires the use of significant judgment and estimates. Actual results may differ from these forecasts. If an impairment were to be identified, it could result in additional expense recorded in our consolidated statements of income.
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N EW A CCOUNTING P RONOUNCEMENTS
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, issued an accounting standards update, or ASU, that amends the guidance for revenue recognition. This amendment contains principles that will require an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods and services to customers at an amount that an entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. This amendment permits the use of one of two retrospective transition methods. We will adopt this amendment on January 1, 2018, and we have not yet selected a transition method. The adoption of this amendment may require us to accelerate the recognition of revenue as compared to the current standards for certain customers in cases where we produce products unique to those customers and for which we would have an enforceable right of payment for production completed to date. We will continue to assess the impact of this amendment on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In February 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that amends existing guidance for certain leases by lessees. This amendment will require us to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for the rights and obligations created by long-term leases and to disclose additional quantitative and qualitative information about leasing arrangements. In addition, this amendment clarifies the presentation requirements of the effects of leases in the statement of income and statement of cash flows. This amendment will be effective for us on January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. This amendment is required to be adopted using a modified retrospective approach. We are currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In August 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that provides guidance for cash flow classification for certain cash receipts and cash payments to address diversity in practice in how items are classified on the statement of cash flows as either operating, investing or financing activities. This amendment will be effective for us on January 1, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. This amendment is required to be adopted using a retrospective approach. We are currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on our statement of cash flows.
In January 2017, the FASB issued an ASU that provides guidance to simplify the test for goodwill impairment. This guidance eliminates the requirement to assign the fair value of a reporting unit to each of its assets and liabilities to quantify a goodwill impairment charge. Under this amended guidance, the goodwill impairment charge to be recognized will be determined based on comparing the carrying value of the reporting unit to its fair value. This amendment will be effective for us on January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted, and we plan to adopt this amendment when we perform our first goodwill impairment test after January 1, 2017. This amendment is required to be adopted prospectively and is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
F ORWARD-L OOKING S TATEMENTS
The statements we have made in “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition” and elsewhere in this Annual Report which are not historical facts are “forward-looking statements” made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements are made based upon management’s expectations and beliefs concerning future events impacting us and therefore involve a number of uncertainties and risks. Therefore, the actual results of our operations or our financial condition could differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements.
The discussion in our “Risk Factors” and our “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition” sections highlight some of the more important risks identified by our management, but should not be assumed to be the only factors that could affect future performance. Other factors that could cause the actual results of our operations or our financial condition to differ from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements include, but are not necessarily limited to, our ability to satisfy our obligations under our contracts; the impact of customer claims; compliance by our suppliers with the terms of our arrangements with them; changes in consumer preferences for different packaging products; changes in general economic conditions; the idling or loss of one or more of our significant manufacturing facilities; our ability to finance any increase in our net working capital in the event that our supply chain financing arrangements end; the adoption of new, or changes in, accounting standards or interpretations; changes in income tax provisions; and other factors described elsewhere in this Annual Report or in our other filings with the SEC.
Except to the extent required by the federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. The foregoing review of factors pursuant to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 should not be construed as
43

exhaustive or as any admission regarding the adequacy of our disclosures. Certain risk factors are detailed from time to time in our various public filings. You are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our filings with the SEC.
You can identify forward-looking statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historic or current facts. Forward-looking statements use terms such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “continues,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “pro forma” or similar expressions in connection with any disclosure of future operating or financial performance. These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including the risks described under “Risk Factors,” that may cause our actual results of operations, financial condition, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results of operations, financial condition, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.
I TEM 7A. Q UANTITATIVE AND Q UALITATIVE D ISCLOSURES A BOUT M ARKET R ISK.
Market risks relating to our operations result primarily from changes in interest rates and, with respect to our international metal container and closures operations and our Canadian plastic container operations, from foreign currency exchange rates. In the normal course of business, we also have risk related to commodity price changes for items such as natural gas. We employ established policies and procedures to manage our exposure to these risks. Interest rate, foreign currency and commodity pricing transactions are used only to the extent considered necessary to meet our objectives. We do not utilize derivative financial instruments for trading or other speculative purposes.
I NTEREST R ATE R ISK
Our interest rate risk management objective is to limit the impact of interest rate changes on our net income and cash flow. To achieve our objective, we regularly evaluate the amount of our variable rate debt as a percentage of our aggregate debt. During 2016 and 2015, our average outstanding variable rate debt, after taking into account the average outstanding notional amount of our interest rate swap agreements, was 51 percent and 50 percent of our average outstanding total debt, respectively. At December 31, 2016, our outstanding variable rate debt, after taking into account interest rate swap agreements, was approximately 42 percent of our outstanding total debt. We manage a portion of our exposure to interest rate fluctuations in our variable rate debt through interest rate swap agreements. These agreements effectively convert interest rate exposure from variable rates to fixed rates of interest. We have entered into these agreements with banks under our Credit Agreement, and our obligations under these agreements are guaranteed and secured on a pari passu basis with our obligations under our Credit Agreement. You should also read Notes 4, 8, 9 and 18 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included elsewhere in this Annual Report which outline the principal and notional amounts, interest rates, fair values and other terms required to evaluate the expected cash flows from these agreements.
Based on the average outstanding amount of our variable rate indebtedness in 2016, a one percentage point change in the interest rates for our variable rate indebtedness would have impacted our 2016 interest expense by an aggregate of approximately $9.5 million, after taking into account the average outstanding notional amount of our interest rate swap agreements during 2016.
F OREIGN C URRENCY E XCHANGE R ATE R ISK
Currently, we conduct a portion of our manufacturing and sales activity outside the United States, primarily in Europe and Canada. In an effort to minimize foreign currency exchange risk, we have financed our acquisitions of our European and Canadian operations primarily with term loans borrowed under our Credit Agreement denominated in Euros and Canadian dollars, respectively. Our European operations include non-Euro denominated entities, including, most significantly, in Poland, Russia, Hungary, Turkey and the United Kingdom. We also have operations in Asia, South America and Central America that are not considered significant to our consolidated financial statements. Where available, we have borrowed funds in local currency or implemented certain internal hedging strategies to minimize our foreign currency risk related to foreign operations. In addition, we are exposed to gains and losses from limited transactions of our operations denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of such operations. We are also exposed to possible losses in the event of a currency devaluation in any of the foreign countries where we have operations. We generally do not utilize external derivative financial instruments to manage our foreign currency risk.
44

C OMMODITY P RICING R ISK
We purchase raw materials for our products such as metal and resins. These raw materials are generally purchased pursuant to contracts or at market prices established with the vendor. In general, we do not engage in hedging activities for these raw materials due to our ability to pass on price changes to our customers.
We also purchase commodities, such as natural gas and electricity, and are subject to risks on the pricing of these commodities. In general, we purchase these commodities pursuant to contracts or at market prices. We manage a portion of our exposure to natural gas price fluctuations through natural gas swap agreements. During 2016 and 2015, we entered into natural gas swap agreements to hedge approximately 48 percent and 47 percent, respectively, of our exposure to fluctuations in natural gas prices. As of December 31, 2016, we had entered into natural gas swap agreements to hedge approximately 48 percent of our expected 2017 exposure to fluctuations in natural gas prices. These agreements effectively convert pricing exposure for natural gas from market pricing to a fixed price. You should also read Notes 4 and 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included elsewhere in this Annual Report which outline the terms necessary to evaluate these transactions.
Based on our natural gas usage in 2016, a ten percent change in natural gas costs would have impacted our 2016 cost of goods sold by approximately $0.6 million, after taking into account our natural gas swap agreements.
45

I TEM 8. F INANCIAL S TATEMENTS AND S UPPLEMENTARY D ATA.
We refer you to Item 15, “Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules,” below for a listing of financial statements and schedules included in this Annual Report, which are incorporated here in this Annual Report by this reference.
I TEM 9. C HANGES IN AND D ISAGREEMENTS WITH A CCOUNTANTS ON A CCOUNTING AND F INANCIAL D ISCLOSURE.
Not applicable.
I TEM 9A. C ONTROLS AND P ROCEDURES.
D ISCLOSURE C ONTROLS AND P ROCEDURES
As required by Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that our disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Principal Executive Officer and the Principal Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during the period covered by this Annual Report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, these internal controls.
M ANAGEMENT’S R EPORT ON I NTERNAL C ONTROL O VER F INANCIAL R EPORTING
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.
Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Based on this assessment and those criteria, management believes that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, and Ernst & Young LLP has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting which is provided below.
46

R EPORT OF I NDEPENDENT R EGISTERED P UBLIC A CCOUNTING F IRM
T HE B OARD OF D IRECTORS AND S TOCKHOLDERS OF S ILGAN H OLDINGS I NC.
We have audited Silgan Holdings Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). Silgan Holdings Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Silgan Holdings Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Silgan Holdings Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 of Silgan Holdings Inc. and our report dated March 1, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Stamford, Connecticut
March 1, 2017
I TEM 9B. O THER I NFORMATION.
None.
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PART III
I TEM 10. D IRECTORS, E XECUTIVE O FFICERS AND C ORPORATE G OVERNANCE.
The information with respect to directors, executive officers and corporate governance required by this Item is incorporated here in this Annual Report by reference to our Proxy Statement, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2017.
I TEM 11. E XECUTIVE C OMPENSATION.
The information with respect to executive compensation required by this Item is incorporated here in this Annual Report by reference to our Proxy Statement, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2017.
I TEM 12. S ECURITY O WNERSHIP OF C ERTAIN B ENEFICIAL O WNERS AND M ANAGEMENT AND R ELATED S TOCKHOLDER M ATTERS.
The information with respect to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters required by this Item is incorporated here in this Annual Report by reference to our Proxy Statement, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2017.
I TEM 13. C ERTAIN R ELATIONSHIPS AND R ELATED T RANSACTIONS, AND D IRECTOR I NDEPENDENCE.
The information with respect to certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence required by this Item is incorporated here in this Annual Report by reference to our Proxy Statement, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2017.
I TEM 14. P RINCIPAL A CCOUNTING F EES AND S ERVICES.
The information with respect to principal accountant fees and services required by this Item is incorporated here in this Annual Report by reference to our Proxy Statement, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2017.
48

PART IV
I TEM 15. E XHIBITS AND F INANCIAL S TATEMENT S CHEDULES.
F INANCIAL S TATEMENTS:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  | F-1
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2016 and 2015 |  | F-2
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 |  | F-3
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 |  | F-4
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 |  | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 |  | F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | F-7

S CHEDULE:

II. |  | Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 |  |  | F-37

All other financial statement schedules not listed have been omitted because they are not applicable or not required, or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
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E XHIBITS:

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Silgan Holdings Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 13, 2006, Commission File No. 000-22117).
3.2 |  | Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Silgan Holdings Inc. to amend the stockholder voting standard (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 11, 2010, Commission File No. 000-22117).
3.3 |  | Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Silgan Holdings Inc. to increase the number of authorized shares of our common stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 11, 2010, Commission File No. 000-22117).
3.4 |  | Amended and Restated By-laws of Silgan Holdings Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 13, 2006, Commission File No. 000-22117).
3.5 |  | First Amendment to Amended and Restated By-laws of Silgan Holdings Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, Commission File No. 000-22117).
4.1 |  | Indenture, dated as of March 23, 2012, by and between Silgan Holdings Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, with respect to the 5% Senior Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated March 29, 2012, Commission File No. 000-22117).
4.2 |  | Form of Silgan Holdings Inc. 5% Senior Note due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 filed with our Registration Statement on Form S-4, dated June 22, 2012, Registration Statement No. 333-182291).
4.3 |  | Indenture, dated as of September 9, 2013, by and between Silgan Holdings Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, with respect to the 5½% Senior Notes due 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated September 13, 2013, Commission File No. 000-22117).
4.4 |  | Form of Silgan Holdings Inc. 5½% Senior Note due 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated September 13, 2013, Commission File No. 000-22117).
4.5 |  | Indenture, dated as of February 13, 2017, with respect to the 4¾% Senior Notes due 2025 and the 3¼% Senior Notes due 2025, by and among Silgan Holdings Inc., U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, Elavon Financial Services DAC, UK Branch, as paying agent in respect of the 3¼% Senior Notes due 2025, and Elavon Financial Services DAC, as registrar and transfer agent in respect of the 3¼% Senior Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 17, 2017, Commission File No. 000-22117).
4.6 |  | Form of Silgan Holdings Inc. 4¾% Senior Note due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 17, 2017, Commission File No. 000-22117).
4.7 |  | Form of Silgan Holdings Inc. 3¼% Senior Note due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 17, 2017, Commission File No. 000-22117).
4.8 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated February 13, 2017, among Silgan Holdings Inc., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Merrill Lynch International, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Wells Fargo Securities International Limited, Goldman, Sachs & Co., HSBC Securities (USA) Inc., Mizuho Securities USA Inc., Mizuho International PLC, Rabo Securities USA, Inc., Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., Scotia Capital (USA) Inc., Scotiabank Europe PLC, SMBC Nikko Securities America, Inc., SMBC Nikko Capital Markets Limited, SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., TD Securities (USA) LLC, MUFG Securities Americas Inc., MUFG Securities EMEA plc, BMO Capital Markets Corp., CIBC World Markets Corp., PNC Capital Markets LLC, RB International Markets (USA) LLC and Raiffeisen Bank International AG (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 17, 2017, Commission File No. 000-22117).

