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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the quarterly period ended August 31, 2020.
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the transition period from [ ] to [ ].
Commission File No. 001-09195
KB HOME
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 95-3666267
(State of incorporation) | (IRS employer identification number)

10990 Wilshire Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90024
(310) 231-4000
(Address and telephone number of principal executive offices)
Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock (par value $1.00 per share) |  | KBH |  | New York Stock Exchange
Rights to Purchase Series A Participating Cumulative Preferred Stock |  |  |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
There were 90,544,338 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $1.00 per share, outstanding on August 31, 2020. The registrant’s grantor stock ownership trust held an additional 7,317,336 shares of the registrant’s common stock on that date.

KB HOME
FORM 10-Q
INDEX

| Page Number
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. Financial Statements |
Consolidated Statements of Operations - Three Months and Nine Months Ended August 31, 2020 and 2019 | 3
Consolidated Balance Sheets - August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019 | 4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Nine Months Ended August 31, 2020 and 2019 | 5
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 6
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 33
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 52
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 52
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 53
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 53
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 54
Item 6. Exhibits | 55
SIGNATURES | 56

2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. | Financial Statements

KB HOME
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts – Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Total revenues |  | $ | 999,013 |  |  | $ | 1,160,786 |  |  | $ | 2,988,918 |  |  | $ | 2,994,072 |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 995,148 |  |  | $ | 1,156,855 |  |  | $ | 2,977,810 |  |  | $ | 2,984,314 |
Construction and land costs |  | (798,495 | ) |  | (943,754 | ) |  | (2,429,001 | ) |  | (2,458,353 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | (107,710 | ) |  | (127,626 | ) |  | (348,082 | ) |  | (357,048 | )
Operating income |  | 88,943 |  |  | 85,475 |  |  | 200,727 |  |  | 168,913 |
Interest income |  | 786 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 2,163 |  |  | 1,745 |
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated joint ventures |  | 1,922 |  |  | (384 | ) |  | 11,981 |  |  | (1,159 | )
Homebuilding pretax income |  | 91,651 |  |  | 85,292 |  |  | 214,871 |  |  | 169,499 |
Financial services: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | 3,865 |  |  | 3,931 |  |  | 11,108 |  |  | 9,758 |
Expenses |  | (1,056 | ) |  | (1,003 | ) |  | (2,901 | ) |  | (3,067 | )
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures |  | 6,855 |  |  | 3,716 |  |  | 14,874 |  |  | 7,018 |
Financial services pretax income |  | 9,664 |  |  | 6,644 |  |  | 23,081 |  |  | 13,709 |
Total pretax income |  | 101,315 |  |  | 91,936 |  |  | 237,952 |  |  | 183,208 |
Income tax expense |  | (22,900 | ) |  | (23,800 | ) |  | (47,800 | ) |  | (37,600 | )
Net income |  | $ | 78,415 |  |  | $ | 68,136 |  |  | $ | 190,152 |  |  | $ | 145,608 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | .86 |  |  | $ | .77 |  |  | $ | 2.09 |  |  | $ | 1.65 |
Diluted |  | $ | .83 |  |  | $ | .73 |  |  | $ | 2.02 |  |  | $ | 1.55 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 90,535 |  |  | 88,262 |  |  | 90,292 |  |  | 87,630 |
Diluted |  | 94,105 |  |  | 92,842 |  |  | 93,788 |  |  | 94,032 |

See accompanying notes.
3

KB HOME
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In Thousands – Unaudited)

| August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Assets |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 722,033 |  |  | $ | 453,814 |
Receivables | 269,651 |  |  | 249,055 |
Inventories | 3,671,129 |  |  | 3,704,602 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | 48,821 |  |  | 57,038 |
Property and equipment, net | 64,619 |  |  | 65,043 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 241,171 |  |  | 364,493 |
Other assets | 125,242 |  |  | 83,041 |
| 5,142,666 |  |  | 4,977,086 |
Financial services | 34,761 |  |  | 38,396 |
Total assets | $ | 5,177,427 |  |  | $ | 5,015,482 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 231,821 |  |  | $ | 262,772 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 630,529 |  |  | 618,783 |
Notes payable | 1,747,704 |  |  | 1,748,747 |
| 2,610,054 |  |  | 2,630,302 |
Financial services | 2,065 |  |  | 2,058 |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock | 122,370 |  |  | 121,593 |
Paid-in capital | 810,915 |  |  | 793,954 |
Retained earnings | 2,326,060 |  |  | 2,157,183 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (17,149 | ) |  | (15,506 | )
Grantor stock ownership trust, at cost | (79,359 | ) |  | (82,758 | )
Treasury stock, at cost | (597,529 | ) |  | (591,344 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 2,565,308 |  |  | 2,383,122 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 5,177,427 |  |  | $ | 5,015,482 |

See accompanying notes.
4

KB HOME
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In Thousands – Unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 190,152 |  |  | $ | 145,608 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures | (26,855 | ) |  | (5,859 | )
Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures | 29,384 |  |  | 6,450 |
Amortization of discounts, premiums and issuance costs | 1,862 |  |  | 3,500 |
Depreciation and amortization | 21,583 |  |  | 19,825 |
Deferred income taxes | 40,200 |  |  | 35,701 |
Stock-based compensation | 12,767 |  |  | 14,479 |
Inventory impairments and land option contract abandonments | 16,939 |  |  | 13,143 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Receivables | 62,839 |  |  | 2,788 |
Inventories | 46,567 |  |  | (389,461 | )
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | (62,419 | ) |  | 4,965 |
Other, net | (3,808 | ) |  | (3,283 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 329,211 |  |  | (152,144 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures | (6,048 | ) |  | (7,656 | )
Return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | 8,816 |  |  | 5,001 |
Proceeds from sale of building | — |  |  | 5,804 |
Purchases of property and equipment, net | (21,154 | ) |  | (32,211 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (18,386 | ) |  | (29,062 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of debt | — |  |  | 405,250 |
Payment of debt issuance costs | — |  |  | (5,209 | )
Repayment of senior notes | — |  |  | (630,000 | )
Borrowings under revolving credit facility | — |  |  | 460,000 |
Repayments under revolving credit facility | — |  |  | (410,000 | )
Payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans | (20,314 | ) |  | (32,149 | )
Issuance of common stock under employee stock plans | 8,404 |  |  | 18,729 |
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards | (6,219 | ) |  | (3,345 | )
Payments of cash dividends | (24,428 | ) |  | (12,352 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (42,557 | ) |  | (209,076 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 268,268 |  |  | (390,282 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 454,858 |  |  | 575,119 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 723,126 |  |  | $ | 184,837 |

See accompanying notes.
5

KB HOME
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)

1. | Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted.
In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly our consolidated financial position as of August 31, 2020, the results of our consolidated operations for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, and our consolidated cash flows for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019. The results of our consolidated operations for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year due to seasonal variations in operating results and other factors. The consolidated balance sheet at November 30, 2019 has been taken from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended November 30, 2019, which are contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for that period.
Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “we,” “our,” and “us” used in this report refer to KB Home, a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Consolidated Financial Statements. The outbreak of the 2019 coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”), which was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, and the related responses by public health and governmental authorities to contain and combat its outbreak and spread (“COVID-19 control responses”) severely impacted the global and national economies, the housing market and our business during our second quarter. Operationally, we temporarily closed our sales centers, model homes and design studios to the public in mid-March and shifted to virtual sales tools and appointment-only personalized home sales processes, where permitted. These steps, along with the negative prevailing business conditions due to the pandemic and restrictive COVID-19 control responses, moderated our order pace significantly in the second quarter. In addition, home purchase cancellations increased considerably, largely reflecting our proactive efforts to assure a backlog of qualified homebuyers amid the pandemic-induced economic downturn. These two factors contributed to a sizable reduction in our 2020 second quarter net orders, and we entered the third quarter with the number of homes in backlog at the beginning of the quarter (“beginning backlog”) down 14% year over year. Further, our construction activities were restricted in many jurisdictions, and completely shut down in some of them, and together with the reduced availability or capacity of some municipal and private services necessary to build and deliver homes, we experienced home delivery delays during most of the second quarter, which tempered our revenues for that period.
Since the easing of public health restrictions in our served markets beginning in May 2020, all of our communities have been open to walk-in traffic, following appropriate safety protocols and applicable public health guidelines, and our net orders started to rebound, improving significantly each month on a year-over-year basis as the third quarter progressed. This positive momentum resulted in our net orders for the 2020 third quarter increasing to their highest level of any quarter since 2007. Although housing market conditions in the 2020 third quarter improved significantly from the prior quarter, our deliveries and revenues for the period were tempered primarily by the negative impact that COVID-19 and the related COVID-19 control responses had on our 2020 second quarter.
While we limited our land investments during the 2020 second quarter and most of the 2020 third quarter to preserve cash and liquidity due to the uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, given the sustained strong housing demand in the third quarter, we have resumed land acquisition and development activities. In the 2020 second quarter, we also curtailed our overhead expenditures, partly through workforce realignment and reductions. As a result, our selling, general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 include severance charges of $6.7 million that we recorded in the 2020 second quarter. Our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto in this report reflect the foregoing course of unprecedented events and the actions we took in the early stages of the pandemic.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates, particularly given the significant social and economic disruptions and uncertainties associated with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the COVID-19 control responses, and such differences may be material.
6

Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider all highly liquid short-term investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Our cash equivalents totaled $594.5 million at August 31, 2020 and $302.5 million at November 30, 2019. At August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019, the majority of our cash and cash equivalents was invested in interest-bearing bank deposit accounts.
Comprehensive Income. Our comprehensive income was $78.4 million for the three months ended August 31, 2020 and $68.1 million for the three months ended August 31, 2019. For the nine months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, our comprehensive income was $190.2 million and $145.6 million, respectively. Our comprehensive income for each of the three-month and nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020 and 2019 was equal to our net income for the respective periods.
Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements. In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASU 2016-02”), which requires leases with original lease terms of more than 12 months to be recorded on the balance sheet. On December 1, 2019, we adopted ASU 2016-02 and its related amendments (collectively, “ASC 842”) using the modified retrospective method. Results for reporting periods beginning December 1, 2019 and after are presented under ASC 842, while results for prior reporting periods have not been adjusted and continue to be presented under the accounting guidance in effect for those periods. We elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which allowed us to carry forward our original assessment of (1) whether contracts are or contain leases, (2) lease classification and (3) initial direct costs. We also elected the practical expedient that allows lessees the option to account for lease and non-lease components together as a single component for all classes of underlying assets. The adoption of ASC 842 resulted in our recording lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities of $31.2 million on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 1, 2019. Lease right-of-use assets are classified within other assets on our consolidated balance sheet, and lease liabilities are classified within accrued expenses and other liabilities. At the December 1, 2019 adoption date, we also recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to increase beginning retained earnings by $1.5 million, net of tax, to recognize a previously deferred gain on our sale and leaseback of an office building in 2019. The adoption of ASC 842 did not materially impact our consolidated statements of operations or consolidated cash flows. Further information regarding our leases is provided in Note 13 – Leases.
In February 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-02, “Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2018-02”), which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), and requires certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. We adopted ASU 2018-02 effective December 1, 2019 and elected to reclassify the income tax effects of the TCJA from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings, which resulted in an increase of $1.6 million to both retained earnings and accumulated other comprehensive loss, with no impact on total stockholders’ equity. Amounts for prior reporting periods have not been adjusted and continue to be presented under the accounting guidance in effect for those periods.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted. In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”), which changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments from an incurred loss approach to a new expected credit loss methodology. ASU 2016-13 is effective for us beginning December 1, 2020. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASU 2019-12”), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes, eliminates certain exceptions within Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), and clarifies certain aspects of ASC 740 to promote consistency among reporting entities. ASU 2019-12 is effective for us beginning December 1, 2021, with early adoption permitted. Most amendments within ASU 2019-12 are required to be applied on a prospective basis, while certain amendments must be applied on a retrospective or modified retrospective basis. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.
7

