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2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying audited consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CleanSpark, Inc. and the Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries, ATL, CleanBlok, CleanSpark DW, LLC, CleanSpark GLP, LLC, CSRE Properties Norcross, LLC, CSRE Property Management Company, LLC, CSRE Properties, LLC, CSRE Properties Washington, LLC, CSRE Properties Sandersville, LLC, CSRE Properties Dalton, LLC, Dalton15, LLC, CleanSpark MS, LLC, CSRE Properties Mississippi, LLC, CSRE Properties Vicksburg, LLC, CSRE Properties Wyoming, LLC, CleanSpark TN, LLC, Tron Merger Sub, Inc., MS Data, LLC, and CleanSpark HQ, LLC. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation of these entities. The Company has a sole reporting segment which is the bitcoin mining segment.

As of June 30, 2022, the Company deemed its energy operations to be discontinued operations due to its strategic shift to strictly focus on its bitcoin mining operations and divest of its energy assets. The disposal groups related to the energy operations are part of the following entities: CleanSpark LLC, CleanSpark Critical Power Systems, Inc., GridFabric, LLC, Solar Watt Solutions, Inc, and CleanSpark II, LLC.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include estimates used to review the Company’s goodwill impairment, intangible assets acquired, impairments and estimations of long-lived assets, valuation of derivative assets and liabilities, available-for-sale investments, and the valuations of share based awards. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable in the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Revenue from Bitcoin Mining

The Company participates in a third-party operated mining pool. As a participant in the third-party operated mining pool, the Company provides a service to perform hash calculations for the third-party operated mining pool, which is an output of our ordinary activities. The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606). The core principle of the revenue standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The following five steps are applied to achieve that core principle:

Identify the contract with the customer

Identify the performance obligations in the contract

Determine the transaction price

Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

Recognize revenue when the company satisfies a performance obligation

Step 1: The Company has identified the third-party mining pool operator as its customer (the "Customer"). The Company enters into a contract with the Customer to provide its hash calculations to the Customer's mining pool. The contracts are terminable without penalty at any time by either party, and thus the contract term is shorter than a 24-hour period and the contracts are continuously renewed.

Applying the criteria per ASC 606-10-25-1, the contract arises at the point that the Company provides hash calculations to the Customer's mining pool, which is considered contract inception, because Customer consumption is in tandem with delivery of the hash calculations.

Step 2: In order to identify the performance obligations in a contract with a customer, a company must assess the promised goods or services in the contract and identify each promised good or service that is distinct. A performance obligation meets ASC 606’s definition of a “distinct” good or service (or bundle of goods or services) if both of the following criteria are met:

•

The customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer (i.e., the good or service is capable of being distinct); and

•

the entity’s promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract (i.e., the promise to transfer the good or service is distinct within the context of the contract).

Based on these criteria, the Company has identified a single performance obligation of providing hash calculations for the mining pool operator. The continuous renewal options do not represent material rights because they do not provide the Customer with the right to purchase additional goods or services at a discount. Specifically, the contract is renewed at the same terms, conditions, and rate as the current contract which is consistent with market rates, and there are no up front or incremental fees in the initial contract. The Company has full control of the mining equipment used in the mining pool, and if the Company determines it will increase or decrease the hashrate calculations of its machines and/or fleet (i.e., for repairs or when power costs are excessive), the hashrate provided to the Customer will correspondingly increase or decrease.

Step 3: The Company receives non-cash consideration in the form of bitcoin, fair value of which the Company measures at 23:59:59 UTC on the date of contract inception using the Company's principal market for bitcoin, Coinbase. The contract renews continuously throughout the day, and thus the value of the consideration should be assessed continuously throughout the day, and the Company has concluded to use the 23:59:59 UTC bitcoin price each day. According to the Customer contract, daily settlements are made to the Company by the Customer based on the hash calculations provided over the contract periods occurring over a 24 hour period and the payout is made the following day. There are no other forms of variable considerations, such as discounts, rebates, refunds, credits, price concessions, incentives, performance bonuses, penalties, or other similar items.