50

Exhibit Number |  | Description
10.1 |  | Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement, dated as of November 6, 2001, among R. Philip Silver, D. Greg Horrigan and Silgan Holdings Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001, Commission File No. 000-22117).
10.2 |  | Credit Agreement, dated as of January 14, 2014, among Silgan Holdings Inc., Silgan Containers LLC, Silgan Plastics LLC, Silgan Containers Manufacturing Corporation, Silgan Can Company, Silgan Plastics Canada Inc., Silgan Holdings B.V., Silgan International Holdings B.V., each other revolving borrower party thereto from time to time, each other incremental term loan borrower party thereto from time to time, various lenders party thereto from time to time, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, Bank of America, N.A., as Syndication Agent, Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as Co-Documentation Agents, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated January 21, 2014, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.3 |  | Employment Agreement, dated April 12, 2004, between Silgan Holdings Inc. and Anthony J. Allott (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 filed with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2004, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.4 |  | Employment Agreement, dated June 30, 2004, between Silgan Holdings Inc. and Robert B. Lewis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.5 |  | Employment Agreement, dated October 1, 2007, between Silgan Holdings Inc. and Adam J. Greenlee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2009, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.6 |  | Officer Agreement, dated October 1, 2007, between Silgan Holdings Inc. and Adam J. Greenlee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2009, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.7 |  | Silgan Holdings Inc. Senior Executive Performance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.8 |  | Amendment to Silgan Holdings Inc. Senior Executive Performance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.9 |  | Silgan Holdings Inc. Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A of our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, dated April 21, 2015, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.10 |  | Form of Option Agreement (Employee) under the Silgan Holdings Inc. Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.11 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Employee) under the Silgan Holdings Inc. Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.12 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Director) under the Silgan Holdings Inc. Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.13 |  | Silgan Containers Corporation Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 filed with our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2009, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.14 |  | First Amendment to Silgan Containers Corporation Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, Commission File No. 000-22117).

Exhibit Number |  | Description
+10.15 |  | Second Amendment to Silgan Containers Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.16 |  | Third Amendment to Silgan Containers Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, Commission File No. 000-22117).
+10.17 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2012, Commission File No. 000-22117).
10.18 |  | Purchase Agreement dated as of January 23, 2017 by and among Silgan Holdings LLC, Silgan White Cap Holdings Spain, S.L., Silgan Holdings B.V., WestRock MWV, LLC, solely for purposes of Sections 4.19 and 9.2 and Article 11, WestRock Company, and, solely for purposes of Sections 4.8, 4.19 and 9.1 and ARTICLE 11, Silgan Holdings Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated January 27, 2017, Commission File No. 000-22117).
10.19 |  | Purchase Agreement dated February 8, 2017 among Silgan Holdings Inc. and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and Merrill Lynch International, as representatives of the Initial Purchasers named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with our Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 10, 2017, Commission File No. 000-22117).
*12 |  | Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012.
14 |  | Code of Ethics applicable to Silgan Holdings’ principal executive officers, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14 filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003, Commission File No. 000-22117).
*21 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
*23 |  | Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.
*31.1 |  | Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
*31.2 |  | Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
*32.1 |  | Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
*32.2 |  | Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
*101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document.
*101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
*101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
*101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
*101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
*101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

51

___________________
*Filed herewith.
+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
52

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
Date: March 1, 2017 |  | By: |  | /s/ Anthony J. Allott
|  |  |  |  |  | Anthony J. Allott
|  |  |  |  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ R. Philip Silver |  | Co-Chairman of the Board |  | March 1, 2017
(R. Philip Silver) |  |  |  |
/s/ D. Greg Horrigan |  | Co-Chairman of the Board |  | March 1, 2017
(D. Greg Horrigan) |  |  |  |
/s/ John W. Alden |  | Director |  | March 1, 2017
(John W. Alden) |  |  |  |
/s/ William C. Jennings |  | Director |  | March 1, 2017
(William C. Jennings) |  |  |  |
/s/ Joseph M. Jordan |  | Director |  | March 1, 2017
(Joseph M. Jordan) |  |  |  |
/s/ Edward A. Lapekas |  | Director |  | March 1, 2017
(Edward A. Lapekas) |  |  |  |
/s/ Anthony J. Allott |  | President and |  | March 1, 2017
(Anthony J. Allott) |  | Chief Executive Officer and Director |  |
|  | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
/s/ Robert B. Lewis |  | Executive Vice President and |  | March 1, 2017
(Robert B. Lewis) |  | Chief Financial Officer |  |
|  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |  |

53

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Silgan Holdings Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Silgan Holdings Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15. These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Silgan Holdings Inc. at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Silgan Holdings Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 1, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Stamford, Connecticut
March 1, 2017
F-1

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

| 2016 |  | 2015
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 24,690 |  |  | $ | 99,945 |
Trade accounts receivable, less allowances of $4,073 and $4,975, respectively | 288,197 |  |  | 281,041 |
Inventories | 602,963 |  |  | 628,138 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 46,328 |  |  | 36,134 |
Total current assets | 962,178 |  |  | 1,045,258 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 1,156,952 |  |  | 1,125,433 |
Goodwill | 604,714 |  |  | 612,792 |
Other intangible assets, net | 180,782 |  |  | 195,087 |
Other assets, net | 244,764 |  |  | 214,109 |
| $ | 3,149,390 |  |  | $ | 3,192,679 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Revolving loans and current portion of long-term debt | $ | 217,127 |  |  | $ | 152,398 |
Trade accounts payable | 504,798 |  |  | 477,171 |
Accrued payroll and related costs | 46,275 |  |  | 45,094 |
Accrued liabilities | 93,625 |  |  | 106,550 |
Total current liabilities | 861,825 |  |  | 781,213 |
Long-term debt | 1,344,456 |  |  | 1,361,149 |
Other liabilities | 473,694 |  |  | 411,133 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock ($0.01 par value per share; 200,000,000 shares authorized, 87,556,248 shares issued and 55,051,158 and 60,392,905 shares outstanding, respectively) | 876 |  |  | 876 |
Paid-in capital | 249,763 |  |  | 237,291 |
Retained earnings | 1,558,594 |  |  | 1,446,193 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (223,856 | ) |  | (208,806 | )
Treasury stock at cost (32,505,090 and 27,163,343 shares, respectively) | (1,115,962 | ) |  | (836,370 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 469,415 |  |  | 639,184 |
| $ | 3,149,390 |  |  | $ | 3,192,679 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-2

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Net sales | $ | 3,612,914 |  |  | $ | 3,763,971 |  |  | $ | 3,911,790 |
Cost of goods sold | 3,079,378 |  |  | 3,209,845 |  |  | 3,311,960 |
Gross profit | 533,536 |  |  | 554,126 |  |  | 599,830 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 214,745 |  |  | 219,907 |  |  | 224,496 |
Rationalization charges | 19,061 |  |  | 14,407 |  |  | 14,481 |
Income from operations | 299,730 |  |  | 319,812 |  |  | 360,853 |
Interest and other debt expense before loss on early extinguishment of debt | 67,813 |  |  | 66,926 |  |  | 74,827 |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,474 |
Interest and other debt expense | 67,813 |  |  | 66,926 |  |  | 76,301 |
Income before income taxes | 231,917 |  |  | 252,886 |  |  | 284,552 |
Provision for income taxes | 78,566 |  |  | 80,473 |  |  | 102,161 |
Net income | $ | 153,351 |  |  | $ | 172,413 |  |  | $ | 182,391 |
Basic net income per share | $ | 2.56 |  |  | $ | 2.83 |  |  | $ | 2.88 |
Diluted net income per share | $ | 2.55 |  |  | $ | 2.81 |  |  | $ | 2.86 |
Dividends per share | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 0.64 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-3

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
(Dollars in thousands)

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Net income | $ | 153,351 |  |  | $ | 172,413 |  |  | $ | 182,391 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |
Changes in net prior service credit and actuarial losses, net of tax (provision) benefit of $(1,786), $(1,960) and $28,408, respectively | 1,175 |  |  | 4,972 |  |  | (50,331 | )
Change in fair value of derivatives, net of tax (provision) of $(906), $(129) and $(1,934), respectively | 1,528 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 2,592 |
Foreign currency translation, net of tax (provision) of $(2,829), $(9,949) and $(14,027), respectively | (17,753 | ) |  | (48,364 | ) |  | (79,766 | )
Other comprehensive loss | (15,050 | ) |  | (43,182 | ) |  | (127,505 | )
Comprehensive income | $ | 138,301 |  |  | $ | 129,231 |  |  | $ | 54,886 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-4

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
(Dollars and shares in thousands)

| Common Stock |  | Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares Outstanding |  | Par Value |
Balance at January 1, 2014 | 63,415 |  |  | $ | 876 |  |  | $ | 212,822 |  |  | $ | 1,169,754 |  |  | $ | (38,119 | ) |  | $ | (631,490 | ) |  | $ | 713,843 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 182,391 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 182,391 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (127,505 | ) |  | — |  |  | (127,505 | )
Dividends declared on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38,624 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38,624 | )
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,718 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,718 |
Net issuance of treasury stock for vested restricted stock units, including tax benefit of $3,256 | 297 |  |  | — |  |  | (91 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,110 | ) |  | (8,201 | )
Repurchases of common stock | (509 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,666 | ) |  | (24,666 | )
Balance at December 31, 2014 | 63,203 |  |  | 876 |  |  | 225,449 |  |  | 1,313,521 |  |  | (165,624 | ) |  | (664,266 | ) |  | 709,956 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 172,413 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 172,413 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (43,182 | ) |  | — |  |  | (43,182 | )
Dividends declared on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (39,741 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (39,741 | )
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,403 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,403 |
Net issuance of treasury stock for vested restricted stock units, including tax benefit of $359 | 96 |  |  | — |  |  | (561 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,972 | ) |  | (2,533 | )
Repurchases of common stock | (2,906 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (170,132 | ) |  | (170,132 | )
Balance at December 31, 2015 | 60,393 |  |  | 876 |  |  | 237,291 |  |  | 1,446,193 |  |  | (208,806 | ) |  | (836,370 | ) |  | 639,184 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 153,351 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 153,351 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,050 | ) |  | — |  |  | (15,050 | )
Dividends declared on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (40,877 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (40,877 | )
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,018 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,018 |
Adoption of accounting standard update related to stock compensation accounting |  |  |  |  | 598 |  |  | (73 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | 525 |
Net issuance of treasury stock for vested restricted stock units | 114 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,144 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,286 | ) |  | (3,430 | )
Repurchases of common stock | (5,456 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (277,306 | ) |  | (277,306 | )
Balance at December 31, 2016 | 55,051 |  |  | $ | 876 |  |  | $ | 249,763 |  |  | $ | 1,558,594 |  |  | $ | (223,856 | ) |  | $ | (1,115,962 | ) |  | $ | 469,415 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-5

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014
(Dollars in thousands)

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 153,351 |  |  | $ | 172,413 |  |  | $ | 182,391 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 143,058 |  |  | 142,192 |  |  | 148,089 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 4,139 |  |  | 4,156 |  |  | 4,202 |
Rationalization charges | 19,061 |  |  | 14,407 |  |  | 14,481 |
Stock compensation expense | 13,018 |  |  | 12,077 |  |  | 12,425 |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,474 |
Deferred income tax (benefit) provision | 45,011 |  |  | (13,278 | ) |  | 38,756 |
Other changes that provided (used) cash, net of effects from acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts receivable, net | (10,867 | ) |  | 12,287 |  |  | 3,652 |
Inventories | 19,960 |  |  | (97,576 | ) |  | (54,002 | )
Trade accounts payable | 52,752 |  |  | 43,822 |  |  | 86,357 |
Accrued liabilities | (20,145 | ) |  | 37,640 |  |  | (8,336 | )
Other, net | (24,787 | ) |  | 7,625 |  |  | (81,245 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 394,551 |  |  | 335,765 |  |  | 348,244 |
Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of businesses, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | (690 | ) |  | (17,714 | )
Capital expenditures | (191,893 | ) |  | (237,302 | ) |  | (140,429 | )
Proceeds from asset sales | 11,555 |  |  | 903 |  |  | 1,273 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (180,338 | ) |  | (237,089 | ) |  | (156,870 | )
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings under revolving loans | 919,482 |  |  | 732,091 |  |  | 781,022 |
Repayments under revolving loans | (797,106 | ) |  | (729,843 | ) |  | (805,565 | )
Changes in outstanding checks – principally vendors | (22,819 | ) |  | 18,961 |  |  | (3,732 | )
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | — |  |  | 7,538 |  |  | 733,629 |
Repayments of long-term debt | (67,412 | ) |  | (37,304 | ) |  | (754,834 | )
Debt issuance costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,019 | )
Dividends paid on common stock | (40,877 | ) |  | (39,741 | ) |  | (38,624 | )
Repurchase of common stock under stock plan | (3,430 | ) |  | (2,892 | ) |  | (11,457 | )
Repurchase of common stock under share repurchase authorization | (277,306 | ) |  | (170,132 | ) |  | (24,666 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (289,468 | ) |  | (221,322 | ) |  | (129,246 | )
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
Net (decrease) increase | (75,255 | ) |  | (122,646 | ) |  | 62,128 |
Balance at beginning of year | 99,945 |  |  | 222,591 |  |  | 160,463 |
Balance at end of year | $ | 24,690 |  |  | $ | 99,945 |  |  | $ | 222,591 |
Interest paid, net | $ | 65,471 |  |  | $ | 63,954 |  |  | $ | 69,747 |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds | 58,147 |  |  | 49,690 |  |  | 66,296 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-6