2. | Segment Information

We have identified five operating reporting segments, comprised of four homebuilding reporting segments and one financial services reporting segment. As of August 31, 2020, our homebuilding reporting segments conducted ongoing operations in the following states to the extent permitted by applicable public health orders as part of their respective COVID-19 control responses:
West Coast: California and Washington
Southwest: Arizona and Nevada
Central: Colorado and Texas
Southeast: Florida and North Carolina
Our homebuilding reporting segments are engaged in the acquisition and development of land primarily for residential purposes and offer a wide variety of homes that are designed to appeal to first-time, first move-up and active adult homebuyers. Our homebuilding operations generate most of their revenues from the delivery of completed homes to homebuyers. They also earn revenues from the sale of land.
Our financial services reporting segment offers property and casualty insurance and, in certain instances, earthquake, flood and personal property insurance to our homebuyers in the same markets as our homebuilding reporting segments, and provides title services in the majority of our markets located within our Southwest, Central and Southeast homebuilding reporting segments. Our financial services reporting segment earns revenues primarily from insurance commissions and from the provision of title services.
We offer mortgage banking services, including residential consumer mortgage loan (“mortgage loan”) originations, to our homebuyers indirectly through KBHS Home Loans, LLC (“KBHS”), an unconsolidated joint venture we formed with Stearns Ventures, LLC (“Stearns”). We and Stearns each have a 50.0% ownership interest, with Stearns providing management oversight of KBHS’ operations. The financial services reporting segment is separately reported in our consolidated financial statements.
Our reporting segments follow the same accounting policies used for our consolidated financial statements. The results of each reporting segment are not necessarily indicative of the results that would have occurred had the segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented, nor are they indicative of the results to be expected in future periods.
The following tables present financial information relating to our homebuilding reporting segments (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
West Coast | $ | 379,025 |  |  | $ | 497,654 |  |  | $ | 1,195,404 |  |  | $ | 1,194,728 |
Southwest | 223,096 |  |  | 180,238 |  |  | 589,665 |  |  | 522,721 |
Central | 297,022 |  |  | 326,058 |  |  | 864,728 |  |  | 874,730 |
Southeast | 96,005 |  |  | 152,905 |  |  | 328,013 |  |  | 392,135 |
Total | $ | 995,148 |  |  | $ | 1,156,855 |  |  | $ | 2,977,810 |  |  | $ | 2,984,314 |
Pretax income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
West Coast | $ | 34,353 |  |  | $ | 43,775 |  |  | $ | 96,202 |  |  | $ | 86,480 |
Southwest | 39,295 |  |  | 26,366 |  |  | 96,298 |  |  | 76,433 |
Central | 35,422 |  |  | 34,417 |  |  | 84,996 |  |  | 80,199 |
Southeast | 5,986 |  |  | 5,272 |  |  | 15,245 |  |  | 5,316 |
Corporate and other | (23,405 | ) |  | (24,538 | ) |  | (77,870 | ) |  | (78,929 | )
Total | $ | 91,651 |  |  | $ | 85,292 |  |  | $ | 214,871 |  |  | $ | 169,499 |

8

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
West Coast | $ | 5,546 |  |  | $ | 5,065 |  |  | $ | 10,610 |  |  | $ | 12,148 |
Southwest | — |  |  | 126 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 408 |
Central | 1,084 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,520 |  |  | 366 |
Southeast | 258 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 638 |  |  | 221 |
Total | $ | 6,888 |  |  | $ | 5,251 |  |  | $ | 16,939 |  |  | $ | 13,143 |

| August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Assets: |  |  |
West Coast | $ | 1,916,237 |  |  | $ | 1,925,192 |
Southwest | 699,777 |  |  | 674,310 |
Central | 977,535 |  |  | 1,035,563 |
Southeast | 417,349 |  |  | 441,451 |
Corporate and other | 1,131,768 |  |  | 900,570 |
Total | $ | 5,142,666 |  |  | $ | 4,977,086 |

3. | Financial Services

The following tables present financial information relating to our financial services reporting segment (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance commissions | $ | 2,150 |  |  | $ | 2,224 |  |  | $ | 6,133 |  |  | $ | 5,342 |
Title services | 1,715 |  |  | 1,707 |  |  | 4,975 |  |  | 4,410 |
Interest income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Total | 3,865 |  |  | 3,931 |  |  | 11,108 |  |  | 9,758 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | (1,056 | ) |  | (1,003 | ) |  | (2,901 | ) |  | (3,067 | )
Operating income | 2,809 |  |  | 2,928 |  |  | 8,207 |  |  | 6,691 |
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures | 6,855 |  |  | 3,716 |  |  | 14,874 |  |  | 7,018 |
Pretax income | $ | 9,664 |  |  | $ | 6,644 |  |  | $ | 23,081 |  |  | $ | 13,709 |

9

| August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,093 |  |  | $ | 1,044 |
Receivables | 1,414 |  |  | 2,232 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | 10,298 |  |  | 14,374 |
Other assets (a) | 21,956 |  |  | 20,746 |
Total assets | $ | 34,761 |  |  | $ | 38,396 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 2,065 |  |  | $ | 2,058 |
Total liabilities | $ | 2,065 |  |  | $ | 2,058 |

(a) | Other assets at August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019 included $21.6 million and $20.6 million, respectively, of contract assets for estimated future renewal commissions related to then-existing insurance policies.

4. | Earnings Per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share were calculated as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 78,415 |  |  | $ | 68,136 |  |  | $ | 190,152 |  |  | $ | 145,608 |
Less: Distributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stock |  | (42 | ) |  | (48 | ) |  | (129 | ) |  | (76 | )
Less: Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stock |  | (360 | ) |  | (365 | ) |  | (875 | ) |  | (825 | )
Numerator for basic earnings per share |  | 78,013 |  |  | 67,723 |  |  | 189,148 |  |  | 144,707 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs associated with convertible senior notes, net of taxes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 541 |
Add: Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stock |  | 360 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 875 |  |  | 825 |
Less: Undistributed earnings reallocated to nonvested restricted stock |  | (346 | ) |  | (354 | ) |  | (843 | ) |  | (769 | )
Numerator for diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 78,027 |  |  | $ | 67,734 |  |  | $ | 189,180 |  |  | $ | 145,304 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding — basic |  | 90,535 |  |  | 88,262 |  |  | 90,292 |  |  | 87,630 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based payments |  | 3,570 |  |  | 4,580 |  |  | 3,496 |  |  | 4,501 |
Convertible senior notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,901 |
Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted |  | 94,105 |  |  | 92,842 |  |  | 93,788 |  |  | 94,032 |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | .86 |  |  | $ | .77 |  |  | $ | 2.09 |  |  | $ | 1.65 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | .83 |  |  | $ | .73 |  |  | $ | 2.02 |  |  | $ | 1.55 |

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We compute earnings per share using the two-class method, which is an allocation of earnings between the holders of common stock and a company’s participating security holders. Our outstanding nonvested shares of restricted stock contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends and, therefore, are considered participating securities for purposes of computing earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. We had no other participating securities at August 31, 2020 or 2019.
For the three-month and nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020, no outstanding stock options were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation. For the three-month and nine-month periods ended August 31, 2019, outstanding stock options to purchase .6 million shares of our common stock were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect of their inclusion would be antidilutive. The diluted earnings per share calculation for the nine months ended August 31, 2019 included the dilutive effect of the $230.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 1.375% convertible senior notes due 2019 (“1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019”) based on the number of days they were outstanding during the period. We repaid these notes at their February 1, 2019 maturity.
Contingently issuable shares associated with outstanding performance-based restricted stock units (each, a “PSU”) were not included in the basic earnings per share calculations for the periods presented as the applicable vesting conditions had not been satisfied.

5. | Receivables

Receivables consisted of the following (in thousands):

| August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Due from utility companies, improvement districts and municipalities | $ | 122,472 |  |  | $ | 128,047 |
Recoveries related to self-insurance and other legal claims | 69,694 |  |  | 80,729 |
Income taxes receivable | 39,311 |  |  | — |
Refundable deposits and bonds | 9,419 |  |  | 10,925 |
Other | 36,439 |  |  | 37,846 |
Subtotal | 277,335 |  |  | 257,547 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | (7,684 | ) |  | (8,492 | )
Total | $ | 269,651 |  |  | $ | 249,055 |

6. | Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):

| August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Homes completed or under construction | $ | 1,316,467 |  |  | $ | 1,340,412 |
Land under development | 2,234,992 |  |  | 2,213,713 |
Land held for future development or sale (a) | 119,670 |  |  | 150,477 |
Total | $ | 3,671,129 |  |  | $ | 3,704,602 |

(a) Land held for sale totaled $1.3 million at August 31, 2020 and $19.3 million at November 30, 2019.
Interest is capitalized to inventories while the related communities or land parcels are being actively developed and until homes are completed or the land is available for immediate sale. Capitalized interest is amortized to construction and land costs as the related inventories are delivered to homebuyers or land buyers (as applicable). For land held for future development or sale, applicable interest is expensed as incurred.
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Our interest costs were as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Capitalized interest at beginning of period | $ | 194,434 |  |  | $ | 212,160 |  |  | $ | 195,738 |  |  | $ | 209,129 |
Interest incurred | 31,054 |  |  | 36,024 |  |  | 93,071 |  |  | 107,356 |
Interest amortized to construction and land costs (a) | (30,628 | ) |  | (38,558 | ) |  | (93,949 | ) |  | (106,859 | )
Capitalized interest at end of period (b) | $ | 194,860 |  |  | $ | 209,626 |  |  | $ | 194,860 |  |  | $ | 209,626 |

(a) | Interest amortized to construction and land costs for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020 included $.4 million related to land sales during the periods. Interest amortized to construction and land costs for the nine months ended August 31, 2019 included $.6 million related to land sales during the period. There was no such interest amortized for the three months ended August 31, 2019.

(b) | Capitalized interest amounts reflect the gross amount of capitalized interest, as inventory impairment charges recognized, if any, are not generally allocated to specific components of inventory.

