<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Generator; Value: GoFiler Complete; Version: 5.25b -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: VendorURI; Value: https://www.novaworks.com -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x00000000 -->
<link:linkbase xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
    <link:roleRef roleURI="http://fmc.com/role/Cover" xlink:href="fmc-20240429.xsd#Cover" xlink:type="simple" />
    <link:roleRef roleURI="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/PvpDisclosure" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#PvpDisclosure" xlink:type="simple" />
    <link:roleRef roleURI="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/ErrCompDisclosure" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ErrCompDisclosure" xlink:type="simple" />
    <link:roleRef roleURI="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/AwardTimingDisclosure" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#AwardTimingDisclosure" xlink:type="simple" />
    <link:roleRef roleURI="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/InsiderTradingArrangements" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#InsiderTradingArrangements" xlink:type="simple" />
    <link:roleRef roleURI="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/InsiderTradingPoliciesProc" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#InsiderTradingPoliciesProc" xlink:type="simple" />
    <link:presentationLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://fmc.com/role/Cover" xlink:title="00000001 - Document - Cover">
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:label="loc_deiCoverAbstract" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="loc_deiDocumentType" />
      <link:presentationArc order="0" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_deiCoverAbstract" xlink:to="loc_deiDocumentType" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="loc_deiEntityRegistrantName" />
      <link:presentationArc order="10" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_deiCoverAbstract" xlink:to="loc_deiEntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="loc_deiEntityCentralIndexKey" />
      <link:presentationArc order="20" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_deiCoverAbstract" xlink:to="loc_deiEntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="loc_deiDocumentPeriodEndDate" />
      <link:presentationArc order="30" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_deiCoverAbstract" xlink:to="loc_deiDocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="loc_deiAmendmentFlag" />
      <link:presentationArc order="40" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_deiCoverAbstract" xlink:to="loc_deiAmendmentFlag" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_AmendmentDescription" xlink:label="loc_deiAmendmentDescription" />
      <link:presentationArc order="50" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_deiCoverAbstract" xlink:to="loc_deiAmendmentDescription" xlink:type="arc" />
    </link:presentationLink>
    <link:presentationLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/PvpDisclosure" xlink:title="995410 - Disclosure - Pay vs Performance Disclosure">
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_PayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" xlink:label="loc_ecdPayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_PvpTable" xlink:label="loc_ecdPvpTable" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdPvpTable" order="100" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_IndividualAxis" xlink:label="loc_ecdIndividualAxis" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTable" xlink:to="loc_ecdIndividualAxis" order="10" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdAllIndividualsMember" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdIndividualAxis" xlink:to="loc_ecdAllIndividualsMember" order="0" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="fmc-20240429.xsd#FMC_PierreBrondeauMember" xlink:label="loc_FMCPierreBrondeauMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="10" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllIndividualsMember" xlink:to="loc_FMCPierreBrondeauMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="fmc-20240429.xsd#FMC_MarkDouglasMember" xlink:label="loc_FMCMarkDouglasMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="20" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllIndividualsMember" xlink:to="loc_FMCMarkDouglasMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ExecutiveCategoryAxis" xlink:label="loc_ecdExecutiveCategoryAxis" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTable" xlink:to="loc_ecdExecutiveCategoryAxis" order="20" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AllExecutiveCategoriesMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdAllExecutiveCategoriesMember" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdExecutiveCategoryAxis" xlink:to="loc_ecdAllExecutiveCategoriesMember" order="0" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_PeoMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdPeoMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="40" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllExecutiveCategoriesMember" xlink:to="loc_ecdPeoMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_NonPeoNeoMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdNonPeoNeoMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="120" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllExecutiveCategoriesMember" xlink:to="loc_ecdNonPeoNeoMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AdjToCompAxis" xlink:label="loc_ecdAdjToCompAxis" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTable" xlink:to="loc_ecdAdjToCompAxis" order="30" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AllAdjToCompMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAdjToCompAxis" xlink:to="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" order="0" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AggtChngPnsnValInSummryCompstnTblForAplblYrMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdAggtChngPnsnValInSummryCompstnTblForAplblYrMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="40" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_ecdAggtChngPnsnValInSummryCompstnTblForAplblYrMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="fmc-20240429.xsd#FMC_ExclusionOfStockAwardsMember" xlink:label="loc_FMCExclusionOfStockAwardsMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="50" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_FMCExclusionOfStockAwardsMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_PnsnAdjsSvcCstMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdPnsnAdjsSvcCstMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="60" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_ecdPnsnAdjsSvcCstMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="fmc-20240429.xsd#FMC_InclusionOfEquityValuesMember" xlink:label="loc_FMCInclusionOfEquityValuesMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