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 1. S UMMARY OF S IGNIFICANT A CCOUNTING P OLICIES
Nature of Business. Silgan Holdings Inc., or Silgan, and its subsidiaries conduct business in three market segments: metal containers, closures and plastic containers. Our metal container business is engaged in the manufacture and sale of steel and aluminum containers for human and pet food and general line products. Our closures business manufactures and sells metal, composite and plastic closures for food and beverage products. Our plastic container business manufactures and sells custom designed plastic containers and closures for personal care, food, health care, pharmaceutical, household and industrial chemical, pet care, agricultural, automotive and marine chemical products. Our metal container business has operating facilities in North America, Europe and Asia. Our closures business has operating facilities in North and South America, Europe and Asia. Our plastic container business is based in North America.
Basis of Presentation. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Silgan and our subsidiaries. Newly acquired subsidiaries have been included in the consolidated financial statements from their dates of acquisition. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates.
Generally, our subsidiaries that operate outside the United States use their local currency as the functional currency. The principal functional currencies for our foreign operations are the Euro and the Canadian dollar. Balance sheet accounts of our foreign subsidiaries are translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, while revenue and expense accounts are translated at average rates prevailing during the year. Translation adjustments are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in foreign currencies that are not designated as a hedge are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Certain prior years' amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current year's presentation.
Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash equivalents represent short-term, highly liquid investments which are readily convertible to cash and have maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase. As a result of our cash management system, checks issued for payment may create negative book balances. Checks outstanding in excess of related book balances are included in trade accounts payable in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in outstanding checks are included in financing activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to treat them as, in substance, cash advances.
Inventories. Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market (net realizable value). Cost for domestic inventories for our metal container and closures businesses is principally determined on the last-in, first-out basis, or LIFO. Cost for inventories for our plastic container business is principally determined on the first-in, first-out basis, or FIFO. Cost for foreign inventories for our metal container and closures businesses is principally determined on the average cost method.
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net. Property, plant and equipment, net is stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Major renewals and betterments that extend the life of an asset are capitalized and repairs and maintenance expenditures are charged to expense as incurred. Design and development costs for molds, dies and other tools that we do not own and that will be used to produce products that will be sold under long-term supply arrangements are capitalized. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of depreciable assets. The principal estimated useful lives are 35 years for buildings and range between 3 years to 20 years for machinery and equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the life of the related asset or the life of the lease.
Interest incurred on amounts borrowed in connection with the installation of major machinery and equipment acquisitions is capitalized. Capitalized interest of $1.5 million, $1.0 million and $0.4 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, was recorded as part of the cost of the assets to which it relates and is amortized over the assets’ estimated useful life.
F-7

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net. We review goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment as of July 1 of each year and more frequently if circumstances indicate a possible impairment. We determined that goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets were not impaired in our annual assessment performed during the third quarter. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. Customer relationships have a weighted average life of approximately 18 years. Other definite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of a trade name and technology know-how and have a weighted average life of approximately 8 years.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets. We assess long-lived assets, including intangible assets with definite lives, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. An impairment exists if the estimate of future undiscounted cash flows generated by the assets is less than the carrying value of the assets. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is then measured by comparing the fair value of the assets to their carrying amount.
Hedging Instruments. All derivative financial instruments are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at their fair values. Changes in fair values of derivatives are recorded in each period in earnings or other comprehensive loss, depending on whether a derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if it is, the type of hedge transaction.
We utilize certain derivative financial instruments to manage a portion of our interest rate and natural gas cost exposures. We do not engage in trading or other speculative uses of these financial instruments. For a financial instrument to qualify as a hedge, we must be exposed to interest rate or price risk, and the financial instrument must reduce the exposure and be designated as a hedge. Financial instruments qualifying for hedge accounting must maintain a high correlation between the hedging instrument and the item being hedged, both at inception and throughout the hedged period.
We utilize certain internal hedging strategies to minimize our foreign currency exchange rate risk. Net investment hedges that qualify for hedge accounting result in the recognition of foreign currency gains or losses, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive loss. We generally do not utilize external derivative financial instruments to manage our foreign currency exchange rate risk.
Income Taxes. We account for income taxes using the liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period of enactment of such change. No provision is made for U.S. income taxes applicable to undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries that are indefinitely reinvested.
Revenue Recognition. Revenues are recognized when goods are shipped and the title and risk of loss pass to the customer. For those sites where we operate within the customer’s facilities, title and risk of loss pass to the customer upon delivery of product to clearly delineated areas within the common facility, at which time we recognize revenues. Shipping and handling fees and costs incurred in connection with products sold are recorded in cost of goods sold in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Stock-Based Compensation. We currently have one stock-based compensation plan in effect under which we have issued stock options and restricted stock units to our officers, other key employees and outside directors. A restricted stock unit represents the right to receive one share of our common stock at a future date. Unvested restricted stock units that have been issued do not have voting rights and may not be disposed of or transferred during the vesting period.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements. In July 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, issued an accounting standards update, or ASU, that amends existing guidance for measuring inventories. This amendment requires us to measure inventories recorded using the first-in, first-out method and the average cost method at the lower of cost and net realizable value. This amendment did not change the methodology for measuring inventories recorded using the last-in, first-out method. As permitted, we have adopted this amendment early, effective January 1, 2016, and have applied it prospectively. The adoption of this amendment did not have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
F-8

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
In March 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that amends the guidance for stock compensation accounting. This amendment (i) requires all income tax effects of stock-based compensation awards to be recognized in the statement of income when such awards vest or are settled, (ii) allows an employer to repurchase more of an employee's shares upon the vesting or settlement of an award than it could have previously for tax withholding purposes without triggering liability accounting, (iii) allows an employer to make a policy election to recognize forfeitures in respect of awards as they occur and (iv) specifies certain classifications on the statement of cash flows related to excess tax benefits and shares repurchased from employees for tax withholding purposes. As permitted, we have adopted this amendment early, effective January 1, 2016, and have applied it (i) prospectively as it related to recognizing income tax effects of awards in the statement of income, (ii) using the modified retrospective method as it related to classifying certain awards as equity rather than liabilities and recognizing forfeitures as they occur and (iii) using the retrospective method as it related to classifying excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows. The adoption of this amendment did not have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements. In May 2014, the FASB issued an ASU that amends the guidance for revenue recognition. This amendment contains principles that will require an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods and services to customers at an amount that an entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. This amendment permits the use of one of two retrospective transition methods. We will adopt this amendment on January 1, 2018, and we have not yet selected a transition method. The adoption of this amendment may require us to accelerate the recognition of revenue as compared to the current standards for certain customers in cases where we produce products unique to those customers and for which we would have an enforceable right of payment for production completed to date. We will continue to assess the impact of this amendment on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In February 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that amends existing guidance for certain leases by lessees. This amendment will require us to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for the rights and obligations created by long-term leases and to disclose additional quantitative and qualitative information about leasing arrangements. In addition, this amendment clarifies the presentation requirements of the effects of leases in the statement of income and statement of cash flows. This amendment will be effective for us on January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. This amendment is required to be adopted using a modified retrospective approach. We are currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In August of 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that provides guidance for cash flow classification for certain cash receipts and cash payments to address diversity in practice in how items are classified on the statement of cash flows as either operating, investing or financing activities. This amendment will be effective for us on January 1, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. This amendment is required to be adopted using a retrospective approach. We are currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on our statement of cash flows.
In January 2017, the FASB issued an ASU that provides guidance to simplify the test for goodwill impairment. This guidance eliminates the requirement to assign the fair value of a reporting unit to each of its assets and liabilities to quantify a goodwill impairment charge. Under this amended guidance, the goodwill impairment charge to be recognized will be determined based on comparing the carrying value of the reporting unit to its fair value. This amendment will be effective for us on January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted, and we plan to adopt this amendment when we perform our first goodwill impairment test after January 1, 2017. This amendment is required to be adopted prospectively and is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
N OTE 2. A CQUISITION
V AN C AN C OMPANY
On September 8, 2014, we acquired the metal container manufacturing assets of Van Can Company a manufacturer of metal containers in the United States. The aggregate purchase price for this acquisition of $17.3 million, net of cash acquired, was funded with cash on hand. The results of operations of Van Can have been reported in our metal container segment.
F-9

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 3. R ATIONALIZATION C HARGES
We continually evaluate cost reduction opportunities across each of our businesses, including rationalizations of our existing facilities through plant closings and downsizings. We use a disciplined approach to identify opportunities that generate attractive cash returns. Rationalization charges by business segment for each of the years ended December 31 were as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (Dollars in thousands)
Metal containers | $ | 12,056 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | (440 | )
Closures | 568 |  |  | 1,684 |  |  | 12,256 |
Plastic containers | 6,437 |  |  | 12,682 |  |  | 2,665 |
| $ | 19,061 |  |  | $ | 14,407 |  |  | $ | 14,481 |

Rationalization charges in 2016 for the metal container business segment were primarily related to the shutdown of the LaPorte, Indiana manufacturing facility. Rationalization charges in 2016 and 2015 for the plastic container business segment were primarily related to the shutdown of the Woodstock, Illinois and Cape Girardeau, Missouri manufacturing facilities. Rationalization charges in 2014 for the closures business segment were primarily related to the shutdown of the manufacturing facility in Venezuela and headcount reductions in Europe.
Activity in reserves for our rationalization plans was as follows:

| Employee Severance and Benefits |  | Non-Cash Retirement Benefits |  | Plant Exit Costs |  | Non-Cash Asset Write-Down |  | Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
Balance as of January 1, 2014 | $ | 4,116 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,418 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,534 |
Charged to expense | 11,111 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,572 |  |  | 1,798 |  |  | 14,481 |
Utilized and currency translation | (9,175 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,674 | ) |  | (1,798 | ) |  | (13,647 | )
Balance at December 31, 2014 | 6,052 |  |  | — |  |  | 316 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,368 |
Charged to expense | 3,199 |  |  | (522 | ) |  | 287 |  |  | 11,443 |  |  | 14,407 |
Utilized and currency translation | (6,225 | ) |  | 522 |  |  | (335 | ) |  | (11,443 | ) |  | (17,481 | )
Balance at December 31, 2015 | 3,026 |  |  | — |  |  | 268 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,294 |
Charged to expense | 5,103 |  |  | 2,197 |  |  | 5,012 |  |  | 6,749 |  |  | 19,061 |
Utilized and currency translation | (7,184 | ) |  | (2,197 | ) |  | (2,854 | ) |  | (6,749 | ) |  | (18,984 | )
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 945 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,426 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,371 |

Non-cash retirement benefits consisted of special termination benefits of $2.8 million and net curtailment gains of $0.6 million recognized in connection with the shutdown of the LaPorte, Indiana manufacturing facility. See Note 11 for further information. Non-cash asset write-downs were the result of comparing the carrying value of certain production related equipment to their fair value using estimated future discounted cash flows, a Level 3 fair value measurement (as defined in Note 9).
Rationalization reserves as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 were recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as accrued liabilities of $1.9 million and $3.3 million, respectively, and as other liabilities of $1.5 million as of December 31, 2016. Remaining expenses for our rationalization plans of $2.3 million are expected in 2017 and thereafter. Remaining cash expenditures for our rationalization plans of $5.7 million are expected through 2023.
F-10

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 4. A CCUMULATED O THER C OMPREHENSIVE L OSS
Accumulated other comprehensive loss is reported in our Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity. Amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, were as follows:

| Unrecognized Net Defined Benefit Plan Costs |  | Change in Fair Value of Derivatives |  | Foreign Currency Translation |  | Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2014 | $ | (38,921 | ) |  | $ | (3,790 | ) |  | $ | 4,592 |  |  | $ | (38,119 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (49,602 | ) |  | (923 | ) |  | (79,766 | ) |  | (130,291 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | (729 | ) |  | 3,515 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,786 |
Other comprehensive loss | (50,331 | ) |  | 2,592 |  |  | (79,766 | ) |  | (127,505 | )
Balance at December 31, 2014 | (89,252 | ) |  | (1,198 | ) |  | (75,174 | ) |  | (165,624 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | 2,851 |  |  | (1,410 | ) |  | (48,364 | ) |  | (46,923 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | 2,121 |  |  | 1,620 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,741 |
Other comprehensive loss | 4,972 |  |  | 210 |  |  | (48,364 | ) |  | (43,182 | )
Balance at December 31, 2015 | (84,280 | ) |  | (988 | ) |  | (123,538 | ) |  | (208,806 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (1,991 | ) |  | 441 |  |  | (17,753 | ) |  | (19,303 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | 3,166 |  |  | 1,087 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,253 |
Other comprehensive loss | 1,175 |  |  | 1,528 |  |  | (17,753 | ) |  | (15,050 | )
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | (83,105 | ) |  | $ | 540 |  |  | $ | (141,291 | ) |  | $ | (223,856 | )

