10-Q 1 kbh-05312018x10q.htm 10-Q
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the quarterly period ended May 31, 2018.
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the transition period from [ ] to [ ].
Commission File No. 001-09195
KB HOME
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 95-3666267
(State of incorporation) | (IRS employer identification number)

10990 Wilshire Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90024
(310) 231-4000
(Address and telephone number of principal executive offices)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock as of May 31, 2018.
There were 87,688,801 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $1.00 per share, outstanding on May 31, 2018. The registrant’s grantor stock ownership trust held an additional 8,460,265 shares of the registrant’s common stock on that date.

KB HOME
FORM 10-Q
INDEX

| Page Number
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. Financial Statements |
Consolidated Statements of Operations - Three Months and Six Months Ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 | 3
Consolidated Balance Sheets - May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017 | 4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Six Months Ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 | 5
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 6
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 34
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 54
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 55
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 55
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 55
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 55
Item 6. Exhibits | 55
SIGNATURES | 56

2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. | Financial Statements

KB HOME
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts – Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Total revenues | $ | 1,101,423 |  |  | $ | 1,002,794 |  |  | $ | 1,973,046 |  |  | $ | 1,821,390 |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 1,098,673 |  |  | $ | 1,000,072 |  |  | $ | 1,967,878 |  |  | $ | 1,816,318 |
Construction and land costs | (911,244 | ) |  | (846,596 | ) |  | (1,640,722 | ) |  | (1,544,676 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (113,231 | ) |  | (103,917 | ) |  | (208,955 | ) |  | (196,806 | )
Operating income | 74,198 |  |  | 49,559 |  |  | 118,201 |  |  | 74,836 |
Interest income | 1,278 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 2,281 |  |  | 400 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,307 | )
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated joint ventures | (322 | ) |  | (596 | ) |  | (1,167 | ) |  | 135 |
Homebuilding pretax income | 75,154 |  |  | 49,165 |  |  | 119,315 |  |  | 69,064 |
Financial services: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | 2,750 |  |  | 2,722 |  |  | 5,168 |  |  | 5,072 |
Expenses | (957 | ) |  | (816 | ) |  | (1,910 | ) |  | (1,635 | )
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures | 1,361 |  |  | 911 |  |  | 1,780 |  |  | 940 |
Financial services pretax income | 3,154 |  |  | 2,817 |  |  | 5,038 |  |  | 4,377 |
Total pretax income | 78,308 |  |  | 51,982 |  |  | 124,353 |  |  | 73,441 |
Income tax expense | (21,000 | ) |  | (20,200 | ) |  | (138,300 | ) |  | (27,400 | )
Net income (loss) | $ | 57,308 |  |  | $ | 31,782 |  |  | $ | (13,947 | ) |  | $ | 46,041 |
Earnings (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | .65 |  |  | $ | .37 |  |  | $ | (.16 | ) |  | $ | .54 |
Diluted | $ | .57 |  |  | $ | .33 |  |  | $ | (.16 | ) |  | $ | .49 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 87,581 |  |  | 85,445 |  |  | 87,370 |  |  | 85,285 |
Diluted | 101,159 |  |  | 97,732 |  |  | 87,370 |  |  | 96,975 |
Cash dividends declared per common share | $ | .025 |  |  | $ | .025 |  |  | $ | .050 |  |  | $ | .050 |

See accompanying notes.
3

KB HOME
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In Thousands – Unaudited)

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Assets |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 669,798 |  |  | $ | 720,630 |
Receivables | 275,620 |  |  | 244,213 |
Inventories | 3,464,002 |  |  | 3,263,386 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | 69,015 |  |  | 64,794 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 495,969 |  |  | 633,637 |
Other assets | 111,024 |  |  | 102,498 |
| 5,085,428 |  |  | 5,029,158 |
Financial services | 9,308 |  |  | 12,357 |
Total assets | $ | 5,094,736 |  |  | $ | 5,041,515 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 230,606 |  |  | $ | 213,463 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 594,415 |  |  | 575,930 |
Notes payable | 2,353,848 |  |  | 2,324,845 |
| 3,178,869 |  |  | 3,114,238 |
Financial services | 1,224 |  |  | 966 |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock | 118,397 |  |  | 117,946 |
Paid-in capital | 736,047 |  |  | 727,483 |
Retained earnings | 1,717,248 |  |  | 1,735,695 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (16,924 | ) |  | (16,924 | )
Grantor stock ownership trust, at cost | (91,760 | ) |  | (96,509 | )
Treasury stock, at cost | (548,365 | ) |  | (541,380 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 1,914,643 |  |  | 1,926,311 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 5,094,736 |  |  | $ | 5,041,515 |

See accompanying notes.
4

KB HOME
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In Thousands – Unaudited)

| Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (13,947 | ) |  | $ | 46,041 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures | (613 | ) |  | (1,075 | )
Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures | 5,147 |  |  | — |
Amortization of discounts and issuance costs | 3,125 |  |  | 3,314 |
Depreciation and amortization | 1,251 |  |  | 1,500 |
Deferred income taxes | 137,668 |  |  | 27,100 |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | 5,685 |
Stock-based compensation | 8,795 |  |  | 7,037 |
Inventory impairments and land option contract abandonments | 11,511 |  |  | 10,009 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Receivables | (31,218 | ) |  | (2,905 | )
Inventories | (152,799 | ) |  | (100,520 | )
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | 18,369 |  |  | (54,673 | )
Other, net | (6,658 | ) |  | (6,093 | )
Net cash used in operating activities | (19,369 | ) |  | (64,580 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures | (11,600 | ) |  | (11,105 | )
Return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | 1,099 |  |  | 6,958 |
Purchases of property and equipment, net | (3,427 | ) |  | (4,100 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (13,928 | ) |  | (8,247 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Repayment of senior notes | — |  |  | (105,326 | )
Payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans | (10,494 | ) |  | (61,640 | )
Issuance of common stock under employee stock plans | 4,771 |  |  | 3,049 |
Payments of cash dividends | (4,500 | ) |  | (4,341 | )
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards | (6,787 | ) |  | (2,543 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (17,010 | ) |  | (170,801 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (50,307 | ) |  | (243,628 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 720,861 |  |  | 593,000 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 670,554 |  |  | $ | 349,372 |

See accompanying notes.
5

KB HOME
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)

1. | Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted.
In our opinion, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring accruals) necessary to present fairly our consolidated financial position as of May 31, 2018, the results of our consolidated operations for the three months and six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, and our consolidated cash flows for the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017. The results of our consolidated operations for the three months and six months ended May 31, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year due to seasonal variations in operating results and other factors. The consolidated balance sheet at November 30, 2017 has been taken from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended November 30, 2017, which are contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for that period.
Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “we,” “our,” and “us” used in this report refer to KB Home, a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider all highly liquid short-term investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Our cash equivalents totaled $465.2 million at May 31, 2018 and $481.1 million at November 30, 2017. At May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017, the majority of our cash and cash equivalents was invested in interest-bearing bank deposit accounts.
Comprehensive Income (Loss). Our comprehensive income was $57.3 million for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and $31.8 million for the three months ended May 31, 2017. Our comprehensive loss for the six months ended May 31, 2018 was $13.9 million. For the six months ended May 31, 2017, our comprehensive income was $46.0 million. Our comprehensive income (loss) for each of the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 was equal to our net income (loss) for the respective periods.
Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncement. In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09, “Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting” (“ASU 2016-09”), which simplified several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows, treatment of forfeitures, and statutory withholding requirements. We adopted this guidance effective December 1, 2017. ASU 2016-09 requires excess tax benefits and deficiencies from stock-based compensation awards to be recognized prospectively in our consolidated statements of operations as a component of income tax expense, whereas these items were previously recorded in paid-in capital in our consolidated balance sheets. This guidance also requires excess tax benefits to be classified within operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. We previously recognized excess tax benefits as a cash inflow from financing activities and a corresponding cash outflow from operating activities. In connection with the adoption of this guidance, we elected to continue to estimate forfeitures in calculating our stock-based compensation expense, rather than account for forfeitures as they occur. The impact of recognizing excess tax benefits and deficiencies in our consolidated statements of operations resulted in reductions in our income tax expense of $.2 million and $2.4 million for the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2018, respectively. The remaining aspects of adopting this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted. In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 supersedes the revenue guidance in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition,” and most industry-specific revenue and cost guidance in the accounting standards codification, including some cost guidance related to construction-type and
6

production-type contracts. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance provides a principles-based, five-step model to be applied to contracts with customers in determining the timing and amount of revenue to recognize: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, if applicable; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.
ASU 2014-09 and its related amendments (collectively, “ASC 606”) are effective for us beginning December 1, 2018. We intend to adopt ASC 606 under the modified retrospective method applied to contracts that are not complete as of the date of adoption. As a result, we expect to record a cumulative adjustment to beginning retained earnings as of December 1, 2018. We do not expect the adoption of ASC 606 to have a material impact on our recognition of homebuilding revenues in our consolidated financial statements. The primary impacts to our consolidated financial statements are expected to be the following:

• | Within our homebuilding operations, ASC 606 will impact the classification and timing of recognition in our consolidated financial statements of certain community sales office, model and other marketing-related costs, which we currently capitalize to inventories and amortize through construction and land costs with each home delivered in a community. Under ASC 606, these costs will be capitalized to property and equipment and depreciated to selling, general and administrative expenses, or will be expensed when incurred. Upon adopting ASC 606, we will reclassify certain of these community sales office, model and other marketing-related costs from inventories to property and equipment in our consolidated financial statements. The change in the classification and timing of these costs will also result in lower construction and land costs, and higher selling, general and administrative expenses, as compared to amounts reported under the existing guidance. In addition, under ASC 606, forfeited customer deposits, which are currently reflected as other income, will be included in revenues.

• | Within our financial services operations, ASC 606 will impact the timing of recognition of insurance commissions for insurance policy renewals. We currently recognize insurance commissions for renewals as revenue only when policies are renewed. Under ASC 606, insurance commissions for estimated future policy renewals will be recognized as revenue when the customer executes an initial insurance policy with the insurance carrier. Upon adopting ASC 606, we will record a contract asset for the estimated future renewal commissions related to existing policies as of December 1, 2018.

We are in the process of quantifying the above-mentioned items. While individual financial statement line items may be affected, we currently believe the adoption of ASC 606 will not have a material impact on our consolidated net income. We are also continuing to evaluate the impact that adopting this guidance may have on other aspects of our business.
In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 will require lessees to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. Under this guidance, a lessee will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. Lessor accounting remains substantially similar to current GAAP. In addition, disclosures of leasing activities are to be expanded to include qualitative along with specific quantitative information. ASU 2016-02 is effective for us beginning December 1, 2019 (with early adoption permitted), and mandates a modified retrospective transition method. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.
In February 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-02, “Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2018-02”), which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), and requires certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. ASU 2018-02 is effective for us beginning December 1, 2019 (with early adoption permitted), and shall be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of the change in the corporate income tax rate in the TCJA is recognized. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.
In June 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-07, “Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting” (“ASU 2018-07”), which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include all share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. ASU 2018-07 specifies that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which the grantor acquires goods and services to be used or consumed in its own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. ASU 2018-07 also clarifies that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under ASC 606. ASU 2018-07 is
7

effective for us beginning December 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted, but no earlier than our adoption of ASC 606. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

2. | Segment Information

We have identified five operating reporting segments, comprised of four homebuilding reporting segments and one financial services reporting segment. As of May 31, 2018, our homebuilding reporting segments conducted ongoing operations in the following states:
West Coast: California
Southwest: Arizona and Nevada
Central: Colorado and Texas
Southeast: Florida and North Carolina
Our homebuilding reporting segments are engaged in the acquisition and development of land primarily for residential purposes and offer a wide variety of homes that are designed to appeal to first-time, first move-up and active adult homebuyers. Our homebuilding operations generate most of their revenues from the delivery of completed homes to homebuyers. They also earn revenues from the sale of land.
Our homebuilding reporting segments were identified based primarily on similarities in economic and geographic characteristics, product types, regulatory environments, methods used to sell and construct homes and land acquisition characteristics. Management evaluates segment performance primarily based on segment pretax results.
Our financial services reporting segment offers property and casualty insurance and, in certain instances, earthquake, flood and personal property insurance to our homebuyers in the same markets as our homebuilding reporting segments, and provides title services in the majority of our markets located within our Central and Southeast homebuilding reporting segments. This segment earns revenues primarily from insurance commissions and from the provision of title services.
In 2016, a subsidiary of ours and a subsidiary of Stearns Lending, LLC (“Stearns”) formed KBHS Home Loans, LLC (“KBHS”), an unconsolidated mortgage banking joint venture to offer mortgage banking services, including mortgage loan originations, to our homebuyers. We and Stearns each have a 50.0% ownership interest in KBHS, with Stearns providing management oversight of KBHS’ operations. KBHS was operational in all of our served markets as of June 2017. The financial services reporting segment is separately reported in our consolidated financial statements.
Corporate and other is a non-operating segment that develops and oversees the implementation of company-wide strategic initiatives and provides support to our reporting segments by centralizing certain administrative functions. Corporate management is responsible for, among other things, evaluating and selecting the geographic markets in which we operate, consistent with our overall business strategy; allocating capital resources to markets for land acquisition and development activities; making major personnel decisions related to employee compensation and benefits; and monitoring the financial and operational performance of our divisions. Corporate and other includes general and administrative expenses related to operating our corporate headquarters. A portion of the expenses incurred by Corporate and other is allocated to our homebuilding reporting segments.
Our reporting segments follow the same accounting policies used for our consolidated financial statements. The results of each reporting segment are not necessarily indicative of the results that would have occurred had the segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented, nor are they indicative of the results to be expected in future periods.
8

The following tables present financial information relating to our homebuilding reporting segments (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
West Coast | $ | 496,740 |  |  | $ | 460,600 |  |  | $ | 883,392 |  |  | $ | 816,432 |
Southwest | 180,917 |  |  | 126,189 |  |  | 332,816 |  |  | 243,825 |
Central | 313,806 |  |  | 292,746 |  |  | 557,987 |  |  | 535,002 |
Southeast | 107,210 |  |  | 120,537 |  |  | 193,683 |  |  | 221,059 |
Total | $ | 1,098,673 |  |  | $ | 1,000,072 |  |  | $ | 1,967,878 |  |  | $ | 1,816,318 |
Pretax income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
West Coast | $ | 51,883 |  |  | $ | 36,496 |  |  | $ | 83,476 |  |  | $ | 59,349 |
Southwest | 20,577 |  |  | 9,949 |  |  | 35,554 |  |  | 18,621 |
Central | 29,075 |  |  | 26,985 |  |  | 48,170 |  |  | 46,663 |
Southeast | 787 |  |  | 479 |  |  | 2,107 |  |  | (1,734 | )
Corporate and other | (27,168 | ) |  | (24,744 | ) |  | (49,992 | ) |  | (53,835 | )
Total | $ | 75,154 |  |  | $ | 49,165 |  |  | $ | 119,315 |  |  | $ | 69,064 |

Inventory impairment charges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
West Coast | $ | 5,993 |  |  | $ | 3,144 |  |  | $ | 10,692 |  |  | $ | 3,144 |
Southwest | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,343 |
Central | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Southeast | — |  |  | 1,158 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,032 |
Total | $ | 5,993 |  |  | $ | 4,302 |  |  | $ | 10,692 |  |  | $ | 7,519 |
Land option contract abandonments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
West Coast | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 1,044 |  |  | $ | 596 |  |  | $ | 1,835 |
Southwest | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Central | 145 |  |  | 518 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 518 |
Southeast | — |  |  | 137 |  |  | — |  |  | 137 |
Total | $ | 533 |  |  | $ | 1,699 |  |  | $ | 819 |  |  | $ | 2,490 |

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Inventories: |  |  |
Homes under construction |  |  |
West Coast | $ | 749,329 |  |  | $ | 638,639 |
Southwest | 191,888 |  |  | 179,240 |
Central | 337,259 |  |  | 320,205 |
Southeast | 119,314 |  |  | 98,764 |
Subtotal | 1,397,790 |  |  | 1,236,848 |

9

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Land under development |  |  |
West Coast | 828,911 |  |  | 723,761 |
Southwest | 289,784 |  |  | 309,672 |
Central | 446,232 |  |  | 435,373 |
Southeast | 196,390 |  |  | 182,533 |
Subtotal | 1,761,317 |  |  | 1,651,339 |
Land held for future development or sale |  |  |
West Coast | 166,910 |  |  | 233,188 |
Southwest | 62,101 |  |  | 62,475 |
Central | 12,229 |  |  | 12,654 |
Southeast | 63,655 |  |  | 66,882 |
Subtotal | 304,895 |  |  | 375,199 |
Total | $ | 3,464,002 |  |  | $ | 3,263,386 |

Assets: |  |  |
West Coast | $ | 1,926,823 |  |  | $ | 1,747,786 |
Southwest | 588,196 |  |  | 586,666 |
Central | 925,966 |  |  | 901,516 |
Southeast | 406,066 |  |  | 359,307 |
Corporate and other | 1,238,377 |  |  | 1,433,883 |
Total | $ | 5,085,428 |  |  | $ | 5,029,158 |

3. | Financial Services

The following tables present financial information relating to our financial services reporting segment (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance commissions | $ | 1,463 |  |  | $ | 1,408 |  |  | $ | 2,815 |  |  | $ | 2,618 |
Title services | 1,287 |  |  | 1,314 |  |  | 2,353 |  |  | 2,449 |
Interest income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Total | 2,750 |  |  | 2,722 |  |  | 5,168 |  |  | 5,072 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | (957 | ) |  | (816 | ) |  | (1,910 | ) |  | (1,635 | )
Operating income | 1,793 |  |  | 1,906 |  |  | 3,258 |  |  | 3,437 |
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures | 1,361 |  |  | 911 |  |  | 1,780 |  |  | 940 |
Pretax income | $ | 3,154 |  |  | $ | 2,817 |  |  | $ | 5,038 |  |  | $ | 4,377 |

10

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 756 |  |  | $ | 231 |
Receivables | 1,535 |  |  | 1,724 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | 6,973 |  |  | 10,340 |
Other assets | 44 |  |  | 62 |
Total assets | $ | 9,308 |  |  | $ | 12,357 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 1,224 |  |  | $ | 966 |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,224 |  |  | $ | 966 |

4. | Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share were calculated as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 57,308 |  |  | $ | 31,782 |  |  | $ | (13,947 | ) |  | $ | 46,041 |
Less: Distributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stock | (12 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | — |  |  | (29 | )
Less: Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stock | (310 | ) |  | (200 | ) |  | — |  |  | (285 | )
Numerator for basic earnings (loss) per share | 56,986 |  |  | 31,568 |  |  | (13,947 | ) |  | 45,727 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs associated with convertible senior notes, net of taxes | 796 |  |  | 664 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,327 |
Add: Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stock | 310 |  |  | 200 |  |  | — |  |  | 285 |
Less: Undistributed earnings reallocated to nonvested restricted stock | (269 | ) |  | (175 | ) |  | — |  |  | (251 | )
Numerator for diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | 57,823 |  |  | $ | 32,257 |  |  | $ | (13,947 | ) |  | $ | 47,088 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding — basic | 87,581 |  |  | 85,445 |  |  | 87,370 |  |  | 85,285 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based payments | 5,176 |  |  | 3,885 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,288 |
Convertible senior notes | 8,402 |  |  | 8,402 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,402 |
Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted | 101,159 |  |  | 97,732 |  |  | 87,370 |  |  | 96,975 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share | $ | .65 |  |  | $ | .37 |  |  | $ | (.16 | ) |  | $ | .54 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | .57 |  |  | $ | .33 |  |  | $ | (.16 | ) |  | $ | .49 |

We compute earnings (loss) per share using the two-class method, which is an allocation of earnings (losses) between the holders of common stock and a company’s participating security holders. Our outstanding nonvested shares of restricted stock contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends and, therefore, are considered participating securities for purposes of
11

computing earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. We had no other participating securities at May 31, 2018 or 2017.
For the three-month period ended May 31, 2018, outstanding stock options to purchase 1.6 million shares of our common stock were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect of their inclusion would be antidilutive. For the six-month period ended May 31, 2018, all outstanding stock options, contingently issuable shares associated with outstanding performance-based restricted stock units (each, a “PSU”), and the impact of our 1.375% convertible senior notes due 2019 (“1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019”), were excluded from the diluted loss per share calculation because the effect of their inclusion would be antidilutive. For the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2017, outstanding stock options to purchase 3.6 million shares of our common stock were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect of their inclusion would be antidilutive. Contingently issuable shares associated with outstanding PSUs were not included in the basic earnings (loss) per share calculations for the periods presented, as the applicable vesting conditions had not been satisfied.

