SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIEs, and the subsidiaries of the VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the Group’s consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, allowance for credit losses for accounts receivable, contract assets and amounts due from related parties, measurement of operating and finance lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, impairment of long-lived assets, impairment of goodwill, useful lives of long-lived assets, realization of deferred tax assets, uncertain tax positions, share-based compensation expense, the purchase price allocation and fair value of non-controlling interests and contingent consideration with respect to business combinations, the fair value of equity investments and standalone selling prices of performance obligation of revenue contracts. Management bases the estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Convenience translation

Amounts in U.S. dollars are presented for the convenience of the reader and are translated at the noon buying rate of RMB7.0999 per US$1.00 on December 31, 2023 in the City of New York for cable transfers of RMB as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into US$ at such rate.

Restricted cash

As of December 31, 2022, substantially all of the Group’s restricted cash was held by financial institutions located in mainland China, and mainly represents cash secured for certain payables to suppliers. As of December 31, 2023, substantially all of the Group’s restricted cash was held by financial institutions located in mainland China and Hong Kong, and mainly represents cash secured to guarantee certain bank loans and certain payables to suppliers.

Non-controlling interests

A non-controlling interest is recognized to reflect the portion of subsidiaries’ equity which is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Group. Consolidated net loss on the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss includes the net loss attributable to non-controlling interests. The cumulative results of operations attributable to non-controlling interests are recorded as ”non-controlling interests” in the Group’s consolidated balance sheets.

Equity investments

a)	Equity investments with readily determinable fair value

Equity investments with readily determinable fair value, except for those accounted for under the equity method and those that result in consolidation of the investee, are measured at fair value, and any changes in fair value are recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

In 2022, the Group purchased equity interest of a company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange for a cash consideration of RMB63,356. The fair value of the equity interests was RMB44,808 and RMB30,273 (US$4,264) as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively, and unrealized losses for the equity investments with readily determinable fair value totaling RMB22,683 and RMB12,469 (US$1,756) were recorded in “Other gain (loss), net” on the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

b)	Equity investments without readily determinable fair value

The Group’s equity investments without readily determinable fair value are primarily long-term investments in unlisted companies based in mainland China that are not in-substance common stock. For equity securities without readily determinable fair value and do not qualify for the existing practical expedient in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”) to estimate fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) of the investment, the Group elected to use the measurement alternative to measure all its investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer, if any.

The Group makes a qualitative assessment of whether the equity investments are impaired at each reporting date. If a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired, the Group estimates the investment’s fair value in accordance with the principles of ASC 820. If the fair value is less than the investment’s carrying value, the Group recognizes an impairment loss in the statements of comprehensive loss equal to the difference between the carrying value and fair value.

In February 2022, the Group disposed certain equity interests in Beijing Yunshu Xunlian Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Yunshu”), and deconsolidated Beijing Yunshu’s financial results from the Group’s consolidated financial statements from the date of disposal. The Group measured its remaining interests in Beijing Yunshu at fair value upon deconsolidation, and the loss recognized from the disposal of Beijing Yunshu was immaterial. Subsequent to the deconsolidation, the Group owns 15.63% equity interests in Beijing Yunshu and the remaining equity interests are accounted for using the measurement alternative.

The Group recognized RMB82,492, RMB22,452 and RMB nil (US$ nil) of unrealized gains (upward adjustments), RMB nil, RMB nil and RMB nil (US$ nil) of unrealized losses (downward adjustments), and RMB nil, RMB14,940 and RMB13,582 (US$1,913) of unrealized losses (impairment), in other gain (loss), net on the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2021,2022 and 2023, respectively.

c)	Equity method investments

The Group’s investment in common stock or in-substance common stock in entity in which it can exercise significant influence but does not own a majority equity interest or control are accounted for using the equity method of accounting in accordance with ASC 323-10 (“ASC 323-10”), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures: Overall. The Group subsequently adjusts the carrying amount of the investment to recognize the Group’s proportionate share of equity investee’s profit or loss in “other gain (loss), net” on the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The Group evaluates the equity method investment for impairment under ASC 323-10. An impairment loss on the equity method investments is recognized when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary.

In April 2023, the Group obtained 49% equity interests in an equity investment for a total cash consideration of RMB12,070 (US$1,700). The Group can exercise significant influence over the investee, and therefore, the Group accounts for such investment as an equity method investment in accordance with ASC 323.