The amounts reclassified to earnings from the unrecognized net defined benefit plan costs component of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were net (losses) gains of $(5.0) million, $(3.2) million and $1.2 million, respectively, excluding an income tax benefit (provision) of $1.8 million, $1.1 million and $(0.5) million, respectively. These net (losses) gains included amortization of net actuarial losses of $8.0 million, $5.2 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and amortization of net prior service credit of $3.0 million, $2.0 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Amortization of net actuarial losses and net prior service credit is a component of net periodic benefit cost. Amounts expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit costs in our Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended December 31, 2017 are $4.2 million and $1.9 million, net of income taxes, for the net actuarial loss and net prior service credit, respectively, related to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans. See Note 11 for further discussion.
The amounts reclassified to earnings from the change in fair value of derivatives component of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were net (losses) of $(1.7) million, $(2.6) million and $(6.1) million, respectively, excluding an income tax benefit of $0.6 million, $1.0 million and $2.6 million, respectively. These net (losses) included $(0.8) million, $(1.4) million and $(6.2) million of losses related to our interest rate swap agreements which were recorded in interest and other debt expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and (losses) gains of $(0.9) million, $(1.2) million and $0.1 million related to our natural gas swap agreements which were recorded in cost of goods sold for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, in our Consolidated Statements of Income for such years. We estimate that we will reclassify $0.5 million of gains, net of income taxes, of the change in fair value of derivatives component of accumulated other comprehensive loss to earnings during the next twelve months. The actual amount that will be reclassified to earnings will vary from this amount as a result of changes in market conditions. See Note 9 which includes a discussion of derivative instruments and hedging activities.
F-11

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
The foreign currency translation component of accumulated other comprehensive loss includes: (i) foreign currency (losses) related to translation of year-end financial statements of foreign subsidiaries utilizing a functional currency other than the U.S. Dollar; (ii) foreign currency (losses) related to intra-entity foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature; and (iii) foreign currency gains related to our net investment hedges, net of tax. Foreign currency (losses) related to translation of year-end financial statements of foreign subsidiaries utilizing a functional currency other than the U.S. Dollar for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $(20.6) million, $(55.5) million and $(83.5) million, respectively. Foreign currency (losses) related to intra-entity foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $(2.0) million, $(9.6) million and $(19.7) million, respectively. Foreign currency gains related to our net investment hedges for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $7.6 million, $26.6 million and $37.4 million, respectively, excluding an income tax (provision) of $(2.8) million, $(9.9) million and $(14.0) million, respectively. See Note 9 for further discussion.
N OTE 5. I NVENTORIES
The components of inventories at December 31 were as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Raw materials | $ | 179,451 |  |  | $ | 215,018 |
Work-in-process | 121,331 |  |  | 118,947 |
Finished goods | 355,072 |  |  | 371,561 |
Other | 15,528 |  |  | 13,938 |
| 671,382 |  |  | 719,464 |
Adjustment to value inventory at cost on the LIFO method | (68,419 | ) |  | (91,326 | )
| $ | 602,963 |  |  | $ | 628,138 |

Inventories include $95.6 million and $90.6 million recorded on the FIFO method at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $127.9 million and $144.8 million recorded on the average cost method at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
N OTE 6. P ROPERTY, P LANT AND E QUIPMENT, N ET
Property, plant and equipment, net at December 31 was as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Land | $ | 48,468 |  |  | $ | 49,049 |
Buildings and improvements | 365,406 |  |  | 322,264 |
Machinery and equipment | 2,505,459 |  |  | 2,409,820 |
Construction in progress | 118,028 |  |  | 196,140 |
| 3,037,361 |  |  | 2,977,273 |
Accumulated depreciation | (1,880,409 | ) |  | (1,851,840 | )
| $ | 1,156,952 |  |  | $ | 1,125,433 |

Depreciation expense in 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $129.8 million, $129.0 million and $134.6 million, respectively.
F-12

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 7. G OODWILL AND O THER I NTANGIBLE A SSETS, N ET
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill were as follows:

| Metal Containers |  | Closures |  | Plastic Containers |  | Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2014 | $ | 117,328 |  |  | $ | 283,881 |  |  | $ | 229,053 |  |  | $ | 630,262 |
Acquisition | — |  |  | 988 |  |  | — |  |  | 988 |
Currency translation | (5,396 | ) |  | (9,947 | ) |  | (3,115 | ) |  | (18,458 | )
Balance at December 31, 2015 | 111,932 |  |  | 274,922 |  |  | 225,938 |  |  | 612,792 |
Currency translation | (1,620 | ) |  | (6,968 | ) |  | 510 |  |  | (8,078 | )
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 110,312 |  |  | $ | 267,954 |  |  | $ | 226,448 |  |  | $ | 604,714 |

The components of other intangible assets, net at December 31 were as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015
| Gross Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Gross Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization
| (Dollars in thousands)
Definite-lived intangibles: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships | $ | 195,076 |  |  | $ | (53,298 | ) |  | $ | 196,856 |  |  | $ | (42,099 | )
Other | 14,927 |  |  | (8,063 | ) |  | 14,618 |  |  | (6,428 | )
| 210,003 |  |  | (61,361 | ) |  | 211,474 |  |  | (48,527 | )
Indefinite-lived intangibles: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade names | 32,140 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,140 |  |  | — |
| $ | 242,143 |  |  | $ | (61,361 | ) |  | $ | 243,614 |  |  | $ | (48,527 | )

Amortization expense in 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $13.2 million, $13.2 million and $13.5 million, respectively. Amortization expense is expected to be $13.2 million in each of 2017 and 2018 and $13.1 million, $12.5 million and $11.1 million in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively.
F-13

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 8. L ONG-T ERM D EBT
Long-term debt at December 31 was as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Bank debt: |  |  |
Bank revolving loans | $ | 99,500 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. term loans | 310,250 |  |  | 346,750 |
Canadian term loans | 44,274 |  |  | 47,973 |
Euro term loans | 196,668 |  |  | 227,434 |
Other foreign bank revolving and term loans | 120,500 |  |  | 103,661 |
Total bank debt | 771,192 |  |  | 725,818 |
5½% Senior Notes | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |
5% Senior Notes | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |
Total debt - principal | 1,571,192 |  |  | 1,525,818 |
Less unamortized debt issuance costs | 9,609 |  |  | 12,271 |
Total debt | 1,561,583 |  |  | 1,513,547 |
Less current portion | 217,127 |  |  | 152,398 |
| $ | 1,344,456 |  |  | $ | 1,361,149 |

A GGREGATE A NNUAL M ATURITIES
The aggregate annual maturities of our debt (non-U.S. dollar debt has been translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date) are as follows (dollars in thousands):

2017 | $ | 217,127 |
2018 | 9,187 |
2019 | 2,789 |
2020 | 633,171 |
2021 | — |
Thereafter | 708,918 |
| $ | 1,571,192 |

At December 31, 2016, the current portion of our long-term debt consisted of $99.5 million of revolving loans under our senior secured credit facility, or the Credit Agreement, $5.2 million of term loans under the Credit Agreement due on December 31, 2017 and $112.4 million of foreign bank revolving and term loans. As discussed in Note 18, on February 13, 2017, we issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of the 4¾% Senior Notes due 2025, or the 4¾% Notes, and €650 million aggregate principal amount of the 3¼% Senior Notes due 2025, or the 3¼% Notes, and used a portion of the net proceeds from such issuance to prepay all outstanding Euro term loans and a portion of outstanding U.S. term loans under the Credit Agreement. Accordingly, aggregate annual maturities of such prepaid U.S. term loans and Euro term loans under the Credit Agreement were extended to 2025 for purposes of the table above to match the maturities of the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes.
B ANK C REDIT A GREEMENT
On January 14, 2014, we completed the refinancing of our previous senior secured credit facility, or the 2011 Credit Facility, by entering into the Credit Agreement. All amounts owed under the 2011 Credit Facility were repaid on January 14, 2014 with proceeds from the Credit Agreement, and the 2011 Credit Facility was simultaneously terminated. As a result of the refinancing of the 2011 Credit Facility, we recorded a pre-tax charge for the loss on early extinguishment of debt of $1.5 million during the first quarter of 2014.
F-14

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
Under the Credit Agreement, we borrowed term loans and have available to us revolving loans. The term loans, or the Term Loans, provided under the Credit Agreement refinanced the term loans outstanding under the 2011 Credit Facility. The Term Loans consisted of $365 million of U.S. term loans, Cdn $70 million of Canadian term loans and €220 million of Euro term loans. The Term Loans mature on January 14, 2020, and principal on the Term Loans is required to be repaid in scheduled annual installments as provided in the Credit Agreement beginning in December 2015. The revolving loans, or the Revolving Loans, consist of a $985.6 million multicurrency revolving loan facility and a Cdn $15.0 million Canadian revolving loan facility. We may use Revolving Loans under the Credit Agreement for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including acquisitions, capital expenditures, dividends, stock repurchases and refinancing of other debt. Revolving Loans may be borrowed, repaid and reborrowed until their final maturity on January 14, 2019. At December 31, 2016, $99.5 million of revolving loans were outstanding under the Credit Agreement, and after taking into account outstanding letters of credit of $18.0 million, borrowings available under the revolving loan facilities of the Credit Agreement were $868.1 million and Cdn $15.0 million on December 31, 2016.
At December 31, 2016, we had term loan borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement of $310.3 million, Cdn $59.5 million and €187.0 million, totaling U.S. denominated $551.2 million (with non-U.S. denominated term loans translated at exchange rates in effect at such date). At December 31, 2015, we had term loan borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement of $346.8 million, Cdn $66.5 million and €209.0 million, totaling U.S. denominated $622.2 million (with non-U.S. denominated term loans translated at exchange rates in effect at such date).
The Credit Agreement requires us to prepay the Term Loans with proceeds received in excess of certain amounts from certain asset sales, insurance recoveries and sale and leaseback transactions. Generally, mandatory repayments of Term Loans are allocated pro rata to each of the Term Loans and applied first to the scheduled amortization payments in the year of such repayments (or, if no such payment is due in such year, to the payment due in the immediately succeeding year or the next succeeding year) and, to the extent in excess thereof, pro rata to the remaining installments of the Term Loans. Voluntary prepayments of Term Loans may be applied to any tranche of Term Loans at our discretion and are applied to the scheduled amortization payments in direct order of maturity. Amounts repaid under the Term Loans may not be reborrowed.
Under the Credit Agreement, the interest rate for U.S. term loans will be either the Eurodollar Rate or the base rate under the Credit Agreement plus a margin, the interest rate for Canadian term loans will be either the CDOR Rate or the Canadian prime rate under the Credit Agreement plus a margin and the interest rate for Euro term loans will be the Euro Rate under the Credit Agreement plus a margin. Amounts outstanding under the revolving loan facilities incur interest at the same rates as the U.S. term loans in the case of U.S. dollar denominated Revolving Loans and as the Canadian term loans in the case of Canadian dollar denominated Revolving Loans. Euro and Pounds Sterling denominated Revolving Loans would incur interest at the applicable Euro Rate plus the applicable margin.
At December 31, 2016, the margin for Term Loans and Revolving Loans maintained as Eurodollar Rate, CDOR Rate or Euro Rate loans was 1.50 percent and the margin for Term Loans and Revolving Loans maintained as base rate or Canadian prime rate loans was 0.50 percent. The interest rate margin on all loans will be reset quarterly based upon our Total Net Leverage Ratio as provided in the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2016, the interest rates on U.S. term loans, Canadian term loans and Euro term loans were 2.50 percent, 2.44 percent and 1.15 percent, respectively.
The Credit Agreement provides for the payment of a commitment fee ranging from 0.20 percent to 0.35 percent per annum on the daily average unused portion of commitments available under the revolving loan facilities (0.25 percent at December 31, 2016). The commitment fee will be reset quarterly based on our Total Net Leverage Ratio as provided in the Credit Agreement.
F-15