5. | Receivables

Receivables consisted of the following (in thousands):

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Due from utility companies, improvement districts and municipalities | $ | 124,704 |  |  | $ | 113,744 |
Recoveries related to self-insurance and other legal claims | 101,965 |  |  | 91,763 |
Refundable deposits and bonds | 13,675 |  |  | 13,829 |
Recoveries related to warranty and other claims | 3,028 |  |  | 4,073 |
Other | 44,882 |  |  | 33,797 |
Subtotal | 288,254 |  |  | 257,206 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | (12,634 | ) |  | (12,993 | )
Total | $ | 275,620 |  |  | $ | 244,213 |

6. | Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Homes under construction | $ | 1,397,790 |  |  | $ | 1,236,848 |
Land under development | 1,761,317 |  |  | 1,651,339 |
Land held for future development or sale (a) | 304,895 |  |  | 375,199 |
Total | $ | 3,464,002 |  |  | $ | 3,263,386 |

(a) Land held for sale totaled $22.6 million at May 31, 2018 and $21.8 million at November 30, 2017.
Interest is capitalized to inventories while the related communities or land are being actively developed and until homes are completed or the land is available for immediate sale. Capitalized interest is amortized to construction and land costs as the related inventories are delivered to homebuyers or land buyers (as applicable). Interest and real estate taxes are not capitalized on land held for future development or sale.
12

Our interest costs were as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Capitalized interest at beginning of period | $ | 259,785 |  |  | $ | 311,111 |  |  | $ | 262,191 |  |  | $ | 306,723 |
Interest incurred (a) | 39,924 |  |  | 43,344 |  |  | 79,868 |  |  | 93,423 |
Interest expensed (a) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,307 | )
Interest amortized to construction and land costs (b) | (52,433 | ) |  | (50,471 | ) |  | (94,783 | ) |  | (89,855 | )
Capitalized interest at end of period (c) | $ | 247,276 |  |  | $ | 303,984 |  |  | $ | 247,276 |  |  | $ | 303,984 |

(a) | Interest incurred and interest expensed for the six months ended May 31, 2017 included a charge of $5.7 million for the early extinguishment of debt.

(b) | Interest amortized to construction and land costs for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 included $3.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively, related to land sales during those periods. Interest amortized to construction and land costs for the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 included $4.1 million and $1.6 million, respectively, related to land sales during those periods.

(c) | Capitalized interest amounts reflect the gross amount of capitalized interest, as inventory impairment charges recognized, if any, are not generally allocated to specific components of inventory.

7. | Inventory Impairments and Land Option Contract Abandonments

Each community or land parcel in our owned inventory is assessed on a quarterly basis to determine if indicators of potential impairment exist. We record an inventory impairment charge on a community or land parcel that is active or held for future development when indicators of potential impairment exist and the carrying value of the real estate asset is greater than the undiscounted future net cash flows the asset is expected to generate. These real estate assets are written down to fair value, which is primarily determined based on the estimated future net cash flows discounted for inherent risk associated with each such asset, or other valuation techniques. We record an inventory impairment charge on land held for sale when the carrying value of a land parcel is greater than its fair value. These real estate assets are written down to fair value, less associated costs to sell. The estimated fair values of such assets are generally based on bona fide letters of intent from outside parties, executed sales contracts, broker quotes or similar information.
We evaluated 42 and 43 communities or land parcels for recoverability during the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The carrying value of those communities or land parcels evaluated during the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 was $284.1 million and $381.1 million, respectively. The communities or land parcels evaluated during the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 included certain communities or land parcels previously held for future development that were reactivated as part of our efforts to improve our asset efficiency under our Returns-Focused Growth Plan.
Based on the results of our evaluations, we recognized inventory impairment charges of $6.0 million for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and $10.7 million for the six months ended May 31, 2018. For the three months and six months ended May 31, 2017, we recognized inventory impairment charges of $4.3 million and $7.5 million, respectively. The inventory impairment charges for the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 reflected our decisions to make changes in our operational strategies aimed at more quickly monetizing our investment in certain communities by accelerating the overall pace for selling, building and delivering homes on land previously held for future development.
13

The following table summarizes ranges for significant quantitative unobservable inputs we utilized in our fair value measurements with respect to the impaired communities written down to fair value during the periods presented:

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
Unobservable Input (a) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Average selling price |  | $339,400 - $460,500 |  | $231,000 - $399,800 |  | $339,400 - $774,100 |  | $231,000 - $399,800
Deliveries per month |  | 4 - 5 |  | 3 - 4 |  | 3 - 5 |  | 3 - 4
Discount rate |  | 17% |  | 18% |  | 17% - 18% |  | 17% - 18%

(a) | The ranges of inputs used in each period primarily reflect differences between the housing markets where each impacted community is located, rather than fluctuations in prevailing market conditions.

As of May 31, 2018, the aggregate carrying value of our inventory that had been impacted by inventory impairment charges was $169.8 million, representing 18 communities and various other land parcels. As of November 30, 2017, the aggregate carrying value of our inventory that had been impacted by inventory impairment charges was $177.8 million, representing 24 communities and various other land parcels.
Our inventory controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts is assessed on a quarterly basis to determine whether it continues to meet our investment return standards. When a decision is made not to exercise certain land option contracts and other similar contracts due to market conditions and/or changes in our marketing strategy, we write off the related inventory costs, including non-refundable deposits and unrecoverable pre-acquisition costs. Based on the results of our assessments, we recognized land option contract abandonment charges of $.5 million for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and $.8 million for the six months ended May 31, 2018. For the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2017, we recognized land option contract abandonment charges of $1.7 million and $2.5 million, respectively.
Due to the judgment and assumptions applied in our inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment assessment processes, particularly as to land held for future development, it is possible that actual results could differ substantially from those estimated.

8. | Variable Interest Entities

Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. We participate in joint ventures from time to time that conduct land acquisition, land development and/or other homebuilding activities in various markets where our homebuilding operations are located. Our investments in these joint ventures may create a variable interest in a variable interest entity (“VIE”), depending on the contractual terms of the arrangement. We analyze our joint ventures under the variable interest model to determine whether they are VIEs and, if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary. Based on our analyses, we determined that one of our joint ventures at May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017 was a VIE, but we were not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. All of our joint ventures at May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017 were unconsolidated and accounted for under the equity method because we did not have a controlling financial interest.
Land Option Contracts and Other Similar Contracts. In the ordinary course of our business, we enter into land option contracts and other similar contracts with third parties and unconsolidated entities to acquire rights to land for the construction of homes. Under these contracts, we typically make a specified option payment or earnest money deposit in consideration for the right to purchase land in the future, usually at a predetermined price. We analyze each of our land option contracts and other similar contracts under the variable interest model to determine whether the land seller is a VIE and, if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary. Although we do not have legal title to the underlying land, we are required to consolidate a VIE if we are the primary beneficiary. As a result of our analyses, we determined that as of May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017, we were not the primary beneficiary of any VIEs from which we have acquired rights to land under land option contracts and other similar contracts. We perform ongoing reassessments of whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE.
14

The following table presents a summary of our interests in land option contracts and other similar contracts (in thousands):

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
| Cash Deposits |  | Aggregate Purchase Price |  | Cash Deposits |  | Aggregate Purchase Price
Unconsolidated VIEs | $ | 25,107 |  |  | $ | 710,872 |  |  | $ | 43,171 |  |  | $ | 653,858 |
Other land option contracts and other similar contracts | 18,871 |  |  | 454,576 |  |  | 21,531 |  |  | 440,229 |
Total | $ | 43,978 |  |  | $ | 1,165,448 |  |  | $ | 64,702 |  |  | $ | 1,094,087 |

In addition to the cash deposits presented in the table above, our exposure to loss related to our land option contracts and other similar contracts with third parties and unconsolidated entities consisted of pre-acquisition costs of $36.8 million at May 31, 2018 and $26.8 million at November 30, 2017. These pre-acquisition costs and cash deposits were included in inventories in our consolidated balance sheets.
For land option contracts and other similar contracts where the land seller entity is not required to be consolidated under the variable interest model, we consider whether such contracts should be accounted for as financing arrangements. Land option contracts and other similar contracts that may be considered financing arrangements include those we enter into with third-party land financiers or developers in conjunction with such third parties acquiring a specific land parcel(s) on our behalf, at our direction, and those with other landowners where we or our designee make improvements to the optioned land parcel(s) during the applicable option period. For these land option contracts and other similar contracts, we record the remaining purchase price of the associated land parcel(s) in inventories in our consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding financing obligation if we determine that we are effectively compelled to exercise the option to purchase the land parcel(s). In making this determination with respect to a land option contract or other similar contract, we consider the non-refundable deposit(s) we have made and any non-reimbursable expenditures we have incurred for land improvement activities or other items up to the assessment date; additional costs associated with abandoning the contract; and our commitments, if any, to incur non-reimbursable costs associated with the contract. As a result of our evaluations of land option contracts and other similar contracts for financing arrangements, we recorded inventories in our consolidated balance sheets, with a corresponding increase to accrued expenses and other liabilities, of $23.2 million at May 31, 2018 and $5.7 million at November 30, 2017.

9. | Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

We have investments in unconsolidated joint ventures that conduct land acquisition, land development and/or other homebuilding activities in various markets where our homebuilding operations are located. We and our unconsolidated joint venture partners make initial and/or ongoing capital contributions to these unconsolidated joint ventures, typically on a pro rata basis, according to our respective equity interests. The obligations to make capital contributions are governed by each such unconsolidated joint venture’s respective operating agreement and related governing documents.
We typically have obtained rights to acquire portions of the land held by the unconsolidated joint ventures in which we currently participate. When an unconsolidated joint venture sells land to our homebuilding operations, we defer recognition of our share of such unconsolidated joint venture’s earnings (losses) until a home sale is closed and title passes to a homebuyer, at which time we account for those earnings (losses) as a reduction (increase) to the cost of purchasing the land from the unconsolidated joint venture. We defer recognition of our share of such unconsolidated joint venture losses only to the extent profits are to be generated from the sale of the home to a homebuyer.
We share in the earnings (losses) of these unconsolidated joint ventures generally in accordance with our respective equity interests. In some instances, we recognize earnings (losses) related to our investment in an unconsolidated joint venture that differ from our equity interest in the unconsolidated joint venture. This typically arises from our deferral of the unconsolidated joint venture’s earnings (losses) from land sales to us, or other items.
15

The following table presents combined condensed information from the statements of operations of our unconsolidated joint ventures (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues | $ | 7,827 |  |  | $ | 7,080 |  |  | $ | 16,624 |  |  | $ | 26,802 |
Construction and land costs | (7,839 | ) |  | (6,898 | ) |  | (16,655 | ) |  | (24,793 | )
Other expense, net | (611 | ) |  | (1,157 | ) |  | (1,983 | ) |  | (2,253 | )
Loss | $ | (623 | ) |  | $ | (975 | ) |  | $ | (2,014 | ) |  | $ | (244 | )

The following table presents combined condensed balance sheet information for our unconsolidated joint ventures (in thousands):

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Assets |  |  |
Cash | $ | 17,237 |  |  | $ | 21,193 |
Receivables | 226 |  |  | 688 |
Inventories | 143,136 |  |  | 145,519 |
Other assets | 959 |  |  | 1,398 |
Total assets | $ | 161,558 |  |  | $ | 168,798 |
Liabilities and equity |  |  |
Accounts payable and other liabilities | $ | 22,744 |  |  | $ | 25,426 |
Notes payable (a) | 9,536 |  |  | 20,040 |
Equity | 129,278 |  |  | 123,332 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 161,558 |  |  | $ | 168,798 |

(a) | As of May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017, two of our unconsolidated joint ventures had separate construction loan agreements with different third-party lenders to finance their respective land development activities. The outstanding debt under these agreements is secured by the corresponding underlying property and related project assets and is non-recourse to us. Of this outstanding secured debt at May 31, 2018, $9.1 million is scheduled to mature in August 2018 and the remainder is scheduled to mature in February 2020. None of our other unconsolidated joint ventures had outstanding debt at May 31, 2018 or November 30, 2017.

The following table presents additional information relating to our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures (dollars in thousands):

|  | May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Number of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures |  | $ | 69,015 |  |  | $ | 64,794 |
Number of unconsolidated joint venture lots controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts |  | 354 |  |  | 377 |

We and our partners in the unconsolidated joint ventures that have the above-noted construction loan agreements provide certain guarantees and indemnities to the applicable lender, including a guaranty to complete the construction of improvements for the applicable project; a guaranty against losses the lender suffers due to certain bad acts or failures to act by the unconsolidated joint venture or its partners; an indemnity of the lender from environmental issues; and in one case, a guaranty of interest payments on the outstanding balance of the secured debt under the construction loan agreement. In each instance, our actual responsibility under the foregoing guaranty and indemnity obligations is limited to our pro rata interest in the unconsolidated joint venture. We do not have a guaranty or any other obligation to repay or to support the value of the collateral underlying the outstanding secured debt of these unconsolidated joint ventures. However, various financial and
16

non-financial covenants apply with respect to the outstanding secured debt and the related guaranty and indemnity obligations, and a failure to comply with such covenants could result in a default and cause an applicable lender to seek to enforce such guaranty and indemnity obligations, if and as may be applicable. As of May 31, 2018, we were in compliance with the applicable terms of our relevant covenants with respect to the construction loan agreements. We do not believe that our existing exposure under our guaranty and indemnity obligations related to the outstanding secured debt of these unconsolidated joint ventures is material to our consolidated financial statements.
Of the unconsolidated joint venture lots controlled under land option and other similar contracts at May 31, 2018, we are committed to purchase 56 lots from one of our unconsolidated joint ventures in quarterly takedowns over the next two years for an aggregate purchase price of $25.3 million under agreements that we entered into with the unconsolidated joint venture in 2016.

10. | Other Assets

Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Cash surrender value of corporate-owned life insurance contracts | $ | 75,125 |  |  | $ | 75,236 |
Property and equipment, net | 21,690 |  |  | 19,521 |
Prepaid expenses | 12,153 |  |  | 5,360 |
Debt issuance costs associated with unsecured revolving credit facility | 2,056 |  |  | 2,381 |
Total | $ | 111,024 |  |  | $ | 102,498 |

11. | Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Self-insurance and other litigation liabilities | $ | 243,838 |  |  | $ | 222,808 |
Employee compensation and related benefits | 125,376 |  |  | 143,992 |
Warranty liability | 76,404 |  |  | 69,798 |
Accrued interest payable | 69,008 |  |  | 65,343 |
Inventory-related obligations (a) | 43,932 |  |  | 30,108 |
Customer deposits | 21,508 |  |  | 16,863 |
Real estate and business taxes | 10,497 |  |  | 16,874 |
Other | 3,852 |  |  | 10,144 |
Total | $ | 594,415 |  |  | $ | 575,930 |

(a) | Represents liabilities for financing arrangements discussed in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities, as well as liabilities for fixed or determinable amounts associated with tax increment financing entity (“TIFE”) assessments. As homes are delivered, our obligation to pay the remaining TIFE assessments associated with each underlying lot is transferred to the homebuyer. As such, these assessment obligations will be paid by us only to the extent we do not deliver homes on applicable lots before the related TIFE obligations mature.

12. | Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, the TCJA was enacted into law. The TCJA made significant changes to U.S. tax laws, including, but not limited to, the following: (a) reducing the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018; (b) eliminating the federal corporate alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) and changing how existing AMT credits can be realized; and (c) eliminating several business deductions and credits, including deductions for certain executive compensation in excess of $1 million. Overall, we expect the TCJA to favorably impact our effective tax rate, net income and cash flows in future periods.
17

In December 2017, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), which provides guidance on accounting for the income tax effects of the TCJA. SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the TCJA enactment date for companies to complete the accounting relating to the TCJA under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”). In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the TCJA for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. To the extent that a company’s accounting for TCJA-related income tax effects is incomplete, but the company is able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provisional estimate in its financial statements. If a company cannot determine a provisional estimate to be included in its financial statements, it should continue to apply ASC 740 on the basis of the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect immediately before the enactment of the TCJA.
We have not completed our analysis of the TCJA’s income tax effects; however, as described below, we have provided provisional estimates of the TCJA’s impact on our income tax expense for the six months ended May 31, 2018 in accordance with the guidance and interpretations available. In total, we recorded a non-cash charge of $111.2 million to income tax expense in the 2018 first quarter for TCJA-related impacts. In accordance with SAB 118, TCJA-related income tax effects initially reported as provisional estimates may be refined as additional analysis is completed based on obtaining, preparing, or analyzing additional information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the enactment date. In addition, the provisional amounts may be affected by our results for the year ending November 30, 2018 as well as additional regulatory guidance or related interpretations that may be issued by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), changes in accounting standards, or federal or state legislative actions. We anticipate finalizing our analysis within SAB 118’s one-year measurement period. The following provisional estimates of TCJA-related impacts were reflected in our financial statements for the six months ended May 31, 2018:

• | We recorded a charge of $107.9 million in income tax expense due to the accounting re-measurement of our deferred tax assets based on the lower federal corporate income tax rate under the TCJA. However, we are still analyzing certain aspects of the TCJA and refining our calculations, which could potentially affect the measurement of our deferred tax assets or result in new deferred tax amounts.

• | We have AMT credit carryforwards that do not expire and can be used to offset regular income taxes in future years. Under the TCJA, we may claim a refund of 50% of our remaining AMT credits in 2019, 2020, and 2021 to the extent the credits exceed regular tax for any such year. Any AMT credits remaining after our fiscal year ending November 30, 2021 will be refunded in 2022. We currently estimate our refund will total approximately $50.0 million. As the refund is subject to a sequestration reduction rate of approximately 6.6%, we established a federal deferred tax valuation allowance of $3.3 million during the six months ended May 31, 2018. Our accounting policy regarding the balance sheet presentation of the AMT credits is to maintain the balance in deferred tax assets until a tax return is filed claiming a refund of a portion of the credit, at which time the amount will be presented in receivables.

