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Stock-Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Noncash Expense [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | Note 17 Stock-Based Compensation UScellular has established the following stock‑based compensation plans: Long-Term Incentive Plans and a Non-Employee Director compensation plan. Under the UScellular Long-Term Incentive Plans, UScellular may grant fixed and performance-based incentive and non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and deferred compensation stock unit awards to key employees. At December 31, 2022, the only types of awards outstanding are fixed non-qualified stock option awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance share awards and deferred compensation stock unit awards. Under the Non-Employee Director compensation plan, UScellular may grant Common Shares to members of the Board of Directors who are not employees of UScellular or TDS. At December 31, 2022, UScellular had reserved 18,037,000 Common Shares for equity awards granted and to be granted under the Long-Term Incentive Plans and 62,000 Common Shares for issuance under the Non-Employee Director compensation plan. UScellular uses treasury stock to satisfy requirements for Common Shares issued pursuant to its various stock-based compensation plans. Long-Term Incentive Plans – Restricted Stock Units Restricted stock unit awards granted to key employees generally vest after three years. The restricted stock unit awards currently outstanding were granted in 2020, 2021 and 2022 and will vest in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. UScellular estimates the fair value of restricted stock units based on the closing market price of UScellular shares on the date of grant. The fair value is then recognized as compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the vesting period. A summary of UScellular nonvested restricted stock units and changes during 2022 is presented in the table below:
Common Restricted Stock Units | Number |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 | 1,601,000 |  |  | $ | 35.57 |
Granted | 881,000 |  |  | $ | 30.35 |
Vested | (321,000) |  |  | $ | 45.70 |
Forfeited | (161,000) |  |  | $ | 33.10 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 | 2,000,000 |  |  | $ | 31.84 |
The total fair value of restricted stock units that vested during 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $9 million, $22 million and $20 million, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value per share of the restricted stock units granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $30.35, $36.68 and $29.18, respectively. Long-Term Incentive Plans – Performance Share Units Beginning in 2017, UScellular granted performance share units to key employees. The performance share units generally vest after three years. Beginning with the 2021 grants, each recipient may be entitled to shares of UScellular common stock equal to 0% to 200% of a communicated target award depending on the achievement of a predetermined performance based operating target over the performance period, which is generally a three-year period beginning on January 1 in the year of grant to December 31 of the third year. The performance-based operating target for the 2021 and 2022 grants is Return on Capital. Prior to the 2021 grants, each recipient was entitled to shares of UScellular common stock equal to 50% to 200% of a communicated target award depending on the achievement of predetermined performance-based operating targets over the performance period, which was generally a one-year period beginning on January 1 in the year of grant to December 31 in the year of grant. The remaining time through the end of the vesting period is considered the “time-based period”. Performance-based operating targets for grants made in 2020 included Consolidated Total Service Revenues, Consolidated Operating Cash Flow, Consolidated Capital Expenditures and Postpaid Handset Voluntary Defections; and for grants made prior to 2020 included Simple Free Cash Flow, Consolidated Total Operating Revenues and Postpaid Handset Voluntary Defections. Grants made prior to 2021 are subject to vesting during the time-based period and their performance share unit award agreements provide that in no event shall the awards be less than 50% of the target opportunity as of their grant dates. The performance share units currently outstanding were granted in 2020, 2021 and 2022 and will vest in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Additionally, UScellular granted performance share units during 2020 to a newly appointed President and Chief Executive Officer. The recipient may be entitled to shares of UScellular common stock equal to 100% of the communicated target award depending on the achievement of predetermined performance-based operating targets over the performance period, which is any two calendar-year period commencing no earlier than January 1, 2021 and ending no later than December 31, 2026. Performance-based operating targets include Average Total Revenue Growth and Average Annual Return on Capital. If one, or both, of the performance targets are not satisfied, the award will be forfeited. UScellular estimates the fair value of performance share units using UScellular’s closing stock price on the date of grant. An estimate of the number of performance share units expected to vest based upon achieving the performance-based operating targets is made and the aggregate fair value is expensed on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Each reporting period, during the performance period, the estimate of the number of performance share units expected to vest is reviewed and stock compensation expense is adjusted as appropriate to reflect the revised estimate of the aggregate fair value of the performance share units expected to vest. A summary of UScellular's nonvested performance share units and changes during 2022 is presented in the table below:
Common Performance Share Units | Number |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 | 1,049,000 |  |  | $ | 35.17 |
Granted | 487,000 |  |  | $ | 31.35 |
Vested | (183,000) |  |  | $ | 44.44 |
Forfeited | (105,000) |  |  | $ | 32.99 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 | 1,248,000 |  |  | $ | 32.51 |
The total fair value of performance share units that vested during 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $6 million, $22 million and $11 million, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value per share of the performance share units granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $31.35, $37.67 and $29.71, respectively. Long-Term Incentive Plans – Stock Options UScellular's last stock option grant occurred in 2016. Stock options outstanding, and the related weighted average exercise price, at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were 348,000 units at $42.41 and 378,000 units at $42.18, respectively. All stock options are exercisable and expire between 2023 and 2026. The aggregate intrinsic value of UScellular stock options exercised in 2021 was less than $1 million. No stock options were exercised in 2022 or 2020. Long-Term Incentive Plans – Deferred Compensation Stock Units Certain UScellular employees may elect to defer receipt of all or a portion of their annual bonuses and to receive a company matching contribution on the amount deferred. All bonus compensation that is deferred by employees electing to participate is immediately vested and is deemed to be invested in UScellular Common Share stock units. Beginning with the 2021 performance year, the amount of UScellular's matching contribution is a 33% match for the amount of their total annual bonus that is deferred into the program. Prior to the 2021 performance year, the amount of UScellular’s matching contribution was a 25% match for amounts deferred up to 50% of their total annual bonus and a 33% match for amounts that exceeded 50% of their total annual bonus. Matching contributions are also deemed to be invested in UScellular Common Share stock units and vest over three years. Compensation of Non-Employee Directors UScellular issued 22,000, 20,000 and 19,000 Common Shares in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, under its Non-Employee Director compensation plan. Stock‑Based Compensation Expense The following table summarizes stock‑based compensation expense recognized during 2022, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31, | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock unit awards | 18 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 21 |
Performance share unit awards | 5 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Awards under Non-Employee Director compensation plan | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total stock-based compensation expense, before income taxes | 24 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 32 |
Income tax benefit | (6) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (8) |
Total stock-based compensation expense, net of income taxes | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 24 |
The following table provides a summary of the classification of stock-based compensation expense included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the years ended:
December 31, | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expense | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 28 |
System operations expense | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 32 |
At December 31, 2022, unrecognized compensation cost for all UScellular stock‑based compensation awards was $36 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years. UScellular’s tax benefits realized from the exercise of stock options and the vesting of other awards totaled $4 million in 2022.

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