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
We may utilize up to a maximum of $200 million of our multicurrency revolving loan facility under the Credit Agreement for letters of credit as long as the aggregate amount of borrowings of Revolving Loans under the multicurrency revolving loan facility and letters of credit do not exceed the amount of the commitment under such multicurrency revolving loan facility. The Credit Agreement provides for payment to the applicable lenders of a letter of credit fee equal to the applicable margin in effect for Revolving Loans under the multicurrency revolving loan facility and to the issuers of letters of credit of a fronting fee of the greater of (x) $500 per annum and (y) 0.25 percent per annum, calculated on the aggregate stated amount of such letters of credit for their stated duration.
For 2016, 2015 and 2014, the weighted average annual interest rate paid on term loans under our senior secured credit facilities was 1.9 percent, 1.7 percent and 1.8 percent, respectively; and the weighted average annual interest rate paid on revolving loans under our senior secured credit facilities was 2.0 percent, 1.7 percent and 1.7 percent, respectively. We have entered into interest rate swap agreements to convert interest rate exposure from variable rates to fixed rates of interest. For 2016, 2015 and 2014, the weighted average interest rate paid on term loans under our senior secured credit facilities after consideration of our interest rate swap agreements was 2.0 percent, 1.9 percent and 2.7 percent, respectively. See Note 9 which includes a discussion of our interest rate swap agreements.
Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, we also have a $1.25 billion multicurrency uncommitted incremental loan facility (which amount may be increased as provided in the Credit Agreement), of which all of it may be borrowed in the form of term loans or up to $625 million of it may be borrowed in the form of revolving loans. The uncommitted multicurrency incremental loan facility provides, among other things, that any incremental term loan borrowing shall be denominated in a single currency, either U.S. dollars or certain foreign currencies; have a maturity date no earlier than the maturity date for the Term Loans; and be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including to finance acquisitions, to refinance any indebtedness assumed as part of such acquisitions, to pay dividends, to repurchase common stock, to refinance or repurchase debt as permitted and to repay outstanding Revolving Loans.
The indebtedness under the Credit Agreement is guaranteed by Silgan and its U.S., Canadian and Dutch subsidiaries. The stock of our U.S., Canadian and Dutch subsidiaries has been pledged as security to the lenders under the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement contains certain financial and operating covenants which limit, subject to certain exceptions, among other things, our ability to incur additional indebtedness; create liens; consolidate, merge or sell assets; make certain advances, investments or loans; enter into certain transactions with affiliates; and engage in any business other than the packaging business and certain related businesses. In addition, we are required to meet specified financial covenants consisting of Interest Coverage and Total Net Leverage Ratios, each as defined in the Credit Agreement. We are currently in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement.
Because we sell metal containers and closures used in the fruit and vegetable packing process, we have seasonal sales. As is common in the packaging industry, we must utilize working capital to build inventory and then carry accounts receivable for some customers beyond the packing season. Due to our seasonal requirements, which generally peak sometime in the summer or early fall, we may incur short-term indebtedness to finance our working capital requirements.
O THER F OREIGN B ANK R EVOLVING A ND T ERM L OANS
We have certain other bank revolving and term loans outstanding in foreign countries. At December 31, 2016, these bank revolving loans allowed for total borrowings of up to $135.2 million (translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date). These bank revolving and term loans bear interest at rates ranging from 0.5 percent to 14.6 percent. For 2016, 2015 and 2014, the weighted average annual interest rate paid on these loans was 3.8 percent, 3.7 percent and 3.9 percent, respectively.
5½ % S ENIOR N OTES
In 2013, we issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of our 5½% Senior Notes due 2022, or the
5½% Notes, at 100 percent of their principal amount. The 5½% Notes are general unsecured obligations of Silgan, ranking equal in right of payment with Silgan’s unsecured unsubordinated indebtedness, including our 5% Senior
F-16

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
Notes due 2020, and ahead of Silgan’s subordinated debt, if any. The 5½% Notes are structurally subordinated to Silgan’s secured debt to the extent of the assets securing such debt and effectively subordinated to all obligations of subsidiaries of Silgan. Interest on the 5½% Notes is payable semi-annually in cash on February 1 and August 1 of each year and the 5½% Notes mature on February 1, 2022. Net proceeds from the issuance of the 5½% Notes were used to repay outstanding bank revolving loans under the 2011 Credit Facility.
The 5½% Notes are redeemable, at the option of Silgan, in whole or in part, at any time after August 1, 2017 at the following redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount) plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to the redemption date if redeemed during the twelve month period commencing August 1 of the years set forth below:

Year |  | Redemption Price
2017 |  | 102.750%
2018 |  | 101.375%
2019 and thereafter |  | 100.000%

In addition, prior to August 1, 2017, we may redeem the 5½% Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100 percent of their principal amount plus a make-whole premium as provided in the indenture for the 5½% Notes, together with accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption.
Upon the occurrence of a change of control, as defined in the indenture for the 5½% Notes, Silgan is required to make an offer to repurchase the 5½% Notes at a purchase price equal to 101 percent of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of purchase.
The indenture for the 5½% Notes contains covenants which are generally less restrictive than those under the Credit Agreement and substantially similar to those under the indenture for our 5% Senior Notes due in 2020.
5% S ENIOR N OTES
In 2012, we issued $500 million aggregate principal amount of our 5% Senior Notes due 2020, or the 5% Notes, at 100 percent of their principal amount. The 5% Notes are general unsecured obligations of Silgan, ranking equal in right of payment with Silgan’s unsecured unsubordinated indebtedness, including the 5½% Notes, and ahead of Silgan’s subordinated debt, if any. The 5% Notes are structurally subordinated to Silgan’s secured debt to the extent of the assets securing such debt and effectively subordinated to all obligations of subsidiaries of Silgan. Interest on the 5% Notes is payable semi-annually in cash on April 1 and October 1 of each year, and the 5% Notes mature on April 1, 2020.
The 5% Notes are redeemable, at the option of Silgan, in whole or in part, at the following redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount) plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to the redemption date if redeemed during the twelve month period commencing April 1 of the years set forth below:

Year |  | Redemption Price
2016 |  | 102.500%
2017 |  | 101.250%
2018 and thereafter |  | 100.000%

Upon the occurrence of a change of control, as defined in the indenture for the 5% Notes, Silgan is required to make an offer to repurchase the 5% Notes at a purchase price equal to 101 percent of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of purchase.
The indenture for the 5% Notes contains covenants which are generally less restrictive than those under the Credit Agreement and substantially similar to those under the indenture for the 5½% Notes.
F-17

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 9. F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTS
The financial instruments recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets include cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable, trade accounts payable, debt obligations and swap agreements. Due to their short-term maturity, the carrying amounts of trade accounts receivable and trade accounts payable approximate their fair market values. The following table summarizes the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our other financial instruments at December 31:

| 2016 |  | 2015
| Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
| (Dollars in thousands)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 24,690 |  |  | $ | 24,690 |  |  | $ | 99,945 |  |  | $ | 99,945 |
Natural gas swap agreements | 1,094 |  |  | 1,094 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bank debt | $ | 771,192 |  |  | $ | 771,192 |  |  | $ | 725,818 |  |  | $ | 725,818 |
5½% Notes | 300,000 |  |  | 312,750 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 309,189 |
5% Notes | 500,000 |  |  | 510,130 |  |  | 500,000 |  |  | 510,055 |
Interest rate swap agreements | 244 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 771 |  |  | 771 |
Natural gas swap agreements | — |  |  | — |  |  | 813 |  |  | 813 |

F AIR V ALUE M EASUREMENTS
F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTS M EASURED AT F AIR V ALUE
GAAP defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). GAAP classifies the inputs used to measure fair value into a hierarchy consisting of three levels. Level 1 inputs represent unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs represent unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, or unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability. Level 3 inputs represent unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The financial assets and liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis at December 31, 2016 and 2015 consist of our cash and cash equivalents, interest rate swap agreements and natural gas swap agreements. We measured the fair value of cash and cash equivalents using Level 1 inputs. We measured the fair value of the swap agreements using the income approach. The fair value of these swap agreements reflects the estimated amounts that we would pay or receive based on the present value of the expected cash flows derived from market rates and prices. As such, these derivative instruments are classified within Level 2.
F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTS N OT M EASURED AT F AIR V ALUE
Our bank debt, 5½% Notes and 5% Notes are recorded at historical amounts in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, as we have not elected to measure them at fair value. We measured the fair value of our variable rate bank debt using the market approach based on Level 2 inputs. Fair values of the 5½% Notes and the 5% Notes were estimated based on the quoted market price, a Level 1 input.
D ERIVATIVE I NSTRUMENTS AND H EDGING A CTIVITIES
We utilize certain derivative financial instruments to manage a portion of our interest rate and natural gas cost exposures. We limit our use of derivative financial instruments to interest rate and natural gas swap agreements. We do not utilize derivative financial instruments for trading or other speculative purposes.
Our interest rate and natural gas swap agreements are accounted for as cash flow hedges. To the extent these swap agreements are effective in offsetting the variability of the hedged cash flows, changes in their fair
F-18

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
values are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a component of stockholders’ equity, and reclassified into earnings in future periods when earnings are also affected by the variability of the hedged cash flows. To the extent these swap agreements are not effective as hedges, changes in their fair values are recorded in net income. During 2016, 2015 and 2014, the ineffectiveness of our hedges did not have a significant impact on our net income.
I NTEREST R ATE S WAP A GREEMENTS
We have entered into U.S. dollar interest rate swap agreements to manage a portion of our exposure to interest rate fluctuations. At each of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the aggregate notional principal amount of these agreements was $100.0 million. The interest rate swap agreements effectively convert interest rate exposure from variable rates to fixed rates of interest. These agreements are with financial institutions which are expected to fully perform under the terms thereof.
We have two U.S. dollar interest rate swap agreements outstanding at December 31, 2016, each for $50.0 million notional principal amount. Under these agreements, we pay fixed rates of interest of 1.38 percent and 1.64 percent and receive floating rates of interest based on the three month LIBOR. These interest rate swap agreements mature in 2017.
The difference between amounts to be paid or received on interest rate swap agreements is recorded in interest and other debt expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Net payments of $0.8 million, $1.4 million and $6.2 million were recorded under our interest rate swap agreements for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Taking into account the interest rate applicable for the amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement for our U.S. term loans and the weighted average cost differential between current rates and the fixed rates on our interest rate swap agreements, the effective interest rate on our U.S. term loans at December 31, 2016 was 2.67 percent.
The total fair value of our interest rate swap agreements in effect at December 31, 2016 and 2015 was recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as accrued liabilities of $0.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and as other liabilities of $0.1 million in December 31, 2015.
N ATURAL G AS S WAP A GREEMENTS
We have entered into natural gas swap agreements with a major financial institution to manage a portion of our exposure to fluctuations in natural gas prices. We entered into natural gas swap agreements to hedge approximately 48 percent, 47 percent and 9 percent of our exposure to fluctuations in natural gas prices in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In 2016, we paid fixed natural gas prices ranging from $2.86 to $3.44 per MMBtu and received a NYMEX-based natural gas price under our natural gas swap agreements. These agreements are with a financial institution which is expected to fully perform under the terms thereof.
The difference between amounts to be paid or received on natural gas swap agreements is recorded in cost of goods sold in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Net (payments) receipts under our natural gas swap agreements were $(0.9) million, $(1.2) million and $0.1 million during 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
The aggregate notional principal amount of our natural gas swap agreements was 1.4 million MMBtu of natural gas at each of December 31, 2016 and 2015.
The total fair value of our natural gas swap agreements in effect at December 31, 2016 and 2015 was recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as other current assets and accrued liabilities, respectively.
F-19

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
F OREIGN C URRENCY E XCHANGE R ATE R ISK
In an effort to minimize foreign currency exchange rate risk, we have financed acquisitions of foreign operations primarily with loans borrowed under our senior secured credit facilities denominated in Euros and Canadian dollars. In addition, where available, we have borrowed funds in local currency or implemented certain internal hedging strategies to minimize our foreign currency risk related to foreign operations. We have designated substantially all of our Euro denominated borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities as net investment hedges and recognized foreign currency gains in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 of $7.6 million, $26.6 million and $37.4 million, respectively.
C ONCENTRATION OF C REDIT R ISK
We derive a significant portion of our revenue from multi-year supply agreements with many of our customers. Aggregate revenues from our three largest customers (Nestlé Food Company, Campbell Soup Company and Del Monte Corporation) accounted for approximately 27.2 percent, 26.7 percent and 26.2 percent of our net sales in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The receivable balances from these customers collectively represented 12.4 percent and 12.9 percent of our trade accounts receivable at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. As is common in the packaging industry, we provide extended payment terms to some of our customers due to the seasonality of the vegetable and fruit packing process. Exposure to losses is dependent on each customer’s financial position. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition, and our receivables are generally not collateralized. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts which we believe is adequate to cover potential credit losses based on customer credit evaluations, collection history and other information. Accounts receivable are considered past due based on the original due date and write-offs occur only after all reasonable collection efforts are exhausted.
F-20

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 10. C OMMITMENTS AND C ONTINGENCIES
We have a number of noncancelable operating leases for office and plant facilities, equipment and automobiles that expire at various dates through 2030. Certain operating leases have renewal options and rent escalation clauses as well as various purchase options. Minimum future rental payments under these leases are as set forth below for each of the following years (dollars in thousands):

2017 | $ | 35,946 |
2018 | 26,115 |
2019 | 20,437 |
2020 | 16,502 |
2021 | 14,316 |
Thereafter | 44,766 |
| $ | 158,082 |

Rent expense was $46.5 million, $44.7 million and $44.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
At December 31, 2016, we had noncancelable commitments for capital expenditures in 2017 of $29.2 million.
A competition authority in Germany commenced an antitrust investigation in 2015 involving the industry association for metal packaging in Germany and its members, including our metal container and closures subsidiaries in Germany. Given the early stage of the investigation, we cannot reasonably assess what actions may result from the investigation or estimate what costs we may incur as a result of the investigation.
We are a party to other legal proceedings, contract disputes and claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not a party to, and none of our properties are subject to, any pending legal proceedings which could have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition.
F-21