7. | Inventory Impairments and Land Option Contract Abandonments

Each community or land parcel in our owned inventory is assessed on a quarterly basis to determine if indicators of potential impairment exist. We record an inventory impairment charge on a community or land parcel that is active or held for future development when indicators of potential impairment exist and the carrying value of the real estate asset is greater than the undiscounted future net cash flows the asset is expected to generate. These real estate assets are written down to fair value, which is primarily determined based on the estimated future net cash flows discounted for inherent risk associated with each such asset, or other valuation techniques. We record an inventory impairment charge on land held for sale when the carrying value of a land parcel is greater than its fair value. These real estate assets are written down to fair value, less associated costs to sell. The estimated fair values of such assets are generally based on bona fide letters of intent from outside parties, executed sales contracts, broker quotes or similar information.
When an indicator of potential impairment is identified for a community or land parcel, we test the asset for recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset to the undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. The undiscounted future net cash flows are impacted by then-current conditions and trends in the market in which the asset is located as well as factors known to us at the time the cash flows are calculated. These factors may include recent trends in our orders, backlog, cancellation rates and volume of homes delivered, as well as our expectations related to the following: product offerings; market supply and demand, including estimated average selling prices and related price appreciation; and land development, home construction and overhead costs to be incurred and related cost inflation. With respect to the three months ended August 31, 2020, these expectations considered that our net orders, ending backlog and cancellation rates for the 2020 third quarter improved from both the year-earlier quarter and the 2020 second quarter when the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and related COVID-19 control responses in our served markets caused a significant contraction in economic activity and adversely affected our ability to conduct normal operations, as described in Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies. Our impairment assessments also considered that while the number of homes delivered in the 2020 third quarter decreased from the year-earlier quarter, the average selling price of those homes increased slightly and our housing gross profit margin improved significantly over the same period. Moreover, the average selling price of our net orders generated during the 2020 third quarter increased from the year-earlier period. Taken together, and notwithstanding the significant disruptions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic during the 2020 second quarter, our inventory assessments as of August 31, 2020 determined that market conditions for each of our assets in inventory where impairment indicators were identified were expected to be sufficiently stable, with a solid net order pace and a steady average selling price for the remainder of 2020 and into 2021 relative to the performance in recent quarters, to support such assets’ recoverability. Our inventory is assessed for potential impairment on a quarterly basis, and the assumptions used are reviewed and adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the market conditions and trends and our expectations at the time each assessment is performed.
We evaluated 22 and 31 communities or land parcels for recoverability during the nine months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, including certain communities or land parcels previously held for future development that were reactivated as part of our ongoing efforts to improve asset efficiency. The carrying values of the communities or land parcels evaluated were $191.8 million at August 31, 2020 and $219.2 million at August 31, 2019. Some of the communities or land parcels evaluated during the nine months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019 were evaluated in more than one quarterly period. Communities or land parcels evaluated for recoverability in more than one quarterly period were counted only once for each
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nine-month period. In addition, we evaluated land held for future development for recoverability during the nine months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019.
Based on the results of our evaluations, we recognized inventory impairment charges of $6.5 million for the three months ended August 31, 2020 and $11.6 million for the nine months ended August 31, 2020. For the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2019, we recognized inventory impairment charges of $4.8 million and $11.5 million, respectively. The impairment charges for the three-month and nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020 and 2019 reflected our decisions to make changes in our operational strategies aimed at more quickly monetizing our investment in certain communities by accelerating the overall pace for selling, building and delivering homes therein, including communities on land previously held for future development.
The following table summarizes significant quantitative unobservable inputs we utilized in our fair value measurements with respect to the impaired communities written down to fair value during the periods presented:

|  | Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
Unobservable Input (a) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Average selling price |  | $301,600 - $1,010,100 |  | $325,300 - $957,200 |  | $301,600 - $1,010,100 |  | $315,000 - $1,045,400
Deliveries per month |  | 2 |  | 2 - 4 |  | 1 - 4 |  | 1 - 4
Discount rate |  | 17% - 18% |  | 17% |  | 17% - 18% |  | 17%

(a) | The ranges of inputs used in each period primarily reflect differences between the housing markets where each impacted community is located, rather than fluctuations in prevailing market conditions.

As of August 31, 2020, the aggregate carrying value of our inventory that had been impacted by inventory impairment charges was $89.4 million, representing 16 communities and various other land parcels. As of November 30, 2019, the aggregate carrying value of our inventory that had been impacted by inventory impairment charges was $115.6 million, representing 19 communities and various other land parcels.
Our inventory controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts is assessed on a quarterly basis to determine whether it continues to meet our investment return standards. When a decision is made not to exercise certain land option contracts and other similar contracts due to market conditions and/or changes in our marketing strategy, we write off the related inventory costs, including non-refundable deposits and unrecoverable pre-acquisition costs. Based on the results of our assessments, we recognized land option contract abandonment charges of $.4 million for the three months ended August 31, 2020 and $5.4 million for the nine months ended August 31, 2020. For the three-month and nine-month periods ended August 31, 2019, we recognized land option contract abandonment charges of $.4 million and $1.7 million, respectively.
If conditions in our served markets are or are expected to be adversely affected for a prolonged period due to the COVID-19 control responses or otherwise, we may determine through our community and land parcel evaluations in future quarters that we need to take impairment charges, and such charges could be material. In addition, due to the judgment and assumptions applied in our inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment assessment processes, particularly as to land held for future development, it is possible that actual results could differ substantially from those estimated.

8. | Variable Interest Entities

Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. We participate in joint ventures from time to time that conduct land acquisition, land development and/or other homebuilding activities in various markets where our homebuilding operations are located. Our investments in these joint ventures may create a variable interest in a variable interest entity (“VIE”), depending on the contractual terms of the arrangement. We analyze our joint ventures under the variable interest model to determine whether they are VIEs and, if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary. Based on our analyses, we determined that one of our joint ventures at August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019 was a VIE, but we were not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. Therefore, all of our joint ventures at August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019 were unconsolidated and accounted for under the equity method because we did not have a controlling financial interest.
Land Option Contracts and Other Similar Contracts. In the ordinary course of our business, we enter into land option contracts and other similar contracts with third parties and unconsolidated entities to acquire rights to land for the construction of homes. Under these contracts, we typically make a specified option payment or earnest money deposit in consideration for the right to purchase land in the future, usually at a predetermined price. We analyze each of our land option contracts and other similar contracts under the variable interest model to determine whether the land seller is a VIE and, if so, whether we are the primary
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beneficiary. Although we do not have legal title to the underlying land, we are required to consolidate a VIE if we are the primary beneficiary. As a result of our analyses, we determined that as of August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019, we were not the primary beneficiary of any VIEs from which we have acquired rights to land under land option contracts and other similar contracts. We perform ongoing reassessments of whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE.
The following table presents a summary of our interests in land option contracts and other similar contracts (in thousands):

| August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
| Cash Deposits |  | Aggregate Purchase Price |  | Cash Deposits |  | Aggregate Purchase Price
Unconsolidated VIEs | $ | 25,856 |  |  | $ | 844,801 |  |  | $ | 34,595 |  |  | $ | 823,427 |
Other land option contracts and other similar contracts | 39,171 |  |  | 511,796 |  |  | 40,591 |  |  | 600,092 |
Total | $ | 65,027 |  |  | $ | 1,356,597 |  |  | $ | 75,186 |  |  | $ | 1,423,519 |

In addition to the cash deposits presented in the table above, our exposure to loss related to our land option contracts and other similar contracts with third parties and unconsolidated entities consisted of pre-acquisition costs of $28.8 million at August 31, 2020 and $32.8 million at November 30, 2019. These pre-acquisition costs and cash deposits were included in inventories in our consolidated balance sheets.
For land option contracts and other similar contracts where the land seller entity is not required to be consolidated under the variable interest model, we consider whether such contracts should be accounted for as financing arrangements. Land option contracts and other similar contracts that may be considered financing arrangements include those we enter into with third-party land financiers or developers in conjunction with such third parties acquiring a specific land parcel(s) on our behalf, at our direction, and those with other landowners where we or our designee make improvements to the optioned land parcel(s) during the applicable option period. For these land option contracts and other similar contracts, we record the remaining purchase price of the associated land parcel(s) in inventories in our consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding financing obligation if we determine that we are effectively compelled to exercise the option to purchase the land parcel(s). As a result of our evaluations of land option contracts and other similar contracts for financing arrangements, we recorded inventories in our consolidated balance sheets, with a corresponding increase to accrued expenses and other liabilities, of $17.2 million at August 31, 2020 and $12.2 million at November 30, 2019.

9. | Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

We have investments in unconsolidated joint ventures that conduct land acquisition, land development and/or other homebuilding activities in various markets where our homebuilding operations are located. We and our unconsolidated joint venture partners make initial and/or ongoing capital contributions to these unconsolidated joint ventures, typically on a pro rata basis, according to our respective equity interests. The obligations to make capital contributions are governed by each such unconsolidated joint venture’s respective operating agreement and related governing documents.
The following table presents combined condensed information from the statements of operations of our unconsolidated joint ventures (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues | $ | 21,473 |  |  | $ | 5,729 |  |  | $ | 115,893 |  |  | $ | 21,707 |
Construction and land costs | (15,960 | ) |  | (5,686 | ) |  | (84,228 | ) |  | (21,704 | )
Other expense, net | (1,606 | ) |  | (708 | ) |  | (7,455 | ) |  | (1,946 | )
Income (loss) | $ | 3,907 |  |  | $ | (665 | ) |  | $ | 24,210 |  |  | $ | (1,943 | )

The higher combined revenues and income for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020, as compared to the year-earlier periods, mainly reflected homes delivered from an unconsolidated joint venture in California. In the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2019, our unconsolidated joint ventures did not deliver any homes.
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The following table presents combined condensed balance sheet information for our unconsolidated joint ventures (in thousands):

| August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Assets |  |  |
Cash | $ | 35,674 |  |  | $ | 23,965 |
Inventories | 71,911 |  |  | 139,536 |
Other assets | 713 |  |  | 792 |
Total assets | $ | 108,298 |  |  | $ | 164,293 |
Liabilities and equity |  |  |
Accounts payable and other liabilities | $ | 12,073 |  |  | $ | 13,282 |
Notes payable (a) | — |  |  | 40,672 |
Equity | 96,225 |  |  | 110,339 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 108,298 |  |  | $ | 164,293 |

(a) | As of both August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019, we had investments in five unconsolidated joint ventures. At November 30, 2019, one of our unconsolidated joint ventures had a construction loan agreement with a third-party lender to finance its land development activities. The outstanding debt was secured by the underlying property and related project assets and was non-recourse to us. All the outstanding secured debt was repaid in April 2020. None of our unconsolidated joint ventures had outstanding debt at August 31, 2020.

10. | Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Computer software and equipment |  | $ | 31,901 |  |  | $ | 27,091 |
Model furnishings and sales office improvements |  | 80,642 |  |  | 82,117 |
Leasehold improvements, office furniture and equipment |  | 17,167 |  |  | 16,173 |
Subtotal |  | 129,710 |  |  | 125,381 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  | (65,091 | ) |  | (60,338 | )
Total |  | $ | 64,619 |  |  | $ | 65,043 |

11. | Other Assets

Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

| August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Cash surrender value and benefit receivable from corporate-owned life insurance contracts | $ | 73,310 |  |  | $ | 73,849 |
Lease right-of-use assets | 32,992 |  |  | — |
Prepaid expenses | 16,328 |  |  | 5,944 |
Debt issuance costs associated with unsecured revolving credit facility, net | 2,612 |  |  | 3,248 |
Total | $ | 125,242 |  |  | $ | 83,041 |

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12. | Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

| August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Self-insurance and other legal liabilities | $ | 225,775 |  |  | $ | 229,483 |
Employee compensation and related benefits | 136,003 |  |  | 163,646 |
Warranty liability | 94,347 |  |  | 88,839 |
Accrued interest payable | 36,051 |  |  | 32,507 |
Lease liabilities | 34,525 |  |  | — |
Inventory-related obligations (a) | 29,491 |  |  | 26,264 |
Customer deposits | 21,360 |  |  | 22,382 |
Real estate and business taxes | 14,967 |  |  | 14,872 |
Other | 38,010 |  |  | 40,790 |
Total | $ | 630,529 |  |  | $ | 618,783 |

(a) | Represents liabilities for financing arrangements discussed in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities, as well as liabilities for fixed or determinable amounts associated with tax increment financing entity (“TIFE”) assessments. As homes are delivered, our obligation to pay the remaining TIFE assessments associated with each underlying lot is transferred to the homebuyer. As such, these assessment obligations will be paid by us only to the extent we do not deliver homes on applicable lots before the related TIFE obligations mature.

13. | Leases

We lease certain property and equipment for use in our operations. We recognize lease expense for these leases generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term and combine lease and non-lease components for all leases. Lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets for leases with an expected term at the commencement date of more than 12 months. Some of our leases include one or more renewal options, the exercise of which is generally at our discretion. Such options are excluded from the expected term of the lease unless we determine it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. Lease liabilities are equal to the present value of the remaining lease payments while the amount of lease right-of-use assets is based on the lease liabilities, subject to adjustment, such as for lease incentives. Our leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit interest rate; therefore, we estimate our incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of remaining lease payments. In determining our incremental borrowing rate, we considered the lease term, market interest rates, current interest rates on our senior notes and the effects of collateralization. Our lease population at August 31, 2020 was comprised of operating leases where we are the lessee, primarily real estate leases for our corporate office, division offices and design studios, as well as certain equipment leases. Our lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
Lease expense is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations and includes costs for leases with terms of more than 12 months as well as short-term leases with terms of 12 months or less. For the three months ended August 31, 2020, our total lease expense was $4.2 million, which included short-term lease costs of $1.1 million. For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, our total lease expense was $13.6 million, which included short-term lease costs of $4.8 million. Variable lease costs and external sublease income for the three-month and nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020 were immaterial.
The following table presents our lease right-of-use assets, lease liabilities and the weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate (incremental borrowing rate) used in calculating the lease liabilities (dollars in thousands):

|  |  | August 31, 2020
Lease right-of-use assets (a) |  |  | $ | 33,291 |
Lease liabilities (b) |  |  | 34,849 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term |  |  | 4.5 years |
Weighted-average discount rate (incremental borrowing rate) |  |  | 5.1 | %

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(a) | Represents lease right-of-use assets of $33.0 million within our homebuilding operations and $.3 million within our financial services operations.

(b) | Represents lease liabilities of $34.5 million within our homebuilding operations and $.3 million within our financial services operations.

The following table presents additional information about our leases (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended August 31, 2020 |  | Nine Months Ended August 31, 2020
Lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities | $ | 2,977 |  |  | $ | 9,045 |
Cash payments on lease liabilities | 2,831 |  |  | 8,468 |

As of August 31, 2020, the future minimum lease payments required under our leases are as follows (in thousands):

Years Ending November 30, |  |  |
2020 |  |  | $ | 2,737 |
2021 |  |  | 10,178 |
2022 |  |  | 8,921 |
2023 |  |  | 6,704 |
2024 |  |  | 4,637 |
Thereafter |  |  | 6,099 |
Total lease payments |  |  | 39,276 |
Less: Interest |  |  | (4,427 | )
Present value of lease liabilities |  |  | $ | 34,849 |

14. | Income Taxes

Income Tax Expense. Our income tax expense and effective tax rates were as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Income tax expense | $ | 22,900 |  |  | $ | 23,800 |  |  | $ | 47,800 |  |  | $ | 37,600 |
Effective tax rate | 22.6 | % |  | 25.9 | % |  | 20.1 | % |  | 20.5 | %

Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three months ended August 31, 2020 included the favorable effect of $3.1 million of federal energy tax credits that we earned from building energy-efficient homes, partially offset by $1.2 million of non-deductible executive compensation expense under Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m). Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three months ended August 31, 2019 reflected $1.4 million of non-deductible executive compensation expense.
Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 included the favorable effects of $10.1 million of federal energy tax credits that we earned from building energy-efficient homes and $5.6 million of excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation, partially offset by $3.2 million of non-deductible executive compensation expense. For the nine months ended August 31, 2019, our income tax expense and effective tax rate included the favorable effects of $4.3 million of federal energy tax credits, a $3.3 million reversal of a deferred tax asset valuation allowance related to refundable alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) credits and $2.9 million of excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation, partly offset by $2.6 million of non-deductible executive compensation expense.
The federal energy tax credits for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020 resulted from legislation enacted in December 2019, which among other things, extended the availability of a business tax credit for building new energy-
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efficient homes through December 31, 2020. Prior to this legislation, the tax credit expired on December 31, 2017. This extension is expected to benefit our income tax provision in future periods.
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was enacted to provide economic and other relief as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Among other things, the CARES Act provides various income and payroll tax provisions that we do not expect to have a material impact on our income tax expense or effective tax rate for 2020. The CARES Act also accelerated the timetable for AMT credit refunds. As a result, in the 2020 second quarter, we filed a superseding 2019 federal income tax return claiming an additional refund of $39.3 million of AMT credits and reclassified this amount from deferred tax assets to receivables. These credits were in addition to the $43.3 million of AMT tax credits that we reclassified from deferred tax assets to receivables in the 2020 first quarter when we filed a preliminary 2019 federal income tax return. We received the $43.3 million AMT credit refund in the 2020 third quarter.
In June 2020, California enacted tax legislation that approved the suspension of California net operating loss deductions for tax years 2020, 2021 and 2022. The suspension of California net operating loss deductions did not have an impact on our income tax expense for the three months or nine months ended August 31, 2020.
Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance. We evaluate our deferred tax assets quarterly to determine if adjustments to our valuation allowance are required based on the consideration of all available positive and negative evidence using a “more likely than not” standard with respect to whether deferred tax assets will be realized. Our evaluation considers, among other factors, our historical operating results, our expectation of future profitability, the duration of the applicable statutory carryforward periods, and conditions in the housing market and the broader economy. The ultimate realization of our deferred tax assets depends primarily on our ability to generate future taxable income during the periods in which the related deferred tax assets become deductible. The value of our deferred tax assets depends on applicable income tax rates.
Our deferred tax assets of $260.5 million as of August 31, 2020 and $383.7 million as of November 30, 2019 were partly offset by valuation allowances of $19.3 million and $19.2 million, respectively. Our deferred tax assets as of August 31, 2020 reflected the above-mentioned AMT credit reclassifications totaling $82.6 million from deferred tax assets to receivables in the 2020 first and second quarters. The deferred tax asset valuation allowances as of August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019 were primarily related to certain state net operating losses that had not met the “more likely than not” realization standard at those dates. As a result of an adjustment to our state net operating losses, we increased the valuation allowance by $.1 million in the 2020 third quarter. Based on the evaluation of our deferred tax assets as of August 31, 2020, we determined that most of our deferred tax assets would be realized. Therefore, other than the slight increase mentioned above, no adjustments to our deferred tax valuation allowance were needed for the nine months ended August 31, 2020.
We will continue to evaluate both the positive and negative evidence on a quarterly basis in determining the need for a valuation allowance with respect to our deferred tax assets. The accounting for deferred tax assets is based upon estimates of future results. Changes in positive and negative evidence, including differences between estimated and actual results, could result in changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets that could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Changes in existing federal and state tax laws and corporate income tax rates could also affect actual tax results and the realization of deferred tax assets over time.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits. As of August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019, we had no gross unrecognized tax benefits. The fiscal years ending 2017 and later remain open to federal examinations, while 2015 and later remain open to state examinations.

15. | Notes Payable

Notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):

| August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans | $ | 5,620 |  |  | $ | 7,889 |
7.00% Senior notes due December 15, 2021 | 448,807 |  |  | 448,164 |
7.50% Senior notes due September 15, 2022 | 348,697 |  |  | 348,267 |
7.625% Senior notes due May 15, 2023 | 351,400 |  |  | 351,748 |
6.875% Senior notes due June 15, 2027 | 296,660 |  |  | 296,379 |
4.80% Senior notes due November 15, 2029 | 296,520 |  |  | 296,300 |
Total | $ | 1,747,704 |  |  | $ | 1,748,747 |

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The carrying amounts of our senior notes listed above are net of unamortized debt issuance costs, premiums and discounts, which totaled $7.9 million at August 31, 2020 and $9.1 million at November 30, 2019.
Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility. We have an $800.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility with various banks (“Credit Facility”) that will mature on October 7, 2023. The Credit Facility contains an uncommitted accordion feature under which its aggregate principal amount of available loans can be increased to a maximum of $1.00 billion under certain conditions, including obtaining additional bank commitments. The Credit Facility also contains a sublimit of $250.0 million for the issuance of letters of credit. Interest on amounts borrowed under the Credit Facility is payable at least quarterly in arrears at a rate based on either a Eurodollar or a base rate, plus a spread that depends on our consolidated leverage ratio (“Leverage Ratio”), as defined under the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility also requires the payment of a commitment fee at a per annum rate ranging from .20% to .35% of the unused commitment, based on our Leverage Ratio. Under the terms of the Credit Facility, we are required, among other things, to maintain compliance with various covenants, including financial covenants relating to our consolidated tangible net worth, Leverage Ratio, and either a consolidated interest coverage ratio (“Interest Coverage Ratio”) or minimum level of liquidity, each as defined therein. The amount of the Credit Facility available for cash borrowings or the issuance of letters of credit depends on the total cash borrowings and letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility and the maximum available amount under the terms of the Credit Facility. As of August 31, 2020, we had no cash borrowings and $12.4 million of letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility. Therefore, as of August 31, 2020, we had $787.6 million available for cash borrowings under the Credit Facility, with up to $237.6 million of that amount available for the issuance of letters of credit.
Letter of Credit Facility. We have an unsecured letter of credit agreement with a financial institution (“LOC Facility”). Under the LOC Facility, which expires on February 13, 2022, we may issue up to $50.0 million of letters of credit. We maintain the LOC Facility to obtain letters of credit from time to time in the ordinary course of operating our business. As of August 31, 2020, we had $29.3 million of letters of credit outstanding under the LOC Facility. We had $15.8 million letters of credit outstanding under the LOC Facility as of November 30, 2019.
Mortgages and Land Contracts Due to Land Sellers and Other Loans. As of August 31, 2020, inventories having a carrying value of $49.2 million were pledged to collateralize mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans.
Shelf Registration. On July 9, 2020, we filed an automatically effective universal shelf registration statement (“2020 Shelf Registration”) with the SEC. The 2020 Shelf Registration registers the offering of securities that we may issue from time to time in amounts to be determined. Issuances of securities under our 2020 Shelf Registration require the filing of a prospectus supplement identifying the amount and terms of the securities to be issued. Our ability to issue securities is subject to market conditions and, with respect to debt securities, other factors impacting our borrowing capacity. The 2020 Shelf Registration replaced our previously effective universal shelf registration statement filed with the SEC on July 14, 2017. We have not made any offerings of securities under the 2020 Shelf Registration.
Senior Notes. All the senior notes outstanding at August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019 represent senior unsecured obligations that are guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries and rank equally in right of payment with all of our and our guarantor subsidiaries’ existing unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. Interest on each of these senior notes is payable semi-annually.
The indenture governing our senior notes does not contain any financial covenants. Subject to specified exceptions, the indenture contains certain restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur secured indebtedness, or engage in sale and leaseback transactions involving property above a certain specified value. In addition, the indenture contains certain limitations related to mergers, consolidations, and sales of assets.
As of August 31, 2020, we were in compliance with the applicable terms of all our covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility, the senior notes, the indenture, and the mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans. Our ability to access the Credit Facility for cash borrowings and letters of credit and our ability to secure future debt financing depend, in part, on our ability to remain in such compliance.
As of August 31, 2020, principal payments on senior notes, mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans are due during each year ending November 30 as follows: 2020 – $4.6 million; 2021 – $1.0 million; 2022 – $800.0 million; 2023 – $350.0 million; 2024 – $0; and thereafter – $600.0 million.

16. | Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value measurements of assets and liabilities are categorized based on the following hierarchy:
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Level 1 |  | Fair value determined based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 |  | Fair value determined using significant observable inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities or quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data, by correlation or other means.
Level 3 |  | Fair value determined using significant unobservable inputs, such as pricing models, discounted cash flows, or similar techniques.

Fair value measurements are used for inventories on a nonrecurring basis when events and circumstances indicate that their carrying value is not recoverable. The following table presents the fair value hierarchy and our assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 and the year ended November 30, 2019 (in thousands):

|  |  |  | August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Description |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Pre-Impairment Value |  | Inventory Impairment Charges |  | Fair Value (a) |  | Pre-Impairment Value |  | Inventory Impairment Charges |  | Fair Value (a)
Inventories |  | Level 3 |  | $ | 28,598 |  |  | $ | (11,589 | ) |  | $ | 17,009 |  |  | $ | 41,160 |  |  | $ | (14,031 | ) |  | $ | 27,129 |

(a) | Amounts represent the aggregate fair value for real estate assets impacted by inventory impairment charges during the applicable period as of the date that the fair value measurements were made. The carrying value for these real estate assets may have subsequently increased or decreased from the fair value reflected due to activity that has occurred since the measurement date.

The fair values for inventories that were determined using Level 3 inputs were based on the estimated future net cash flows discounted for inherent risk associated with each underlying asset.
The following table presents the fair value hierarchy, carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments, except those for which the carrying values approximate fair values (in thousands):

|  |  |  | August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Description |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Carrying Value (a) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value (a) |  | Estimated Fair Value
Financial Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior notes |  | Level 2 |  | $ | 1,742,084 |  |  | $ | 1,912,750 |  |  | $ | 1,740,858 |  |  | $ | 1,921,563 |

(a) | The carrying values for the senior notes include unamortized debt issuance costs. Debt issuance costs are not factored into the estimated fair values of these notes.

The fair values of our senior notes are generally estimated based on quoted market prices for these instruments.
The carrying values reported for cash and cash equivalents, and mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans approximate fair values. The carrying value of corporate-owned life insurance is based on the cash surrender value of the policies and, accordingly, approximates fair value.

17. | Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and contingencies include typical obligations of homebuilders for the completion of contracts and those incurred in the ordinary course of business.
Warranty. We provide a limited warranty on all of our homes. The specific terms and conditions of our limited warranty program vary depending upon the markets in which we do business. We generally provide a structural warranty of 10 years, a warranty on electrical, heating, cooling, plumbing and certain other building systems each varying from two years to five years based on geographic market and state law, and a warranty of one year for other components of the home. Our limited warranty program is ordinarily how we respond to and account for homeowners’ requests to local division offices seeking repairs of certain conditions or defects, including claims where we could have liability under applicable state statutes or tort law for a defective condition in or damages to a home. Our warranty liability covers our costs of repairs associated with
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homeowner claims made under our limited warranty program. These claims are generally made directly by a homeowner and involve their individual home.
We estimate the costs that may be incurred under each limited warranty and record a liability in the amount of such costs at the time the revenue associated with the sale of each home is recognized. Our primary assumption in estimating the amounts we accrue for warranty costs is that historical claims experience is a strong indicator of future claims experience. Factors that affect our warranty liability include the number of homes delivered, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims, and cost per claim. We periodically assess the adequacy of our accrued warranty liability, which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, and adjust the amount as necessary based on our assessment. Our assessment includes the review of our actual warranty costs incurred to identify trends and changes in our warranty claims experience, and considers our home construction quality and customer service initiatives and outside events. While we believe the warranty liability currently reflected in our consolidated balance sheets to be adequate, unanticipated changes or developments in the legal environment, local weather, land or environmental conditions, quality of materials or methods used in the construction of homes or customer service practices and/or our warranty claims experience could have a significant impact on our actual warranty costs in future periods and such amounts could differ significantly from our current estimates.
The changes in our warranty liability were as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 92,844 |  |  | $ | 83,030 |  |  | $ | 88,839 |  |  | $ | 82,490 |
Warranties issued | 6,326 |  |  | 9,067 |  |  | 21,960 |  |  | 23,500 |
Payments | (4,823 | ) |  | (5,925 | ) |  | (16,452 | ) |  | (17,018 | )
Adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,800 | )
Balance at end of period | $ | 94,347 |  |  | $ | 86,172 |  |  | $ | 94,347 |  |  | $ | 86,172 |

Guarantees. In the normal course of our business, we issue certain representations, warranties and guarantees related to our home sales and land sales. Based on historical experience, we do not believe any potential liability with respect to these representations, warranties or guarantees would be material to our consolidated financial statements.
Self-Insurance. We maintain, and require the majority of our independent subcontractors to maintain, general liability insurance (including construction defect and bodily injury coverage) and workers’ compensation insurance. These insurance policies protect us against a portion of our risk of loss from claims related to our homebuilding activities, subject to certain self-insured retentions, deductibles and other coverage limits. We also maintain certain other insurance policies. In Arizona, California, Colorado and Nevada, our subcontractors’ general liability insurance primarily takes the form of a wrap-up policy under a program where eligible independent subcontractors are enrolled as insureds on each community. Enrolled subcontractors contribute toward the cost of the insurance and agree to pay a contractual amount in the future if there is a claim related to their work. To the extent provided under the wrap-up program, we absorb the enrolled subcontractors’ general liability associated with the work performed on our homes within the applicable community as part of our overall general liability insurance and our self-insurance.
We self-insure a portion of our overall risk through the use of a captive insurance subsidiary, which provides coverage for our exposure to construction defect, bodily injury and property damage claims and related litigation or regulatory actions, up to certain limits. Our self-insurance liability generally covers the costs of settlements and/or repairs, if any, as well as our costs to defend and resolve the following types of claims:

• | Construction defect: Construction defect claims, which represent the largest component of our self-insurance liability, typically originate through a legal or regulatory process rather than directly by a homeowner and involve the alleged occurrence of a condition affecting two or more homes within the same community, or they involve a common area or homeowners association property within a community. These claims typically involve higher costs to resolve than individual homeowner warranty claims, and the rate of claims is highly variable.

• | Bodily injury: Bodily injury claims typically involve individuals (other than our employees) who claim they were injured while on our property or as a result of our operations.

• | Property damage: Property damage claims generally involve claims by third parties for alleged damage to real or personal property as a result of our operations. Such claims may occasionally include those made against us by owners of property located near our communities.

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Our self-insurance liability at each reporting date represents the estimated costs of reported claims, claims incurred but not yet reported, and claim adjustment expenses. The amount of our self-insurance liability is based on an analysis performed by a third-party actuary that uses our historical claim and expense data, as well as industry data to estimate these overall costs. Key assumptions used in developing these estimates include claim frequencies, severities and resolution patterns, which can occur over an extended period of time. These estimates are subject to variability due to the length of time between the delivery of a home to a homebuyer and when a construction defect claim is made, and the ultimate resolution of such claim; uncertainties regarding such claims relative to our markets and the types of product we build; and legal or regulatory actions and/or interpretations, among other factors. Due to the degree of judgment involved and the potential for variability in these underlying assumptions, our actual future costs could differ from those estimated. In addition, changes in the frequency and severity of reported claims and the estimates to resolve claims can impact the trends and assumptions used in the actuarial analysis, which could be material to our consolidated financial statements. Though state regulations vary, construction defect claims are reported and resolved over a long period of time, which can extend for 10 years or more. As a result, the majority of the estimated self-insurance liability based on the actuarial analysis relates to claims incurred but not yet reported. Therefore, adjustments related to individual existing claims generally do not significantly impact the overall estimated liability. Adjustments to our liabilities related to homes delivered in prior years are recorded in the period in which a change in our estimate occurs.
Our self-insurance liability is presented on a gross basis for all periods without consideration of insurance recoveries and amounts we have paid on behalf of and expect to recover from other parties, if any. Estimated probable insurance and other recoveries of $51.0 million and $50.6 million are included in receivables in our consolidated balance sheets at August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019, respectively. These self-insurance recoveries are principally based on actuarially determined amounts and depend on various factors, including, among other things, the above-described claim cost estimates, our insurance policy coverage limits for the applicable policy year(s), historical third-party recovery rates, insurance industry practices, the regulatory environment and legal precedent, and are subject to a high degree of variability from period to period. Because of the inherent uncertainty and variability in these assumptions, our actual insurance recoveries could differ significantly from amounts currently estimated.
The changes in our self-insurance liability were as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 178,081 |  |  | $ | 170,978 |  |  | $ | 177,765 |  |  | $ | 176,841 |
Self-insurance expense (a) | 3,545 |  |  | 4,802 |  |  | 9,522 |  |  | 12,844 |
Payments (b) | 2,483 |  |  | (5,162 | ) |  | (3,178 | ) |  | (19,067 | )
Balance at end of period | $ | 184,109 |  |  | $ | 170,618 |  |  | $ | 184,109 |  |  | $ | 170,618 |

(a) | These expenses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and are largely offset by contributions from subcontractors participating in the wrap-up policy.

(b) | Includes net changes in estimated probable insurance and other recoveries, which are recorded in receivables, to present our self-insurance liability on a gross basis. The amount for the three months ended August 31, 2020 reflects an increase in the actuarially estimated probable insurance and other recoveries that exceeded the payments made.