We evaluated the future deductibility of executive compensation due to the TCJA’s elimination of a federal tax law provision that permitted certain performance-based compensation to be deductible, as well as its modification of who is a covered employee with respect to the deduction limit, and a transition rule that would preserve the deductibility of certain 2018 performance-based compensation payable under written binding contracts in place prior to November 2, 2017 that have not been modified in any material respect. We are still analyzing the applicable aspects of the TCJA and anticipate that the IRS will provide future guidance in this area. Based on our analysis of the current transition rule standards, we did not record an impact for this change in tax law in the 2018 first half.
Income Tax Expense. Our income tax expense and effective tax rates were as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Income tax expense | $ | 21,000 |  |  | $ | 20,200 |  |  | $ | 138,300 |  |  | $ | 27,400 |
Effective tax rate | 26.8 | % |  | 38.9 | % |  | 111.2 | % |  | 37.3 | %

Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three months ended May 31, 2018 included the favorable effect of the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate under the TCJA; the favorable net impact of federal energy tax credits of $.2 million that we earned from building energy efficient homes; and excess tax benefits of $.2 million related to stock-based compensation due to our adoption of ASU 2016-09, as further described in Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies. Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the six months ended May 31, 2018 included the above-described charge of $111.2 million for TCJA-related impacts; the favorable effect of the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate under the TCJA; the favorable net impact of federal energy tax credits of $4.2 million; and excess tax benefits
18

of $2.4 million related to stock-based compensation. The TCJA requires us to use a blended federal tax rate for our 2018 fiscal year by applying a prorated percentage of days before and after the January 1, 2018 effective date. As a result, our 2018 annual federal statutory tax rate has been reduced to 22.2%. The federal energy tax credits for the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2018 resulted from legislation enacted on February 9, 2018, which among other things, extended the availability of a business tax credit for building new energy efficient homes through December 31, 2017. Prior to this legislation, the tax credit expired on December 31, 2016.
Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2017 included the favorable net impact of federal energy tax credits of $.1 million and $1.2 million, respectively, that we earned from building energy efficient homes through December 31, 2016.
Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance. We evaluate our deferred tax assets quarterly to determine if adjustments to our valuation allowance are required based on the consideration of all available positive and negative evidence using a “more likely than not” standard with respect to whether deferred tax assets will be realized. Our evaluation considers, among other factors, our historical operating results, our expectation of future profitability, the duration of the applicable statutory carryforward periods, and conditions in the housing market and the broader economy. The ultimate realization of our deferred tax assets depends primarily on our ability to generate future taxable income during the periods in which the related deferred tax assets become deductible. The value of our deferred tax assets depends on applicable income tax rates.
Our deferred tax assets of $522.9 million as of May 31, 2018, after the above-described accounting re-measurement, and $657.2 million as of November 30, 2017 were partly offset by valuation allowances of $26.9 million and $23.6 million, respectively. As part of our analysis of the TCJA’s income tax effects described above, we increased our deferred tax asset valuation allowance by $3.3 million during the six months ended May 31, 2018. The deferred tax asset valuation allowances as of May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017 were primarily related to certain state net operating losses (“NOLs”) that had not met the “more likely than not” realization standard at those dates. Based on our evaluation of our deferred tax assets as of May 31, 2018, we determined that most of our deferred tax assets would be realized. Therefore, other than the $3.3 million discussed above, no adjustments to our deferred tax valuation allowance were needed for the six months ended May 31, 2018.
We will continue to evaluate both the positive and negative evidence on a quarterly basis in determining the need for a valuation allowance with respect to our deferred tax assets. The accounting for deferred tax assets is based upon estimates of future results. Changes in positive and negative evidence, including differences between estimated and actual results, could result in changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets that could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Changes in existing federal and state tax laws and corporate income tax rates could also affect actual tax results and the realization of deferred tax assets over time.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits. As of May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017, our gross unrecognized tax benefits (including interest and penalties) totaled $.2 million and $.1 million, respectively, all of which, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. We anticipate that these gross unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by an amount ranging from zero to $.2 million during the 12 months from this reporting date. The fiscal years ending 2014 and later remain open to federal examinations, while 2013 and later remain open to state examinations.
19

13. | Notes Payable

Notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans | $ | 36,406 |  |  | $ | 10,203 |
7 1/4% Senior notes due June 15, 2018 | 299,983 |  |  | 299,867 |
4.75% Senior notes due May 15, 2019 | 398,933 |  |  | 398,397 |
8.00% Senior notes due March 15, 2020 | 346,997 |  |  | 346,238 |
7.00% Senior notes due December 15, 2021 | 446,977 |  |  | 446,608 |
7.50% Senior notes due September 15, 2022 | 347,478 |  |  | 347,234 |
7.625% Senior notes due May 15, 2023 | 247,897 |  |  | 247,726 |
1.375% Convertible senior notes due February 1, 2019 | 229,177 |  |  | 228,572 |
Total | $ | 2,353,848 |  |  | $ | 2,324,845 |

The carrying amounts of our senior notes listed above are net of debt issuance costs and discounts, which totaled $12.6 million at May 31, 2018 and $15.4 million at November 30, 2017.
Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility. We have a $500.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility with various banks (“Credit Facility”) that will mature on July 27, 2021. The Credit Facility contains an uncommitted accordion feature under which the aggregate principal amount of available loans can be increased to a maximum of $600.0 million under certain conditions, including obtaining additional bank commitments. The Credit Facility also contains a sublimit of $250.0 million for the issuance of letters of credit, which may be utilized in combination with, or to replace, our cash-collateralized letter of credit facility with a financial institution (“LOC Facility”). Interest on amounts borrowed under the Credit Facility is payable at least quarterly in arrears at a rate based on either a Eurodollar or a base rate, plus a spread that depends on our consolidated leverage ratio (“Leverage Ratio”), as defined under the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility also requires the payment of a commitment fee at a per annum rate ranging from .30% to .45% of the unused commitment, based on our Leverage Ratio. Under the terms of the Credit Facility, we are required, among other things, to maintain compliance with various covenants, including financial covenants relating to our consolidated tangible net worth, Leverage Ratio, and either a consolidated interest coverage ratio (“Interest Coverage Ratio”) or minimum level of liquidity, each as defined therein. The amount of the Credit Facility available for cash borrowings or the issuance of letters of credit depends on the total cash borrowings and letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility and the maximum available amount under the terms of the Credit Facility. As of May 31, 2018, we had no cash borrowings and $36.7 million of letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility. Therefore, as of May 31, 2018, we had $463.3 million available for cash borrowings under the Credit Facility, with up to $213.3 million of that amount available for the issuance of letters of credit.
LOC Facility. We maintain the LOC Facility to obtain letters of credit from time to time in the ordinary course of operating our business. As of May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017, we had no letters of credit outstanding under the LOC Facility.
Mortgages and Land Contracts Due to Land Sellers and Other Loans. As of May 31, 2018, inventories having a carrying value of $115.4 million were pledged to collateralize mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans.
Shelf Registration. We have an automatically effective universal shelf registration statement that was filed with the SEC on July 14, 2017 (“2017 Shelf Registration”). Issuances of securities under our 2017 Shelf Registration require the filing of a prospectus supplement identifying the amount and terms of the securities to be issued. Our ability to issue securities is subject to market conditions and other factors impacting our borrowing capacity.
Senior Notes. All of our senior notes outstanding at May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017 represent senior unsecured obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all of our existing and future indebtedness. Interest on each of these senior notes is payable semi-annually. At any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert all or any portion of our 1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019. These notes are initially convertible into shares of our common stock at a conversion rate of 36.5297 shares for each $1,000 principal amount of the notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $27.37 per share. This initial conversion rate equates to 8,401,831 shares of our common stock and is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events, as described in the instruments governing these notes.
20

The indenture governing our senior notes does not contain any financial covenants. Subject to specified exceptions, the indenture contains certain restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur secured indebtedness, or engage in sale-leaseback transactions involving property or assets above a certain specified value. In addition, our senior notes, with the exception of our 7 1/4% senior notes due 2018 (“7 1/4% Senior Notes due 2018”), contain certain limitations related to mergers, consolidations, and sales of assets.
As of May 31, 2018, we were in compliance with the applicable terms of all our covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility, the senior notes, the indenture, and the mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans. Our ability to access the Credit Facility for cash borrowings and letters of credit and our ability to secure future debt financing depend, in part, on our ability to remain in such compliance.
Principal payments on senior notes, mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans are due as follows: 2018 – $300.0 million; 2019 – $666.4 million; 2020 – $350.0 million; 2021 – $0; 2022 – $800.0 million; and thereafter – $250.0 million.

14. | Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value measurements of assets and liabilities are categorized based on the following hierarchy:

Level 1 |  | Fair value determined based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 |  | Fair value determined using significant observable inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities or quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data, by correlation or other means.
Level 3 |  | Fair value determined using significant unobservable inputs, such as pricing models, discounted cash flows, or similar techniques.

Fair value measurements are used for inventories on a nonrecurring basis when events and circumstances indicate that their carrying value is not recoverable. The following table presents the fair value hierarchy, pre-impairment value, inventory impairment charges and fair value for our assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for the six months ended May 31, 2018 and the year ended November 30, 2017 (in thousands):

|  |  |  | May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Description |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Pre-Impairment Value |  | Inventory Impairment Charges |  | Fair Value (a) |  | Pre-Impairment Value |  | Inventory Impairment Charges |  | Fair Value (a)
Inventories |  | Level 3 |  | $ | 32,604 |  |  | $ | (10,692 | ) |  | $ | 21,912 |  |  | $ | 58,962 |  |  | $ | (20,605 | ) |  | $ | 38,357 |

(a) | Amounts represent the aggregate fair value for real estate assets impacted by inventory impairment charges during the applicable period as of the date the fair value measurements were made. The carrying value for these real estate assets may have subsequently increased or decreased from the fair value reflected due to activity that has occurred since the measurement date.

The fair values for inventories that were determined using Level 3 inputs were based on the estimated future net cash flows discounted for inherent risk associated with each underlying asset.
21

The following table presents the fair value hierarchy, carrying values and fair values of our financial instruments, except those for which the carrying values approximate fair values (in thousands):

|  |  | May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
| Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Carrying Value (a) |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value (a) |  | Fair Value
Financial Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior notes | Level 2 |  | $ | 2,088,265 |  |  | $ | 2,191,875 |  |  | $ | 2,086,070 |  |  | $ | 2,292,250 |
Convertible senior notes | Level 2 |  | 229,177 |  |  | 246,388 |  |  | 228,572 |  |  | 278,300 |

(a) | The carrying values for the senior notes and convertible senior notes, as presented, include unamortized debt issuance costs. Debt issuance costs are not factored into the estimated fair values of these notes.

The fair values of our senior notes and convertible senior notes are generally estimated based on quoted market prices for these instruments. The carrying values reported for cash and cash equivalents, and mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans approximate fair values. The carrying value of corporate-owned life insurance is based on the cash surrender value of the policies and, accordingly, approximates fair value.

15. | Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and contingencies include typical obligations of homebuilders for the completion of contracts and those incurred in the ordinary course of business.
Warranty. We provide a limited warranty on all of our homes. The specific terms and conditions of our limited warranty program vary depending upon the markets in which we do business. We generally provide a structural warranty of 10 years, a warranty on electrical, heating, cooling, plumbing and certain other building systems each varying from two to five years based on geographic market and state law, and a warranty of one year for other components of the home. Our limited warranty program is ordinarily how we respond to and account for homeowners’ requests to local division offices seeking repairs of certain conditions or defects, including claims where we could have liability under applicable state statutes or tort law for a defective condition in or damages to a home. Our warranty liability covers our costs of repairs associated with homeowner claims made under our limited warranty program. These claims are generally made directly by a homeowner and involve their individual home.
We estimate the costs that may be incurred under each limited warranty and record a liability in the amount of such costs at the time the revenue associated with the sale of each home is recognized. Our primary assumption in estimating the amounts we accrue for warranty costs is that historical claims experience is a strong indicator of future claims experience. Factors that affect our warranty liability include the number of homes delivered, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims, and cost per claim. We periodically assess the adequacy of our accrued warranty liability, which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, and adjust the amount as necessary based on our assessment. Our assessment includes the review of our actual warranty costs incurred to identify trends and changes in our warranty claims experience, and considers our home construction quality and customer service initiatives and outside events. While we believe the warranty liability currently reflected in our consolidated balance sheets to be adequate, unanticipated changes or developments in the legal environment, local weather, land or environmental conditions, quality of materials or methods used in the construction of homes or customer service practices and/or our warranty claims experience could have a significant impact on our actual warranty costs in future periods and such amounts could differ significantly from our current estimates.
The changes in our warranty liability were as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 71,845 |  |  | $ | 57,710 |  |  | $ | 69,798 |  |  | $ | 56,682 |
Warranties issued | 9,889 |  |  | 8,784 |  |  | 17,653 |  |  | 15,924 |
Payments | (5,330 | ) |  | (6,457 | ) |  | (11,047 | ) |  | (12,569 | )
Balance at end of period | $ | 76,404 |  |  | $ | 60,037 |  |  | $ | 76,404 |  |  | $ | 60,037 |

22

Guarantees. In the normal course of our business, we issue certain representations, warranties and guarantees related to our home sales and land sales. Based on historical experience, we do not believe any potential liability with respect to these representations, warranties or guarantees would be material to our consolidated financial statements.
Self-Insurance. We maintain, and require the majority of our independent subcontractors to maintain, general liability insurance (including construction defect and bodily injury coverage) and workers’ compensation insurance. These insurance policies protect us against a portion of our risk of loss from claims related to our homebuilding activities, subject to certain self-insured retentions, deductibles and other coverage limits. We also maintain certain other insurance policies. In Arizona, California, Colorado and Nevada, our subcontractors’ general liability insurance primarily takes the form of a wrap-up policy under a program where eligible independent subcontractors are enrolled as insureds on each community. Enrolled subcontractors contribute toward the cost of the insurance and agree to pay a contractual amount in the future if there is a claim related to their work. To the extent provided under the wrap-up program, we absorb the enrolled subcontractors’ general liability associated with the work performed on our homes within the applicable community as part of our overall general liability insurance and our self-insurance.
We self-insure a portion of our overall risk through the use of a captive insurance subsidiary, which provides coverage for our exposure to construction defect, bodily injury and property damage claims and related litigation or regulatory actions, up to certain limits. Our self-insurance liability generally covers our costs of settlements and/or repairs, if any, as well as our costs to defend and resolve the following types of claims:

• | Construction defect: Construction defect claims, which represent the largest component of our self-insurance liability, typically originate through a legal or regulatory process rather than directly by a homeowner and involve the alleged occurrence of a condition affecting two or more homes within the same community, or they involve a common area or homeowners’ association property within a community. These claims typically involve higher costs to resolve than individual homeowner warranty claims, and the rate of claims is highly variable.

• | Bodily injury: Bodily injury claims typically involve individuals (other than our employees) who claim they were injured while on our property or as a result of our operations.

• | Property damage: Property damage claims generally involve claims by third parties for alleged damage to real or personal property as a result of our operations. Such claims may occasionally include those made against us by owners of property located near our communities.

Our self-insurance liability at each reporting date represents the estimated costs of reported claims, claims incurred but not yet reported, and claim adjustment expenses. The amount of our self-insurance liability is based on an analysis performed by a third-party actuary that uses our historical claim and expense data, as well as industry data to estimate these overall costs. Key assumptions used in developing these estimates include claim frequencies, severities and resolution patterns, which can occur over an extended period of time. These estimates are subject to variability due to the length of time between the delivery of a home to a homebuyer and when a construction defect claim is made, and the ultimate resolution of such claim; uncertainties regarding such claims relative to our markets and the types of product we build; and legal or regulatory actions and/or interpretations, among other factors. Due to the degree of judgment involved and the potential for variability in these underlying assumptions, our actual future costs could differ from those estimated. In addition, changes in the frequency and severity of reported claims and the estimates to resolve claims can impact the trends and assumptions used in the actuarial analysis, which could be material to our consolidated financial statements. Though state regulations vary, construction defect claims are reported and resolved over a long period of time, which can extend for 10 years or more. As a result, the majority of the estimated self-insurance liability based on the actuarial analysis relates to claims incurred but not yet reported. Therefore, adjustments related to individual existing claims generally do not significantly impact the overall estimated liability. Adjustments to our liabilities related to homes delivered in prior years are recorded in the period in which a change in our estimate occurs.
Our self-insurance liability is presented on a gross basis without consideration of insurance recoveries and amounts we have paid on behalf of and expect to recover from other parties, if any. Estimated probable insurance and other recoveries of $64.2 million and $71.3 million are included in receivables in our consolidated balance sheets at May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017, respectively. These self-insurance recoveries are principally based on actuarially determined amounts and depend on various factors, including, among other things, the above-described claim cost estimates, our insurance policy coverage limits for the applicable policy year(s), historical third-party recovery rates, insurance industry practices, the regulatory environment, and legal precedent, and are subject to a high degree of variability from period to period. Because of the inherent uncertainty and variability in these assumptions, our actual insurance recoveries could differ significantly from amounts currently estimated.
23

The changes in our self-insurance liability were as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 180,695 |  |  | $ | 159,882 |  |  | $ | 177,695 |  |  | $ | 158,584 |
Self-insurance expense (a) | 4,309 |  |  | 3,598 |  |  | 8,710 |  |  | 8,238 |
Payments | (1,277 | ) |  | (2,720 | ) |  | (2,642 | ) |  | (4,760 | )
Adjustments (b) | (7,012 | ) |  | (4,255 | ) |  | (7,048 | ) |  | (5,557 | )
Balance at end of period | $ | 176,715 |  |  | $ | 156,505 |  |  | $ | 176,715 |  |  | $ | 156,505 |

(a) | These expenses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and are largely offset by contributions from subcontractors participating in the wrap-up policy.

(b) | The amount for each period reflects changes in our self-insurance liability that were offset by changes in the receivable for estimated probable insurance and other recoveries to present our self-insurance liability on a gross basis.