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 11. R ETIREMENT B ENEFITS
We sponsor a number of defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans which cover substantially all U.S. employees, other than union employees covered by multiemployer defined benefit pension plans under collective bargaining agreements. Pension benefits are provided based on either a career average, final pay or years of service formula. With respect to certain hourly employees, pension benefits are provided based on stated amounts for each year of service. Our U.S. salaried pension plans are closed to new employees.
We also sponsor other postretirement benefits plans, including unfunded defined benefit health care and life insurance plans, which provide postretirement benefits to certain employees. The plans are contributory, with retiree contributions adjusted annually, and contain cost sharing features including deductibles and coinsurance. Retiree health care benefits are paid as covered expenses are incurred.
The changes in benefit obligations and plan assets as well as the funded status of our retirement plans at December 31 were as follows:

| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Change in benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligation at beginning of year | $ | 685,295 |  |  | $ | 756,170 |  |  | $ | 28,022 |  |  | $ | 37,428 |
Service cost | 12,895 |  |  | 15,562 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 444 |
Interest cost | 25,781 |  |  | 28,066 |  |  | 891 |  |  | 1,281 |
Actuarial losses (gains) | 34,705 |  |  | (73,890 | ) |  | 641 |  |  | (5,018 | )
Special termination benefits | 2,837 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Plan amendments | 472 |  |  | 23 |  |  | (5,636 | ) |  | (3,730 | )
Benefits paid | (33,492 | ) |  | (32,316 | ) |  | (3,007 | ) |  | (3,243 | )
Curtailment gain | — |  |  | (522 | ) |  | (305 | ) |  | — |
Participants’ contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 870 |  |  | 860 |
Foreign currency exchange rate changes | (2,072 | ) |  | (7,798 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Obligation at end of year | 726,421 |  |  | 685,295 |  |  | 21,698 |  |  | 28,022 |
Change in plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | 704,779 |  |  | 754,979 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Actual return on plan assets | 87,132 |  |  | (19,054 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Employer contributions | 1,132 |  |  | 1,170 |  |  | 2,137 |  |  | 2,383 |
Participants’ contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 870 |  |  | 860 |
Benefits paid | (33,492 | ) |  | (32,316 | ) |  | (3,007 | ) |  | (3,243 | )
Fair value of plan assets at end of year | 759,551 |  |  | 704,779 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Funded status | $ | 33,130 |  |  | $ | 19,484 |  |  | $ | (21,698 | ) |  | $ | (28,022 | )

F-22

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014

| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current assets | $ | 104,089 |  |  | $ | 79,548 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Current liabilities | (1,295 | ) |  | (1,191 | ) |  | (2,502 | ) |  | (2,672 | )
Non-current liabilities | (69,664 | ) |  | (58,873 | ) |  | (19,196 | ) |  | (25,350 | )
Net amount recognized | $ | 33,130 |  |  | $ | 19,484 |  |  | $ | (21,698 | ) |  | $ | (28,022 | )
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss (gain) | $ | 148,941 |  |  | $ | 151,872 |  |  | $ | (6,787 | ) |  | $ | (8,027 | )
Prior service cost (credit) | 1,105 |  |  | 1,377 |  |  | (14,753 | ) |  | (13,207 | )
Net amount recognized | $ | 150,046 |  |  | $ | 153,249 |  |  | $ | (21,540 | ) |  | $ | (21,234 | )

| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
| (Dollars in thousands)
Items to be recognized in 2017 as a component of net periodic cost |  |  |
Net actuarial loss (gain) | $ | 7,127 |  |  | $ | (556 | )
Prior service cost (credit) | 297 |  |  | (3,418 | )
Net periodic cost (credit) to be recorded in 2017 | $ | 7,424 |  |  | $ | (3,974 | )

Pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets at December 31, 2016 and 2015 consisted entirely of our international pension benefit plans which are not funded. The projected benefit obligation for our international pension benefit plans was $71.0 million and $60.1 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The accumulated benefit obligation for all pension benefit plans at December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $697.5 million and $658.4 million, respectively. Pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets at December 31, 2016 and 2015 consisted entirely of our international pension benefit plans which are not funded. The accumulated benefit obligation for our international pension benefit plans was $66.2 million and $55.8 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The benefits expected to be paid from our pension and other postretirement benefit plans, which reflect future years of service, are as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
2017 | $ | 37,463 |  |  | $ | 2,501 |
2018 | 36,835 |  |  | 2,045 |
2019 | 38,080 |  |  | 1,761 |
2020 | 39,601 |  |  | 1,557 |
2021 | 40,989 |  |  | 1,496 |
2022-2026 | 220,138 |  |  | 6,612 |
| $ | 413,106 |  |  | $ | 15,972 |

F-23

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
Our principal domestic pension and other postretirement benefit plans used the following weighted average actuarial assumptions to determine the benefit obligations at December 31:

| 2016 |  | 2015
Discount rate | 4.4 | % |  | 4.7 | %
Expected return on plan assets | 8.5 | % |  | 8.5 | %
Rate of compensation increase | 2.8 | % |  | 3.1 | %
Health care cost trend rate: |  |  |
Assumed for next year | 6.4 | % |  | 6.6 | %
Ultimate rate | 4.5 | % |  | 4.5 | %
Year that the ultimate rate is reached | 2047 |  |  | 2035 |

Our expected return on plan assets is determined by current and expected asset allocation of plan assets, estimates of future long-term returns on those types of plan assets and historical long-term investment performance.
Our international pension benefit plans used a discount rate of 1.9 percent and 2.6 percent as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and a rate of compensation increase of 3.5 percent to determine the benefit obligation at each of December 31, 2016 and 2015.
The components of the net periodic benefit credit for each of the years ended December 31 were as follows:

| Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (Dollars in thousands)
Service cost | $ | 12,895 |  |  | $ | 15,562 |  |  | $ | 13,529 |  |  | $ | 222 |  |  | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | 535 |
Interest cost | 25,781 |  |  | 28,066 |  |  | 29,757 |  |  | 891 |  |  | 1,281 |  |  | 1,661 |
Expected return on plan assets | (58,504 | ) |  | (62,726 | ) |  | (57,550 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) | 561 |  |  | 1,037 |  |  | 1,187 |  |  | (3,571 | ) |  | (3,057 | ) |  | (2,871 | )
Amortization of actuarial losses (gains) | 8,573 |  |  | 5,556 |  |  | 774 |  |  | (599 | ) |  | (348 | ) |  | (328 | )
Special termination benefits | 2,837 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Curtailment loss (gain) | 183 |  |  | (522 | ) |  | — |  |  | (823 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit credit | $ | (7,674 | ) |  | $ | (13,027 | ) |  | $ | (12,303 | ) |  | $ | (3,880 | ) |  | $ | (1,680 | ) |  | $ | (1,003 | )

In 2016, special termination benefits of $2.8 million and net curtailment gains of $0.6 million were recognized related to the shutdown of the LaPorte, Indiana manufacturing facility.
Our principal domestic pension and other postretirement benefit plans used the following weighted average actuarial assumptions to determine net periodic benefit credit for the years ended December 31:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Discount rate | 4.7 | % |  | 4.1 | % |  | 4.9 | %
Expected return on plan assets | 8.5 | % |  | 8.5 | % |  | 8.5 | %
Rate of compensation increase | 3.1 | % |  | 3.0 | % |  | 3.0 | %
Health care cost trend rate | 6.6 | % |  | 6.7 | % |  | 7.2 | %

Our international pension benefit plans used a discount rate of 2.6 percent, 2.0 percent and 3.7 percent for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our international pension benefit plans used a rate of compensation increase of 3.5 percent for each of the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.
F-24

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
The assumed health care cost trend rates affect the amounts reported for our health care plans. A one percentage point change in the assumed health care cost trend rates would not have a significant impact on our service cost, interest cost or postretirement benefit obligation.
M ULTIEMPLOYER P ENSION P LANS
We participate in four multiemployer pension plans which provide defined benefits to certain of our union employees. The aggregate amount contributed to these plans and charged to pension cost in 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $6.5 million, $6.7 million and $6.3 million, respectively.
The risks of participating in multiemployer plans are different from the risks of single-employer plans in the following respects: (i) assets contributed to a multiemployer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers; (ii) if a participating employer ceases to contribute to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers; and (iii) if we cease to have an obligation to contribute to the multiemployer plan in which we had been a contributing employer, we may be required to pay to the plan an amount (referred to as a withdrawal liability) based on the underfunded status of the plan and on our historical participation in the plan prior to the cessation of our obligation to contribute.
Based on the latest information available, we participate in two multiemployer plans with a funded status less than 65 percent. Further information on these multiemployer plans for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 is as follows:

Pension Fund |  | EIN/Pension Plan Number |  | Pension Protection Act Zone Status |  |  | FIP / RP Status Pending / Implemented |  | Contributions |  | Surcharge Imposed
2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |
Central States, Southeast & Southwest Areas Pension Fund (1) |  | 36-6044243/001 |  | Red | (2) |  | Red | (2) |  | Implemented |  | $ | 1,979 |  |  | $ | 1,996 |  |  | $ | 1,806 |  |  | No
United Food & Commercial Workers — Local 1 Pension Fund (3) |  | 16-6144007/001 |  | Red |  |  | Red |  |  | Implemented |  | 199 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 136 |  |  | No
All Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,304 |  |  | 4,550 |  |  | 4,340 |  |  |
Total Contributions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,482 |  |  | $ | 6,715 |  |  | $ | 6,282 |  |  |

______________________

(1) | The applicable collective bargaining agreements related to this pension fund expire between August 31, 2017 and December 31, 2019.

(2) | Under the Multiemployer Pension Reform Act of 2014, the status of this pension fund for each of 2016 and 2015 was critical and declining, as defined under such Act.

(3) | The collective bargaining agreement related to this pension fund expires on December 31, 2017.

The “EIN/Pension Plan Number” column provides the Employer Identification Number and the three digit plan number assigned to a plan by the Internal Revenue Service. The most recent Pension Protection Act Zone Status available for 2016 and 2015 is for plan years that ended in each of those years. The zone status is based on information provided to us and other participating employers by each plan and is certified by the plan’s actuary. A plan in the “red” zone has been determined to be in “critical status,” based on criteria established under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and is generally less than 65 percent funded. The “FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented” column indicates whether a rehabilitation plan, as required under the Code to be adopted by plans in the “red” zone, is pending or has been implemented as of the end of the 2016 plan year. The “Surcharge Imposed” column indicates whether our contribution rate for 2016 included an amount in addition to the contribution rate specified in the applicable collective bargaining agreement, as imposed by a plan in “critical status” in accordance with the requirements of the Code.
F-25

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
Our contributions to each of these respective plans were less than five percent of total contributions made by all employers to each of these respective plans, as reported by these plans for the year ended December 31, 2015, the most recent plan year available. We do not expect our contributions to these plans for the year ended December 31, 2017 to be significantly different from our contributions for the year ended December 31, 2016.
D EFINED C ONTRIBUTION P LANS
We also sponsor defined contribution plans covering substantially all employees. Our contributions to these plans are based upon employee contributions and operating profitability. Contributions charged to expense for these plans for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $9.8 million, $9.5 million and $9.0 million, respectively.
P LAN A SSETS
I NVESTMENT S TRATEGY
Our investment strategy is based on an expectation that equity securities will outperform debt securities over the long term. Accordingly, the composition of our plan assets is broadly characterized as a 58 percent/42 percent allocation between equity and debt securities. This strategy utilizes indexed U.S. equity securities (which constitutes approximately 85 percent of equity securities), with a lesser allocation to indexed international equity securities, and indexed investment grade U.S. debt securities. We attempt to mitigate investment risk by regularly rebalancing between equity and debt securities as contributions and benefit payments are made.
The weighted average asset allocation for our pension plans at December 31, 2016 and 2015 and target allocation for 2016 was as follows:

| Target Allocation |  | Actual Allocation
| 2016 |  | 2015
Equity securities—U.S. | 49 | % |  | 47 | % |  | 47 | %
Equity securities—International | 9 | % |  | 10 | % |  | 10 | %
Debt securities | 42 | % |  | 42 | % |  | 42 | %
Cash and cash equivalents | — |  |  | 1 | % |  | 1 | %
| 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

F AIR V ALUE M EASUREMENTS
Our plan assets are primarily invested in commingled funds holding equity and debt securities, which are valued using the Net Asset Value, or NAV, provided by the administrator of the fund. The NAV is based on the value of the underlying assets owned by the fund, minus its liabilities, and then divided by the number of shares outstanding. Commingled funds are classified within Level 2 (as described in Note 9) of the fair value hierarchy because the NAV’s are not publicly available. Plan excess cash balances are invested in short term investment funds which include investments in cash, bank notes, corporate notes, government bills and various short-term debt instruments. These typically are commingled funds valued using one dollar for the NAV. These short term funds are also classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
The fair value of our plan assets by asset category consisted of the following at December 31:

| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Equity securities—U.S. | $ | 357,789 |  |  | $ | 336,297 |
Equity securities—International | 76,189 |  |  | 70,552 |
Debt securities | 321,597 |  |  | 294,125 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 3,976 |  |  | 3,805 |
| $ | 759,551 |  |  | $ | 704,779 |