The Company earns non-cash consideration based on the Full-Pay-Per-Share (“FPPS”) payout method set forth by the Customer in the form of bitcoin. The amount of bitcoin the Company is entitled to for providing hash calculations to the Customer's mining pool under the FPPS payout method is made up of block rewards and transaction fees less mining pool fees determined as follows:

•

The non-cash consideration calculated as a block reward over the continuously renewed contract periods is based on the total blocks expected to be generated on the Bitcoin Network for the daily 24-hour period beginning midnight UTC and ending 23:59:59 UTC in accordance with the following formula: the hash calculations that the Company provides to the Customer as a percent of the Bitcoin Network’s implied hash calculations as determined by the network difficulty, multiplied by the total Bitcoin Network block rewards expected to be generated for the same period.

•

The non-cash consideration calculated as transaction fees paid by transaction requestors is based on the share of total actual fees paid over the continuously renewed contract periods beginning midnight UTC and ending 23:59:59 UTC in accordance with the following formula: total actual transaction fees generated on the Bitcoin Network during the contract period as a percent of total block rewards the Bitcoin Network actually generated during the same period, multiplied by the block rewards the Company earned for the same period noted above.

•

The sum of the block reward and transaction fees earned by the Company is reduced by mining pool fees charged by the Customer for operating the mining pool based on a rate schedule per the mining pool contract. The mining pool fee is only incurred to the extent the Company performs hash calculations and generates revenue in accordance with the Customer’s payout formula during the continuously renewed contract periods beginning mid-night UTC and ending 23:59:59 UTC daily. The Customer provides services solely for bitcoin mining and the fees charged during the most recent fiscal year end were 0.16% of the total daily bitcoin mined. This amount represents consideration paid to the Customer and is thus reported as a reduction in revenue as the Company does not receive a distinct good or service from the mining pool operator in exchange.

Step 4: There is a single performance obligation (i.e., to provide hash calculations or hashrate to the customer) for the contract; therefore, all consideration from the Customer is allocated to this single performance obligation.

Step 5: The Company’s performance is completed over time as the customer obtains control of the contributed hashrate. The performance obligation of hash calculations is fulfilled over time, as opposed to a point in time, because the Company provides the hash calculations throughout the contract period and the customer simultaneously obtains control of the service and uses it to produce bitcoin.

There are no deferred revenues or other liability obligations recorded by the Company since there are no payments in advance of the performance, and there are no remaining performance obligations after providing hash calculations.

Revenues from Data Center Services

Effective as of September 30, 2023, data center services are no longer provided to external customers. The Company formerly provided data services, such as providing its customers with rack space, power and equipment, and cloud services, such as virtual services, virtual storage and data backup services, generally based on monthly services provided at a defined price included in the contracts. The performance obligations were the services provided to a customer for the month based on the contract. The transaction price was the price agreed with the customer for the monthly services provided and the revenues are recognized monthly based on the services rendered for the month.

The total revenue recognized from data center services included as Other services revenue in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $0, $287 and $525, respectively.

Cost of Revenues

The Company includes energy costs and external co-location mining hosting fees in cost of revenues.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include all cash balances and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less. These investments may include money market funds, certificates of deposit, and other short-term instruments. Temporary cash investments are made with high credit quality financial institutions. At times, such investments in U.S. accounts may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance limits.

Restricted cash

The Company considers cash to be restricted when held in a separate bank account and withdrawal and general use is restricted legally or to restrict a portion cash as collateral for insurance carriers. The Company had restricted cash of $3,056 and $0 as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and held in a deposit account that accrues interest. Amounts included in restricted cash represent those required to be set aside by contractual agreements with insurance carriers in relation to utility bonds for various utility companies.

Prepaid expense and other current assets

The Company records a prepaid expense for costs paid but not yet incurred. Those expected to be incurred within one year are recognized and shown as a short-term pre-paid expense. Any costs expected to be incurred outside of one year would be considered other long-term assets.

Bitcoin

Bitcoin are included in current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets due to the Company’s ability to sell bitcoin in a highly liquid marketplace, and such bitcoin holdings are expected to be realized in cash or sold or consumed during the normal operating cycle of the Company.