For most of our claims, there is no interaction between our warranty liability and self-insurance liability. Typically, if a matter is identified at its outset as either a warranty or self-insurance claim, it remains as such through its resolution. However, there can be instances of interaction between the liabilities, such as where individual homeowners in a community separately request warranty repairs to their homes to address a similar condition or issue and subsequently join together to initiate, or potentially initiate, a legal process with respect to that condition or issue and/or the repair work we have undertaken. In these instances, the claims and related repair work generally are initially covered by our warranty liability, and the costs associated with resolving the legal matter (including any additional repair work) are covered by our self-insurance liability.
The payments we make in connection with claims and related repair work, whether covered within our warranty liability and/or our self-insurance liability, may be recovered from our insurers to the extent such payments exceed the self-insured retentions or deductibles under our general liability insurance policies. Also, in certain instances, in the course of resolving a claim, we pay amounts in advance of and/or on behalf of a subcontractor(s) or their insurer(s) and believe we will be reimbursed for such payments. Estimates of all such amounts, if any, are recorded as receivables in our consolidated balance sheets when any such recovery is considered probable. Such receivables associated with our warranty and other claims totaled $3.0 million at May 31, 2018 and $4.1 million at November 30, 2017. We believe the collection of these receivables is probable based on our history of collections for similar claims.
Northern California Claims. In the 2017 third quarter, we received claims from a homeowners’ association alleging approximately $100.0 million of damages from purported construction defects at a completed townhome community in Northern California. We are investigating these allegations, and we currently expect it may take up to several quarters to fully evaluate them. At May 31, 2018, we had an accrual for our estimated probable loss in this matter and a receivable for estimated probable insurance recoveries. While it is reasonably possible that our loss could exceed the amount accrued, at this preliminary stage of our investigation into these allegations, we are unable to estimate the total amount of the loss in excess of the accrued amount that is reasonably possible. Our investigation will also involve identifying potentially responsible parties, including insurers, to pay for or perform any necessary repairs.
Performance Bonds and Letters of Credit. We are often required to provide to various municipalities and other government agencies performance bonds and/or letters of credit to secure the completion of our projects and/or in support of obligations to build community improvements such as roads, sewers, water systems and other utilities, and to support similar development activities by certain of our unconsolidated joint ventures. At May 31, 2018, we had $602.2 million of performance bonds and $36.7 million of letters of credit outstanding. At November 30, 2017, we had $606.7 million of performance bonds and $37.6 million of letters of credit outstanding. If any such performance bonds or letters of credit are called, we would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of the performance bond or letter of credit. We do not believe that a material amount of any currently outstanding performance bonds or letters of credit will be called. Performance bonds do not have stated expiration dates. Rather, we are released from the performance bonds as the underlying performance is completed. The expiration dates of some letters of credit issued in connection with community improvements coincide with the expected completion dates of the related projects or obligations. Most letters of credit, however, are issued with an initial term of one year and are typically extended on a year-to-year basis until the related performance obligations are completed.
Land Option Contracts and Other Similar Contracts. In the ordinary course of our business, we enter into land option contracts and other similar contracts to acquire rights to land for the construction of homes. At May 31, 2018, we had total cash deposits
24

of $44.0 million to purchase land having an aggregate purchase price of $1.17 billion. Our land option contracts and other similar contracts generally do not contain provisions requiring our specific performance.

16. | Legal Matters

We are involved in litigation and regulatory proceedings incidental to our business that are in various procedural stages. We believe that the accruals we have recorded for probable and reasonably estimable losses with respect to these proceedings are adequate and that, as of May 31, 2018, it was not reasonably possible that an additional material loss had been incurred in an amount in excess of the estimated amounts already recognized or disclosed in our consolidated financial statements. We evaluate our accruals for litigation and regulatory proceedings at least quarterly and, as appropriate, adjust them to reflect (a) the facts and circumstances known to us at the time, including information regarding negotiations, settlements, rulings and other relevant events and developments; (b) the advice and analyses of counsel; and (c) the assumptions and judgment of management. Similar factors and considerations are used in establishing new accruals for proceedings as to which losses have become probable and reasonably estimable at the time an evaluation is made. Based on our experience, we believe that the amounts that may be claimed or alleged against us in these proceedings are not a meaningful indicator of our potential liability. The outcome of any of these proceedings, including the defense and other litigation-related costs and expenses we may incur, however, is inherently uncertain and could differ significantly from the estimate reflected in a related accrual, if made. Therefore, it is possible that the ultimate outcome of any proceeding, if in excess of a related accrual or if an accrual had not been made, could be material to our consolidated financial statements.

17. | Stockholders’ Equity

A summary of changes in stockholders’ equity is presented below (in thousands):

| Six Months Ended May 31, 2018
| Number of Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  | Grantor Stock Ownership Trust |  | Treasury Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Grantor Stock Ownership Trust |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at November 30, 2017 | 117,946 |  |  | (8,898 | ) |  | (22,021 | ) |  | $ | 117,946 |  |  | $ | 727,483 |  |  | $ | 1,735,695 |  |  | $ | (16,924 | ) |  | $ | (96,509 | ) |  | $ | (541,380 | ) |  | $ | 1,926,311 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,947 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,947 | )
Dividends on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,500 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,500 | )
Employee stock options/other | 397 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 397 |  |  | 4,374 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,771 |
Stock awards | 54 |  |  | 438 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 54 |  |  | (4,605 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,749 |  |  | (198 | ) |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,795 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,795 |
Stock repurchases | — |  |  | — |  |  | (217 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,787 | ) |  | (6,787 | )
Balance at May 31, 2018 | 118,397 |  |  | (8,460 | ) |  | (22,248 | ) |  | $ | 118,397 |  |  | $ | 736,047 |  |  | $ | 1,717,248 |  |  | $ | (16,924 | ) |  | $ | (91,760 | ) |  | $ | (548,365 | ) |  | $ | 1,914,643 |

We maintain 12,602,735 shares of our common stock to meet conversions of our 1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019 if and when they occur. This represents the maximum number of shares of our common stock potentially deliverable upon conversion to holders of our 1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019 based on the terms of their governing instruments. The maximum number of shares would potentially be deliverable to holders only in certain limited circumstances as set forth in the instruments governing these notes.
On February 14, 2018, the management development and compensation committee of our board of directors approved the payout of 437,689 shares of our common stock in connection with the vesting of PSUs that were granted to certain employees on October 9, 2014. The shares paid out under the PSUs reflected our achievement of certain performance measures that were based on average return on invested capital and cumulative earnings per share, and revenue growth relative to a peer group of high-production public homebuilding companies over the three-year period from December 1, 2014 through November 30, 2017. Of the shares of common stock paid out, 217,006 shares or $6.8 million, were purchased by us in the 2018 first quarter to satisfy the recipients’ withholding taxes on the vesting of the PSUs. The shares purchased were not considered repurchases under the authorizations described below.
In January 2016, our board of directors authorized us to repurchase a total of up to 10,000,000 shares of our outstanding common stock. As of May 31, 2018, we had repurchased 8,373,000 shares of our common stock pursuant to this authorization, at a total cost of $85.9 million. On May 14, 2018, our board of directors reaffirmed the remainder of the 2016 authorization and approved and authorized the repurchase of 2,373,000 additional shares of our outstanding common stock, for a total of
25

up to 4,000,000 shares authorized for repurchase. We did not repurchase any of our common stock under this program in the six months ended May 31, 2018.
Unrelated to the share repurchase program, our board of directors authorized in 2014 the repurchase of not more than 680,000 shares of our outstanding common stock solely as necessary for director compensation elections with respect to settling outstanding stock appreciation rights awards granted under our Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan. As of May 31, 2018, we have not repurchased any shares pursuant to the board of directors authorization.
On April 12, 2018, we entered into an Amended and Restated Rights Agreement with Computershare Inc., as rights agent, following its approval by our stockholders at our 2018 Annual Meeting held on April 12, 2018. The Amended and Restated Rights Agreement amends and restates the Rights Agreement, dated as of January 22, 2009 (“Prior Rights Agreement”).
As with the Prior Rights Agreement, the Amended and Restated Rights Agreement is intended to help protect our NOLs and other deferred tax assets from an ownership change under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. The Amended and Restated Rights Agreement extended the latest possible expiration date of the rights issued pursuant to the Prior Rights Agreement to the close of business on April 30, 2021, and made certain other related changes. Otherwise, the Amended and Restated Rights Agreement’s terms are substantively the same as those of the Prior Rights Agreement, which were disclosed in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2017.
During each of the three-month periods ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, our board of directors declared, and we paid, a quarterly cash dividend of $.025 per share of common stock. Quarterly cash dividends declared and paid during the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 totaled $.050 per share of common stock.

18. | Stock-Based Compensation

Stock Options. We estimate the grant-date fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The following table summarizes stock option transactions for the six months ended May 31, 2018:

| Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Options outstanding at beginning of period | 9,265,240 |  |  | $ | 17.64 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |
Exercised | (397,062 | ) |  | 12.02 |
Cancelled | (16,208 | ) |  | 15.47 |
Options outstanding at end of period | 8,851,970 |  |  | $ | 17.90 |
Options exercisable at end of period | 7,910,570 |  |  | $ | 18.16 |

As of May 31, 2018, the weighted average remaining contractual life of stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable was 3.8 years and 3.3 years, respectively. There was $.5 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock option awards as of May 31, 2018 that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.0 year. For the three months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options totaled $.2 million and $.3 million, respectively. For the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options totaled $.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic values of stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable were $91.8 million and $81.8 million, respectively, at May 31, 2018. (The intrinsic value of a stock option is the amount by which the market value of a share of the underlying common stock exceeds the exercise price of the stock option.)
Other Stock-Based Awards. From time to time, we grant restricted stock and PSUs to various employees as a compensation benefit. We recognized total compensation expense of $4.8 million and $3.6 million for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to restricted stock and PSUs. We recognized total compensation expense of $8.4 million and $5.9 million for the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to restricted stock and PSUs.
26

19. | Supplemental Disclosure to Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

The following are supplemental disclosures to the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

| Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Summary of cash and cash equivalents at end of period: |  |  |
Homebuilding | $ | 669,798 |  |  | $ | 348,588 |
Financial services | 756 |  |  | 784 |
Total | $ | 670,554 |  |  | $ | 349,372 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized | $ | (3,665 | ) |  | $ | 2,105 |
Income taxes paid | 7,595 |  |  | 3,039 |
Supplemental disclosures of noncash activities: |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in consolidated inventories not owned | $ | 17,518 |  |  | $ | (37,371 | )
Increase in inventories due to distributions of land and land development from an unconsolidated joint venture | 5,113 |  |  | 3,676 |
Inventories acquired through seller financing | 36,697 |  |  | 28,160 |

20. | Supplemental Guarantor Information

Our obligations to pay principal, premium, if any, and interest on the senior notes and borrowings, if any, under the Credit Facility are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by certain of our subsidiaries (“Guarantor Subsidiaries”). The guarantees are full and unconditional and the Guarantor Subsidiaries are 100% owned by us. Pursuant to the terms of the indenture governing the senior notes and the terms of the Credit Facility, if any of the Guarantor Subsidiaries ceases to be a “significant subsidiary” as defined by Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X (as in effect on June 1, 1996) using a 5% rather than a 10% threshold (provided that the assets of our non-guarantor subsidiaries do not in the aggregate exceed 10% of an adjusted measure of our consolidated total assets), it will be automatically and unconditionally released and discharged from its guaranty of the senior notes and the Credit Facility so long as all guarantees by such Guarantor Subsidiary of any other of our or our subsidiaries’ indebtedness are terminated at or prior to the time of such release. We have determined that separate, full financial statements of the Guarantor Subsidiaries would not be material to investors and, accordingly, supplemental financial information for the Guarantor Subsidiaries is presented.
The supplemental financial information for all periods presented below reflects the relevant subsidiaries that were Guarantor Subsidiaries as of May 31, 2018.
27

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations (in thousands)

| Three Months Ended May 31, 2018
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Total revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 995,927 |  |  | $ | 105,496 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,101,423 |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 995,927 |  |  | $ | 102,746 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,098,673 |
Construction and land costs | — |  |  | (821,077 | ) |  | (90,167 | ) |  | — |  |  | (911,244 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (26,815 | ) |  | (76,986 | ) |  | (9,430 | ) |  | — |  |  | (113,231 | )
Operating income (loss) | (26,815 | ) |  | 97,864 |  |  | 3,149 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,198 |
Interest income | 1,181 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 93 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,278 |
Interest expense | (37,942 | ) |  | (634 | ) |  | (1,348 | ) |  | 39,924 |  |  | — |
Intercompany interest | 75,277 |  |  | (32,816 | ) |  | (2,537 | ) |  | (39,924 | ) |  | — |
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | (321 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (322 | )
Homebuilding pretax income (loss) | 11,701 |  |  | 64,097 |  |  | (644 | ) |  | — |  |  | 75,154 |
Financial services pretax income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,154 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,154 |
Total pretax income | 11,701 |  |  | 64,097 |  |  | 2,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 78,308 |
Income tax expense | (2,400 | ) |  | (17,700 | ) |  | (900 | ) |  | — |  |  | (21,000 | )
Equity in net income of subsidiaries | 48,007 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48,007 | ) |  | — |
Net income | $ | 57,308 |  |  | $ | 46,397 |  |  | $ | 1,610 |  |  | $ | (48,007 | ) |  | $ | 57,308 |

| Three Months Ended May 31, 2017
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Total revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 893,561 |  |  | $ | 109,233 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,002,794 |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 893,561 |  |  | $ | 106,511 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,000,072 |
Construction and land costs | — |  |  | (751,172 | ) |  | (95,424 | ) |  | — |  |  | (846,596 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (23,322 | ) |  | (70,929 | ) |  | (9,666 | ) |  | — |  |  | (103,917 | )
Operating income (loss) | (23,322 | ) |  | 71,460 |  |  | 1,421 |  |  | — |  |  | 49,559 |
Interest income | 198 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 202 |
Interest expense | (41,693 | ) |  | (426 | ) |  | (1,225 | ) |  | 43,344 |  |  | — |
Intercompany interest | 75,610 |  |  | (29,862 | ) |  | (2,404 | ) |  | (43,344 | ) |  | — |
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | (595 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (596 | )
Homebuilding pretax income (loss) | 10,793 |  |  | 40,579 |  |  | (2,207 | ) |  | — |  |  | 49,165 |
Financial services pretax income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,817 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,817 |
Total pretax income | 10,793 |  |  | 40,579 |  |  | 610 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,982 |
Income tax expense | (2,500 | ) |  | (17,300 | ) |  | (400 | ) |  | — |  |  | (20,200 | )
Equity in net income of subsidiaries | 23,489 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,489 | ) |  | — |
Net income | $ | 31,782 |  |  | $ | 23,279 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | (23,489 | ) |  | $ | 31,782 |

28

| Six Months Ended May 31, 2018
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Total revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,771,622 |  |  | $ | 201,424 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,973,046 |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,771,622 |  |  | $ | 196,256 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,967,878 |
Construction and land costs | — |  |  | (1,469,196 | ) |  | (171,526 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,640,722 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (48,981 | ) |  | (142,827 | ) |  | (17,147 | ) |  | — |  |  | (208,955 | )
Operating income (loss) | (48,981 | ) |  | 159,599 |  |  | 7,583 |  |  | — |  |  | 118,201 |
Interest income | 2,179 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 93 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,281 |
Interest expense | (75,914 | ) |  | (1,323 | ) |  | (2,631 | ) |  | 79,868 |  |  | — |
Intercompany interest | 148,123 |  |  | (63,315 | ) |  | (4,940 | ) |  | (79,868 | ) |  | — |
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | (1,166 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,167 | )
Homebuilding pretax income | 25,407 |  |  | 93,804 |  |  | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | 119,315 |
Financial services pretax income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,038 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,038 |
Total pretax income | 25,407 |  |  | 93,804 |  |  | 5,142 |  |  | — |  |  | 124,353 |
Income tax expense | (47,100 | ) |  | (65,800 | ) |  | (25,400 | ) |  | — |  |  | (138,300 | )
Equity in net income of subsidiaries | 7,746 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,746 | ) |  | — |
Net income (loss) | $ | (13,947 | ) |  | $ | 28,004 |  |  | $ | (20,258 | ) |  | $ | (7,746 | ) |  | $ | (13,947 | )

| Six Months Ended May 31, 2017
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Total revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,623,488 |  |  | $ | 197,902 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,821,390 |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,623,488 |  |  | $ | 192,830 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,816,318 |
Construction and land costs | — |  |  | (1,369,624 | ) |  | (175,052 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,544,676 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (45,589 | ) |  | (133,827 | ) |  | (17,390 | ) |  | — |  |  | (196,806 | )
Operating income (loss) | (45,589 | ) |  | 120,037 |  |  | 388 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,836 |
Interest income | 395 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 400 |
Interest expense | (90,042 | ) |  | (994 | ) |  | (2,387 | ) |  | 87,116 |  |  | (6,307 | )
Intercompany interest | 149,103 |  |  | (56,465 | ) |  | (5,522 | ) |  | (87,116 | ) |  | — |
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | 136 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | 135 |
Homebuilding pretax income (loss) | 13,867 |  |  | 62,717 |  |  | (7,520 | ) |  | — |  |  | 69,064 |
Financial services pretax income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,377 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,377 |
Total pretax income (loss) | 13,867 |  |  | 62,717 |  |  | (3,143 | ) |  | — |  |  | 73,441 |
Income tax expense | (1,200 | ) |  | (26,100 | ) |  | (100 | ) |  | — |  |  | (27,400 | )
Equity in net income of subsidiaries | 33,374 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,374 | ) |  | — |
Net income (loss) | $ | 46,041 |  |  | $ | 36,617 |  |  | $ | (3,243 | ) |  | $ | (33,374 | ) |  | $ | 46,041 |

29

Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets (in thousands)

| May 31, 2018
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 542,126 |  |  | $ | 93,948 |  |  | $ | 33,724 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 669,798 |
Receivables | 7,486 |  |  | 189,853 |  |  | 78,281 |  |  | — |  |  | 275,620 |
Inventories | — |  |  | 3,122,164 |  |  | 341,838 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,464,002 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | 66,512 |  |  | 2,503 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,015 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 204,006 |  |  | 178,134 |  |  | 113,829 |  |  | — |  |  | 495,969 |
Other assets | 97,866 |  |  | 10,331 |  |  | 2,827 |  |  | — |  |  | 111,024 |
| 851,484 |  |  | 3,660,942 |  |  | 573,002 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,085,428 |
Financial services | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,308 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,308 |
Intercompany receivables | 3,470,462 |  |  | — |  |  | 126,744 |  |  | (3,597,206 | ) |  | — |
Investments in subsidiaries | 55,834 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (55,834 | ) |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 4,377,780 |  |  | $ | 3,660,942 |  |  | $ | 709,054 |  |  | $ | (3,653,040 | ) |  | $ | 5,094,736 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | $ | 135,927 |  |  | $ | 441,864 |  |  | $ | 247,230 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 825,021 |
Notes payable | 2,292,332 |  |  | 36,406 |  |  | 25,110 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,353,848 |
| 2,428,259 |  |  | 478,270 |  |  | 272,340 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,178,869 |
Financial services | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,224 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,224 |
Intercompany payables | 34,878 |  |  | 3,182,672 |  |  | 379,656 |  |  | (3,597,206 | ) |  | — |
Stockholders’ equity | 1,914,643 |  |  | — |  |  | 55,834 |  |  | (55,834 | ) |  | 1,914,643 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 4,377,780 |  |  | $ | 3,660,942 |  |  | $ | 709,054 |  |  | $ | (3,653,040 | ) |  | $ | 5,094,736 |

30

| November 30, 2017
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 575,193 |  |  | $ | 102,661 |  |  | $ | 42,776 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 720,630 |
Receivables | 24,815 |  |  | 144,076 |  |  | 75,322 |  |  | — |  |  | 244,213 |
Inventories | — |  |  | 2,929,466 |  |  | 333,920 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,263,386 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | 62,290 |  |  | 2,504 |  |  | — |  |  | 64,794 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 250,747 |  |  | 243,523 |  |  | 139,367 |  |  | — |  |  | 633,637 |
Other assets | 91,592 |  |  | 8,424 |  |  | 2,482 |  |  | — |  |  | 102,498 |
| 942,347 |  |  | 3,490,440 |  |  | 596,371 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,029,158 |
Financial services | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,357 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,357 |
Intercompany receivables | 3,414,237 |  |  | — |  |  | 107,992 |  |  | (3,522,229 | ) |  | — |
Investments in subsidiaries | 49,776 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (49,776 | ) |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 4,406,360 |  |  | $ | 3,490,440 |  |  | $ | 716,720 |  |  | $ | (3,572,005 | ) |  | $ | 5,041,515 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | $ | 163,984 |  |  | $ | 371,909 |  |  | $ | 253,500 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 789,393 |
Notes payable | 2,289,532 |  |  | 9,283 |  |  | 26,030 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,324,845 |
| 2,453,516 |  |  | 381,192 |  |  | 279,530 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,114,238 |
Financial services | — |  |  | — |  |  | 966 |  |  | — |  |  | 966 |
Intercompany payables | 26,533 |  |  | 3,109,248 |  |  | 386,448 |  |  | (3,522,229 | ) |  | — |
Stockholders’ equity | 1,926,311 |  |  | — |  |  | 49,776 |  |  | (49,776 | ) |  | 1,926,311 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 4,406,360 |  |  | $ | 3,490,440 |  |  | $ | 716,720 |  |  | $ | (3,572,005 | ) |  | $ | 5,041,515 |