F-26

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
C ONCENTRATIONS OF C REDIT R ISK
As of December 31, 2016, approximately 99 percent of our plan assets were under management by a single investment management company in six individual commingled equity and debt index funds. Of these six funds, four funds held assets individually in excess of ten percent of our total plan assets.
E XPECTED C ONTRIBUTIONS
Based on current legislation, there are no significant minimum required contributions to our pension benefit plans in 2017. In addition, based on the current funded status of our domestic pension benefit plans we do not expect to make significant contributions to these plans in 2017. However, this estimate may change based on regulatory changes and actual plan asset returns.
N OTE 12. I NCOME T AXES
Income before income taxes was taxed in the following jurisdictions in each of the years ended December 31:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (Dollars in thousands)
Domestic | $ | 212,987 |  |  | $ | 222,188 |  |  | $ | 273,487 |
Foreign | 18,930 |  |  | 30,698 |  |  | 11,065 |
Total | $ | 231,917 |  |  | $ | 252,886 |  |  | $ | 284,552 |

The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (Dollars in thousands)
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 27,805 |  |  | $ | 77,777 |  |  | $ | 51,399 |
State | (577 | ) |  | 7,972 |  |  | 4,487 |
Foreign | 6,327 |  |  | 8,002 |  |  | 7,519 |
Current income tax provision | 33,555 |  |  | 93,751 |  |  | 63,405 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 42,964 |  |  | (10,065 | ) |  | 38,879 |
State | 3,445 |  |  | (1,932 | ) |  | 2,958 |
Foreign | (1,398 | ) |  | (1,281 | ) |  | (3,081 | )
Deferred income tax provision (benefit) | 45,011 |  |  | (13,278 | ) |  | 38,756 |
| $ | 78,566 |  |  | $ | 80,473 |  |  | $ | 102,161 |

F-27

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
The provision for income taxes varied from income taxes computed at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate as a result of the following:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (Dollars in thousands)
Income taxes computed at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate | $ | 81,171 |  |  | $ | 88,512 |  |  | $ | 99,597 |
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit | 4,264 |  |  | 4,903 |  |  | 8,165 |
Tax liabilities (no longer required) required | (408 | ) |  | 2,342 |  |  | 815 |
Valuation allowance | 474 |  |  | 1,441 |  |  | (3,747 | )
Manufacturing exemption | (3,613 | ) |  | (7,849 | ) |  | (5,798 | )
Tax credit refunds, net | (2,676 | ) |  | (2,325 | ) |  | (2,163 | )
Foreign earnings taxed at other than 35% | (2,334 | ) |  | (6,383 | ) |  | 5,957 |
Deferred tax rate changes | (371 | ) |  | 163 |  |  | (1,327 | )
Other | 2,059 |  |  | (331 | ) |  | 662 |
| $ | 78,566 |  |  | $ | 80,473 |  |  | $ | 102,161 |
Effective tax rate | 33.9 | % |  | 31.8 | % |  | 35.9 | %

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 were as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Pension and other postretirement liabilities | $ | 14,678 |  |  | $ | 11,000 |
Rationalization and other accrued liabilities | 22,933 |  |  | 25,306 |
Property, plant and equipment | 331 |  |  | 1,053 |
AMT and other credit carryforwards | 1,449 |  |  | 1,733 |
Net operating loss carryforwards | 21,605 |  |  | 26,357 |
Other intangible assets | 821 |  |  | 1,025 |
Foreign currency translation | 426 |  |  | 236 |
Inventory and related reserves | 16,824 |  |  | 27,176 |
Other | 3,482 |  |  | 5,337 |
Total deferred tax assets | 82,549 |  |  | 99,223 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment | (208,409 | ) |  | (192,372 | )
Pension and other postretirement liabilities | (30,414 | ) |  | (18,268 | )
Other intangible assets | (81,209 | ) |  | (81,650 | )
Foreign currency translation | (22,156 | ) |  | (21,697 | )
Other | (9,292 | ) |  | (4,200 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities | (351,480 | ) |  | (318,187 | )
Valuation allowance | (8,147 | ) |  | (8,648 | )
| $ | (277,078 | ) |  | $ | (227,612 | )

At December 31, 2016, the net deferred tax liability in our Consolidated Balance Sheets was comprised of long-term deferred tax assets of $21.3 million and long-term deferred tax liabilities of $298.4 million. At December 31, 2015, the net deferred tax liability in our Consolidated Balance Sheets was comprised of long-term deferred tax assets of $21.1 million and long-term deferred tax liabilities of $248.7 million. Long-term deferred tax
F-28

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
assets and long-term deferred tax liabilities were classified as other assets, net and other liabilities, respectively, in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The valuation allowance in 2016 includes deferred tax assets of $8.1 million resulting from foreign net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs. The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets decreased in 2016 by $0.5 million primarily due to a decrease in the valuation allowance related to foreign tax loss carryforwards and state and local tax credits.
At December 31, 2016, we had foreign NOLs of approximately $17.0 million that are available to offset future taxable income. Of that amount, approximately $5.1 million will expire from 2017 to 2027. The remaining portion has no expiration date. At December 31, 2016, we had state tax NOLs of approximately $4.6 million that are available to offset future taxable income and that will expire from 2024 to 2035.
We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized taxes as additional income tax expense. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had $3.8 million and $4.3 million, respectively, accrued for potential interest and penalties.
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits recorded in other liabilities as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 were $36.1 million and $32.8 million, respectively, excluding associated tax assets and including the federal tax benefit of state taxes, interest and penalties.
Tax assets associated with uncertain tax positions primarily represent our estimate of the potential tax benefits in one tax jurisdiction that could result from the payment of income taxes in another jurisdiction. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had approximately $16.7 million and $16.5 million, respectively, in assets associated with uncertain tax positions recorded in other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits included as other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets was as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Balance at January 1, | $ | 50,337 |  |  | $ | 48,143 |
Increase based upon tax positions of current year | 5,955 |  |  | 3,853 |
Increase based upon tax positions of a prior year | 217 |  |  | 988 |
Increase (decrease) due to acquisitions | 1,810 |  |  | (1,327 | )
Decrease based upon settlements with taxing authorities | (1,159 | ) |  | — |
Decrease based upon a lapse in the statute of limitations | (439 | ) |  | (1,320 | )
Balance at December 31, | $ | 56,721 |  |  | $ | 50,337 |

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that would impact the effective tax rate, if recognized, at December 31, 2016 and 2015 were $21.3 million and $15.8 million, respectively.
Silgan and its subsidiaries file U.S. Federal income tax returns, as well as income tax returns in various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, completed its review of the 2015 tax year, and we have been accepted into the Compliance Assurance Program for the 2016 and 2017 tax years which provides for the review by the IRS of tax matters relating to our tax return prior to filing. We are subject to examination by state and local tax authorities generally for the period mandated by statute, with the exception of states where waivers of the statute of limitations have been executed. These states and the earliest open period include Wisconsin (2006), Nebraska (2006) and California (2011). Our foreign subsidiaries are generally not subject to examination by tax authorities for periods before 2008, and we have contractual indemnities with third parties with respect to open periods that predate our ownership of certain foreign subsidiaries. Subsequent periods may be examined by the relevant tax authorities. We do not expect a material change to our unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.
We had undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries of $54.4 million at December 31, 2016. If the earnings of foreign subsidiaries were not indefinitely reinvested, a deferred tax liability of $19.0 million would be required, excluding the potential use of foreign tax credits in the United States.
F-29

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 13. S TOCK-B ASED C OMPENSATION
The Silgan Holdings Inc. Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, or the Plan, provides for awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance awards to our officers, other key employees and outside directors.
Shares of our common stock issued under the Plan shall be authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares. The maximum aggregate number of shares of our common stock that may be issued in connection with stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance awards under the Plan shall not exceed 9,600,000 shares. Each award of stock options or stock appreciation rights under the Plan will reduce the number of shares of our common stock available for future issuance under the Plan by the number of shares of our common stock subject to the award. Each award of restricted stock or restricted stock units under the Plan, in contrast, will reduce the number of shares of our common stock available for future issuance under the Plan by two shares for every one restricted share or restricted stock unit awarded. As of December 31, 2016, 3,386,072 shares were available to be awarded under the Plan.
We measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant date fair value of the award. The cost is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period. Stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses was $13.0 million, $12.1 million and $12.4 million, respectively.
R ESTRICTED S TOCK U NITS
Restricted stock units issued are generally accounted for as fixed grants and, accordingly, the fair value at the grant date is being amortized ratably over the respective vesting period. The maximum contractual vesting period for restricted stock units outstanding at December 31, 2016 is six years. Unvested restricted stock units may not be disposed of or transferred during the vesting period. Restricted stock units carry with them the right to receive, upon vesting, dividend equivalents.
The table below summarizes restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2016:

| Restricted Stock Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Restricted stock units outstanding at December 31, 2015 | 1,029,949 |  |  | $ | 46.97 |  |
Granted | 199,148 |  |  | 51.55 |  |
Released | (181,684 | ) |  | 44.58 |  |
Forfeited | (21,420 | ) |  | 48.92 |  |
Restricted stock units outstanding at December 31, 2016 | 1,025,993 |  |  | 48.24 |  |

The weighted average grant date fair value of restricted stock units granted during 2015 and 2014 was $56.48 and $48.56, respectively. The fair value of restricted stock units released during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $9.3 million, $8.3 million and $25.9 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2016, there was approximately $28.0 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock units. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.8 years.
F-30

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 14. C APITAL S TOCK
C APITAL S TOCK
At December 31, 2016, our authorized capital stock consists of 200,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share.
T REASURY S TOCK
On October 17, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase by us of up to an additional $300.0 million of our common stock by various means from time to time through and including December 31, 2021. Pursuant to this authorization, together with the remaining amount from a prior authorization in 2014, we repurchased a total of 147,465 shares of our common stock in 2016 at an average price per share of $48.81, for a total purchase price of $7.2 million, and we completed a “modified Dutch auction” tender offer in 2016 pursuant to which we purchased 5,308,905 shares of our common stock from our stockholders at a price of $50.75 per share, for a total purchase price of $269.4 million, exclusive of $0.7 million of fees and expenses. Certain of our directors and executive officers as well as related family foundations participated in the 2016 "modified Dutch auction" tender offer, and we purchased a total of 1,679,286 shares of our common stock beneficially owned by them at a price of $50.75 per share, for a total purchase price of $85.2 million, in such tender offer. In 2015, we repurchased a total of 139,421 shares of our common stock at an average price per share of $54.71, for a total purchase price of $7.6 million, and we completed a “modified Dutch auction” tender offer pursuant to which we purchased 2,766,354 shares of our common stock from our stockholders at a price of $58.50 per share, for a total purchase price of $161.8 million, exclusive of $0.7 million of fees and expenses. In 2014, we repurchased a total of 508,667 shares of our common stock at an average price per share of $48.47, for a total purchase price of $24.7 million. At December 31, 2016, we had approximately $129.4 million remaining for the repurchase of our common stock under the October 17, 2016 Board of Directors authorization.
In 2016, 2015 and 2014, we issued 181,684, 146,160 and 531,024 treasury shares, respectively, at an average cost of $6.30, per share for restricted stock units that vested during these years. In 2016, 2015 and 2014, we repurchased 67,061, 50,841 and 234,440 shares of our common stock, respectively, at an average cost of $51.15, $56.88 and $48.87 per share, respectively, in accordance with the Plan to satisfy employee withholding tax requirements resulting from certain restricted stock units becoming vested.
We account for treasury shares using the FIFO cost method. As of December 31, 2016, 32,505,090 shares of our common stock were held in treasury.
N OTE 15. E ARNINGS P ER S HARE
The components of the calculation of earnings per share were as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (Dollars and shares in thousands)
Net income | $ | 153,351 |  |  | $ | 172,413 |  |  | $ | 182,391 |
Weighted average number of shares used in: |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share | 59,866 |  |  | 61,021 |  |  | 63,426 |
Dilutive common stock equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock units | 383 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 319 |
Diluted earnings per share | 60,249 |  |  | 61,306 |  |  | 63,745 |

