
	2024		2023	2022
for the year ended 30 June	Rm		Rm	Rm
Revenue by major product line
Energy business		124 824	128 850	105 998
Coal¹		3 874	6 386	6 370
Liquid fuels²		113 037	115 311	93 044
Gas (methane rich and natural gas) and condensate³		7 913	7 153	6 584
Chemicals business		146 937	159 520	160 407
Advanced materials⁶		9 853	9 699	7 249
Base chemicals⁶		46 531	50 663	51 223
Essential care⁶		54 717	63 468	62 989
Performance solutions⁶		35 836	35 690	38 946
Other (Technology, refinery services)⁴		1 270	1 626	2 550
Revenue from contracts with customers		273 031	289 996	268 955
Revenue from other contracts⁵		2 080	(300)	3 791
Total external turnover		275 111	289 696	272 746

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognised when the control of goods or services has transferred to the customer through the satisfaction of a performance obligation. Group performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time and over time, however the Group mainly satisfies its performance obligations at a point in time. For further information on revenue recognition, refer to Segment information on pages 9 to 11.

Revenue recognised reflects the consideration that the Group expects to be entitled to for each distinct performance obligation after deducting indirect taxes, rebates and trade discounts and consists primarily of the sale of fuels, oil, natural gas and chemical products, services rendered, license fees and royalties. The Group allocates revenue based on stand-alone selling prices.

Purchases and sales of inventory with the same counterparty that are entered into in contemplation of one another to facilitate sales to customers are combined and recorded on a net basis when the items exchanged are similar in nature.

Revenue from arrangements that are not considered contracts with customers, mainly pertaining to rate regulated activities, franchise rentals, use of fuel tanks and fuel storage, is presented as revenue from other contracts. Where the Group is subject to rate regulation, it includes in revenue any over or under recoveries relating to goods supplied in the period.

The period between the transfer of the goods and services to the customer and the payment by the customer does not exceed 12 months and the Group does not adjust for time value of money.