31

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands)

| Six Months Ended May 31, 2018
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 18,931 |  |  | $ | (33,782 | ) |  | $ | (4,518 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (19,369 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | (11,600 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,600 | )
Return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | 1,099 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,099 |
Purchases of property and equipment, net | (3,102 | ) |  | (277 | ) |  | (48 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,427 | )
Intercompany | (42,380 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42,380 |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (45,482 | ) |  | (10,778 | ) |  | (48 | ) |  | 42,380 |  |  | (13,928 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans | — |  |  | (9,574 | ) |  | (920 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,494 | )
Issuance of common stock under employee stock plans | 4,771 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,771 |
Payments of cash dividends | (4,500 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,500 | )
Stock repurchases | (6,787 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,787 | )
Intercompany | — |  |  | 45,421 |  |  | (3,041 | ) |  | (42,380 | ) |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (6,516 | ) |  | 35,847 |  |  | (3,961 | ) |  | (42,380 | ) |  | (17,010 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (33,067 | ) |  | (8,713 | ) |  | (8,527 | ) |  | — |  |  | (50,307 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 575,193 |  |  | 102,661 |  |  | 43,007 |  |  | — |  |  | 720,861 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 542,126 |  |  | $ | 93,948 |  |  | $ | 34,480 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 670,554 |

32

| Six Months Ended May 31, 2017
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 24,724 |  |  | $ | (83,371 | ) |  | $ | (5,933 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (64,580 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | (5,852 | ) |  | (5,253 | ) |  | — |  |  | (11,105 | )
Return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | 1,969 |  |  | 4,989 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,958 |
Purchases of property and equipment, net | (3,724 | ) |  | (344 | ) |  | (32 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,100 | )
Intercompany | (77,681 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 77,681 |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (81,405 | ) |  | (4,227 | ) |  | (296 | ) |  | 77,681 |  |  | (8,247 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repayment of senior notes | (105,326 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (105,326 | )
Payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans | — |  |  | (61,640 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (61,640 | )
Issuance of common stock under employee stock plans | 3,049 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,049 |
Payments of cash dividends | (4,341 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,341 | )
Stock repurchases | (2,543 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,543 | )
Intercompany | — |  |  | 91,185 |  |  | (13,504 | ) |  | (77,681 | ) |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (109,161 | ) |  | 29,545 |  |  | (13,504 | ) |  | (77,681 | ) |  | (170,801 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (165,842 | ) |  | (58,053 | ) |  | (19,733 | ) |  | — |  |  | (243,628 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 463,100 |  |  | 100,439 |  |  | 29,461 |  |  | — |  |  | 593,000 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 297,258 |  |  | $ | 42,386 |  |  | $ | 9,728 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 349,372 |

21. | Subsequent Event

On June 15, 2018, we repaid the entire $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 7 1/4% Senior Notes due 2018 at their maturity using internally generated cash.
33

Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Results of Operations
OVERVIEW
Revenues are generated from our homebuilding and financial services operations. The following table presents a summary of our consolidated results of operations (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding | $ | 1,098,673 |  |  | $ | 1,000,072 |  |  | 10 | % |  | $ | 1,967,878 |  |  | $ | 1,816,318 |  |  | 8 | %
Financial services | 2,750 |  |  | 2,722 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,168 |  |  | 5,072 |  |  | 2 |
Total revenues | $ | 1,101,423 |  |  | $ | 1,002,794 |  |  | 10 | % |  | $ | 1,973,046 |  |  | $ | 1,821,390 |  |  | 8 | %
Pretax income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding | $ | 75,154 |  |  | $ | 49,165 |  |  | 53 | % |  | $ | 119,315 |  |  | $ | 69,064 |  |  | 73 | %
Financial services | 3,154 |  |  | 2,817 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 5,038 |  |  | 4,377 |  |  | 15 |
Total pretax income | 78,308 |  |  | 51,982 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 124,353 |  |  | 73,441 |  |  | 69 |
Income tax expense | (21,000 | ) |  | (20,200 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (138,300 | ) |  | (27,400 | ) |  | (a) |
Net income (loss) | $ | 57,308 |  |  | $ | 31,782 |  |  | 80 | % |  | $ | (13,947 | ) |  | $ | 46,041 |  |  | (a) |
Basic earnings (loss) per share | $ | .65 |  |  | $ | .37 |  |  | 76 | % |  | $ | (.16 | ) |  | $ | .54 |  |  | (a) |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | .57 |  |  | $ | .33 |  |  | 73 | % |  | $ | (.16 | ) |  | $ | .49 |  |  | (a) |

(a) | Percentage not meaningful.

The housing market remained generally healthy during the 2018 second quarter, with strong employment gains and consumer confidence supporting steady demand amid a constrained supply of homes available for sale. With these conditions in most of our served markets and our continued execution on our Returns-Focused Growth Plan, we produced double-digit revenue growth, expanded our housing gross profit margin and significantly improved our profitability compared to the prior-year quarter.
Within our homebuilding operations, housing revenues for the 2018 second quarter grew 10% year over year to $1.09 billion, as the number of homes we delivered increased 5% to 2,717 and the overall average selling price of those homes rose 4% to $401,800. Homebuilding operating income for the 2018 second quarter increased 50% to $74.2 million, and, as a percentage of related revenues, improved 180 basis points to 6.8%. Our housing gross profits for the quarter increased mainly due to higher housing revenues and a 170 basis point increase in our housing gross profit margin to 17.1%. The expansion of our housing gross profit margin primarily reflected our community-specific action plans to enhance performance and homes delivered from newer, higher-margin communities, partly offset by increases in construction costs. Our selling, general and administrative expense ratio of 10.4% of housing revenues was the same as last year’s second quarter record low. Our improved homebuilding operating results, combined with a substantially lower effective tax rate, contributed to the significant increase in our net income and diluted earnings per share, which were up 80% and 73%, respectively, for the quarter compared to the year-earlier period.
The following table presents information concerning our net orders, cancellation rates, ending backlog and community count for the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
34

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net orders |  | 3,532 |  |  | 3,416 |  |  | 6,316 |  |  | 5,996 |
Net order value (a) |  | $ | 1,361,970 |  |  | $ | 1,383,512 |  |  | $ | 2,535,062 |  |  | $ | 2,468,934 |
Cancellation rates (b) |  | 18 | % |  | 21 | % |  | 19 | % |  | 22 | %
Ending backlog — homes |  | 5,787 |  |  | 5,612 |  |  | 5,787 |  |  | 5,612 |
Ending backlog — value |  | $ | 2,236,885 |  |  | $ | 2,181,416 |  |  | $ | 2,236,885 |  |  | $ | 2,181,416 |
Ending community count |  | 210 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 236 |
Average community count |  | 215 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 218 |  |  | 237 |

(a) | Net order value represents the potential future housing revenues associated with net orders generated during a period, as well as homebuyer selections of lot and product premiums and design studio options and upgrades for homes in backlog during the same period.

(b) | Cancellation rates represent the total number of contracts for new homes cancelled during a period divided by the total (gross) orders for new homes generated during the same period.

Net Orders. For the three months ended May 31, 2018, net orders from our homebuilding operations grew 3% from the year-earlier period. Our net order value for the period decreased 2% year over year, reflecting growth in our Southwest, Central and Southeast homebuilding reporting segments that was more than offset by a decline in our West Coast homebuilding reporting segment. Our Southeast homebuilding reporting segment generated the largest increase, with net order value up 33% from the year-earlier quarter, reflecting 28% growth in net orders and a 3% increase in the average selling price of those orders. The 13% year-over-year decrease in net order value in our West Coast homebuilding reporting segment was largely due to a 21% decline in the average community count and a mix shift, with a higher proportion of net orders in the current period from communities with generally lower average selling prices. The overall average selling price of our net orders in the 2018 second quarter declined 5% compared to the prior-year period due to the geographic mix of our net orders, with decreases in our West Coast and Central homebuilding reporting segments. Our cancellation rate as a percentage of gross orders for the three months ended May 31, 2018 improved from the year-earlier quarter.
Backlog. The number of homes in our backlog at May 31, 2018 rose 3% from May 31, 2017. The potential future housing revenues in our backlog at May 31, 2018 also grew 3% from the prior-year period, reflecting the larger number of homes in our backlog, as the average selling price of those homes was essentially even with the prior-year period. The growth in our backlog value reflected year-over-year increases in our Southwest and Southeast homebuilding reporting segments, partly offset by a decrease in our West Coast homebuilding reporting segment. Our Central homebuilding reporting segment’s backlog value was flat year over year.
Community Count. We use the term “community count” to refer to the number of communities with at least five homes/lots left to sell at the end of a reporting period. Our average community count for the 2018 second quarter decreased 10% from the year-earlier period due to our strong per-community net order rate, which increased 15% to 5.5 per month and accelerated the pace of community closeouts. Our ending community count decreased 11% compared to a year ago, largely due to the decline in our West Coast homebuilding reporting segment, which reflected our selling out of communities faster than we have been able to open new communities. To drive future community openings in the remainder of 2018 and beyond, we invested $843.7 million in land and land development during the six months ended May 31, 2018, up 19% from $706.6 million in the corresponding 2017 period, as we continue to work on increasing the scale of our business. Approximately 60% of these investments were made in our West Coast homebuilding reporting segment, up 20% from the year-earlier period, which we anticipate will help produce year-over-year growth in this segment’s community count by the end of 2018.
35

HOMEBUILDING
The following table presents a summary of certain financial and operational data for our homebuilding operations (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Housing | $ | 1,091,768 |  |  | $ | 995,660 |  |  | $ | 1,958,308 |  |  | $ | 1,806,607 |
Land | 6,905 |  |  | 4,412 |  |  | 9,570 |  |  | 9,711 |
Total | 1,098,673 |  |  | 1,000,072 |  |  | 1,967,878 |  |  | 1,816,318 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Housing | (905,055 | ) |  | (842,377 | ) |  | (1,632,135 | ) |  | (1,535,164 | )
Land | (6,189 | ) |  | (4,219 | ) |  | (8,587 | ) |  | (9,512 | )
Total | (911,244 | ) |  | (846,596 | ) |  | (1,640,722 | ) |  | (1,544,676 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (113,231 | ) |  | (103,917 | ) |  | (208,955 | ) |  | (196,806 | )
Total | (1,024,475 | ) |  | (950,513 | ) |  | (1,849,677 | ) |  | (1,741,482 | )
Operating income | $ | 74,198 |  |  | $ | 49,559 |  |  | $ | 118,201 |  |  | $ | 74,836 |
Homes delivered | 2,717 |  |  | 2,580 |  |  | 4,940 |  |  | 4,804 |
Average selling price | $ | 401,800 |  |  | $ | 385,900 |  |  | $ | 396,400 |  |  | $ | 376,100 |
Housing gross profit margin as a percentage of housing revenues | 17.1 | % |  | 15.4 | % |  | 16.7 | % |  | 15.0 | %
Housing gross profit margin excluding inventory-related charges as a percentage of housing revenues | 17.7 | % |  | 16.0 | % |  | 17.2 | % |  | 15.6 | %
Adjusted housing gross profit margin as a percentage of housing revenues | 22.2 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.9 | % |  | 20.5 | %
Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues | 10.4 | % |  | 10.4 | % |  | 10.7 | % |  | 10.9 | %
Operating income as a percentage of homebuilding revenues | 6.8 | % |  | 5.0 | % |  | 6.0 | % |  | 4.1 | %

For reporting purposes, we organize our homebuilding operations into four segments — West Coast, Southwest, Central and Southeast. As of May 31, 2018, our homebuilding reporting segments consisted of ongoing operations located in the following states: West Coast — California; Southwest — Arizona and Nevada; Central — Colorado and Texas; and Southeast — Florida and North Carolina. The following tables present homes delivered, net orders, cancellation rates as a percentage of gross orders, net order value, average community count and ending backlog (number of homes and value) by homebuilding reporting segment (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended May 31,
|  | Homes Delivered |  | Net Orders |  | Cancellation Rates
Segment |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
West Coast |  | 738 |  |  | 730 |  |  | 969 |  |  | 1,065 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 13 | %
Southwest |  | 588 |  |  | 436 |  |  | 642 |  |  | 629 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 18 |
Central |  | 1,008 |  |  | 1,005 |  |  | 1,347 |  |  | 1,275 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 27 |
Southeast |  | 383 |  |  | 409 |  |  | 574 |  |  | 447 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 22 |
Total |  | 2,717 |  |  | 2,580 |  |  | 3,532 |  |  | 3,416 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 21 | %

36

|  | Three Months Ended May 31,
|  | Net Order Value |  | Average Community Count
Segment |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance
West Coast |  | $ | 614,863 |  |  | $ | 705,358 |  |  | (13) | % |  | 52 |  |  | 66 |  |  | (21 | )%
Southwest |  | 200,259 |  |  | 184,802 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 41 |  |  | (20 | )
Central |  | 380,672 |  |  | 368,007 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 92 |  |  | (2 | )
Southeast |  | 166,176 |  |  | 125,345 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 3 |
Total |  | $ | 1,361,970 |  |  | $ | 1,383,512 |  |  | (2) | % |  | 215 |  |  | 238 |  |  | (10 | )%
|  | Six Months Ended May 31,
|  | Homes Delivered |  | Net Orders |  | Cancellation Rates
Segment |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
West Coast |  | 1,330 |  |  | 1,336 |  |  | 1,776 |  |  | 1,891 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 13 | %
Southwest |  | 1,088 |  |  | 843 |  |  | 1,210 |  |  | 1,085 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 19 |
Central |  | 1,829 |  |  | 1,866 |  |  | 2,343 |  |  | 2,235 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 28 |
Southeast |  | 693 |  |  | 759 |  |  | 987 |  |  | 785 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 25 |
Total |  | 4,940 |  |  | 4,804 |  |  | 6,316 |  |  | 5,996 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 22 | %
|  | Net Order Value |  | Average Community Count
Segment |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance
West Coast |  | $ | 1,195,285 |  |  | $ | 1,288,861 |  |  | (7) | % |  | 52 |  |  | 65 |  |  | (20 | )%
Southwest |  | 377,201 |  |  | 316,533 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 40 |  |  | (15 | )
Central |  | 680,600 |  |  | 642,890 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 1 |
Southeast |  | 281,976 |  |  | 220,650 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 41 |  |  | (2 | )
Total |  | $ | 2,535,062 |  |  | $ | 2,468,934 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 218 |  |  | 237 |  |  | (8 | )%
|  | May 31,
|  | Backlog – Homes |  | Backlog – Value
Segment |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance
West Coast |  | 1,328 |  |  | 1,468 |  |  | (10 | )% |  | $ | 918,188 |  |  | $ | 999,269 |  |  | (8 | )%
Southwest |  | 1,210 |  |  | 1,046 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 371,902 |  |  | 300,530 |  |  | 24 |
Central |  | 2,296 |  |  | 2,348 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 673,461 |  |  | 674,406 |  |  | — |
Southeast |  | 953 |  |  | 750 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 273,334 |  |  | 207,211 |  |  | 32 |
Total |  | 5,787 |  |  | 5,612 |  |  | 3 | % |  | $ | 2,236,885 |  |  | $ | 2,181,416 |  |  | 3 | %

Revenues. Homebuilding revenues for the three months ended May 31, 2018 rose 10% from the year-earlier period to $1.10 billion, reflecting an increase in both housing revenues and revenues from land sales.
Housing revenues for the three months ended May 31, 2018 grew 10% year over year to $1.09 billion, due to increases in both the number of homes delivered and the overall average selling price of those homes. We delivered 2,717 homes in the 2018 second quarter, up 5%, largely due to the 4% higher backlog level we had at the beginning of the quarter. The overall average selling price of homes delivered rose 4%, reflecting our continued strategic efforts to position our new home communities in attractive locations; higher median home selling prices; our action plans intended to balance home sales pace and selling prices within our communities to enhance their performance; and generally favorable market conditions.
Land sale revenues totaled $6.9 million for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and $4.4 million for the three months ended May 31, 2017. Generally, land sale revenues fluctuate with our decisions to maintain or decrease our land ownership position in
37

certain markets based upon the volume of our holdings, our business strategy, the strength and number of developers and other land buyers in particular markets at given points in time, the availability of opportunities to sell land at acceptable prices and prevailing market conditions.
Homebuilding revenues for the six months ended May 31, 2018 rose 8% from the year-earlier period to $1.97 billion, primarily reflecting an increase in housing revenues as revenues from land sales were essentially flat. Housing revenues for the six months ended May 31, 2018 grew 8% year over year to $1.96 billion, due to a 5% increase in the overall average selling price of homes delivered to $396,400 and a 3% increase in the number of homes delivered to 4,940.
Land sale revenues totaled $9.6 million for the six months ended May 31, 2018 and $9.7 million for the six months ended May 31, 2017, reflecting the factors discussed above with respect to our 2018 second quarter land sale revenues.
Operating Income. Our homebuilding operating income increased 50% to $74.2 million for the three months ended May 31, 2018. Homebuilding operating income for the 2018 second quarter included total inventory-related charges of $6.5 million, compared to $6.0 million in the corresponding 2017 quarter. As a percentage of homebuilding revenues, our homebuilding operating income for the three months ended May 31, 2018 increased 180 basis points year over year to 6.8%. Excluding inventory-related charges, our homebuilding operating income margin was 7.3% for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and 5.6% for the three months ended May 31, 2017.
For the six months ended May 31, 2018, our homebuilding operating income of $118.2 million increased 58% from the prior-year period. Homebuilding operating income for the 2018 first half included total inventory-related charges of $11.5 million, compared to $10.0 million in the corresponding period of 2017. As a percentage of homebuilding revenues, our homebuilding operating income for the six months ended May 31, 2018 increased 190 basis points year over year to 6.0%. Excluding inventory-related charges, our homebuilding operating income margin was 6.6% for the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 4.7% for the six months ended May 31, 2017.
The year-over-year improvements in our homebuilding operating income for the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2018 primarily reflected increases in housing gross profits that were partly offset by increases in selling, general and administrative expenses.
Housing gross profits increased to $186.7 million for the three months ended May 31, 2018 from $153.3 million for the year-earlier period. Our housing gross profit margin for the 2018 second quarter increased 170 basis points year over year to 17.1%, primarily reflecting the impact of our community-specific action plans, including strategic selling price increases calibrated with demand, and homes delivered from newer, higher-margin communities, partly offset by deliveries from lower-margin reactivated communities and increases in land, trade labor and material costs. The combination of these factors resulted in the year-over-year improvement, as overall construction and land costs as a percentage of housing revenues declined (approximately 130 basis points), while a decrease in the amortization of previously capitalized interest as a percentage of housing revenues (approximately 50 basis points) was slightly offset by decreased operating leverage on fixed costs (approximately 10 basis points).
Excluding the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations of $49.3 million in each of the three-month periods ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, and the above-mentioned inventory-related charges in the applicable periods, our adjusted housing gross profit margin improved 120 basis points from the year-earlier quarter to 22.2%. The calculation of adjusted housing gross profit margin, which we believe provides a clearer measure of the performance of our business, is described below under “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the 2018 second quarter rose to $113.2 million from $103.9 million for the year-earlier quarter, mainly due to higher variable expenses associated with the year-over-year increase in housing revenues that were partly offset by legal recoveries and favorable legal settlements. As a percentage of housing revenues, our selling, general and administrative expenses were 10.4% for the three months ended May 31, 2018, the same as last year’s second quarter record low, largely due to our ongoing efforts to contain our overhead costs to the extent possible, as well as legal recoveries and favorable legal settlements in the current quarter.
Land sale profits totaled $.7 million for the three months ended May 31, 2018, compared to $.2 million for the year-earlier period.
Our housing gross profits of $326.2 million for the six months ended May 31, 2018 increased from $271.4 million for the year-earlier period. Housing gross profits for the 2018 first half included $11.5 million of inventory-related charges, compared to $10.0 million of such charges in the year-earlier period. Our housing gross profit margin of 16.7% for the six months ended May 31, 2018 increased 170 basis points year over year, primarily reflecting the factors discussed above with respect to our 2018 second quarter housing gross profit margin.
38

