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Stock-Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Noncash Expense [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | Note 18 Stock-Based Compensation UScellular has established the following stock‑based compensation plans: Long-Term Incentive Plans and a Non-Employee Director compensation plan. Under the UScellular Long-Term Incentive Plans, UScellular may grant fixed and performance-based incentive and non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and deferred compensation stock unit awards to key employees. At December 31, 2024, the only types of awards outstanding are fixed non-qualified stock option awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance share awards and deferred compensation stock unit awards. Under the Non-Employee Director compensation plan, UScellular may grant Common Shares to members of the Board of Directors who are not employees of UScellular or TDS. At December 31, 2024, UScellular had reserved 13,035,000 Common Shares for equity awards granted and to be granted under the Long-Term Incentive Plans and 480,000 Common Shares for issuance under the Non-Employee Director compensation plan. UScellular uses treasury stock to satisfy requirements for Common Shares issued pursuant to its various stock-based compensation plans. Long-Term Incentive Plans – Restricted Stock Units UScellular grants restricted stock unit awards to key employees that generally vest after two years, three years or one-third graded vesting each year. Each outstanding restricted stock unit is convertible into one Common Share Award. The restricted stock unit awards currently outstanding were granted in 2022, 2023 and 2024 and vest in 2025, 2026 and 2027. UScellular modified certain restricted stock unit awards in 2024, which resulted in the recognition of $4 million of incremental expense in 2024. UScellular estimates the fair value of restricted stock units based on the closing market price of UScellular shares on the date of grant. The fair value is then recognized as compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the vesting period. A summary of UScellular nonvested restricted stock units and changes during 2024 is presented in the table below:
Common Restricted Stock Units | Number |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2023 | 2,548,000 |  |  | $ | 27.26 |
Granted | 728,000 |  |  | $ | 35.67 |
Vested | (782,000) |  |  | $ | 31.98 |
Forfeited | (56,000) |  |  | $ | 27.68 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2024 | 2,438,000 |  |  | $ | 29.01 |
The total fair value of restricted stock units that vested during 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $28 million, $12 million and $9 million, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value per share of the restricted stock units granted in 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $35.67, $21.15 and $30.35, respectively. Long-Term Incentive Plans – Performance Share Units UScellular grants performance share units to key employees that generally vest after three years. UScellular modified certain performance share unit awards in 2023, which resulted in the recognition of $10 million and $4 million of incremental expense in 2024 and 2023, respectively. UScellular modified certain performance share unit awards in 2024, which resulted in the recognition of $6 million of incremental expense in 2024. For the 2022 grants, each recipient may be entitled to shares of UScellular common stock equal to 75% to 200% of a communicated target award depending on the achievement of a predetermined Return on Capital target over the performance period, which is a three-year period from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024. For the 2023 grants, each recipient may be entitled to shares of UScellular common stock equal to 0% to 150% of a communicated target award depending on the achievement of a predetermined Return on Capital target over the performance period, which is a one-year period from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023. For the 2024 grants, each recipient may be entitled to shares of UScellular common stock equal to 0% to 175% of a communicated target award depending on the achievement of predetermined Return on Capital and Simple Free Cash Flow targets over the performance period, which is a one-year period from January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024. The performance share units currently outstanding were granted in 2022, 2023 and 2024 and will vest in 2025, 2026 and 2027, respectively. Additionally, UScellular granted performance share units during 2020 to a newly appointed President and Chief Executive Officer. The recipient may be entitled to shares of UScellular common stock equal to 100% of the communicated target award depending on the achievement of predetermined performance-based operating targets over the performance period, which is any two calendar-year period commencing no earlier than January 1, 2021 and ending no later than December 31, 2026. Performance-based operating targets include Average Total Revenue Growth and Average Annual Return on Capital. If one, or both, of the performance targets are not satisfied, the award will be forfeited. UScellular estimates the fair value of performance share units using UScellular’s closing stock price on the date of grant. An estimate of the number of performance share units expected to vest based upon achieving the performance-based operating targets is made and the aggregate fair value is expensed on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Each reporting period, during the performance period, the estimate of the number of performance share units expected to vest is reviewed and stock compensation expense is adjusted as appropriate to reflect the revised estimate of the aggregate fair value of the performance share units expected to vest. A summary of UScellular's nonvested performance share units and changes during 2024 is presented in the table below:
Common Performance Share Units | Number |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2023 | 1,457,000 |  |  | $ | 27.37 |
Granted | 409,000 |  |  | $ | 36.59 |
Vested | (263,000) |  |  | $ | 20.06 |
Change in units based on approved performance factors | 114,000 |  |  | $ | 23.06 |
Forfeited | (109,000) |  |  | $ | 21.35 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2024 | 1,608,000 |  |  | $ | 31.91 |
The total fair value of performance share units that vested during 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $9 million, $7 million and $6 million, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value per share of the performance share units granted in 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $36.59, $21.26 and $31.35, respectively. Long-Term Incentive Plans – Stock Options UScellular's last stock option grant occurred in 2016. Stock options outstanding, and the related weighted average exercise price, at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were 41,000 units at $45.51 and 112,000 units at $44.34, respectively. All stock options are exercisable and expire between 2025 and 2026. Long-Term Incentive Plans – Deferred Compensation Stock Units Certain UScellular employees may elect to defer receipt of all or a portion of their annual bonuses and to receive a company matching contribution on the amount deferred. All bonus compensation that is deferred by employees electing to participate is immediately vested and is deemed to be invested in UScellular Common Share stock units. The amount of UScellular's matching contribution is a 33% match for the amount of their total annual bonus that is deferred into the program. Matching contributions are also deemed to be invested in UScellular Common Share stock units and vest over three years. Compensation of Non-Employee Directors UScellular issued 20,000, 36,000 and 22,000 Common Shares in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, under its Non-Employee Director compensation plan. Stock‑Based Compensation Expense The following table summarizes stock‑based compensation expense recognized during 2024, 2023 and 2022:
Year Ended December 31, | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock unit awards | 30 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 18 |
Performance share unit awards | 24 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |
Awards under Non-Employee Director compensation plan | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total stock-based compensation expense, before income taxes | 55 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 24 |
Income tax benefit | (14) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (6) |
Total stock-based compensation expense, net of income taxes | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 18 |
The following table provides a summary of the classification of stock-based compensation expense included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the years ended:
December 31, | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expense | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 20 |
System operations expense | 7 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 24 |
At December 31, 2024, unrecognized compensation cost for all UScellular stock‑based compensation awards was $42 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years. UScellular’s tax benefits realized from the vesting of awards totaled $10 million in 2024.

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