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Share-based Compensation (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Schedule of compensation cost for share-based payment arrangements, allocation of share-based compensation costs by plan
We recognized the following stock compensation expense:
Year Ended December 31,
(in Millions)202320222021
Stock option expense, net of taxes of $1.5 in 2023, $1.3 in 2022 and $1.0 in 2021 (1)
$5.9 $4.9 $3.7 
Restricted stock expense, net of taxes of $2.4 in 2023, $2.3 in 2022 and $1.9 in 2021 (2)
9.0 8.5 7.2 
Performance based expense, net of taxes of $1.5 in 2023, $1.5 in 2022 and $0.8 in 2021
5.6 5.7 3.2 
Total stock compensation expense, net of taxes of $5.4 in 2023, $5.1 in 2022 and $3.7 in 2021 (3)
$20.5 $19.1 $14.1 
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(1)We applied an estimated forfeiture rate of 4.0% per stock option grant in the calculation of the expense.
(2)We applied an estimated forfeiture rate of 2.0% of outstanding grants in the calculation of the expense.
(3)This expense is classified as "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our consolidated statements of income (loss).
Black Scholes valuation assumptions for stock option grants
Black Scholes valuation assumptions for stock option grants: 
202320222021
Expected dividend yield1.80%1.85%1.83%
Expected volatility31.99%33.18%32.75%
Expected life (in years)6.56.56.5
Risk-free interest rate4.00%1.91%0.92%
Summary of stock option activity
The following summary shows stock option activity for employees under the Plan for the three years ended December 31, 2023:
(Shares in Thousands)Number of Options Granted But Not ExercisedWeighted-Average Remaining Contractual LifeWeighted-Average Exercise Price Per ShareAggregate Intrinsic Value (in Millions)
December 31, 2020 (388 shares exercisable and 818 shares expected to vest or be exercised)
1,235 7.0 years$70.44 $54.9 
Granted235 105.00 
Exercised(166)49.56 9.8 
Forfeited(50)89.18 
December 31, 2021 (605 shares exercisable and 622 shares expected to vest or be exercised)
1,254 6.2 years$78.95 $38.8 
Granted248 114.90 
Exercised(166)62.74 9.6 
Forfeited(31)102.32 
December 31, 2022 (672 shares exercisable and 607 shares expected to vest or be exercised)
1,305 6.1 years$87.35 $48.9 
Granted222 128.92 
Exercised(88)62.42 4.6 
Forfeited(43)114.15 
December 31, 2023 (824 shares exercisable and 551 shares expected to vest or be exercised)
1,396 5.6 years$94.73 $1.6 
Summary of restricted award activity
The following table shows our employee restricted award activity for the three years ended December 31, 2023:
Restricted EquityPerformance Based Equity
(Number of Awards in Thousands)
Number of
awards
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per ShareNumber of
awards
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Nonvested at December 31, 2020298 $79.91 202 $88.48 
Granted95 102.10 79 103.26 
Vested(108)73.82 (86)77.44 
Forfeited(15)90.05 — — 
Nonvested at December 31, 2021270 $89.56 195 $96.18 
Granted103 114.50 45 140.32 
Vested(102)77.80(102)83.74
Forfeited(14)102.64 (2)125.60 
Nonvested at December 31, 2022257 $104.54 136 $120.47 
Granted118 110.71 81 137.18 
Vested(78)93.32 (58)108.57 
Forfeited(15)114.88 (6)136.25 
Nonvested at December 31, 2023282 $109.67 153 $131.60