As a result of adopting ASC 350-60, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other, ("ASC 350-60") on October 1, 2023, bitcoin is measured at fair value as of each reporting period (see “Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements below”). The fair value of bitcoin is measured using the period-end closing bitcoin price from its principal market, Coinbase, in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement ("ASC 820"). Since bitcoin is traded on a 24-hour period, the Company utilizes the price as of 23:59:59 UTC, which aligns with the Company's revenue recognition cut-off. The changes in bitcoin valuation due to remeasurement in fair value within each reporting period are reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss as "Gain on fair value of bitcoin, net". In accordance with ASC 350-60, the Company discloses realized gains and losses from the sale of bitcoin and such gains and losses are measured as the difference between the cash proceeds and the cost basis of bitcoin as determined on a First In-First Out basis.

Prior to the adoption of ASC 350-60, bitcoin was recorded at cost less impairment and was classified as indefinite-lived intangible assets in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other ("ASC 350"). Bitcoin was accounted for in connection with the Company’s revenue recognition policy detailed above. An intangible asset with an indefinite useful life was not amortized but was assessed for impairment annually, or more frequently, when events or changes in circumstances occurred indicating that it was more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset was impaired. Impairment exists when the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. In testing for impairment for periods under the prior accounting guidance, the Company had the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it was more likely than not that an impairment exists. If it was determined that it was not more likely than not that an impairment exists, a quantitative impairment test was not necessary. If the Company concluded otherwise, it was required to perform a quantitative impairment test. The Company elected to perform the quantitative impairment test each period rather than first performing the qualitative assessment. Quantitative impairment was measured using the intraday low bitcoin price from its principal market for bitcoin in accordance with ASC 820. To the extent an impairment loss is recognized, the loss establishes the new cost basis of the asset. Subsequent reversal of impairment losses was not permitted as per ASC 350.

Bitcoin, which is non-cash consideration earned by the Company through its mining activities, is included as a reconciling item as a cash outflow within operating activities on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow. The cash proceeds from the sales of bitcoin are classified based on the holding period in which the bitcoin is held. ASC 350-60 provides guidance on classifying proceeds from bitcoin and concludes that bitcoin converted nearly immediately into cash would qualify as cash flows from operating activities. All other sales would qualify as investing activities. The Company did not hold its bitcoin for extended periods of time, and such sales proceeds prior to the adoption of ASC 350-60 were reported as cash flows from operating activities. Upon adoption of ASC 350-60, the Company evaluates its sales of bitcoin and records bitcoin sold nearly immediately as operating cash flows and the remainder is recorded as investing activities. During fiscal year 2024, all proceeds from bitcoin sales were classified as investing activities.

Receivable for bitcoin collateral

The Receivable for bitcoin collateral represents the bitcoin posted as collateral to lenders who have rights to sell, pledge and re-hypothecate such bitcoin at their sole discretion and for which the lenders have an obligation to return to the Company at the maturity of the loan. The receivable is recorded at fair value and changes in fair value are recorded as “Change in fair value of bitcoin collateral”. The receivable for bitcoin collateral is classified as current. Realized gains on fair value of bitcoin collateral represent the difference between the fair value on the date the bitcoin was posted as collateral and the fair value on the date the bitcoin is returned to the Company. The value and activity involving this asset is discussed in detail alongside the Coinbase line of credit in Note 12 - Loans.

At commencement and throughout the term of the arrangement, the Company considers and accounts for the credit risk associated with the bitcoin receivable collateral in accordance with the principles outlined in ASC 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (“ASC 326”). The Receivable for bitcoin collateral is presented net of any allowance for credit losses.

In estimating the allowance for credit losses, the Company applies the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model, which requires the measurement of lifetime expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. As the Company has no historical experience with similar assets, the allowance is determined using a combination of industry data, peer analysis, and forward-looking information about economic conditions and the creditworthiness of the counterparty. The Company incorporates relevant qualitative factors, such as the nature of the receivable, the characteristics of the counterparty, and any observable market indicators, to assess the expected collectability of the Receivable for bitcoin collateral. The estimation process also includes reasonable and supportable forecasts to account for future economic conditions and any anticipated impact on the receivable. For the years ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, no amount of allowances for credit losses was deemed necessary.