The total carrying value of equity investments held were as follows:


	For the year ended December 31
	2021	2022	2023	2023
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Equity investments without readily determinable fair value:
Initial cost basis	114,256	124,196	124,196	17,493
Cumulative unrealized gains	96,793	119,245	119,245	16,795
Cumulative unrealized losses (including impairment)	—	(14,940)	(28,522)	(4,017)
Foreign currency translation	(3,883)	271	979	138
	207,166	228,772	215,898	30,409
Equity investment with readily determinable fair value:
Initial cost basis	—	63,356	42,437	5,977
Cumulative unrealized losses	—	(22,683)	(12,469)	(1,756)
Realized gain on equity investments sold	—	—	100	14
Foreign currency translation	—	4,135	205	29
	—	44,808	30,273	4,264
Equity method investment
Initial cost basis	—	—	12,070	1,700
Share of profit from equity method investment	—	—	1,689	237
	—	—	13,759	1,937
Total carrying value	207,166	273,580	259,930	36,610

Accounts receivable and contract assets, net

The Group maintains an allowance for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Credit Losses (“ASC 326”) and records the allowance for credit losses as an offset to accounts receivable and contract assets, and the estimated credit losses charged to the allowance is classified as “General and administrative expenses” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The Group assesses collectability by reviewing accounts receivable and contract assets on a collective basis where similar characteristics exist and on an individual basis when the Group identifies specific customers with known disputes or collectability issues. In determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses, the Group considers historical collectability based on past due status, the age of the accounts receivable and contract assets balances, credit quality of the Group’s customers based on ongoing credit evaluations, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect the Group’s ability to collect from customers.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and any recorded impairment. Intangible assets acquired in a business combination were recognized initially at fair value at the date of acquisition. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized using a straight-line method of amortization that reflects the estimated pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are to be consumed. The estimated useful lives for the intangible assets are as follows:


		Estimated
Category		Useful Life
Customer relationships		6 years
Patents and technologies		6-10 years
Trademarks and domain names		10 years
Software and copyrights		3-10 years
Others		3 years

If an intangible asset is determined to have an indefinite life, it should not be amortized until its useful life is determined to be no longer indefinite. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group did not have any intangible assets with indefinite lives.

Segment reporting

In accordance with ASC 280-10, Segment Reporting: Overall (“ASC 280”), the Group’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer who reviews the consolidated results of operations when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group as a whole and hence, the Group has only one operating segment. The Group does not distinguish between markets or segments for purposes of internal reporting. A majority of the Group’s revenues were generated from mainland China and a majority of the long-lived assets of the Group are located in mainland China, and therefore, no geographical segments are presented.

Revenue recognition

The Group applies the five-step model outlined in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), and accounts for a contract when it has approval and commitment from the customer, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable.

Revenue is allocated to each performance obligation based on its standalone selling price. The Group generally determines standalone selling prices based on observable prices. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, the Group estimates the standalone selling price based on multiple factors, including, but not limited to, historical discounting trends for services, gross margin objectives, internal costs, and industry technology lifecycles. Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. For certain revenue contracts, customers are required to pay before the services are delivered to the customer. The Group recognizes a contract asset or a contract liability in the consolidated balance sheets, depending on the relationship between the entity’s performance and the customer’s payment. Contract liabilities represent the excess of payments received as compared to the consideration earned and are reflected in “accrued expenses and other liabilities” in the Group’s consolidated balance sheets. Contract assets primarily relate to the Group’s rights to consideration for work completed in relation to its services performed but not billed at the reporting date and are reflected in “prepayments and other assets” in the Group’s consolidated balance sheets. The contract assets are transferred to the receivables when the rights become unconditional. Using the practical expedient in ASC 606, the Group does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of the promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. Pursuant to ASC 606-10-32-2A, the Group also elected to exclude sales taxes and other similar taxes from the measurement of the transaction price. Therefore, revenues are recognized net of value added taxes (“VAT”) and surcharges.

Public cloud services

The Group provides integrated cloud-based services including cloud computing, storage and delivery. Substantially all of the Group’s public cloud service revenue is recognized on a monthly basis based on utilization and duration. The nature of the Group’s performance obligation is a single performance obligation under these contracts to stand ready to provide an unspecified quantity of integrated cloud-based services each day throughout the contract period. The Group uses monthly utilization records, an output measure, to recognize revenue over time as it most faithfully depicts the simultaneous consumption and delivery of services. At the end of each month, the transaction consideration is fixed based on utilization records and no variable consideration exists.

The Group also generates public cloud service revenue from prepaid subscription packages, which are recognized ratably over the fixed subscription period.