F-31

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 16. B USINESS S EGMENT I NFORMATION
We are engaged in the packaging industry and report our results in three business segments, which are our reportable segments: metal containers, closures and plastic containers. The metal containers segment manufactures steel and aluminum containers for human and pet food and general line products. The closures segment manufactures an extensive range of metal, composite and plastic closures for food and beverage products. The plastic containers segment manufactures custom designed plastic containers and closures for personal care, food, health care, pharmaceutical, household and industrial chemical, pet care, agricultural, automotive and marine chemical products. These segments are strategic business operations that are managed separately to maximize the production, technology and marketing of their packaging product. Our metal container business operates primarily in North America and Europe. Our closures business operates in North and South America, Europe and Asia. Our plastic container business operates primarily in North America. The accounting policies of the business segments are the same as those described in Note 1.
Information for each of the past three years for our business segments is as follows:

| Metal Containers |  | Closures |  | Plastic Containers |  | Corporate |  | Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 2,271,933 |  |  | $ | 797,074 |  |  | $ | 543,907 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,612,914 |
Depreciation and amortization | 72,810 |  |  | 38,146 |  |  | 31,993 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 143,058 |
Rationalization charges | 12,056 |  |  | 568 |  |  | 6,437 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,061 |
Segment income from operations (1) | 214,696 |  |  | 99,806 |  |  | 5,231 |  |  | (20,003 | ) |  | 299,730 |
Segment assets | 1,551,729 |  |  | 808,771 |  |  | 707,578 |  |  | 32,891 |  |  | 3,100,969 |
Capital expenditures | 108,606 |  |  | 43,120 |  |  | 40,152 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 191,893 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 2,365,268 |  |  | $ | 804,988 |  |  | $ | 593,715 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,763,971 |
Depreciation and amortization | 70,685 |  |  | 37,720 |  |  | 33,665 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 142,192 |
Rationalization charges | 41 |  |  | 1,684 |  |  | 12,682 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,407 |
Segment income from operations | 236,421 |  |  | 91,823 |  |  | 7,768 |  |  | (16,200 | ) |  | 319,812 |
Segment assets | 1,542,120 |  |  | 834,114 |  |  | 735,182 |  |  | 33,209 |  |  | 3,144,625 |
Capital expenditures | 146,972 |  |  | 41,796 |  |  | 48,510 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 237,302 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 2,369,684 |  |  | $ | 882,934 |  |  | $ | 659,172 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,911,790 |
Depreciation and amortization | 70,117 |  |  | 41,571 |  |  | 36,274 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 148,089 |
Rationalization charges | (440 | ) |  | 12,256 |  |  | 2,665 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,481 |
Segment income from operations (2) | 248,704 |  |  | 75,592 |  |  | 51,495 |  |  | (14,938 | ) |  | 360,853 |
Segment assets | 1,544,869 |  |  | 857,375 |  |  | 773,753 |  |  | 33,682 |  |  | 3,209,679 |
Capital expenditures | 94,396 |  |  | 24,160 |  |  | 21,866 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 140,429 |

______________________

(1) | Corporate includes costs attributed to announced acquisitions of $1.4 million.

(2) | Closures includes a loss from operations in Venezuela of $3.1 million.

F-32

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
Total segment income from operations is reconciled to income before income taxes as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (Dollars in thousands)
Total segment income from operations | $ | 299,730 |  |  | $ | 319,812 |  |  | $ | 360,853 |
Interest and other debt expense | 67,813 |  |  | 66,926 |  |  | 76,301 |
Income before income taxes | $ | 231,917 |  |  | $ | 252,886 |  |  | $ | 284,552 |

Total segment assets at December 31 are reconciled to total assets as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015
| (Dollars in thousands)
Total segment assets | $ | 3,100,969 |  |  | $ | 3,144,625 |
Other assets | 48,421 |  |  | 48,054 |
Total assets | $ | 3,149,390 |  |  | $ | 3,192,679 |

Financial information relating to our operations by geographic area is as follows:

| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (Dollars in thousands)
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 2,905,157 |  |  | $ | 3,014,068 |  |  | $ | 3,026,352 |
Foreign: |  |  |  |  |
Europe | 551,071 |  |  | 576,688 |  |  | 675,447 |
Canada | 110,293 |  |  | 121,709 |  |  | 140,215 |
Other | 46,393 |  |  | 51,506 |  |  | 69,776 |
Total net sales from foreign operations | 707,757 |  |  | 749,903 |  |  | 885,438 |
Total net sales | $ | 3,612,914 |  |  | $ | 3,763,971 |  |  | $ | 3,911,790 |
Long-lived assets: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 853,508 |  |  | $ | 805,219 |  |  |
Foreign: |  |  |  |  |
Europe | 252,246 |  |  | 263,425 |  |  |
Canada | 27,687 |  |  | 31,305 |  |  |
Other | 23,511 |  |  | 25,484 |  |  |
Total long-lived assets at foreign operations | 303,444 |  |  | 320,214 |  |  |
Total long-lived assets | $ | 1,156,952 |  |  | $ | 1,125,433 |  |  |

Net sales are attributed to the country from which the product was manufactured and shipped.
Sales of our metal containers segment to Nestlé Food Company accounted for 11.5 percent, 11.1 percent and 10.9 percent of our consolidated net sales in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Sales and income from operations of our metal container business and part of our closures business are dependent, in part, upon the vegetable and fruit harvests in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in a variety of national growing regions in Europe. The size and quality of these harvests varies from year to year, depending in large part upon the weather conditions in applicable regions. Because of the seasonality of the harvests, we have historically experienced higher unit sales volume in the third quarter of our fiscal year and generated a disproportionate amount of our annual income from operations during that quarter (see Note 17).
F-33

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 17. Q UARTERLY R ESULTS OF O PERATIONS (U NAUDITED)
The following table presents our quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

| First |  | Second |  | Third |  | Fourth
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
2016 (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 792,738 |  |  | $ | 874,642 |  |  | $ | 1,139,643 |  |  | $ | 805,891 |
Gross profit | 113,877 |  |  | 127,707 |  |  | 181,939 |  |  | 110,013 |
Net income | 26,572 |  |  | 33,315 |  |  | 69,770 |  |  | 23,694 |
Basic net income per share (3) | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 1.15 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |
Diluted net income per share (3) | 0.44 |  |  | 0.55 |  |  | 1.15 |  |  | 0.41 |
Dividends per share | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | 0.17 |
2015 (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 816,601 |  |  | $ | 914,229 |  |  | $ | 1,203,525 |  |  | $ | 829,616 |
Gross profit | 122,237 |  |  | 133,657 |  |  | 185,106 |  |  | 113,126 |
Net income | 33,304 |  |  | 42,244 |  |  | 70,316 |  |  | 26,549 |
Basic net income per share (3) | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  | $ | 1.16 |  |  | $ | 0.44 |
Diluted net income per share (3) | 0.53 |  |  | 0.70 |  |  | 1.16 |  |  | 0.44 |
Dividends per share | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |

______________________

(1) | The first, second, third and fourth quarters of 2016 include rationalization charges of $1.1 million, $5.0 million, $7.8 million and $5.1 million, respectively. The fourth quarter of 2016 includes costs attributed to announced acquisitions of $1.4 million.

(2) | The first, second, third and fourth quarters of 2015 include rationalization charges of $0.7 million, $1.0 million, $9.1 million and $3.6 million, respectively.

(3) | Net income per share data is computed independently for each of the periods presented. Accordingly, the sum of the quarterly earnings per share amounts may not equal the total for the year.

F-34

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
N OTE 18. S UBSEQUENT E VENTS
D ISPENSING S YSTEMS B USINESS P ENDING A CQUISITION
On January 23, 2017, we entered into a definitive agreement, or the Purchase Agreement, with WestRock Company, or WestRock, to acquire WestRock's specialty closures and dispensing systems business, or the Dispensing Systems Business. The Dispensing Systems Business is a leading global supplier of highly engineered triggers, pumps, sprayers and dispensing closure solutions to major branded consumer goods product companies in the home, health and beauty markets. It operates a global network of 13 plants across North America, Europe, South America and Asia. For its fiscal year ended September 30, 2016, the Dispensing Systems Business generated net sales of $566 million. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, certain of our subsidiaries will acquire all of the outstanding equity interests of certain direct and indirect subsidiaries of WestRock MWV, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of WestRock, that are engaged in the Dispensing Systems Business for a purchase price in cash of $1.025 billion. The purchase price is subject to adjustment for working capital, indebtedness and certain other items as set forth in the Purchase Agreement. In conjunction with the Purchase Agreement, we obtained a commitment for $800 million of incremental term loans under the Credit Agreement, or the Committed Financing, from one of the lenders thereunder. We expect to initially fund the purchase price for this acquisition from a combination of cash on hand and borrowings under the Credit Agreement, including the Committed Financing. This acquisition is subject to the satisfaction of certain customary conditions and receipt of applicable regulatory approvals and is expected to close late in the first quarter of 2017. The Purchase Agreement may be terminated under certain circumstances, including by the buyers or the seller if the acquisition has not closed within 90 days after the date of the Purchase Agreement, subject to the parties' rights to extend such date by up to an additional 90 days if all conditions precedent other than the regulatory approval condition precedent have been satisfied at that time or under certain other circumstances.
S ENIOR N OTES O FFERINGS
On February 13, 2017, we issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of the 4¾% Notes and €650 million aggregate principal amount of the 3¼% Notes in a private placement in reliance on Rule 144A and Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
The 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes are general unsecured obligations of Silgan, ranking equal in right of payment with our existing and future unsecured unsubordinated indebtedness, including the 5% Notes and the 5½% Notes, and ahead of our existing and future subordinated debt, if any. The 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes are structurally subordinated to Silgan’s secured debt to the extent of the assets securing such debt and effectively subordinated to all obligations of subsidiaries of Silgan.
The 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes will mature on March 15, 2025. Interest on the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes will be payable semi-annually in cash on March 15 and September 15 of each year, commencing on September 15, 2017. The 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture by and among Silgan, U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, Elavon Financial Services DAC, UK Branch, as paying agent in respect of the 3¼% Notes, and Elavon Financial Services DAC, as registrar and transfer agent in respect of the 3¼% Notes, which indenture contains covenants that are substantially similar to the covenants in the indentures for the 5% Notes and the 5½% Notes.
The 4¾% Notes are redeemable, at our option, in whole or in part, at any time after March 15, 2020, initially at 102.375 percent of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to the redemption date, declining ratably to 100 percent of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to the redemption date, on or after March 15, 2022.
The 3¼% Notes are redeemable, at our option, in whole or in part, at any time after March 15, 2020, initially at 101.625 percent of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to the redemption date, declining ratably to 100 percent of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to the redemption date, on or after March 15, 2022.
F-35

SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
In addition, prior to March 15, 2020, we may redeem up to 35 percent of the aggregate principal amount of each of the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes from the proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price of 104.750 percent of their principal amount in the case of the 4¾% Notes and 103.250 percent of their principal amount in the case of the 3¼% Notes, plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption. We may also redeem each of the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes, in whole or in part, prior to March 15, 2020 at a redemption price equal to 100 percent of their principal amount plus a make-whole premium as provided in the indenture for the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes, together with, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest thereon to the date of redemption. We will be required to make an offer to repurchase each of the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes at a repurchase price equal to 101 percent of their principal amount, plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest thereon to the date of repurchase, upon the occurrence of a change of control repurchase event as provided in the indenture for the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes.
The net proceeds from the sale of the 4¾% Notes were approximately $296.2 million and the net proceeds from the sale of the 3¼% Notes were approximately €643.2 million, in each case after deducting the initial purchasers' discount and estimated offering expenses. We used the net proceeds from the sale of the 4¾% Notes to prepay a portion of our outstanding U.S. term loans and repay a portion of our outstanding revolving loans under the Credit Agreement. We used a portion of the net proceeds from the sale of the 3¼% Notes to prepay all of our outstanding Euro term loans under the Credit Agreement. We intend to use the remaining net proceeds from the sale of the 3¼% Notes to repay our outstanding Euro revolving loans under the Credit Agreement, to repay certain other foreign bank revolving and term loans of certain of our non U.S. subsidiaries and to redeem a portion of the 5% Notes on or after April 1, 2017 and pay the applicable premium for such redemption.
Annual aggregate maturities of the prepaid U.S. term loans and Euro term loans of $212.3 million and €187.0 million, respectively, (aggregating $408.9 million translated at the U.S. dollar exchange rate at the balance sheet date) under the Credit Agreement were extended to 2025 to match the maturities of the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes because we refinanced these term loans with the net proceeds from the issuance of the 4¾% Notes and the 3¼% Notes. These amounts included current maturities of U.S. term loans and Euro term loans of $36.5 million and €22.0 million, respectively, (aggregating $59.6 million translated at the U.S. dollar exchange rate at the balance sheet date) that are classified as long-term debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2016.
F-36

SCHEDULE II — VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
SILGAN HOLDINGS INC.
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
(Dollars in thousands)

|  |  | Additions |  | Other Changes Increase (Decrease) |  |
Description | Balance at beginning of period |  | Charged to costs and expenses |  | Charged to other accounts |  | Cumulative translation adjustment |  | Other (1) |  | Balance at end of period
For the year ended December 31, 2016: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable | $ | 4,975 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (122 | ) |  | $ | (960 | ) |  | $ | 4,073 |
For the year ended December 31, 2015: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable | $ | 5,497 |  |  | $ | 309 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (369 | ) |  | $ | (462 | ) |  | $ | 4,975 |
For the year ended December 31, 2014: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable | $ | 5,717 |  |  | $ | 1,871 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (389 | ) |  | $ | (1,702 | ) |  | $ | 5,497 |

______________________
(1) Uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries.
F-37

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit No. |  | Exhibit
12 |  | Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, and 2012.
21 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23 |  | Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.
31.1 |  | Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
31.2 |  | Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
32.1 |  | Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
32.2 |  | Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.