Investment securities

Investment securities include debt securities and equity securities. Debt securities are classified as available for sale (“AFS”) and are reported as an asset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at their estimated fair value. As the fair values of AFS debt securities change, the changes are reported net of income tax as an element of other comprehensive income (“OCI”). When AFS debt securities are sold, the unrealized gains or losses are reclassified from OCI to non-interest income. Securities classified as AFS are securities that the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a security classified as AFS would be based on various factors, including significant movements in interest rates, changes in the maturity mix of the Company’s assets and liabilities, liquidity needs, decline in credit quality, and regulatory capital considerations.

Interest income is recognized based on the coupon rate and increased by accretion of discounts earned or decreased by the amortization of premiums paid over the contractual life of the security.

For individual debt securities where the Company either intends to sell the security or more likely than not will not recover all of its amortized cost basis, a credit loss allowance is established, with the credit portion of the impairment recognized in earnings. The allowance is measured as the difference between the security's amortized cost and the present value of expected cash flows, limited to the difference between the amortized cost basis and fair value at the balance sheet date. Interest accruals, as well as amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts, are suspended if it becomes unlikely that the full amount due will be collected Interest received after accruals have been suspended is recognized in income on a cash basis.

The Company held investments in both publicly held and privately held equity securities. However, as described in Note 1, the Company is primarily doing business of in the bitcoin mining sector, and not in the business of investing in securities.

Privately held equity securities are recorded at cost and adjusted for observable transactions for same or similar investments of the issuer (referred to as the measurement alternative) or impairment. All gains and losses on privately held equity securities, realized or unrealized, are recorded through gains or losses on equity securities on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Publicly held equity securities are based on fair value with unrealized gains or losses resulting from changes in fair value reflected as unrealized gains or losses on equity securities in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Concentration Risk

At times throughout the year, the Company may maintain cash balances in certain bank accounts in excess of FDIC limits. The cash balance in excess of the FDIC limits was $2,907 and $28,965 for the periods ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively. The accounts offered by the custodian of the Company’s bitcoin, which totaled $431,661 and $56,241 as of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively, are not insured by the FDIC. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts.

The Company has certain customers and vendors who individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s revenue or capital expenditures. In the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, revenue is concentrated with one mining pool operator and all bitcoins reside with one custodian. Refer to Note 17 - Major Customers and Vendors.

Leases

In accordance with ASC 842-Leases, the Company assesses whether an arrangement contains a lease at contract inception. When an arrangement contains a lease, the Company categorizes leases with contractual terms longer than twelve months as either operating or finance. Finance leases are generally those leases that allow the Company to substantially utilize or pay for the entire asset over its estimated life. Assets acquired under finance leases are recorded in “Fixed Assets, net.” All other leases are categorized as operating leases.

The Company records right-of use ("ROU") assets and lease obligations for its finance and operating leases, which are initially recognized based on the discounted future lease payments over the term of the lease. As the rate implicit in the Company's leases is not easily determinable, the Company’s applicable incremental borrowing rate is used in calculating the present value of the sum of the lease payments.

Lease term is defined as the non-cancelable period of the lease plus any options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option. The Company has elected not to recognize ROU asset and lease obligations for its short-term leases, which are defined as leases with an initial term of 12 months or less.

Some leases include multiple year renewal options. The Company’s decision to exercise these renewal options is based on an assessment of its current business needs and market factors at the time of the renewal. Currently, the Company has certain leases for which the option to renew is reasonably certain, and therefore, options to renew were factored into the calculation of its right of use asset and lease liability as of September 30, 2024.

For all classes of underlying assets, the Company has elected to not separate lease from non-lease components.