Excluding the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations of $90.7 million and $88.2 million in the six-month periods ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and the above-mentioned inventory-related charges in the applicable periods, our adjusted housing gross profit margin improved 140 basis points from the year-earlier quarter to 21.9%.
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the 2018 first half rose to $209.0 million from $196.8 million for the year-earlier quarter, mainly due to higher variable expenses associated with the year-over-year increase in housing revenues that were partly offset by legal recoveries and favorable legal settlements. As a percentage of housing revenues, selling, general and administrative expenses improved 20 basis points from the prior-year period to 10.7%, largely due to the reasons discussed above with respect to the 2018 second quarter ratio.
Land sale profits totaled $1.0 million for the six months ended May 31, 2018, compared to $.2 million for the year-earlier period.
The estimated remaining life of each community or land parcel in our inventory depends on various factors, such as the total number of lots remaining; the expected timeline to acquire and entitle land and develop lots to build homes; the anticipated future net order and cancellation rates; and the expected timeline to build and deliver homes sold. While it is difficult to determine a precise timeframe for any particular inventory asset, based on current market conditions and expected delivery timelines, we estimate our inventory assets’ remaining operating lives to range generally from one year to in excess of 10 years and expect to realize, on an overall basis, the majority of our inventories as of May 31, 2018 within five years. The following table presents as of May 31, 2018, the estimated timeframe of delivery for the last home in an applicable community or land parcel and the corresponding percentage of total inventories such categories represent within our inventory balance (dollars in millions):

| 0-2 years |  | 3-5 years |  | 6-10 years |  | Greater than 10 years |  |
| $ |  | % |  | $ |  | % |  | $ |  | % |  | $ |  | % |  | Total
Inventories | $ | 1,970.4 |  |  | 57 | % |  | $ | 1,179.4 |  |  | 34 | % |  | $ | 244.1 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | 70.1 |  |  | 2 | % |  | $ | 3,464.0 |

The inventories in the 0-2 years and 3-5 years categories were located in all of our homebuilding reporting segments, though mostly in our West Coast and Central segments. These categories collectively represented 91% of our total inventories at May 31, 2018 and 93% at November 30, 2017. Inventories in the 6-10 years category were also located in all of our homebuilding reporting segments, though largely in our West Coast and Central segments, while inventories in the greater than 10 years category were primarily located in our Southwest segment. The inventories in the 6-10 years and greater than 10 years categories were generally comprised of land held for future development.
Due to the judgment and assumptions applied in our inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment assessment processes, and in our estimations of the remaining operating lives of our inventory assets and the realization of our inventories, particularly as to land held for future development, it is possible that actual results could differ substantially from those estimated.
Deterioration in the supply and demand factors in the overall housing market or in an individual market or submarket, or changes to our operational or selling strategy at certain communities may lead to additional inventory impairment charges, future charges associated with land sales or the abandonment of land option contracts or other similar contracts related to certain assets. Due to the nature or location of the projects, land held for future development that we activate as part of our strategic growth initiatives or to accelerate sales and/or our return on investment, or that we otherwise monetize to help increase our asset efficiency, may have a somewhat greater likelihood of being impaired than other of our active inventory.
We believe that the carrying value of our inventories as of May 31, 2018 is recoverable. Our considerations in making this determination include the factors and trends incorporated into our inventory impairment analyses and, as applicable, the prevailing regulatory environment, competition from other homebuilders, inventory levels and sales activity of resale homes, and the local economic conditions where an asset is located. In addition, we consider the financial and operational status and expectations of our inventories as well as specific attributes or circumstances of each community or land parcel in our inventory that could be indicators of potential impairments. However, if conditions in the overall housing market or in a specific market or submarket worsen in the future beyond our current expectations, if future changes in our business strategy significantly affect any key assumptions used in our projections of future cash flows, or if there are material changes in any of the other items we consider in assessing recoverability, we may recognize charges in future periods for inventory impairments or land option contract abandonments, or both, related to our current inventory assets. Any such charges could be material to our consolidated financial statements.
Interest Income. Interest income, which is generated from short-term investments, totaled $1.3 million for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and $.2 million for the three months ended May 31, 2017. For the six-month periods ended May 31, 2018 and 2017,
39

our interest income totaled $2.3 million and $.4 million, respectively. Generally, increases and decreases in interest income are attributable to changes in the interest-bearing average balances of short-term investments and fluctuations in interest rates.
Interest Expense. Interest expense results principally from our borrowings to finance land acquisitions, land development, home construction and other operating and capital needs. All interest incurred during the three-month and six-months periods ended May 31, 2018 and the three-month period ended May 31, 2017 were capitalized as the average amount of our inventory qualifying for interest capitalization was higher than our average debt level for the period. As a result, we had no interest expense for these periods. For the six months ended May 31, 2017, our interest expense, net of amounts capitalized, totaled $6.3 million, which included a charge of $5.7 million for the early extinguishment of debt associated with our optional redemption of $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of certain senior notes.
Interest incurred decreased to $39.9 million for the three months ended May 31, 2018 from $43.3 million for the year-earlier period. We capitalized all of the interest incurred in the three months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017. For the six months ended May 31, 2018, interest incurred decreased to $79.9 million from $93.4 million. We capitalized all of the interest incurred for the six months ended May 31, 2018. For the six months ended May 31, 2017, we capitalized $87.1 million or 99% of the interest incurred, excluding the charge for the early extinguishment of debt. The percentage of interest capitalized generally fluctuates based on the amount of our inventory qualifying for interest capitalization and the amount of debt outstanding.
Interest amortized to construction and land costs associated with housing operations was $49.3 million for each of the three-month periods ended May 31, 2018 and 2017. For the six months ended May 31, 2018, interest amortized increased to $90.7 million from $88.2 million for the prior-year period. The year-over-year increase in interest amortized for the six-month period ended May 31, 2018 reflected an increase in the overall construction and land costs attributable to homes delivered. As a percentage of housing revenues, the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations was 4.5% and 5.0% for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and 4.6% and 4.9% for the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Interest amortized to construction and land costs in the 2018 and 2017 second quarters included $3.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively, related to land sales that occurred during each period. For the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, interest amortized to construction and land costs related to land sales during those periods were $4.1 million and $1.6 million, respectively.
Equity in Income (Loss) of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. Our equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures totaled $.3 million for the three months ended May 31, 2018, compared to $.6 million for the three months ended May 31, 2017. For the six months ended May 31, 2018, our equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures was $1.2 million, compared to equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures of $.1 million for the same period of 2017.
Further information regarding our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures is provided in Note 9 – Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
40

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
This report contains information about our adjusted housing gross profit margin, adjusted income tax expense, adjusted net income, adjusted diluted earnings per share, adjusted effective tax rate and ratio of net debt to capital, none of which are calculated in accordance with GAAP. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are relevant and useful to investors in understanding our operations and the leverage employed in our operations, and may be helpful in comparing us with other companies in the homebuilding industry to the extent they provide similar information. However, because they are not calculated in accordance with GAAP, these non-GAAP financial measures may not be completely comparable to other companies in the homebuilding industry and, thus, should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to operating performance and/or financial measures prescribed by GAAP. Rather, these non-GAAP financial measures should be used to supplement their respective most directly comparable GAAP financial measures in order to provide a greater understanding of the factors and trends affecting our operations.
Adjusted Housing Gross Profit Margin. The following table reconciles our housing gross profit margin calculated in accordance with GAAP to the non-GAAP financial measure of our adjusted housing gross profit margin (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Housing revenues | $ | 1,091,768 |  |  | $ | 995,660 |  |  | $ | 1,958,308 |  |  | $ | 1,806,607 |
Housing construction and land costs | (905,055 | ) |  | (842,377 | ) |  | (1,632,135 | ) |  | (1,535,164 | )
Housing gross profits | 186,713 |  |  | 153,283 |  |  | 326,173 |  |  | 271,443 |
Add: Inventory-related charges (a) | 6,526 |  |  | 6,001 |  |  | 11,511 |  |  | 10,009 |
Housing gross profits excluding inventory-related charges | 193,239 |  |  | 159,284 |  |  | 337,684 |  |  | 281,452 |
Add: Amortization of previously capitalized interest (b) | 49,348 |  |  | 49,345 |  |  | 90,717 |  |  | 88,218 |
Adjusted housing gross profits | $ | 242,587 |  |  | $ | 208,629 |  |  | $ | 428,401 |  |  | $ | 369,670 |
Housing gross profit margin as a percentage of housing revenues | 17.1 | % |  | 15.4 | % |  | 16.7 | % |  | 15.0 | %
Housing gross profit margin excluding inventory-related charges as a percentage of housing revenues | 17.7 | % |  | 16.0 | % |  | 17.2 | % |  | 15.6 | %
Adjusted housing gross profit margin as a percentage of housing revenues | 22.2 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.9 | % |  | 20.5 | %

(a) | Represents inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges associated with housing operations.

(b) | Represents the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations.

Adjusted housing gross profit margin is a non-GAAP financial measure, which we calculate by dividing housing revenues less housing construction and land costs excluding (1) housing inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges (as applicable) recorded during a given period and (2) amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations, by housing revenues. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is housing gross profit margin. We believe adjusted housing gross profit margin is a relevant and useful financial measure to investors in evaluating our performance as it measures the gross profits we generated specifically on the homes delivered during a given period. This non-GAAP financial measure isolates the impact that the housing inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges, and the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations, have on housing gross profit margins, and allows investors to make comparisons with our competitors that adjust housing gross profit margins in a similar manner. We also believe investors will find adjusted housing gross profit margin relevant and useful because it represents a profitability measure that may be compared to a prior period without regard to variability of housing inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges, and amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations. This financial measure assists us in making strategic decisions regarding community location and product mix, product pricing and construction pace.
Adjusted Income Tax Expense, Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share and Adjusted Effective Tax Rate. The following table reconciles our income tax expense, net loss, diluted loss per share and effective tax rate for the six months ended May 31, 2018 calculated in accordance with GAAP to the non-GAAP financial measures of our adjusted income tax expense, adjusted net income, adjusted diluted earnings per share and adjusted effective tax rate, respectively (in thousands, except per share amounts):
41

|  | Six Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | As Reported |  | TCJA Adjustment |  | As Adjusted |  | As Reported
Total pretax income |  | $ | 124,353 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 124,353 |  |  | $ | 73,441 |
Income tax expense (a) |  | (138,300 | ) |  | 111,200 |  |  | (27,100 | ) |  | (27,400 | )
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (13,947 | ) |  | $ | 111,200 |  |  | $ | 97,253 |  |  | $ | 46,041 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | (.16 | ) |  |  |  | $ | .97 |  |  | $ | .49 |
Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted |  | 87,370 |  |  |  |  | 101,283 |  |  | 96,975 |
Effective tax rate (a) |  | 111.2 | % |  |  |  | 21.8 | % |  | 37.3 | %

(a) | For the six months ended May 31, 2018, income tax expense and adjusted income tax expense, as well as the related effective tax rate and adjusted effective tax rate, include the favorable impacts of the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, $4.2 million of federal energy tax credits we earned from building energy efficient homes, and $2.4 million of excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation as a result of our adoption of ASU 2016-09, effective December 1, 2017.

Our adjusted income tax expense, adjusted net income, adjusted diluted earnings per share and adjusted effective tax rate are non-GAAP financial measures, which we calculate by excluding a non-cash charge of $111.2 million recorded in the 2018 first quarter, from our reported income tax expense, net loss, diluted loss per share and effective tax rate, respectively. This charge was primarily due to our accounting re-measurement of our deferred tax assets based on the above-noted reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate under the TCJA. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measures are our income tax expense, net loss, diluted loss per share and effective tax rate. We believe that these non-GAAP measures are meaningful to investors as they allow for an evaluation of our operating results without the impact of the TCJA-related charge.
Ratio of Net Debt to Capital. The following table reconciles our ratio of debt to capital calculated in accordance with GAAP to the non-GAAP financial measure of our ratio of net debt to capital (dollars in thousands):

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017
Notes payable | $ | 2,353,848 |  |  | $ | 2,324,845 |
Stockholders’ equity | 1,914,643 |  |  | 1,926,311 |
Total capital | $ | 4,268,491 |  |  | $ | 4,251,156 |
Ratio of debt to capital | 55.1 | % |  | 54.7 | %
Notes payable | $ | 2,353,848 |  |  | $ | 2,324,845 |
Less: Cash and cash equivalents | (669,798 | ) |  | (720,630 | )
Net debt | 1,684,050 |  |  | 1,604,215 |
Stockholders’ equity | 1,914,643 |  |  | 1,926,311 |
Total capital | $ | 3,598,693 |  |  | $ | 3,530,526 |
Ratio of net debt to capital | 46.8 | % |  | 45.4 | %

The ratio of net debt to capital is a non-GAAP financial measure, which we calculate by dividing notes payable, net of homebuilding cash and cash equivalents, by capital (notes payable, net of homebuilding cash and cash equivalents, plus stockholders’ equity). The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is the ratio of debt to capital. We believe the ratio of net debt to capital is a relevant and useful financial measure to investors in understanding the degree of leverage employed in our operations.
42

HOMEBUILDING REPORTING SEGMENTS
Below is a discussion of the financial results of each of our homebuilding reporting segments. Further information regarding these segments, including their pretax income (loss), is included in Note 2 – Segment Information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. The difference between each homebuilding reporting segment’s operating income (loss) and pretax income (loss) is generally due to the equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated joint ventures and/or interest income and expense.
West Coast. The following table presents financial information related to our West Coast homebuilding reporting segment for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance
Revenues | $ | 496,740 |  |  | $ | 460,600 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 883,392 |  |  | $ | 816,432 |  |  | 8 | %
Construction and land costs | (414,253 | ) |  | (394,513 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (742,013 | ) |  | (702,135 | ) |  | (6 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (30,335 | ) |  | (29,129 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (57,332 | ) |  | (53,589 | ) |  | (7 | )
Operating income | $ | 52,152 |  |  | $ | 36,958 |  |  | 41 | % |  | $ | 84,047 |  |  | $ | 60,708 |  |  | 38 | %
Homes delivered | 738 |  |  | 730 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 1,330 |  |  | 1,336 |  |  | — | %
Average selling price | $ | 673,100 |  |  | $ | 631,000 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | 664,100 |  |  | $ | 611,100 |  |  | 9 | %
Housing gross profit margin | 16.6 | % |  | 14.3 | % |  | 230 | bps |  | 16.0 | % |  | 14.0 | % |  | 200 | bps

This segment’s revenues for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and for the three months and six months ended May 31, 2017 were generated solely from housing operations. Revenues for the six months ended May 31, 2018 were generated from both housing operations and land sales. Housing revenues for the 2018 second quarter grew 8% to $496.7 million, reflecting an increase in the average selling price and a slight increase in the number of homes delivered. Housing revenues for the 2018 first half also grew 8% to $883.2 million due to an increase in the average selling price, while the number of homes delivered was flat compared to the prior-year period. The average selling price of homes delivered during the three months and six months ended May 31, 2018 rose from the corresponding 2017 periods due to a shift in product and geographic mix; our actions to balance home sales pace and selling prices within our communities to enhance their performance; and generally favorable market conditions. For the six-month period ended May 31, 2018, this segment generated land sale revenues of $.2 million that consisted of contingent consideration (profit participation revenues) realized during the 2018 first quarter.
Operating income for the three months ended May 31, 2018 increased by $15.2 million, or 41%, from the year-earlier period, primarily reflecting growth in housing gross profits that was partly offset by an increase in selling, general and administrative expenses. Housing gross profits increased as a result of a 230 basis point improvement in the housing gross profit margin and a slight increase in the number of homes delivered. The year-over-year growth in the housing gross profit margin mainly reflected the impact of our community-specific action plans, including strategic selling price increases calibrated with demand; a shift in product and geographic mix, with a higher proportion of homes delivered from newer, higher-margin communities; and a decrease in construction and land costs as a percentage of housing revenues. These impacts were partly offset by an increase in inventory-related charges, which totaled $6.4 million in the 2018 second quarter, compared to $4.2 million in the year-earlier quarter. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended May 31, 2018 increased from the year-earlier period, primarily due to higher variable expenses associated with the increased housing revenues, partly offset by legal recoveries and favorable legal settlements.
For the six months ended May 31, 2018, operating income rose 38% from the year-earlier period, reflecting growth in housing gross profits that was partly offset by an increase in selling, general and administrative expenses. The increase in housing gross profits reflected a 200 basis point improvement in the housing gross profit margin, as the number of homes delivered was flat compared to the prior-year period. The year-over-year increase in the housing gross profit margin was primarily due to the reasons described above with respect to the 2018 second quarter. Inventory-related charges impacting the housing gross profit margin totaled $11.3 million and $5.0 million for the six-month periods ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Land sales generated profits of $.2 million for the 2018 first half reflecting the above-mentioned contingent consideration. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the 2018 first half increased from the year-earlier period, primarily due to the reasons described above with respect to the three months ended May 31, 2018.
43

Southwest. The following table presents financial information related to our Southwest homebuilding reporting segment for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance
Revenues | $ | 180,917 |  |  | $ | 126,189 |  |  | 43 | % |  | $ | 332,816 |  |  | $ | 243,825 |  |  | 36 | %
Construction and land costs | (146,408 | ) |  | (105,541 | ) |  | (39 | ) |  | (271,016 | ) |  | (205,279 | ) |  | (32 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (13,881 | ) |  | (10,566 | ) |  | (31 | ) |  | (25,655 | ) |  | (21,020 | ) |  | (22 | )
Operating income | $ | 20,628 |  |  | $ | 10,082 |  |  | 105 | % |  | $ | 36,145 |  |  | $ | 17,526 |  |  | 106 | %
Homes delivered | 588 |  |  | 436 |  |  | 35 | % |  | 1,088 |  |  | 843 |  |  | 29 | %
Average selling price | $ | 307,700 |  |  | $ | 289,400 |  |  | 6 | % |  | $ | 305,900 |  |  | $ | 289,200 |  |  | 6 | %
Housing gross profit margin | 19.1 | % |  | 16.4 | % |  | 270 | bps |  | 18.6 | % |  | 15.8 | % |  | 280 | bps