Enterprise cloud services

The Group provides comprehensive customized cloud-based and enterprise digital solutions, which are typically completed within twelve months (“Solutions”). The components within the Solutions are not distinct within the context of the contract because they are considered highly interdependent and the customer can only benefit from these components in conjunction with one another as a two-way dependency exists. In connections with Solutions, the Group also provides post-delivery maintenance and upgrade services that are mainly technical support services performed by the Group’s technical support team. Therefore, the arrangement has three performance obligations, the Solutions, maintenance and upgrades. Revenue allocated to the Solutions and upgrades, is recognized at a point in time only upon customer acceptance of the Solutions and upon delivery of the specified upgrade, respectively. Revenue allocated to maintenance is recognized over time because the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits as the Group performs throughout a fixed term. Revenue allocated to maintenance and upgrades during the periods presented was immaterial.

The Group also provides enterprise digital services. The series of enterprise digital services are substantially the same from day to day, and each day of the service is considered to be distinct and separately identifiable as it benefits the customer daily. Further, the uncertainty related to the service consideration is resolved on a daily basis as the Group satisfies its obligation to perform enterprise digital service daily with enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Thus, revenue is recognized as service is performed and the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits from the service daily.

Research and development

Research and development expenses primarily consist of payroll and related expenses for employees and third-party service provider costs in the development for new products and services and enhancement of the Group’s service offerings. The Group expenses research and development costs as they are incurred.

Government grants

Government grants primarily consist of financial grants received from provincial and local governments for operating a business in their jurisdictions and compliance with specific policies promoted by the local governments. There are no defined rules and regulations to govern the criteria necessary for companies to receive such benefits, and the amount of financial subsidy is determined at the discretion of the relevant government authorities. Government grants of non-operating nature and with no further conditions to be met are recorded as non-operating income in “Other income, net” when received. The remaining government grants are related to acquisition of assets. The grants are recorded as “deferred government grants” included in the accrued expenses and other liabilities line items in the consolidated balance sheets when received. Once the Group fulfills the conditions stipulated under the grant, the grant amount is deducted from the carrying amount of the asset with a corresponding reduction in the deferred government grant balance.

Comprehensive income (loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the changes in equity of the Group during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances excluding transactions resulting from investments by shareholders and distributions to shareholders. Among other disclosures, ASC 220, Comprehensive Income, requires that all items that are required to be recognized under current accounting standards as components of comprehensive income (loss) be reported in a financial statement that is displayed with the same prominence as other financial statements. For each of the periods presented, the Group’s comprehensive income (loss) includes net loss and foreign currency translation adjustments and is presented in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Share-based compensation

The Group applies ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), to account for its employee share-based payments. In accordance with ASC 718, the Group determines whether an award should be classified and accounted for as a liability award or equity award. All the Group’s share-based awards to employees are classified as equity awards and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements based on their grant date fair values.

The Group uses the accelerated method for all awards granted with graded vesting based on service conditions, and elected to account for forfeitures as they occur. The Group, with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation firm, determined the fair value of the share-based awards granted to employees. The binomial option pricing model was applied in determining the estimated fair value of the options granted to employees.

A change in the terms or conditions of share options is accounted for as a modification of share-based awards. The Group calculates the incremental compensation cost of a modification as the excess of the fair value of the modified option over the fair value of the original option immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the share price and other pertinent factors at the modification date. For vested share-based awards, the Group recognizes incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurred. For unvested share-based awards, the Group recognizes, over the remaining requisite service period, the sum of the incremental compensation cost and the remaining unrecognized compensation cost for the original award on the modification date. Cancellation of an award accompanied by the concurrent grant of (or offer to grant) a replacement award is accounted for as a modification of the terms of the cancelled award.

Loss per share

In accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share (“ASC 260”), basic loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year. Diluted loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders as adjusted for the effect of dilutive ordinary share equivalents, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period.

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, ordinary share equivalents consist of ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of share options and vesting of awarded shares. Ordinary share equivalents are excluded from the computation of diluted per share if their effects would be anti-dilutive.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 updates reportable segment disclosure requirements by requiring disclosures of significant reportable segment expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM and included within each reported measure of a segment’s profit or loss. This ASU also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual identified as the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. Public entities with a single reportable segment have to provide all the disclosures required by ASC topic 280, including the significant segment expense disclosures. ASU 2023-07 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Adoption of the ASU should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is also permitted. The Group is currently evaluating the provisions of ASU 2023-07 and expects to adopt it for the year ending December 31, 2024 .

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), amending existing income tax disclosure guidance, primarily requiring more detailed disclosure for income taxes paid and the effective tax rate reconciliation. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Group for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted and can be applied on either a prospective or retroactive basis. The Group is currently evaluating the ASU to determine its impact on our income tax disclosures and expects to adopt it for the year ending December 31, 2025.