Stock-based compensation

The Company follows the guidelines in FASB Codification Topic ASC 718-10 Compensation-Stock Compensation, which requires companies to measure the cost of employee and non-employee services received in exchange for an award of an equity instrument based on the grant-date fair value of the award. Stock-based compensation expense for stock options is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company may issue compensatory shares for services including, but not limited to, executive, management, accounting, operations, corporate communication, financial and administrative consulting services. The Company determines the grant date fair value of the options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For equity awards granted by the Company that are contingent upon market-based conditions, the Company fair values these awards using the Monte Carlo simulation model. For discussion of accounting for restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance stock units (“PSUs”), please refer Note 16 – Stock-Based Compensation.

Loss per share

The Company reports loss per share in accordance with FASB ASC 260-10 “Earnings Per Share,” which provides for calculation of “basic” and “diluted” earnings per share. Basic earnings per share includes no dilution and is computed by dividing net income or loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution of securities that could share in the earnings of an entity. The calculation of diluted net loss per share gives effect to common stock equivalents; however, potential common shares are excluded if their effect is anti-dilutive. Provided below is the loss per share calculation for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022:


	For the Year Ended September 30,
($ in thousands, except share and per share amounts)	2024			2023			2022
Continuing Operations
Numerator
Loss from continuing operations	$	(145,777	)	$	(133,719	)	$	(40,089	)
Preferred stock dividends		3,422			—			336
Loss from continuing operations attributable to common shareholders	$	(149,199	)	$	(133,719	)	$	(40,425	)

Denominator
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic		216,860,819			102,707,509			42,614,197
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, diluted		216,860,819			102,707,509			42,614,197
Loss from continuing operations per common share attributable to common shareholders
Basic	$	(0.69	)	$	(1.30	)	$	(0.95	)
Diluted	$	(0.69	)	$	(1.30	)	$	(0.95	)

Discontinued Operations
Numerator
Loss income from discontinued operations	$	—		$	(4,429	)	$	(17,237	)
Denominator
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic		216,860,819			102,707,509			42,614,197
Dilutive impact of stock options and other share-based awards		—			—			—
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, diluted		216,860,819			102,707,509			42,614,197
Loss on discontinued operations per common share attributable to common shareholders
Basic	$	—		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.40	)
Diluted	$	—		$	(0.04	)	$	(0.40	)

The number of shares that were not included in the calculation of net loss per diluted share because to do so would have been anti-dilutive, or for preferred stock, because the conversion contingency associated with the change in control had not occurred, and the contingency was not resolved for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:


	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2022
Restricted stock awards		1,383,425		-		5,448,548
Stock options		169,636		11,087		1,418,938
Warrants		12,419		62		202,220
Contingently issuable shares		-		289,549		-
Series A preferred stock conversion		5,250,000		5,250,000		5,250,000
Total anti-dilutive shares		6,815,480		5,550,698		12,319,706

Property and equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Construction in progress is the construction or development of assets that have not yet been placed in service for their intended use. Depreciation for machinery and equipment, mining equipment, buildings, furniture and fixtures and leasehold improvements commences once they are ready for their intended use. Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the terms of the related leases. Land is not depreciated.

Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset as follows:


		Useful life (years)
Land improvements		5 - 15
Building and building improvements		Shorter of lease term or 30 years
Leasehold improvements		Shorter of lease term or 15 years
Miners		3 (1)
Mining equipment		3 - 15
Infrastructure asset		Shorter of lease term or 15 years
Machinery and equipment		3 - 10
Furniture and fixtures		1 - 5

(1) Effective May 1, 2024, the Company reduced the useful life for miners from five years to three years.

In accordance with the FASB ASC 360-10, "Property, Plant and Equipment,” the carrying value of property and equipment, and other long-lived assets, is reviewed on a regular basis for the existence of facts or circumstances that may suggest impairment. The Company recognizes impairment when the sum of the expected undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset. Impairment losses, if any, are measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over its estimated fair value. During the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded an impairment expense of approximately $197,000 due to the reduction of the useful life of miners that were removed from service prior to the originally estimated life and due to the subsequent change in salvage value (see Note 9 - Property and Equipment). In connection with property and equipment in the Company’s discontinued operations, an impairment expense in the approximate amount of $32 was recognized in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 and included in loss from discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Business Combinations, Intangible Assets and Goodwill

The Company accounts for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, where the total purchase price is allocated to the identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The purchase price is allocated using the information currently available and may be adjusted, up to one year from acquisition date, after obtaining more information regarding, among other things, asset valuations, liabilities assumed and revisions to preliminary estimates. The difference between the purchase price, including any contingent consideration, and the fair value of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Contingent consideration transferred is initially recognized at fair value. Contingent consideration classified as a liability or an asset is remeasured to fair value each period until settlement, with changes recognized in profit or loss. Contingent consideration classified as equity is not remeasured. Acquisition-related costs are recognized separately from the acquisition and are expensed as incurred.