This segment’s revenues for the three months and six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 were generated solely from housing operations. Housing revenues for each period of 2018 increased from the corresponding year-earlier period, reflecting increases in both the number of homes delivered and the average selling price of those homes. The year-over-year growth in the number of homes delivered primarily reflected the higher number of homes in backlog at the beginning of each period. The year-over-year increases in the number of homes delivered for the three months and six months ended May 31, 2018 were attributable to both our Arizona and Nevada operations. The average selling price for the three months and six months ended May 31, 2018 rose from the year-earlier period, primarily due to a shift in product and geographic mix and generally favorable market conditions.
Operating income for the three months ended May 31, 2018 more than doubled from the corresponding 2017 period due to higher housing gross profits, partly offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses. The year-over-year increase in housing gross profits reflected an increase in the number of homes delivered and a 270 basis point increase in the housing gross profit margin. The increase in the housing gross profit margin was largely due to a higher proportion of homes delivered from newer, higher-margin communities, and reflected a decrease in construction and land costs as a percentage of housing revenues, partly offset by an increase in homes delivered from reactivated communities, which typically have lower margins. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the 2018 second quarter increased from the corresponding 2017 quarter, mainly due to higher variable expenses associated with the increased volume of homes delivered and corresponding higher housing revenues.
Operating income for the six months ended May 31, 2018 increased 106% from the corresponding 2017 period due to higher housing gross profits, partly offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses. The year-over-year increase in housing gross profits reflected an increase in the number of homes delivered and a 280 basis point increase in the housing gross profit margin. The increase in the housing gross profit margin was primarily due to the reasons described above with respect to the three months ended May 31, 2018. There were no inventory-related charges in the six months ended May 31, 2018, compared to $1.3 million of such charges in the year-earlier period. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the 2018 first half increased from the corresponding 2017 period, mainly due to higher variable expenses associated with the increased volume of homes delivered and corresponding higher housing revenues, partially offset by legal recoveries.
Central. The following table presents financial information related to our Central homebuilding reporting segment for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance
Revenues | $ | 313,806 |  |  | $ | 292,746 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | 557,987 |  |  | $ | 535,002 |  |  | 4 | %
Construction and land costs | (256,168 | ) |  | (237,956 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (457,302 | ) |  | (436,423 | ) |  | (5 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (28,563 | ) |  | (27,805 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (52,517 | ) |  | (51,762 | ) |  | (1 | )
Operating income | $ | 29,075 |  |  | $ | 26,985 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 48,168 |  |  | $ | 46,817 |  |  | 3 | %

44

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance
Homes delivered | 1,008 |  |  | 1,005 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,829 |  |  | 1,866 |  |  | (2 | ) %
Average selling price | $ | 304,500 |  |  | $ | 289,000 |  |  | 5 | % |  | $ | 300,100 |  |  | $ | 282,800 |  |  | 6 | %
Housing gross profit margin | 18.5 | % |  | 18.9 | % |  | (40 | )bps |  | 18.2 | % |  | 18.7 | % |  | (50 | )bps

This segment’s revenues for the three months and six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 were generated from both housing operations and land sales. Housing revenues for the 2018 second quarter increased 6% to $306.9 million from $290.4 million for the year-earlier quarter. For the six months ended May 31, 2018, housing revenues rose 4% to $548.8 million from $527.7 million. The housing revenue growth in each period of 2018 was mainly due to an increase in the average selling price of homes delivered. The average selling price for the three months and six months ended May 31, 2018 rose from the corresponding 2017 periods, primarily due to a greater proportion of homes delivered from higher-priced communities, a shift in product mix, and generally favorable market conditions. The number of homes delivered in the three-month period ended May 31, 2018 was flat compared to the prior-year quarter, while the number of homes delivered in the 2018 first half declined slightly from the year-earlier period. Land sale revenues for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 totaled $6.9 million and $2.3 million, respectively. Land sale revenues for the 2018 first half were $9.2 million, compared to $7.3 million in the prior-year period.
Operating income for the three months ended May 31, 2018 increased $2.1 million from the year-earlier period, mainly due to an increase in housing gross profits, partly offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses. Housing gross profits increased due to the higher average selling price, partly offset by a decline in the housing gross profit margin. The housing gross profit margin declined from the year-earlier quarter, primarily due to higher construction and land costs as a percentage of housing revenues, a shift in product mix of homes delivered and a slight increase in sales incentives, partly offset by lower inventory-related charges. Land option contract abandonment charges impacting the housing gross profit margin for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 were $.1 million and $.5 million, respectively. Land sales generated profits of $.7 million in the three months ended May 31, 2018, compared to break-even results for the year-earlier period. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the 2018 second quarter increased slightly from the year-earlier quarter.
Operating income for the six months ended May 31, 2018 increased 3% from the year-earlier period, mainly due to the higher average selling price. Housing gross profits decreased due to the lower volume of homes delivered, and a decline in the housing gross profit margin. The housing gross profit margin declined from the year-earlier quarter primarily due to the reasons described above with respect to the three months ended May 31, 2018. Land option contract abandonment charges impacting the housing gross profit margin for the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 were $.2 million and $.5 million, respectively. Land sales generated profits of $.8 million in the six months ended May 31, 2018, compared to break-even results for the year-earlier period. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the 2018 first half were essentially flat with the prior-year period.
Southeast. The following table presents financial information related to our Southeast homebuilding reporting segment for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Variance
Revenues | $ | 107,210 |  |  | $ | 120,537 |  |  | (11 | ) % |  | $ | 193,683 |  |  | $ | 221,059 |  |  | (12 | ) %
Construction and land costs | (92,820 | ) |  | (106,962 | ) |  | 13 |  |  | (167,142 | ) |  | (197,939 | ) |  | 16 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (13,602 | ) |  | (13,096 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (24,433 | ) |  | (24,787 | ) |  | 1 |
Operating income (loss) | $ | 788 |  |  | $ | 479 |  |  | 65 | % |  | $ | 2,108 |  |  | $ | (1,667 | ) |  | (a) |
Homes delivered | 383 |  |  | 409 |  |  | (6 | ) % |  | 693 |  |  | 759 |  |  | (9 | ) %
Average selling price | $ | 279,900 |  |  | $ | 289,600 |  |  | (3 | ) % |  | $ | 279,200 |  |  | $ | 288,100 |  |  | (3 | ) %
Housing gross profit margin | 13.4 | % |  | 11.3 | % |  | 210 | bps |  | 13.7 | % |  | 10.5 | % |  | 320 | bps

(a) | Percentage not meaningful.

This segment’s revenues for the three months ended May 31, 2018 were generated solely from housing operations. Revenues for the six months ended May 31, 2018 and for the three and six months ended May 31, 2017 were generated from both housing operations and land sales. Housing revenues for the three months ended May 31, 2018 declined 9% to $107.2 million from $118.5 million for the year-earlier period, reflecting decreases in both the number of homes delivered and the average selling price of
45

those homes. For the six months ended May 31, 2018, housing revenues decreased 12% to $193.5 million from $218.7 million. The year-over-year decline in the number of homes delivered in the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2018 primarily reflected the wind down of our Metro Washington, D.C. operations in 2017. The decline for the six months ended May 31, 2018 was also due to the lower backlog level at the beginning of the 2018 period. The year-over-year decrease in the average selling price for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and the 2018 first half was primarily due to our exit from the Metro Washington, D.C. market, which had a higher average selling price than the rest of the segment. There were no land sale revenues for the three months ended May 31, 2018, compared to $2.1 million for the year-earlier quarter. Land sale revenues for the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 were $.2 million and $2.4 million, respectively.
Operating income for the three months ended May 31, 2018 improved from the prior-year period mainly due to an increase in housing gross profits partly offset by an increase in selling, general and administrative expenses. The year-over-year increase in housing gross profits reflected a 210 basis point improvement in housing gross profit margin, partly offset by a decrease in the number of homes delivered. The housing gross profit margin increased primarily due to lower overall construction and land costs as a percentage of housing revenues and the absence of inventory-related charges in the current quarter, partly offset by a decrease in operating leverage from the reduced volume of homes delivered and corresponding lower housing revenues and a higher proportion of homes delivered from lower-margin reactivated communities. For the three-month period ended May 31, 2017, inventory-related charges impacting the housing gross profit margin totaled $1.3 million. Sales incentives as a percentage of housing revenues in the 2018 second quarter increased slightly from the year-earlier quarter. Land sales generated income of $.2 million for the 2017 second quarter. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased in the 2018 second quarter from the year-earlier period, primarily due to higher marketing costs from opening a greater number of new communities in the current period.
Operating income for the six months ended May 31, 2018 improved from an operating loss in the prior-year period due to an increase in housing gross profits and a decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses. The year-over-year increase in housing gross profits reflected a 320 basis point improvement in housing gross profit margin, partly offset by a decrease in the number of homes delivered. The housing gross profit margin increased primarily due to the reasons described above with respect to the three months ended May 31, 2018. For the six-month period ended May 31, 2017, inventory-related charges impacting the housing gross profit margin totaled $3.2 million. Land sales generated nominal income for the six months ended May 31, 2018, compared to $.2 million for the 2017 period. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased in the 2018 first half from the year-earlier period, primarily due to favorable legal settlements in the current period, partly offset by higher marketing costs from opening a greater number of new communities.
FINANCIAL SERVICES REPORTING SEGMENT
The following table presents a summary of selected financial and operational data for our financial services reporting segment (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues | $ | 2,750 |  |  | $ | 2,722 |  |  | $ | 5,168 |  |  | $ | 5,072 |
Expenses | (957 | ) |  | (816 | ) |  | (1,910 | ) |  | (1,635 | )
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures | 1,361 |  |  | 911 |  |  | 1,780 |  |  | 940 |
Pretax income | $ | 3,154 |  |  | $ | 2,817 |  |  | $ | 5,038 |  |  | $ | 4,377 |

Revenues. Financial services revenues for the three months ended May 31, 2018 totaled $2.8 million, essentially even with the year-earlier period as an increase in insurance commissions was offset by a decrease in title services revenues. For the six months ended May 31, 2018, financial services revenues increased to $5.2 million from $5.1 million for the corresponding period of 2017.
Expenses. General and administrative expenses totaled $1.0 million and $.8 million for the three-month periods ended May 31, 2018 and May 31, 2017, respectively. For the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, general and administrative expenses totaled $1.9 million and $1.6 million, respectively.
Equity in Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. The equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures was $1.4 million for the three months ended May 31, 2018 and $.9 million for the three months ended May 31, 2017. For the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, the equity in income from unconsolidated joint ventures totaled $1.8 million and $.9 million, respectively. The equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures for each period presented was primarily related to KBHS’ operations. The year-over-year changes for the three months and six months ended May 31, 2018 mainly reflected the commencement of KBHS’ operations during 2017.
46

In the 2016 fourth quarter, a subsidiary of ours and a subsidiary of Stearns entered into an agreement to form KBHS, an unconsolidated mortgage banking joint venture to offer mortgage banking services, including mortgage loan originations, to our homebuyers. We and Stearns each have a 50.0% ownership interest in KBHS, with Stearns providing management oversight of KBHS’ operations. KBHS was operational in all of our served markets as of June 2017. Our financial services reporting segment is separately reported in our consolidated financial statements.
Based on the number of homes delivered in the six months ended May 31, 2018, approximately 51% of our homebuyers who obtained mortgage financing used KBHS to finance the purchase of their home. KBHS did not have a significant impact on our business during the 2017 first half.
INCOME TAXES
Income Tax Expense. Our income tax expense and effective tax rates were as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Income tax expense | $ | 21,000 |  |  | $ | 20,200 |  |  | $ | 138,300 |  |  | $ | 27,400 |
Effective tax rate | 26.8 | % |  | 38.9 | % |  | 111.2 | % |  | 37.3 | %

Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three months ended May 31, 2018 included the favorable effect of the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate under the TCJA; the favorable net impact of federal energy tax credits of $.2 million that we earned from building energy efficient homes; and excess tax benefits of $.2 million due to our adoption of ASU 2016-09, as further described in Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. For the six months ended May 31, 2018, our income tax expense and effective tax rate included a non-cash charge of $111.2 million for TCJA-related impacts, as discussed in Note 12 – Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report; the favorable effect of the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate under the TCJA; the favorable net impact of federal energy tax credits of $4.2 million; and excess tax benefits of $2.4 million related to stock-based compensation. The TCJA requires us to use a blended federal tax rate for our 2018 fiscal year by applying a prorated percentage of days before and after the January 1, 2018 effective date. As a result, our 2018 annual federal statutory tax rate has been reduced to 22.2%. The federal energy tax credits for the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2018 resulted from legislation enacted on February 9, 2018, which among other things, extended the availability of a business tax credit for building new energy efficient homes through December 31, 2017. Prior to this legislation, the tax credit expired on December 31, 2016.
Our income tax expense and effective tax rates for the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2017 included the favorable net impact of federal energy tax credits of $.1 million and $1.2 million, respectively, that we earned from building energy efficient homes through December 31, 2016.
Excluding the above-mentioned charge of $111.2 million, our adjusted income tax expense and adjusted effective tax rate for the six months ended May 31, 2018 were $27.1 million and 21.8%, respectively. The calculations of adjusted income tax expense and adjusted effective tax rate are described above under “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.” Without the above-mentioned federal energy tax credits and excess stock-based compensation tax benefits, our adjusted effective tax rate for the six months ended May 31, 2018 would have approximated 27%.
As a result of adopting ASU 2016-09 effective December 1, 2017, we expect volatility in our income tax expense in future periods, the magnitude of which will depend on, among other factors, the price of our common stock and the timing and volume of stock-based compensation award activity, such as employee exercises of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock awards and PSUs.
At May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017, we had deferred tax assets of $522.9 million and $657.2 million, respectively, that were partly offset by valuation allowances of $26.9 million and $23.6 million, respectively. The deferred tax asset valuation allowances as of May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017 were primarily related to certain state NOLs that had not met the “more likely than not” realization standard at those dates. In the six months ended May 31, 2018, we established a federal deferred tax asset valuation allowance of $3.3 million due to the sequestration of refundable AMT credits.
Further information regarding our income taxes is provided in Note 12 – Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
47

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview. We have funded our homebuilding and financial services activities over the last several years with:

• | internally generated cash flows;

• | public issuances of our common stock;

• | public issuances of debt securities;

• | land option contracts and other similar contracts and seller notes; and

• | letters of credit and performance bonds.

We also have the ability to borrow funds under the Credit Facility. We manage our use of cash in the operation of our business to support the execution of our primary strategic goals. Over the past several years, we have primarily used cash for:

• | land acquisition and land development;

• | home construction;

• | operating expenses; and

• | principal and interest payments on notes payable.

Our investments in land and land development totaled $843.7 million for the six months ended May 31, 2018, compared to $706.6 million for the corresponding 2017 period. Approximately 50% of our total investments in the six months ended May 31, 2018 related to land acquisition, compared to approximately 48% in the year-earlier period. While we made strategic investments in land and land development in each of our homebuilding reporting segments during the first six months of 2018 and 2017, approximately 60% of these investments for each period were made in our West Coast homebuilding reporting segment. Our investments in land and land development in the future will depend significantly on market conditions and available opportunities that meet our investment return standards to support home delivery and revenue growth in the remainder of 2018 and beyond.
The following table presents the number of lots and the carrying value of inventory we owned or controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts by homebuilding reporting segment (dollars in thousands):

|  | May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017 |  | Variance
Segment |  | Lots |  | $ |  | Lots |  | $ |  | Lots |  | $
West Coast |  | 12,868 |  |  | $ | 1,745,150 |  |  | 11,343 |  |  | $ | 1,595,588 |  |  | 1,525 |  |  | $ | 149,562 |
Southwest |  | 9,635 |  |  | 543,773 |  |  | 9,085 |  |  | 551,387 |  |  | 550 |  |  | (7,614 | )
Central |  | 19,926 |  |  | 795,720 |  |  | 19,061 |  |  | 768,232 |  |  | 865 |  |  | 27,488 |
Southeast |  | 7,122 |  |  | 379,359 |  |  | 6,882 |  |  | 348,179 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 31,180 |
Total |  | 49,551 |  |  | $ | 3,464,002 |  |  | 46,371 |  |  | $ | 3,263,386 |  |  | 3,180 |  |  | $ | 200,616 |

The carrying value of the lots owned or controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts at May 31, 2018 increased from November 30, 2017 primarily due to the investments in land and land development we made during the six months ended May 31, 2018, and an increase in the number of homes under construction, reflecting our higher backlog level. Overall, the number of lots we controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts as a percentage of total lots was 25% at both May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017. Generally, this percentage fluctuates with our decisions to control (or abandon) lots under land option contracts and other similar contracts or to purchase (or sell owned) lots based on available opportunities and our investment return standards.
We ended our 2018 second quarter with $669.8 million of cash and cash equivalents, compared to $720.6 million at November 30, 2017. The majority of our cash and cash equivalents at May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017 was invested in interest-bearing bank deposit accounts.
Capital Resources. Our notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):

| May 31, 2018 |  | November 30, 2017 |  | Variance
Mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans | $ | 36,406 |  |  | $ | 10,203 |  |  | $ | 26,203 |
Senior notes | 2,088,265 |  |  | 2,086,070 |  |  | 2,195 |
Convertible senior notes | 229,177 |  |  | 228,572 |  |  | 605 |
Total | $ | 2,353,848 |  |  | $ | 2,324,845 |  |  | $ | 29,003 |

48

Our financial leverage, as measured by the ratio of debt to capital, was 55.1% at May 31, 2018, compared to 54.7% at November 30, 2017. Our ratio of net debt to capital (a calculation that is described above under “Non-GAAP Financial Measures”) at May 31, 2018 was 46.8%, compared to 45.4% at November 30, 2017.
LOC Facility. We had no letters of credit outstanding under the LOC Facility at May 31, 2018 or November 30, 2017.
Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility. We have a $500.0 million Credit Facility that will mature on July 27, 2021. The amount of the Credit Facility available for cash borrowings and the issuance of letters of credit depends on the total cash borrowings and letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility and the maximum available amount under the terms of the Credit Facility. As of May 31, 2018, we had no cash borrowings and $36.7 million of letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility. Therefore, as of May 31, 2018, we had $463.3 million available for cash borrowings under the Credit Facility, with up to $213.3 million of that amount available for the issuance of additional letters of credit. The Credit Facility is further described in Note 13 – Notes Payable in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
There have been no changes to the terms of the Credit Facility during the three months ended May 31, 2018 from those disclosed in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2017.
The covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility represent the most restrictive covenants that we are subject to with respect to our notes payable. The following table summarizes the financial covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility, and our actual levels or ratios (as applicable) with respect to those covenants and other requirements, in each case as of May 31, 2018:

Financial Covenants and Other Requirements |  | Covenant Requirement |  | Actual
Consolidated tangible net worth |  | > | $1.35 billion |  | $1.91 billion
Leverage Ratio |  | < | .650 |  | .552
Interest Coverage Ratio (a) |  | > | 1.500 |  | 3.705
Minimum liquidity (a) |  | > | $159.5 million |  | $669.8 million
Investments in joint ventures and non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | < | $487.7 million |  | $124.8 million
Borrowing base in excess of borrowing base indebtedness (as defined) |  |  | n/a |  | $748.8 million

(a) | Under the terms of the Credit Facility, we are required to maintain either a minimum Interest Coverage Ratio or a minimum level of liquidity, but not both. As of May 31, 2018, we met both the Interest Coverage Ratio and the minimum liquidity requirements.