For most of our claims, there is no interaction between our warranty liability and self-insurance liability. Typically, if a matter is identified at its outset as either a warranty or self-insurance claim, it remains as such through its resolution. However, there can be instances of interaction between the liabilities, such as where individual homeowners in a community separately request warranty repairs to their homes to address a similar condition or issue and subsequently join together to initiate, or potentially initiate, a legal process with respect to that condition or issue and/or the repair work we have undertaken. In these instances, the claims and related repair work generally are initially covered by our warranty liability, and the costs associated with resolving the legal matter (including any additional repair work) are covered by our self-insurance liability.
The payments we make in connection with claims and related repair work, whether covered within our warranty liability and/or our self-insurance liability, may be recovered from our insurers to the extent such payments exceed the self-insured retentions or deductibles under our general liability insurance policies. Also, in certain instances, in the course of resolving a claim, we pay amounts in advance of and/or on behalf of a subcontractor(s) or their insurer(s) and believe we will be reimbursed for such payments. Estimates of all such amounts, if any, are recorded as receivables in our consolidated balance sheets when any such recovery is considered probable.
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Florida Chapter 558 Actions (Individual and Homeowner Association Claims). We and certain of our subcontractors have received a growing number of claims from attorneys on behalf of individual owners of our homes and/or homeowners’ associations that allege, pursuant to Chapter 558 of the Florida Statutes, various construction defects, with most relating to stucco and water-intrusion issues. The claims primarily involve homes in our Jacksonville, Orlando, and Tampa operations. Under Chapter 558, homeowners must serve written notice of a construction defect(s) and provide the served construction and/or design contractor(s) with an opportunity to respond to the noticed issue(s) before they can file a lawsuit. Although we have resolved many of these claims without litigation, and a number of others have been resolved with applicable subcontractors or their insurers covering the related costs, as of August 31, 2020, we had approximately 583 outstanding noticed claims, and some are scheduled for trial over the next few quarters and beyond. In addition, some of our subcontractors’ insurers in some of these cases have informed us of their inability to continue to pay claims-related costs. At August 31, 2020, we had an accrual for our estimated probable loss for these matters and a receivable for estimated probable insurance recoveries. While it is reasonably possible that our loss could exceed the amount accrued and our recoveries could be less than the amount recorded, at this time, we are unable to estimate the total amount of the loss in excess of the accrued amount and/or associated with a shortfall in the recoveries that is reasonably possible.
Townhome Community Construction Defect Claims. In the 2016 fourth quarter, we received claims from a homeowners association alleging there were construction defects, primarily involving roofing and stucco issues, at a completed townhome community in Northern California totaling approximately $25.0 million. We, along with our outside consultants, have continued to investigate these allegations and we currently expect it may take additional quarters to fully evaluate them. At August 31, 2020, we had an accrual for our estimated probable loss in this matter and a receivable for estimated probable insurance recoveries that reflected the status of our investigation to such date. At this stage of our investigation into these allegations, it is reasonably possible that our loss could exceed the amount accrued by an estimated range of $0 to $5.0 million. Our investigation will also involve identifying potentially responsible parties, including insurers, to pay for or perform any necessary repairs. We are in discussions with the homeowners association regarding the claims and their resolution.
Performance Bonds and Letters of Credit. We are often required to provide to various municipalities and other government agencies performance bonds and/or letters of credit to secure the completion of our projects and/or in support of obligations to build community improvements such as roads, sewers, water systems and other utilities, and to support similar development activities by certain of our unconsolidated joint ventures. At August 31, 2020, we had $818.0 million of performance bonds and $41.7 million of letters of credit outstanding. At November 30, 2019, we had $793.9 million of performance bonds and $34.7 million of letters of credit outstanding. If any such performance bonds or letters of credit are called, we would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of the performance bond or letter of credit. We do not believe that a material amount of any currently outstanding performance bonds or letters of credit will be called. Performance bonds do not have stated expiration dates. Rather, we are released from the performance bonds as the underlying performance is completed. The expiration dates of some letters of credit issued in connection with community improvements coincide with the expected completion dates of the related projects or obligations. Most letters of credit, however, are issued with an initial term of one year and are typically extended on a year-to-year basis until the related performance obligations are completed.
Land Option Contracts and Other Similar Contracts. In the ordinary course of our business, we enter into land option contracts and other similar contracts to acquire rights to land for the construction of homes. At August 31, 2020, we had total cash deposits of $65.0 million to purchase land having an aggregate purchase price of $1.36 billion. Our land option contracts and other similar contracts generally do not contain provisions requiring our specific performance.

18. | Legal Matters

We are involved in litigation and regulatory proceedings incidental to our business that are in various procedural stages. We believe that the accruals we have recorded for probable and reasonably estimable losses with respect to these proceedings are adequate and that, as of August 31, 2020, it was not reasonably possible that an additional material loss had been incurred in an amount in excess of the estimated amounts already recognized or disclosed in our consolidated financial statements. We evaluate our accruals for litigation and regulatory proceedings at least quarterly and, as appropriate, adjust them to reflect (a) the facts and circumstances known to us at the time, including information regarding negotiations, settlements, rulings and other relevant events and developments; (b) the advice and analyses of counsel; and (c) the assumptions and judgment of management. Similar factors and considerations are used in establishing new accruals for proceedings as to which losses have become probable and reasonably estimable at the time an evaluation is made. Our accruals for litigation and regulatory proceedings are presented on a gross basis without consideration of recoveries and amounts we have paid on behalf of and expect to recover from other parties, if any. Estimates of recoveries and amounts we have paid on behalf of and expect to recover from other parties, if any, are recorded as receivables when such recoveries are considered probable. Based on our experience, we believe that the amounts that may be claimed or alleged against us in these proceedings are not a meaningful indicator of our potential liability. The outcome of any of these proceedings, including the defense and other litigation-related
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costs and expenses we may incur, however, is inherently uncertain and could differ significantly from the estimate reflected in a related accrual, if made. Therefore, it is possible that the ultimate outcome of any proceeding, if in excess of a related accrual or if an accrual had not been made, could be material to our consolidated financial statements.

19. | Stockholders’ Equity

A summary of changes in stockholders’ equity is presented below (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended August 31, 2020 and 2019
| Number of Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  | Grantor Stock Ownership Trust |  | Treasury Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Grantor Stock Ownership Trust |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at May 31, 2020 | 122,370 |  |  | (7,317 | ) |  | (24,526 | ) |  | $ | 122,370 |  |  | $ | 806,700 |  |  | $ | 2,255,742 |  |  | $ | (17,149 | ) |  | $ | (79,359 | ) |  | $ | (597,950 | ) |  | $ | 2,490,354 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78,415 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78,415 |
Dividends on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,097 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,097 | )
Employee stock options/other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | (421 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 421 |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,636 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,636 |
Balance at August 31, 2020 | 122,370 |  |  | (7,317 | ) |  | (24,509 | ) |  | $ | 122,370 |  |  | $ | 810,915 |  |  | $ | 2,326,060 |  |  | $ | (17,149 | ) |  | $ | (79,359 | ) |  | $ | (597,529 | ) |  | $ | 2,565,308 |
Balance at May 31, 2019 | 120,350 |  |  | (7,860 | ) |  | (24,264 | ) |  | $ | 120,350 |  |  | $ | 775,693 |  |  | $ | 1,981,795 |  |  | $ | (9,565 | ) |  | $ | (85,246 | ) |  | $ | (587,817 | ) |  | $ | 2,195,210 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68,136 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68,136 |
Dividends on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,897 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,897 | )
Employee stock options/other | 173 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 173 |  |  | 2,094 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,267 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,513 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,513 |
Balance at August 31, 2019 | 120,523 |  |  | (7,860 | ) |  | (24,264 | ) |  | $ | 120,523 |  |  | $ | 782,300 |  |  | $ | 2,042,034 |  |  | $ | (9,565 | ) |  | $ | (85,246 | ) |  | $ | (587,817 | ) |  | $ | 2,262,229 |
| Nine Months Ended August 31, 2020 and 2019
| Number of Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  | Grantor Stock Ownership Trust |  | Treasury Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Grantor Stock Ownership Trust |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at November 30, 2019 | 121,593 |  |  | (7,631 | ) |  | (24,356 | ) |  | $ | 121,593 |  |  | $ | 793,954 |  |  | $ | 2,157,183 |  |  | $ | (15,506 | ) |  | $ | (82,758 | ) |  | $ | (591,344 | ) |  | $ | 2,383,122 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASC 842 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,510 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,510 |
Reclassification of stranded tax effects (ASU 2018-02) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,643 |  |  | (1,643 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 190,152 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 190,152 |
Dividends on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,428 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,428 | )
Employee stock options/other | 709 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 709 |  |  | 7,274 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 421 |  |  | 8,404 |
Stock awards | 68 |  |  | 314 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | 68 |  |  | (3,080 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,399 |  |  | (387 | ) |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,767 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,767 |
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | (155 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,219 | ) |  | (6,219 | )
Balance at August 31, 2020 | 122,370 |  |  | (7,317 | ) |  | (24,509 | ) |  | $ | 122,370 |  |  | $ | 810,915 |  |  | $ | 2,326,060 |  |  | $ | (17,149 | ) |  | $ | (79,359 | ) |  | $ | (597,529 | ) |  | $ | 2,565,308 |
Balance at November 30, 2018 | 119,196 |  |  | (8,157 | ) |  | (24,113 | ) |  | $ | 119,196 |  |  | $ | 753,570 |  |  | $ | 1,897,168 |  |  | $ | (9,565 | ) |  | $ | (88,472 | ) |  | $ | (584,397 | ) |  | $ | 2,087,500 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASC 606 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,610 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,610 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 145,608 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 145,608 |
Dividends on common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,352 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,352 | )
Employee stock options/other | 1,271 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,271 |  |  | 17,458 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,729 |
Stock awards | 56 |  |  | 297 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 56 |  |  | (3,207 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,226 |  |  | (75 | ) |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,479 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,479 |
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | (147 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,345 | ) |  | (3,345 | )
Balance at August 31, 2019 | 120,523 |  |  | (7,860 | ) |  | (24,264 | ) |  | $ | 120,523 |  |  | $ | 782,300 |  |  | $ | 2,042,034 |  |  | $ | (9,565 | ) |  | $ | (85,246 | ) |  | $ | (587,817 | ) |  | $ | 2,262,229 |

24

On February 20, 2020, the management development and compensation committee of our board of directors approved the payout of 313,246 shares of our common stock in connection with the vesting of PSUs that were granted to certain employees on October 6, 2016. The shares paid out under the PSUs reflected our achievement of certain performance measures that were based on cumulative earnings per share, average return on invested capital, and revenue growth relative to a peer group of high-production public homebuilding companies over the three-year period from December 1, 2016 through November 30, 2019. Of the shares of common stock paid out, 155,307 shares or $6.2 million, were purchased by us in the 2020 first quarter to satisfy the recipients’ withholding taxes on the vesting of the PSUs. The shares purchased were not considered repurchases under the authorizations described below.
As of August 31, 2020, we were authorized to repurchase 2,193,947 shares of our common stock under a board of directors approved share repurchase program. We did not repurchase any of our common stock under this program in the nine months ended August 31, 2020.
Unrelated to the share repurchase program, our board of directors authorized in 2014 the repurchase of not more than 680,000 shares of our outstanding common stock, and also authorized potential future grants of up to 680,000 stock payment awards under the KB Home 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (“2014 Plan”), in each case solely as necessary for director elections in respect of outstanding stock appreciation rights awards granted under our Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan. The 2014 Plan was amended in April 2016. As of August 31, 2020, we have not repurchased any shares and no stock payment awards have been granted under the 2014 Plan, as amended, pursuant to the respective board of directors’ authorizations.
During each of the three-month periods ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, our board of directors declared, and we paid, quarterly cash dividends on our common stock of $.09 per share. Quarterly cash dividends declared and paid during the nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020 and 2019 totaled $.27 per share and $.14 per share of common stock, respectively. Subsequent to the end of the 2020 third quarter, on October 8, 2020, our board of directors approved an increase in the quarterly cash dividend on our common stock to $.15 per share from $.09 per share, and declared the next quarterly dividend, at the new rate, payable on November 26, 2020 to stockholders of record on November 12, 2020.