The Company reviews its indefinite lived intangibles and goodwill for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value and may not be recoverable. In accordance with its policies, the Company performed an assessment of indefinite lived intangibles and goodwill for the year end September 30, 2024.

The Company amortizes intangible assets with finite lives over their estimated useful lives as follows:


		Useful life (years)
Websites		3
Software		5
Strategic contract		5

During the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred the following impairment losses related to bitcoin and goodwill:


	Years ended September 30,
($ in thousands)		2024		2023		2022
Impairment of bitcoin		$	—	$	7,163	$	12,210
Impairment of goodwill			—		—		12,048
Total impairment loss		$	—	$	7,163	$	24,258

Goodwill Impairment Analysis

In accordance with ASC 350-30-35-18A, an entity may first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test, and has the unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment in any period and proceed directly to performing the quantitative analysis. In completing the 2024 annual goodwill impairment analysis, the Company elected to perform a qualitative assessment for its goodwill. For the qualitative assessment, the Company considered the most recent quantitative analysis, which was performed during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023, including assumptions used, such as discount rates, indicated fair values, and the amounts by which those fair values exceeded their carrying amounts. Further, the Company compared actual performance in fiscal year 2024 to the internal financial projections used in the prior quantitative analyses.

Additionally, the Company considered various other factors, including macroeconomic conditions, relevant industry and market trends, and factors specific to the Company that could indicate a potential change in the fair value of the reporting units. Lastly, the Company evaluated whether any events have occurred or any circumstances have changed since that time that would indicate that goodwill may have become impaired since the last quantitative tests.

In completing the 2023 and 2022 annual goodwill impairment analysis, the Company elected to perform a quantitative assessment for its goodwill. The assessments involved comparing the carrying value of the entity, including goodwill, to its estimated fair value. In accordance with ASU 2017-04: Intangibles - Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the test for Goodwill Impairment, a goodwill impairment charge is recorded for the amount by which the carrying value unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. In determining the fair value for which the quantitative assessment was performed, the Company engaged a valuation specialist to perform the quantitative impairment analysis. The valuation report included a combination of the market and income approach to test for goodwill impairment. The income approach is a valuation technique under which the Company estimates future cash flows using the financial forecast from the perspective of an unrelated market participant. Using historical trending and internal forecasting techniques, revenue is projected and applied to fixed and variable cost experience rates to arrive at the future cash flows. A terminal value was then applied to the projected cash flow stream. Future estimated cash flows were discounted to their present value to calculate the estimated fair value. The discount rate used was the value-weighted average of the Company’s estimated cost of capital derived using both known and estimated customary market metrics. In determining the estimated fair value, several factors were estimated, including projected operating results, growth rates, economic conditions, anticipated future cash flows and the discount rate. The market valuation approach evaluated the Company's market value as compared to the net asset balance.

The fiscal year 2024 and 2023 assessments indicated that no impairment of goodwill was necessary.

In completing the 2022 annual goodwill impairment analysis, there was a $12,048 impairment recognized. In fiscal 2022, there was a sustained downturn in the price of bitcoin which caused the carrying value of the Company’s goodwill to exceed the fair value.

The following table reflects goodwill activity for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively:


	For the year ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2024		2023		2022
Beginning of year balance	$	8,043	$	—	$	12,048
Acquisitions		—		8,043		—
Impairment		—		—		(12,048	)
End of year balance	$	8,043	$	8,043	$	—

Fair Value Measurement of financial instruments, derivative asset and liability, and contingent consideration

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable.