The indenture governing our senior notes does not contain any financial covenants. Subject to specified exceptions, the indenture contains certain restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur secured indebtedness, or engage in sale-leaseback transactions involving property or assets above a certain specified value. In addition, our senior notes, with the exception of the 7 1/4% Senior Notes due 2018, which we repaid at their maturity on June 15, 2018, contain certain limitations related to mergers, consolidations and sales of assets.
Our obligations to pay principal, premium, if any, and interest under our senior notes and borrowings, if any, under the Credit Facility are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by the Guarantor Subsidiaries. The guarantees are full and unconditional and the Guarantor Subsidiaries are 100% owned by us. We may also cause other subsidiaries of ours to become Guarantor Subsidiaries if we believe it to be in our or the relevant subsidiary’s best interests. Condensed consolidating financial information for our subsidiaries considered to be Guarantor Subsidiaries is provided in Note 20 – Supplemental Guarantor Information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
As of May 31, 2018, we were in compliance with the applicable terms of all our covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility, the senior notes, the indenture, and the mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans. Our ability to access the Credit Facility for cash borrowings and letters of credit and our ability to secure future debt financing depend, in part, on our ability to remain in such compliance. There are no agreements that restrict our payment of dividends other than to maintain compliance with the financial covenant requirements under the Credit Facility, which would restrict our payment of dividends if a default under the Credit Facility exists at the time of any such payment, or if any such payment would result in such a default.
Depending on available terms, we finance certain land acquisitions with purchase-money financing from land sellers or with other forms of financing from third parties. At May 31, 2018, we had outstanding mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and
49

other loans payable in connection with such financing of $36.4 million, secured primarily by the underlying property, which had an aggregate carrying value of $115.4 million.
Credit Ratings. Our credit ratings are periodically reviewed by rating agencies. In January 2018, Standard and Poor’s Financial Services upgraded our rating to BB- from B+, and revised the rating outlook to stable from positive. In May 2018, Moody’s upgraded our rating outlook to positive from stable and affirmed our B1 corporate credit rating.
Consolidated Cash Flows. The following table presents a summary of net cash used in our operating, investing and financing activities (in thousands):

| Six Months Ended May 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Net cash used in: |  |  |
Operating activities | $ | (19,369 | ) |  | $ | (64,580 | )
Investing activities | (13,928 | ) |  | (8,247 | )
Financing activities | (17,010 | ) |  | (170,801 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (50,307 | ) |  | $ | (243,628 | )

Operating Activities. Operating activities used net cash of $19.4 million in the six months ended May 31, 2018, and $64.6 million in the six months ended May 31, 2017. Generally, our net operating cash flows fluctuate primarily based on changes in our inventories and our profitability.
Our net cash used by operating activities for the six months ended May 31, 2018 mainly reflected net cash of $152.8 million used for investments in inventories and a net increase in receivables of $31.2 million, partly offset by a net increase in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities of $18.4 million and our net loss of $13.9 million adjusted for various non-cash items, including a net decrease of $137.7 million in our deferred tax assets. In the six months ended May 31, 2017, our net cash used in operating activities largely reflected net cash of $100.5 million used for investments in inventories, a net decrease in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities of $54.7 million, and a net increase in receivables of $2.9 million, partly offset by net income of $46.0 million.
Investing Activities. Investing activities used net cash of $13.9 million in the six months ended May 31, 2018 and $8.2 million in the year-earlier period. In the six months ended May 31, 2018, our uses of cash included $11.6 million for contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures and $3.4 million for net purchases of property and equipment. These uses of cash were partially offset by a $1.1 million return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures. In the six months ended May 31, 2017, the net cash used for investing activities reflected $11.1 million for contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures and $4.1 million for net purchases of property and equipment, which were partially offset by a $7.0 million return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
Financing Activities. Financing activities used net cash of $17.0 million in the six months ended May 31, 2018 and $170.8 million in the six months ended May 31, 2017. The year-over-year decrease was mainly due to both the repayment of senior notes and a higher amount of payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans included in the 2017 period. In the six months ended May 31, 2018, cash was used for payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans of $10.5 million, tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards of $6.8 million, and dividend payments on our common stock of $4.5 million. The cash used was partly offset by $4.8 million of issuances of common stock under employee stock plans. In the six months ended May 31, 2017, cash was used for our optional early redemption of $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of certain senior notes, payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans of $61.6 million, dividend payments on our common stock of $4.3 million and tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards of $2.5 million. The cash used was partly offset by $3.0 million of issuances of common stock under employee stock plans.
During the three months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, our board of directors declared, and we paid, a quarterly cash dividend of $.025 per share of common stock. Quarterly cash dividends declared and paid during the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017 totaled $.050 per share of common stock. The declaration and payment of future cash dividends on our common stock are at the discretion of our board of directors and depend upon, among other things, our expected future earnings, cash flows, capital requirements, debt structure and any adjustments thereto, operational and financial investment strategy and general financial condition, as well as general business conditions.
We believe we have adequate capital resources and sufficient access to the credit and capital markets and external financing sources to satisfy our current and reasonably anticipated long-term requirements for funds to acquire assets and land, to use and/or develop
50

acquired assets and land, to construct homes, to finance our financial services operations and to meet other needs in the ordinary course of our business. In addition to acquiring and/or developing land that meets our investment return standards, in the remainder of 2018, we may use or redeploy our cash resources or cash borrowings under the Credit Facility to support other business purposes that are aligned with our primary strategic growth goals. We may also arrange or engage in capital markets, bank loan, project debt or other financial transactions. These transactions may include repurchases from time to time of our outstanding common stock. They may also include repurchases from time to time of our outstanding senior notes or other debt through redemptions, tender offers, exchange offers, private exchanges, open market or private purchases or other means, as well as potential new issuances of equity or senior or convertible senior notes or other debt through public offerings, private placements or other arrangements to raise or access additional capital to support our current land and land development investment targets, to complete strategic transactions and for other business purposes and/or to effect repurchases or additional redemptions of our outstanding senior notes or other debt. The amounts involved in these transactions, if any, may be material. As necessary or desirable, we may adjust or amend the terms of and/or expand the capacity of the Credit Facility or the LOC Facility, or enter into additional letter of credit facilities, or other similar facility arrangements, in each case with the same or other financial institutions, or allow any such facilities to mature or expire. Our ability to engage in such transactions, however, may be constrained by economic, capital, credit and/or financial market conditions, investor interest and/or our current leverage ratios, and we can provide no assurance of the success or costs of any such transactions.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. As discussed in Note 9 – Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report, we have investments in unconsolidated joint ventures in various markets where our homebuilding operations are located. Our unconsolidated joint ventures had total combined assets of $161.6 million at May 31, 2018 and $168.8 million at November 30, 2017. Our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures totaled $69.0 million at May 31, 2018 and $64.8 million at November 30, 2017. As of May 31, 2018, two of our unconsolidated joint ventures had outstanding secured debt totaling $9.5 million under separate construction loan agreements with different third-party lenders to finance their respective land development activities. The outstanding secured debt under these agreements is non-recourse to us, with $9.1 million scheduled to mature in August 2018 and the remainder scheduled to mature in February 2020. At November 30, 2017, these unconsolidated joint ventures had outstanding secured debt of $20.0 million. None of our other unconsolidated joint ventures had any outstanding debt at May 31, 2018 or November 30, 2017. While we and our partners in the unconsolidated joint ventures that have the construction loan agreements provide certain guarantees and indemnities to the applicable lender, we do not have a guaranty or any other obligation to repay or to support the value of the collateral underlying the outstanding secured debt of these unconsolidated joint ventures. We do not believe that our existing exposure under our guaranty and indemnity obligations related to the outstanding secured debt of these unconsolidated joint ventures is material to our consolidated financial statements. As discussed in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report, we determined that one of our joint ventures at May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017 was a VIE, but we were not the primary beneficiary of this VIE. All of our joint ventures were unconsolidated and accounted for under the equity method because we did not have a controlling financial interest.
Of the 354 unconsolidated joint venture lots controlled under land option and other similar contracts at May 31, 2018, we are committed to purchase 56 lots from one of our unconsolidated joint ventures in quarterly takedowns over the next two years for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $25.3 million under agreements that we entered into with the joint venture in 2016.
Land Option Contracts and Other Similar Contracts. As discussed in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report, in the ordinary course of our business, we enter into land option contracts and other similar contracts with third parties and unconsolidated entities to acquire rights to land for the construction of homes. At May 31, 2018, we had total cash deposits of $44.0 million to purchase land having an aggregate purchase price of $1.17 billion. At November 30, 2017, we had total deposits of $64.7 million to purchase land having an aggregate purchase price of $1.09 billion. Our land option contracts and other similar contracts generally do not contain provisions requiring our specific performance. Our decision to exercise a particular land option contract or other similar contract depends on the results of our due diligence reviews and ongoing market and project feasibility analysis that we conduct after entering into such a contract. In some cases, our decision to exercise a land option contract or other similar contract may be conditioned on the land seller obtaining necessary entitlements, such as zoning rights and environmental and development approvals, and/or physically developing the underlying land by a pre-determined date. We typically have the ability not to exercise our rights to the underlying land for any reason and forfeit our deposits without further penalty or obligation to the sellers. If we were to acquire all of the land we controlled under our land option contracts and other similar contracts at May 31, 2018, we estimate the remaining purchase price to be paid would be as follows: 2018 – $657.5 million; 2019 – $211.1 million; 2020 – $81.9 million; 2021 – $60.8 million; 2022 – $30.5 million; and thereafter – $79.7 million.
51

In addition to the cash deposits, our exposure to loss related to our land option contracts and other similar contracts consisted of pre-acquisition costs of $36.8 million at May 31, 2018 and $26.8 million at November 30, 2017. These pre-acquisition costs and cash deposits were included in inventories in our consolidated balance sheets.
We determined that as of May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017 we were not the primary beneficiary of any VIEs from which we have acquired rights to land under land option contracts and other similar contracts. We also evaluated our land option contracts and other similar contracts for financing arrangements and, as a result of our evaluations, increased inventories, with a corresponding increase to accrued expenses and other liabilities, in our consolidated balance sheets by $23.2 million at May 31, 2018 and $5.7 million at November 30, 2017, as further discussed in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
Contractual Obligations. There have been no significant changes in our contractual obligations from those reported in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2017.
Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires the use of judgment in the application of accounting policies and estimates of uncertain matters. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates during the six months ended May 31, 2018 from those disclosed in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2017.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recent accounting pronouncements are discussed in Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
Outlook
For the remainder of 2018, we intend to continue to execute on our Returns-Focused Growth Plan, which is described in the “Business” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2017 and is expected to help drive our profitable growth during the year. Our present 2018 outlook is as follows:
2018 Third Quarter:

• | We expect to generate housing revenues in the range of $1.23 billion to $1.29 billion, compared to $1.14 billion in the year-earlier quarter, and anticipate our average selling price to be in the range of $410,000 to $415,000.

• | We expect our housing gross profit margin to be in the range of 17.6% to 18.0%, assuming no inventory-related charges.

• | We expect our selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues to be in the range of 9.3% to 9.8%.

• | We expect our homebuilding operating income margin, excluding inventory-related charges, to be in the range of 7.8% to 8.4%.

• | We expect an effective tax rate of approximately 27%.

• | We expect a diluted weighted average share count of approximately 101.5 million.

• | We expect our average community count for the third quarter will be down by approximately 10% as compared to the 2017 third quarter.

2018 Full-Year:

• | We expect our housing revenues to be in the range of $4.60 billion to $4.80 billion, an increase from $4.30 billion in 2017, and anticipate our average selling price to be in the range of $400,000 to $410,000, roughly even with 2017.

• | We expect our housing gross profit margin, excluding inventory-related charges, to be in the range of 17.6% to 18.0%.

• | We expect our selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues to be in the range of 9.6% to 9.9%.

52

• | We expect our homebuilding operating income margin, excluding inventory-related charges, to be in the range of 7.7% to 8.2%.

• | We expect a diluted weighted average share count of approximately 101.5 million.

• | We expect our return on equity to be in a range of 14% to 15%.

• | We expect our ending community count to be up slightly compared to 2017, including a year-over-year increase of approximately 15% in our West Coast homebuilding reporting segment.

We believe we are well positioned to achieve our financial and operational targets for 2018 due to, among other things, our backlog levels at May 31, 2018, our planned new home community openings, community reactivations and investments in land and land development, as well as ongoing strong demand from first-time homebuyers and current positive economic and demographic trends, to varying degrees, in many of our served markets.
Our future performance and the strategies we implement (and adjust or refine as necessary or appropriate) will depend significantly on prevailing economic and capital, credit and financial market conditions and on a fairly stable and constructive political and regulatory environment (particularly in regards to housing and mortgage loan financing policies), among other factors.
Forward-Looking Statements
Investors are cautioned that certain statements contained in this report, as well as some statements by us in periodic press releases and other public disclosures and some oral statements by us to securities analysts, stockholders and others during presentations, are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”). Statements that are predictive in nature, that depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, or that include words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “hope,” and similar expressions constitute forward-looking statements. In addition, any statements that we may make or provide concerning future financial or operating performance (including without limitation future revenues, community count, homes delivered, net orders, selling prices, sales pace per new community, expenses, expense ratios, housing gross profits, housing gross profit margins, earnings or earnings per share, or growth or growth rates), future market conditions, future interest rates, and other economic conditions, ongoing business strategies or prospects, future dividends and changes in dividend levels, the value of our backlog (including amounts that we expect to realize upon delivery of homes included in our backlog and the timing of those deliveries), the value of our net orders, potential future asset acquisitions and the impact of completed acquisitions, future share issuances or repurchases, future debt issuances, repurchases or redemptions and other possible future actions are also forward-looking statements as defined by the Act. Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and projections about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions about our operations, economic and market factors, and the homebuilding industry, among other things. These statements are not guarantees of future performance, and we have no specific policy or intention to update these statements. In addition, forward-looking and other statements in this report and in other public or oral disclosures that express or contain opinions, views or assumptions about market or economic conditions; the success, performance, effectiveness and/or relative positioning of our strategies, initiatives or operational activities; and other matters, may be based in whole or in part on general observations of our management, limited or anecdotal evidence and/or business or industry experience without in-depth or any particular empirical investigation, inquiry or analysis.
Actual events and results may differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in forward-looking statements due to a number of factors. The most important risk factors that could cause our actual performance and future events and actions to differ materially from such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

• | general economic, employment and business conditions;

• | population growth, household formations and demographic trends;

• | conditions in the capital, credit and financial markets;

• | our ability to access external financing sources and raise capital through the issuance of common stock, debt or other securities, and/or project financing, on favorable terms;

• | the execution of any share repurchases pursuant to our board of directors’ authorization;

• | material and trade costs and availability;

• | changes in interest rates;

• | our debt level, including our ratio of debt to capital, and our ability to adjust our debt level and maturity schedule;

53

• | our compliance with the terms of the Credit Facility;

• | volatility in the market price of our common stock;

• | weak or declining consumer confidence, either generally or specifically with respect to purchasing homes;

• | competition from other sellers of new and resale homes;

• | weather events, significant natural disasters and other climate and environmental factors;

• | government actions, policies, programs and regulations directed at or affecting the housing market (including the TCJA, the Dodd-Frank Act, tax benefits associated with purchasing and owning a home, and the standards, fees and size limits applicable to the purchase or insuring of mortgage loans by government-sponsored enterprises and government agencies), the homebuilding industry, or construction activities;

• | changes in existing tax laws or enacted corporate income tax rates, including those resulting from regulatory guidance and interpretations issued with respect to the TCJA;

• | the availability and cost of land in desirable areas;

• | our warranty claims experience with respect to homes previously delivered and actual warranty costs incurred;

• | costs and/or charges arising from regulatory compliance requirements or from legal, arbitral or regulatory proceedings, investigations, claims or settlements, including unfavorable outcomes in any such matters resulting in actual or potential monetary damage awards, penalties, fines or other direct or indirect payments, or injunctions, consent decrees or other voluntary or involuntary restrictions or adjustments to our business operations or practices that are beyond our current expectations and/or accruals;

• | our ability to use/realize the net deferred tax assets we have generated;

• | our ability to successfully implement our current and planned strategies and initiatives related to our product, geographic and market positioning, gaining share and scale in our served markets and in entering into new markets;

• | our operational and investment concentration in markets in California;

• | consumer interest in our new home communities and products, particularly from first-time homebuyers and higher-income consumers;

• | our ability to generate orders and convert our backlog of orders to home deliveries and revenues, particularly in key markets in California;

• | our ability to successfully implement our Returns-Focused Growth Plan and achieve the associated revenue, margin, profitability, cash flow, community reactivation, land sales, business growth, asset efficiency, return on invested capital, return on equity, net debt to capital ratio and other financial and operational targets and objectives;

• | income tax expense volatility associated with stock-based compensation;

• | the ability of our homebuyers to obtain residential mortgage loans and mortgage banking services;

• | the performance of mortgage lenders to our homebuyers;

• | the performance of KBHS;

• | information technology failures and data security breaches; and

• | other events outside of our control.

Please see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2017 and other filings with the SEC for a further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties applicable to our business.

Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no material changes in our market risk since November 30, 2017. For additional information regarding our market risk, refer to the “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2017.
54

Item 4. | Controls and Procedures

We have established disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“Principal Executive Officer”) and Chief Financial Officer (“Principal Financial Officer”), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Under the supervision and with the participation of senior management, including our Principal Executive Officer and our Principal Financial Officer, we evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of May 31, 2018.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended May 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings

For a discussion of our legal proceedings, see Note 16 – Legal Matters in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.

Item 1A. | Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors we previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2017.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
In January 2016, our board of directors authorized us to repurchase a total of up to 10,000,000 shares of our outstanding common stock. As of May 31, 2018, we had repurchased 8,373,000 shares of our common stock pursuant to this authorization, at a total cost of $85.9 million. On May 14, 2018 our board of directors reaffirmed the remainder of the 2016 authorization and approved and authorized the repurchase of 2,373,000 additional shares of our outstanding common stock, for a total of up to 4,000,000 shares authorized for repurchase. During the three months ended May 31, 2018, no shares were repurchased pursuant to this authorization.
Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibits |  |
4.23 |  | Amended and Restated Rights Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2018 by and between KB Home and Computer Share, Inc., as Rights Agent, filed as Exhibit 4.1 to KB Home’s Amended Registration Statement on Form 8-A/A dated April 13, 2018 is incorporated by reference herein.
31.1 |  | Certification of Jeffrey T. Mezger, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of KB Home Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Jeff J. Kaminski, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of KB Home Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  | Certification of Jeffrey T. Mezger, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of KB Home Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification of Jeff J. Kaminski, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of KB Home Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101 |  | The following materials from KB Home’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended May 31, 2018, formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (a) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months and six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, (b) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of May 31, 2018 and November 30, 2017, (c) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended May 31, 2018 and 2017, and (d) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

55

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| KB HOME Registrant

Dated | July 6, 2018 |  | By: | /s/ JEFF J. KAMINSKI
|  |  |  | Jeff J. Kaminski Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Dated | July 6, 2018 |  | By: | /s/ WILLIAM R. HOLLINGER
|  |  |  | William R. Hollinger Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

56