20. | Stock-Based Compensation

Stock Options. We estimate the grant-date fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The following table summarizes stock option transactions for the nine months ended August 31, 2020:

| Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Options outstanding at beginning of period | 4,163,481 |  |  | $ | 13.00 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |
Exercised | (708,372 | ) |  | 11.77 |
Cancelled | (6,000 | ) |  | 45.16 |
Options outstanding at end of period | 3,449,109 |  |  | $ | 13.20 |
Options exercisable at end of period | 3,449,109 |  |  | $ | 13.20 |

We have not granted any new stock option awards since 2016. As of August 31, 2020, stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable each had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 3.9 years. At August 31, 2020, there was no unrecognized compensation expense related to stock option awards as all these awards were fully vested. For the three-month and nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020, there was no stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options. For the three-month and nine-month periods ended August 31, 2019, stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options was nominal. Stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable each had an aggregate intrinsic value of $77.8 million at August 31, 2020. (The intrinsic value of a stock option is the amount by which the market value of a share of the underlying common stock exceeds the exercise price of the stock option.)
Other Stock-Based Awards. From time to time, we grant restricted stock and PSUs to various employees as a compensation benefit. We recognized total compensation expense of $4.6 million and $4.5 million for the three months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to restricted stock and PSUs. For the nine months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, we recognized total compensation expense of $12.7 million and $14.4 million, respectively, related to restricted stock and PSUs.
25

21. | Supplemental Disclosure to Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

The following are supplemental disclosures to the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Summary of cash and cash equivalents at end of period: |  |  |
Homebuilding | $ | 722,033 |  |  | $ | 183,794 |
Financial services | 1,093 |  |  | 1,043 |
Total | $ | 723,126 |  |  | $ | 184,837 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized | $ | (3,544 | ) |  | $ | (13,311 | )
Income taxes paid | 8,436 |  |  | 3,962 |
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash activities: |  |  |
Reclassification of federal tax refund from deferred tax assets to receivables | $ | 82,617 |  |  | $ | — |
Increase in operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities due to adoption of ASC 842 | 31,199 |  |  | — |
Inventories acquired through seller financing | 18,045 |  |  | 8,967 |
Increase (decrease) in consolidated inventories not owned | 4,992 |  |  | (20,048 | )
Increase in inventories due to distributions of land and land development from an unconsolidated joint venture | 6,996 |  |  | 6,288 |
Decrease in inventories due to adoption of ASC 606 | — |  |  | (35,288 | )
Increase in property and equipment, net due to adoption of ASC 606 | — |  |  | 31,194 |

22. | Supplemental Guarantor Information

Our obligations to pay principal, premium, if any, and interest on the senior notes and borrowings, if any, under the Credit Facility are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by certain of our subsidiaries (“Guarantor Subsidiaries”). The guarantees are full and unconditional, and the Guarantor Subsidiaries are 100% owned by us. Pursuant to the terms of the indenture governing the senior notes and the terms of the Credit Facility, if any of the Guarantor Subsidiaries ceases to be a “significant subsidiary” as defined by Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X using a 5% rather than a 10% threshold (provided that the assets of our non-guarantor subsidiaries do not in the aggregate exceed 10% of an adjusted measure of our consolidated total assets), it will be automatically and unconditionally released and discharged from its guaranty of the senior notes and the Credit Facility so long as all guarantees by such Guarantor Subsidiary of any other of our or our subsidiaries’ indebtedness are terminated at or prior to the time of such release. We have determined that separate, full financial statements of the Guarantor Subsidiaries would not be material to investors and, accordingly, supplemental financial information for the Guarantor Subsidiaries is presented.
The supplemental financial information for all periods presented below reflects the relevant subsidiaries that were Guarantor Subsidiaries as of August 31, 2020.
26

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations (in thousands)

| Three Months Ended August 31, 2020
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Total revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 908,657 |  |  | $ | 90,356 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 999,013 |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 908,657 |  |  | $ | 86,491 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 995,148 |
Construction and land costs | — |  |  | (725,215 | ) |  | (73,280 | ) |  | — |  |  | (798,495 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (22,699 | ) |  | (80,978 | ) |  | (4,033 | ) |  | — |  |  | (107,710 | )
Operating income (loss) | (22,699 | ) |  | 102,464 |  |  | 9,178 |  |  | — |  |  | 88,943 |
Interest income | 784 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 786 |
Interest expense | (29,552 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | (1,487 | ) |  | 31,054 |  |  | — |
Intercompany interest | 78,222 |  |  | (43,112 | ) |  | (4,056 | ) |  | (31,054 | ) |  | — |
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | 1,922 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,922 |
Homebuilding pretax income | 26,755 |  |  | 61,259 |  |  | 3,637 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,651 |
Financial services pretax income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,664 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,664 |
Total pretax income | 26,755 |  |  | 61,259 |  |  | 13,301 |  |  | — |  |  | 101,315 |
Income tax expense | (6,700 | ) |  | (13,300 | ) |  | (2,900 | ) |  | — |  |  | (22,900 | )
Equity in net income of subsidiaries | 58,360 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (58,360 | ) |  | — |
Net income | $ | 78,415 |  |  | $ | 47,959 |  |  | $ | 10,401 |  |  | $ | (58,360 | ) |  | $ | 78,415 |

| Three Months Ended August 31, 2019
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Total revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,061,698 |  |  | $ | 99,088 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,160,786 |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,061,698 |  |  | $ | 95,157 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,156,855 |
Construction and land costs | — |  |  | (859,733 | ) |  | (84,021 | ) |  | — |  |  | (943,754 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (23,619 | ) |  | (95,376 | ) |  | (8,631 | ) |  | — |  |  | (127,626 | )
Operating income (loss) | (23,619 | ) |  | 106,589 |  |  | 2,505 |  |  | — |  |  | 85,475 |
Interest income | 140 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 41 |  |  | — |  |  | 201 |
Interest expense | (34,488 | ) |  | (175 | ) |  | (1,361 | ) |  | 36,024 |  |  | — |
Intercompany interest | 84,880 |  |  | (45,826 | ) |  | (3,030 | ) |  | (36,024 | ) |  | — |
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | (384 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (384 | )
Homebuilding pretax income (loss) | 26,913 |  |  | 60,224 |  |  | (1,845 | ) |  | — |  |  | 85,292 |
Financial services pretax income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,644 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,644 |
Total pretax income | 26,913 |  |  | 60,224 |  |  | 4,799 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,936 |
Income tax expense | (6,900 | ) |  | (14,900 | ) |  | (2,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | (23,800 | )
Equity in net income of subsidiaries | 48,123 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48,123 | ) |  | — |
Net income | $ | 68,136 |  |  | $ | 45,324 |  |  | $ | 2,799 |  |  | $ | (48,123 | ) |  | $ | 68,136 |

27

| Nine Months Ended August 31, 2020
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Total revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,735,339 |  |  | $ | 253,579 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,988,918 |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,735,339 |  |  | $ | 242,471 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,977,810 |
Construction and land costs | — |  |  | (2,218,683 | ) |  | (210,318 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,429,001 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (75,129 | ) |  | (257,460 | ) |  | (15,493 | ) |  | — |  |  | (348,082 | )
Operating income (loss) | (75,129 | ) |  | 259,196 |  |  | 16,660 |  |  | — |  |  | 200,727 |
Interest income | 2,075 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,163 |
Interest expense | (88,648 | ) |  | (73 | ) |  | (4,350 | ) |  | 93,071 |  |  | — |
Intercompany interest | 238,780 |  |  | (133,637 | ) |  | (12,072 | ) |  | (93,071 | ) |  | — |
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | 11,981 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,981 |
Homebuilding pretax income | 77,078 |  |  | 137,479 |  |  | 314 |  |  | — |  |  | 214,871 |
Financial services pretax income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,081 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,081 |
Total pretax income | 77,078 |  |  | 137,479 |  |  | 23,395 |  |  | — |  |  | 237,952 |
Income tax expense | (16,500 | ) |  | (26,200 | ) |  | (5,100 | ) |  | — |  |  | (47,800 | )
Equity in net income of subsidiaries | 129,574 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (129,574 | ) |  | — |
Net income | $ | 190,152 |  |  | $ | 111,279 |  |  | $ | 18,295 |  |  | $ | (129,574 | ) |  | $ | 190,152 |

| Nine Months Ended August 31, 2019
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Total revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,739,096 |  |  | $ | 254,976 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,994,072 |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,739,096 |  |  | $ | 245,218 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,984,314 |
Construction and land costs | — |  |  | (2,226,829 | ) |  | (231,524 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,458,353 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (76,507 | ) |  | (268,506 | ) |  | (12,035 | ) |  | — |  |  | (357,048 | )
Operating income (loss) | (76,507 | ) |  | 243,761 |  |  | 1,659 |  |  | — |  |  | 168,913 |
Interest income | 1,549 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 176 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,745 |
Interest expense | (102,763 | ) |  | (630 | ) |  | (3,963 | ) |  | 107,356 |  |  | — |
Intercompany interest | 245,090 |  |  | (130,142 | ) |  | (7,592 | ) |  | (107,356 | ) |  | — |
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | (1,159 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,159 | )
Homebuilding pretax income (loss) | 67,369 |  |  | 111,850 |  |  | (9,720 | ) |  | — |  |  | 169,499 |
Financial services pretax income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,709 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,709 |
Total pretax income | 67,369 |  |  | 111,850 |  |  | 3,989 |  |  | — |  |  | 183,208 |
Income tax expense | (10,400 | ) |  | (21,300 | ) |  | (5,900 | ) |  | — |  |  | (37,600 | )
Equity in net income of subsidiaries | 88,639 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (88,639 | ) |  | — |
Net income (loss) | $ | 145,608 |  |  | $ | 90,550 |  |  | $ | (1,911 | ) |  | $ | (88,639 | ) |  | $ | 145,608 |