Level 1	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. These are typically obtained from real-time quotes for transactions in active exchange markets involving identical assets.
Level 2	Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices included for identical or similar assets and liabilities that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets. These are typically obtained from readily-available pricing sources for comparable instruments.
Level 3	Unobservable inputs, where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability. These inputs reflect the reporting entity’s own beliefs about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, based on the best information available in the circumstances. Due to the use of significant unobservable inputs, a change in those inputs to a different amount might result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured and recorded at fair value on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets on a recurring basis, and their level within the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023:


September 30, 2024
($ in thousands)	Amount			Level 1		Level 2			Level 3
Cash equivalents(1)	$	120,639		$	120,639	$	—		$	—
Receivable from bitcoin collateral(2)		77,827			—		77,827			—
Bitcoin		431,661			431,661		—			—
ILAL derivative asset		1,932			—		—			1,932
Investment in debt security		918			—		—			918
Interest rate swap derivative		(100	)		—		(100	)		—
Total	$	632,877		$	552,300	$	77,727		$	2,850

(1) Represents money market funds.

(2) See Note 12 - Loans for more information.


September 30, 2023
($ in thousands)	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
ILAL derivative asset	$	2,697	$	—	$	—	$	2,697
Investment in debt security		726		—		—		726
Total	$	3,423	$	—	$	—	$	3,423

There were no transfers between Level 1, 2 or 3 during the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

The activities of the financial instruments that are measured and recorded at fair value on the Company's balance sheets on a recurring basis during years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 are included in Note 8 - Investments and Derivatives.

Assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis

The Company’s non-financial assets, such as goodwill, intangible assets, and property and equipment are adjusted to fair value when an impairment charge is recognized. The Company’s impairment related to its miners held in property and equipment in the year ended September 30, 2024 utilized Level 3 inputs including future bitcoin prices, transaction fees, and the future global hashrate. The Company’s strategic investments are also measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Such fair value measurements are based predominantly on Level 3 inputs. The carrying value of the Company’s strategic investments is predominantly adjusted based on internal discounted cash flow models that use available market data of comparable companies and other unobservable inputs including expected volatility, expected time to liquidity, and adjustments for other company-specific developments.

Assets and liabilities not measured and recorded at fair value

The Company’s financial instruments, including certain cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, the GRIID note receivable, and loans payable are not measured at fair value. The carrying values of these instruments approximate their fair values due to their liquid or short term nature. The fair value of these financial instruments are based on Level 1 inputs, except for short-term borrowings and loans receivable which would be based on Level 2 and Level 3 inputs, respectively.

Income taxes

The Company’s calculation of its tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in various taxing jurisdictions. The Company recognizes tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on management’s estimate of whether it is more likely than not that additional taxes will be required. The Company had no uncertain tax positions as of September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Deferred income taxes are recognized in the consolidated financial statements for the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates. Temporary differences arise from net operating losses, differences in depreciation methods of archived images and property and equipment, stock-based and other compensation, other accrued expenses, and the tax treatment of gains or losses on the value of digital currency. A valuation allowance is established when it is determined that it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The application of tax laws and regulations is subject to legal and factual interpretation, judgment and uncertainty. Tax laws and regulations themselves are subject to change as a result of changes in fiscal policy, changes in legislation, the evolution of regulations and court rulings. Therefore, the actual liability for U.S., or the various state jurisdictions, may be materially different from managements estimates, which could result in the need to record additional tax liabilities or potentially reverse previously recorded tax liabilities. Interest and penalties are included in tax expense.

The Company includes interest and penalties arising from the underpayment of income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss in the provision for income taxes. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

Income tax expense from operations for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $3,344, $2,416 and $0, respectively, which resulted primarily from maintaining a full valuation allowance against the Company's deferred tax assets.

Segment Reporting

The Company determines its operating segments based on how the Chief Operating Decision Maker, the Chief Executive Officer, views and evaluates operations, performance and allocates resources. Since June 30, 2022, the Company's only operating segment is the bitcoin mining business.

Discontinued Operations

The Company deemed its energy operations to be discontinued operations due to its strategic decision to strictly focus on its bitcoin mining operations and divest of the majority of its energy assets.