="70" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_FMCInclusionOfEquityValuesMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="fmc-20240429.xsd#FMC_AverageExclusionOfStockAwardsMember" xlink:label="loc_FMCAverageExclusionOfStockAwardsMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="130" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_FMCAverageExclusionOfStockAwardsMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="fmc-20240429.xsd#FMC_AverageInclusionOfEquityValuesMember" xlink:label="loc_FMCAverageInclusionOfEquityValuesMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="150" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_FMCAverageInclusionOfEquityValuesMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_YrEndFrValOfEqtyAwrdsGrntdInCvrdYrOutsdngAndUnvstdMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdYrEndFrValOfEqtyAwrdsGrntdInCvrdYrOutsdngAndUnvstdMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="160" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_ecdYrEndFrValOfEqtyAwrdsGrntdInCvrdYrOutsdngAndUnvstdMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ChngInFrValOfOutsdngAndUnvstdEqtyAwrdsGrntdInPrrYrsMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdChngInFrValOfOutsdngAndUnvstdEqtyAwrdsGrntdInPrrYrsMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="170" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_ecdChngInFrValOfOutsdngAndUnvstdEqtyAwrdsGrntdInPrrYrsMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_VstngDtFrValOfEqtyAwrdsGrntdAndVstdInCvrdYrMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdVstngDtFrValOfEqtyAwrdsGrntdAndVstdInCvrdYrMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="180" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_ecdVstngDtFrValOfEqtyAwrdsGrntdAndVstdInCvrdYrMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ChngInFrValAsOfVstngDtOfPrrYrEqtyAwrdsVstdInCvrdYrMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdChngInFrValAsOfVstngDtOfPrrYrEqtyAwrdsVstdInCvrdYrMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="190" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_ecdChngInFrValAsOfVstngDtOfPrrYrEqtyAwrdsVstdInCvrdYrMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_FrValAsOfPrrYrEndOfEqtyAwrdsGrntdInPrrYrsFldVstngCondsDrngCvrdYrMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdFrValAsOfPrrYrEndOfEqtyAwrdsGrntdInPrrYrsFldVstngCondsDrngCvrdYrMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="200" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_ecdFrValAsOfPrrYrEndOfEqtyAwrdsGrntdInPrrYrsFldVstngCondsDrngCvrdYrMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_DvddsOrOthrErngsPdOnEqtyAwrdsNtOthrwsRflctdInTtlCompForCvrdYrMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdDvddsOrOthrErngsPdOnEqtyAwrdsNtOthrwsRflctdInTtlCompForCvrdYrMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="210" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_ecdDvddsOrOthrErngsPdOnEqtyAwrdsNtOthrwsRflctdInTtlCompForCvrdYrMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_EqtyAwrdsAdjsExclgValRprtdInSummryCompstnTblMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdEqtyAwrdsAdjsExclgValRprtdInSummryCompstnTblMember" />
      <link:presentationArc order="220" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAllAdjToCompMember" xlink:to="loc_ecdEqtyAwrdsAdjsExclgValRprtdInSummryCompstnTblMember" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_MeasureAxis" xlink:label="loc_ecdMeasureAxis" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTable" xlink:to="loc_ecdMeasureAxis" order="40" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_PvpTableTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2000" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_CoSelectedMeasureName" xlink:label="loc_ecdCoSelectedMeasureName" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2010" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdCoSelectedMeasureName" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_NamedExecutiveOfficersFnTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdNamedExecutiveOfficersFnTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2020" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdCoSelectedMeasureName" xlink:to="loc_ecdNamedExecutiveOfficersFnTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_PeerGroupIssuersFnTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdPeerGroupIssuersFnTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2030" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdCoSelectedMeasureName" xlink:to="loc_ecdPeerGroupIssuersFnTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ChangedPeerGroupFnTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdChangedPeerGroupFnTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2040" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdCoSelectedMeasureName" xlink:to="loc_ecdChangedPeerGroupFnTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_PeoTotalCompAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdPeoTotalCompAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2050" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdCoSelectedMeasureName" xlink:to="loc_ecdPeoTotalCompAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_PeoActuallyPaidCompAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdPeoActuallyPaidCompAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2060" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdCoSelectedMeasureName" xlink:to="loc_ecdPeoActuallyPaidCompAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AdjToPeoCompFnTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdAdjToPeoCompFnTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2070" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdCoSelectedMeasureName" xlink:to="loc_ecdAdjToPeoCompFnTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_NonPeoNeoAvgTotalCompAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdNonPeoNeoAvgTotalCompAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2080" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdNonPeoNeoAvgTotalCompAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_NonPeoNeoAvgCompActuallyPaidAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdNonPeoNeoAvgCompActuallyPaidAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2090" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdNonPeoNeoAvgCompActuallyPaidAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AdjToNonPeoNeoCompFnTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdAdjToNonPeoNeoCompFnTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2100" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdAdjToNonPeoNeoCompFnTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_EquityValuationAssumptionDifferenceFnTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdEquityValuationAssumptionDifferenceFnTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2110" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdEquityValuationAssumptionDifferenceFnTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsTotalShareholderRtnTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdCompActuallyPaidVsTotalShareholderRtnTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2120" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdCompActuallyPaidVsTotalShareholderRtnTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsNetIncomeTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdCompActuallyPaidVsNetIncomeTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2130" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdCompActuallyPaidVsNetIncomeTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsCoSelectedMeasureTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdCompActuallyPaidVsCoSelectedMeasureTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2140" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdCompActuallyPaidVsCoSelectedMeasureTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TotalShareholderRtnVsPeerGroupTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdTotalShareholderRtnVsPeerGroupTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2150" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdTotalShareholderRtnVsPeerGroupTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_CompActuallyPaidVsOtherMeasureTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdCompActuallyPaidVsOtherMeasureTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2160" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdCompActuallyPaidVsOtherMeasureTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TabularListTableTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdTabularListTableTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2170" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdTabularListTableTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TotalShareholderRtnAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdTotalShareholderRtnAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2180" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdTotalShareholderRtnAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_PeerGroupTotalShareholderRtnAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdPeerGroupTotalShareholderRtnAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2190" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdPeerGroupTotalShareholderRtnAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2024/elts/us-gaap-2024.xsd#us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:label="loc_us-gaapNetIncomeLoss" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2200" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_us-gaapNetIncomeLoss" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_CoSelectedMeasureAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdCoSelectedMeasureAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2210" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdCoSelectedMeasureAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_OtherPerfMeasureAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdOtherPerfMeasureAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2220" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdOtherPerfMeasureAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AdjToCompAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdAdjToCompAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2230" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdAdjToCompAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_PeoName" xlink:label="loc_ecdPeoName" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2240" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPvpTableTextBlock" xlink:to="loc_ecdPeoName" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_MeasureName" xlink:label="loc_ecdMeasureName" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2250" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdMeasureName" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_NonGaapMeasureDescriptionTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdNonGaapMeasureDescriptionTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2260" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdNonGaapMeasureDescriptionTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_Additional402vDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdAdditional402vDisclosureTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2270" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdAdditional402vDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_PnsnBnftsAdjFnTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdPnsnBnftsAdjFnTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2280" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdPnsnBnftsAdjFnTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_EqtyAwrdsAdjFnTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdEqtyAwrdsAdjFnTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2290" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdPayVsPerformanceDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdEqtyAwrdsAdjFnTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
    </link:presentationLink>
    <link:presentationLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/ErrCompDisclosure" xlink:title="995440 - Disclosure - Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation">
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_RecoveryOfErrCompDisclosureLineItems" xlink:label="loc_ecdRecoveryOfErrCompDisclosureLineItems" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ErrCompRecoveryTable" xlink:label="loc_ecdErrCompRecoveryTable" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdRecoveryOfErrCompDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdErrCompRecoveryTable" order="100" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_RestatementDateAxis" xlink:label="loc_ecdRestatementDateAxis" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdErrCompRecoveryTable" xlink:to="loc_ecdRestatementDateAxis" order="10" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_IndividualAxis" xlink:label="loc_ecdIndividualAxis" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdErrCompRecoveryTable" xlink:to="loc_ecdIndividualAxis" order="20" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdAllIndividualsMember" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdIndividualAxis" xlink:to="loc_ecdAllIndividualsMember" order="0" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_RestatementDeterminationDate" xlink:label="loc_ecdRestatementDeterminationDate" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2000" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdRecoveryOfErrCompDisclosureLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdRestatementDeterminationDate" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AggtErrCompAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdAggtErrCompAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2010" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdRestatementDeterminationDate" xlink:to="loc_ecdAggtErrCompAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ErrCompAnalysisTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdErrCompAnalysisTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2020" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAggtErrCompAmt" xlink:to="loc_ecdErrCompAnalysisTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_StkPrcOrTsrEstimationMethodTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdStkPrcOrTsrEstimationMethodTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2030" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAggtErrCompAmt" xlink:to="loc_ecdStkPrcOrTsrEstimationMethodTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_OutstandingAggtErrCompAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdOutstandingAggtErrCompAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2040" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAggtErrCompAmt" xlink:to="loc_ecdOutstandingAggtErrCompAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AggtErrCompNotYetDeterminedTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdAggtErrCompNotYetDeterminedTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2050" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAggtErrCompAmt" xlink:to="loc_ecdAggtErrCompNotYetDeterminedTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ForgoneRecoveryIndName" xlink:label="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryIndName" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2060" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAggtErrCompAmt" xlink:to="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryIndName" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToExpenseOfEnforcementAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryDueToExpenseOfEnforcementAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2070" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAggtErrCompAmt" xlink:to="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryDueToExpenseOfEnforcementAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToViolationOfHomeCountryLawAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryDueToViolationOfHomeCountryLawAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2080" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdRestatementDeterminationDate" xlink:to="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryDueToViolationOfHomeCountryLawAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2090" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdRestatementDeterminationDate" xlink:to="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_ForgoneRecoveryExplanationOfImpracticabilityTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryExplanationOfImpracticabilityTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2100" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" xlink:to="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryExplanationOfImpracticabilityTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_OutstandingRecoveryIndName" xlink:label="loc_ecdOutstandingRecoveryIndName" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2110" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" xlink:to="loc_ecdOutstandingRecoveryIndName" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_OutstandingRecoveryCompAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdOutstandingRecoveryCompAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2120" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" xlink:to="loc_ecdOutstandingRecoveryCompAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_RestatementDoesNotRequireRecoveryTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdRestatementDoesNotRequireRecoveryTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2130" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdForgoneRecoveryDueToDisqualificationOfTaxBenefitsAmt" xlink:to="loc_ecdRestatementDoesNotRequireRecoveryTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
    </link:presentationLink>
    <link:presentationLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/AwardTimingDisclosure" xlink:title="995443 - Disclosure - Award Timing Disclosure">
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:label="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardsCloseToMnpiDiscTable" xlink:label="loc_ecdAwardsCloseToMnpiDiscTable" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdAwardsCloseToMnpiDiscTable" order="100" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_IndividualAxis" xlink:label="loc_ecdIndividualAxis" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardsCloseToMnpiDiscTable" xlink:to="loc_ecdIndividualAxis" order="10" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdAllIndividualsMember" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdIndividualAxis" xlink:to="loc_ecdAllIndividualsMember" order="0" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2024/elts/us-gaap-2024.xsd#us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis" xlink:label="loc_us-gaapAwardTypeAxis" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardsCloseToMnpiDiscTable" xlink:to="loc_us-gaapAwardTypeAxis" order="20" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2024/elts/us-gaap-2024.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardTypeAndPlanNameDomain" xlink:label="loc_us-gaapShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardTypeAndPlanNameDomain" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_us-gaapAwardTypeAxis" xlink:to="loc_us-gaapShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardTypeAndPlanNameDomain" order="0" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardTmgMnpiDiscTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdAwardTmgMnpiDiscTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2000" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdAwardTmgMnpiDiscTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardTmgMethodTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdAwardTmgMethodTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2010" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdAwardTmgMethodTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardTmgPredtrmndFlag" xlink:label="loc_ecdAwardTmgPredtrmndFlag" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2020" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdAwardTmgPredtrmndFlag" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardTmgMnpiCnsdrdFlag" xlink:label="loc_ecdAwardTmgMnpiCnsdrdFlag" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2030" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdAwardTmgMnpiCnsdrdFlag" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardTmgHowMnpiCnsdrdTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdAwardTmgHowMnpiCnsdrdTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2040" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdAwardTmgHowMnpiCnsdrdTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_MnpiDiscTimedForCompValFlag" xlink:label="loc_ecdMnpiDiscTimedForCompValFlag" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2050" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdMnpiDiscTimedForCompValFlag" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardsCloseToMnpiDiscTableTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdAwardsCloseToMnpiDiscTableTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2060" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdAwardsCloseToMnpiDiscTableTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardsCloseToMnpiDiscIndName" xlink:label="loc_ecdAwardsCloseToMnpiDiscIndName" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2070" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdAwardsCloseToMnpiDiscIndName" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardUndrlygSecuritiesAmt" xlink:label="loc_ecdAwardUndrlygSecuritiesAmt" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2080" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdAwardUndrlygSecuritiesAmt" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardExrcPrice" xlink:label="loc_ecdAwardExrcPrice" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2090" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdAwardExrcPrice" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AwardGrantDateFairValue" xlink:label="loc_ecdAwardGrantDateFairValue" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2100" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdAwardGrantDateFairValue" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_UndrlygSecurityMktPriceChngPct" xlink:label="loc_ecdUndrlygSecurityMktPriceChngPct" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2110" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdAwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdUndrlygSecurityMktPriceChngPct" xlink:type="arc" />
    </link:presentationLink>
    <link:presentationLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/InsiderTradingArrangements" xlink:title="995445 - Disclosure - Insider Trading Arrangements">
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_InsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:label="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TradingArrByIndTable" xlink:label="loc_ecdTradingArrByIndTable" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdTradingArrByIndTable" order="100" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TradingArrAxis" xlink:label="loc_ecdTradingArrAxis" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdTradingArrByIndTable" xlink:to="loc_ecdTradingArrAxis" order="10" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AllTradingArrangementsMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdAllTradingArrangementsMember" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdTradingArrAxis" xlink:to="loc_ecdAllTradingArrangementsMember" order="0" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_IndividualAxis" xlink:label="loc_ecdIndividualAxis" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdTradingArrByIndTable" xlink:to="loc_ecdIndividualAxis" order="20" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:label="loc_ecdAllIndividualsMember" />
      <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdIndividualAxis" xlink:to="loc_ecdAllIndividualsMember" order="0" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_MtrlTermsOfTrdArrTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdMtrlTermsOfTrdArrTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2000" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdMtrlTermsOfTrdArrTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TrdArrIndName" xlink:label="loc_ecdTrdArrIndName" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2010" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdTrdArrIndName" xlink:type="arc" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TrdArrIndTitle" xlink:label="loc_ecdTrdArrIndTitle" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2020" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdTrdArrIndTitle" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_Rule10b51ArrAdoptedFlag" xlink:label="loc_ecdRule10b51ArrAdoptedFlag" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2030" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdRule10b51ArrAdoptedFlag" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_NonRule10b51ArrAdoptedFlag" xlink:label="loc_ecdNonRule10b51ArrAdoptedFlag" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2040" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdNonRule10b51ArrAdoptedFlag" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TrdArrAdoptionDate" xlink:label="loc_ecdTrdArrAdoptionDate" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2050" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdTrdArrAdoptionDate" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_Rule10b51ArrTrmntdFlag" xlink:label="loc_ecdRule10b51ArrTrmntdFlag" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2060" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdRule10b51ArrTrmntdFlag" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_NonRule10b51ArrTrmntdFlag" xlink:label="loc_ecdNonRule10b51ArrTrmntdFlag" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2070" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdNonRule10b51ArrTrmntdFlag" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TrdArrTerminationDate" xlink:label="loc_ecdTrdArrTerminationDate" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2080" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdTrdArrTerminationDate" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TrdArrExpirationDate" xlink:label="loc_ecdTrdArrExpirationDate" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2090" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdTrdArrExpirationDate" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_TrdArrDuration" xlink:label="loc_ecdTrdArrDuration" />
      <link:presentationArc order="2100" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingArrLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdTrdArrDuration" xlink:type="arc" />
    </link:presentationLink>
    <link:presentationLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/InsiderTradingPoliciesProc" xlink:title="995447 - Disclosure - Insider Trading Policies and Procedures">
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_InsiderTradingPoliciesProcLineItems" xlink:label="loc_ecdInsiderTradingPoliciesProcLineItems" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_InsiderTrdPoliciesProcAdoptedFlag" xlink:label="loc_ecdInsiderTrdPoliciesProcAdoptedFlag" />
      <link:presentationArc order="0" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingPoliciesProcLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdInsiderTrdPoliciesProcAdoptedFlag" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-2024.xsd#ecd_InsiderTrdPoliciesProcNotAdoptedTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_ecdInsiderTrdPoliciesProcNotAdoptedTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="10" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_ecdInsiderTradingPoliciesProcLineItems" xlink:to="loc_ecdInsiderTrdPoliciesProcNotAdoptedTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
    </link:presentationLink>
</link:linkbase>