Through its discontinued operations segment, the Company previously provided energy solutions through its wholly-owned subsidiaries CleanSpark LLC, CleanSpark II, LLC, CleanSpark Critical Power Systems, Inc., GridFabric, LLC, and Solar Watt Solutions, Inc. These solutions consisted of engineering, design and software solutions, custom hardware solutions, Open Automated Demand response, solar, energy storage for microgrid and distributed energy systems. The Company has since sold the majority of its assets related to the energy segment, which included software and intellectual property, and inventory. See Note 4 – Discontinued Operations.

Commitments and Contingencies

The Company is subject to the possibility of various loss contingencies and loss recoveries, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business. The Company considers the likelihood of loss or impairment of an asset, or the incurrence of a liability, as well as the Company’s ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss, in determining loss contingencies. An estimated loss contingency is accrued when it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company regularly evaluates current information available with its external and internal counsel to determine whether an accrual is required, an accrual should be adjusted or a range of possible loss should be disclosed.

Reclassifications

Certain prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current-year presentation. This includes the grouping of certain balance sheet and statement of cash flow items into new or revised categories to improve clarity and consistency with current-year classifications.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

On March 21, 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2024-01, Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards ("ASU 2024-01"), which clarifies how an entity determines whether a profits interest or similar award is (1) within the scope of ASC 718 - Compensation - Stock Compensation or (2) not a share-based payment arrangement and therefore within the scope of other guidance. The guidance in ASU 2024-01 applies to all entities that issue profits interest awards as compensation to employees or nonemployees in exchange for goods or services. ASU 2024-01 is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2024-01 on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASC 350-60 which requires entities with certain crypto assets to subsequently measure such assets at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in net income (loss) in each reporting period. Crypto assets that meet all the following criteria are within the scope of ASC 350-60:

(1)

meet the definition of intangible assets as defined in the Codification;

(2)

do not provide the asset holder with enforceable rights to or claims on underlying goods, services, or other assets;

(3)

are created or reside on a distributed ledger based on blockchain or similar technology;

(4)

are secured through cryptography;

(5)

are fungible; and

(6)

are not created or issued by the reporting entity or its related parties. In addition, entities are required to provide additional disclosures about the holdings of certain crypto assets.

Bitcoin, which is the sole crypto asset mined by the Company, meets each of these criteria. For all entities, the ASC 350-60 amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual consolidated financial statements that have not yet been issued (or made available for issuance). If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it must adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company has elected to early adopt the new guidance effective October 1, 2023, resulting in a $4,183 cumulative-effect change to adjust the Company's bitcoin held on October 1, 2023 with the corresponding entry to accumulated deficit as of October 1, 2023. The tax effect of the adjustment to record the adoption of ASU 2023-08 was to both decrease the deferred tax asset related to cumulative losses from the fair value adjustments of bitcoin held by the company and decrease the valuation allowance for gross deferred tax assets by the same amount as the adjustment to record the adoption of the ASU.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which established a new income tax disclosure requirement in addition to modifying and eliminating certain existing requirements. Under the new guidance, entities must consistently categorize and provide greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation. Companies must also further disaggregate income taxes paid. Companies are required to apply the guidance to annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company does not intend to early adopt this standard. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2023-09 on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Disclosures About Reportable Segments (“ASU 2023-07”), which requires enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and contain other disclosure requirements. The new guidance is effective for all public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2023-07 on its consolidated financial statements and expects to implement the provision for fiscal year ending September 30, 2025.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured by the acquirer on the acquisition date in accordance with ASC 606, as if it had originated the contracts. Under the current business combinations guidance, such assets and liabilities are recognized by the acquirer at fair value on the acquisition date. The Company adopted the provisions of the accounting pronouncement as of October 1, 2023 and the new standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This ASU requires public business entities to provide additional disclosures in the notes to financial statements, disaggregating specific expense categories within relevant income statement captions. The prescribed categories include purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, and depreciation, depletion, and amortization related to oil-and-gas producing activities. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its financial statement disclosures.