28

Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets (in thousands)

| August 31, 2020
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 649,859 |  |  | $ | 43,395 |  |  | $ | 28,779 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 722,033 |
Receivables | 39,475 |  |  | 166,454 |  |  | 63,722 |  |  | — |  |  | 269,651 |
Inventories | — |  |  | 3,340,657 |  |  | 330,472 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,671,129 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | 48,821 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 48,821 |
Property and equipment, net | 29,066 |  |  | 32,337 |  |  | 3,216 |  |  | — |  |  | 64,619 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 83,027 |  |  | 159,543 |  |  | (1,399 | ) |  | — |  |  | 241,171 |
Other assets | 95,964 |  |  | 22,625 |  |  | 6,653 |  |  | — |  |  | 125,242 |
| 897,391 |  |  | 3,813,832 |  |  | 431,443 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,142,666 |
Financial services | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,761 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,761 |
Intercompany receivables | 3,486,621 |  |  | — |  |  | 213,647 |  |  | (3,700,268 | ) |  | — |
Investments in subsidiaries | 129,869 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (129,869 | ) |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 4,513,881 |  |  | $ | 3,813,832 |  |  | $ | 679,851 |  |  | $ | (3,830,137 | ) |  | $ | 5,177,427 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | $ | 143,912 |  |  | $ | 434,064 |  |  | $ | 284,374 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 862,350 |
Notes payable | 1,716,974 |  |  | 5,620 |  |  | 25,110 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,747,704 |
| 1,860,886 |  |  | 439,684 |  |  | 309,484 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,610,054 |
Financial services | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,065 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,065 |
Intercompany payables | 87,687 |  |  | 3,312,907 |  |  | 299,674 |  |  | (3,700,268 | ) |  | — |
Stockholders’ equity | 2,565,308 |  |  | 61,241 |  |  | 68,628 |  |  | (129,869 | ) |  | 2,565,308 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 4,513,881 |  |  | $ | 3,813,832 |  |  | $ | 679,851 |  |  | $ | (3,830,137 | ) |  | $ | 5,177,427 |

29

| November 30, 2019
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 357,966 |  |  | $ | 65,434 |  |  | $ | 30,414 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 453,814 |
Receivables | 1,934 |  |  | 181,047 |  |  | 66,074 |  |  | — |  |  | 249,055 |
Inventories | — |  |  | 3,400,307 |  |  | 304,295 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,704,602 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | 57,038 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 57,038 |
Property and equipment, net | 24,250 |  |  | 37,539 |  |  | 3,254 |  |  | — |  |  | 65,043 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 96,301 |  |  | 237,877 |  |  | 30,315 |  |  | — |  |  | 364,493 |
Other assets | 78,686 |  |  | 2,666 |  |  | 1,689 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,041 |
| 559,137 |  |  | 3,981,908 |  |  | 436,041 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,977,086 |
Financial services | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,396 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,396 |
Intercompany receivables | 3,624,081 |  |  | — |  |  | 186,022 |  |  | (3,810,103 | ) |  | — |
Investments in subsidiaries | 115,753 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (115,753 | ) |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 4,298,971 |  |  | $ | 3,981,908 |  |  | $ | 660,459 |  |  | $ | (3,925,856 | ) |  | $ | 5,015,482 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | $ | 139,137 |  |  | $ | 453,929 |  |  | $ | 288,489 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 881,555 |
Notes payable | 1,715,748 |  |  | 7,889 |  |  | 25,110 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,748,747 |
| 1,854,885 |  |  | 461,818 |  |  | 313,599 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,630,302 |
Financial services | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,058 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,058 |
Intercompany payables | 60,964 |  |  | 3,520,090 |  |  | 229,049 |  |  | (3,810,103 | ) |  | — |
Stockholders’ equity | 2,383,122 |  |  | — |  |  | 115,753 |  |  | (115,753 | ) |  | 2,383,122 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 4,298,971 |  |  | $ | 3,981,908 |  |  | $ | 660,459 |  |  | $ | (3,925,856 | ) |  | $ | 5,015,482 |

30

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands)

| Nine Months Ended August 31, 2020
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 62,684 |  |  | $ | 253,483 |  |  | $ | 13,044 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 329,211 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | (6,048 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,048 | )
Return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | 8,816 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,816 |
Purchases of property and equipment, net | (5,148 | ) |  | (12,344 | ) |  | (3,662 | ) |  | — |  |  | (21,154 | )
Intercompany | 256,600 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (256,600 | ) |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 251,452 |  |  | (9,576 | ) |  | (3,662 | ) |  | (256,600 | ) |  | (18,386 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans | — |  |  | (20,314 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,314 | )
Issuance of common stock under employee stock plans | 8,404 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,404 |
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards | (6,219 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,219 | )
Payments of cash dividends | (24,428 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,428 | )
Intercompany | — |  |  | (245,632 | ) |  | (10,968 | ) |  | 256,600 |  |  | — |
Net cash used in financing activities | (22,243 | ) |  | (265,946 | ) |  | (10,968 | ) |  | 256,600 |  |  | (42,557 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 291,893 |  |  | (22,039 | ) |  | (1,586 | ) |  | — |  |  | 268,268 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 357,966 |  |  | 65,434 |  |  | 31,458 |  |  | — |  |  | 454,858 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 649,859 |  |  | $ | 43,395 |  |  | $ | 29,872 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 723,126 |

31

| Nine Months Ended August 31, 2019
| KB Home Corporate |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Consolidating Adjustments |  | Total
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 92,935 |  |  | $ | (335,428 | ) |  | $ | 90,349 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (152,144 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | (7,656 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,656 | )
Return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures | — |  |  | 5,001 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,001 |
Proceeds from sale of building | — |  |  | 5,804 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,804 |
Purchases of property and equipment, net | (4,728 | ) |  | (18,252 | ) |  | (9,231 | ) |  | — |  |  | (32,211 | )
Intercompany | (274,010 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 274,010 |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (278,738 | ) |  | (15,103 | ) |  | (9,231 | ) |  | 274,010 |  |  | (29,062 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of debt | 405,250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 405,250 |
Payment of debt issuance costs | (5,209 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,209 | )
Repayment of senior notes | (630,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (630,000 | )
Borrowings under revolving credit facility | 460,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 460,000 |
Repayments under revolving credit facility | (410,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (410,000 | )
Payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans | — |  |  | (32,149 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32,149 | )
Issuance of common stock under employee stock plans | 18,729 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,729 |
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards | (3,345 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,345 | )
Payments of cash dividends | (12,352 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,352 | )
Intercompany | — |  |  | 372,454 |  |  | (98,444 | ) |  | (274,010 | ) |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (176,927 | ) |  | 340,305 |  |  | (98,444 | ) |  | (274,010 | ) |  | (209,076 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (362,730 | ) |  | (10,226 | ) |  | (17,326 | ) |  | — |  |  | (390,282 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 429,977 |  |  | 114,269 |  |  | 30,873 |  |  | — |  |  | 575,119 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 67,247 |  |  | $ | 104,043 |  |  | $ | 13,547 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 184,837 |

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Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Results of Operations
OVERVIEW
Revenues are generated from our homebuilding and financial services operations. The following table presents a summary of our consolidated results of operations (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding | $ | 995,148 |  |  | $ | 1,156,855 |  |  | (14) | % |  | $ | 2,977,810 |  |  | $ | 2,984,314 |  |  | — | %
Financial services | 3,865 |  |  | 3,931 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 11,108 |  |  | 9,758 |  |  | 14 |
Total revenues | $ | 999,013 |  |  | $ | 1,160,786 |  |  | (14) | % |  | $ | 2,988,918 |  |  | $ | 2,994,072 |  |  | — | %
Pretax income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Homebuilding | $ | 91,651 |  |  | $ | 85,292 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | 214,871 |  |  | $ | 169,499 |  |  | 27 | %
Financial services | 9,664 |  |  | 6,644 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 23,081 |  |  | 13,709 |  |  | 68 |
Total pretax income | 101,315 |  |  | 91,936 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 237,952 |  |  | 183,208 |  |  | 30 |
Income tax expense | (22,900 | ) |  | (23,800 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (47,800 | ) |  | (37,600 | ) |  | (27 | )
Net income | $ | 78,415 |  |  | $ | 68,136 |  |  | 15 | % |  | $ | 190,152 |  |  | $ | 145,608 |  |  | 31 | %
Basic earnings per share | $ | .86 |  |  | $ | .77 |  |  | 12 | % |  | $ | 2.09 |  |  | $ | 1.65 |  |  | 27 | %
Diluted earnings per share | $ | .83 |  |  | $ | .73 |  |  | 14 | % |  | $ | 2.02 |  |  | $ | 1.55 |  |  | 30 | %

During the first nine months of 2020, we, like many companies worldwide, experienced significant variability in market conditions starting in mid-March that produced stark differences in our results between the first, second and third quarters. Our 2020 first quarter was particularly strong, as we generated the highest revenues, net orders, ending backlog and ending backlog value for any first quarter since 2007 and increased our net income 99% year over year.
In mid-March 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, and related COVID-19 control responses in our served markets, including quarantines, “stay-at-home” orders and similar mandates for many individuals to substantially restrict daily activities and for many businesses to curtail or cease normal operations, severely impacted the global and national economies, the housing market and our business during our second quarter. The combination of an unprecedented steep drop in employment and economic activity in March that caused the United States to enter into a recession, which continues up to the date of this report; significant stock market and secondary mortgage market volatility; ongoing uncertainty about the virulence of COVID-19 and the availability of generally effective therapeutics or a vaccine; and weakened consumer confidence drastically decreased demand for new homes (including homes ordered in the first quarter) for most of our 2020 second quarter. Operationally, we temporarily closed our sales centers, model homes and design studios to the public and shifted to virtual sales tools and appointment-only personalized home sales processes, where permitted. These steps along with the negative prevailing business conditions due to the pandemic and restrictive COVID-19 control responses moderated our order pace significantly. In addition, home purchase cancellations increased considerably, largely reflecting our proactive efforts to assure a backlog of qualified homebuyers amid the pandemic-induced economic downturn. These two factors contributed to a sizable reduction in our 2020 second quarter net orders, and we entered the third quarter with the number of homes in beginning backlog down 14% year over year. Further, our construction activities were restricted in many jurisdictions, and completely shut down in some of them, and together with the reduced availability or capacity of some municipal and private services necessary to build and deliver homes, we experienced home delivery delays during most of the second quarter, which tempered our revenues for the period.
Since the easing of public health restrictions in our served markets beginning in May 2020, all of our communities have been open to walk-in traffic, following appropriate safety protocols and applicable public health guidelines. We have also continued to engage with customers using our robust virtual selling capability, including enhanced online tools such as virtual home tours, interactive floor plans, live chats with sales counselors and online consultations with our design studios. Reflecting the shift in operating conditions, our net orders began to rebound significantly in May 2020 following a low point in April 2020, and the upward trajectory continued into the 2020 third quarter and accelerated as the quarter progressed. This positive momentum resulted in our net orders
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for the 2020 third quarter increasing to their highest level of any quarter since 2007. Although housing market conditions in the 2020 third quarter improved significantly from the prior quarter, our deliveries and revenues for the period were tempered primarily by the negative impact that COVID-19 and the related COVID-19 control responses had on our 2020 second quarter.
While we limited our land investments during the second quarter and most of the third quarter to preserve cash and liquidity due to the uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, given the sustained strong housing demand in the 2020 third quarter, we have resumed land acquisition and development activities to bolster our lot pipeline and support community growth in the future.
Although the trajectory and strength of the current recovery remains uncertain, and we are seeing some building material cost pressures, particularly with respect to lumber, that could negatively impact our margins in the 2020 fourth quarter and future periods, and the recovery could be slowed or reversed by a number of factors, including a possible widespread resurgence in COVID-19 infections combined with the seasonal flu and others discussed below under Part II, Item 1A – Risk Factors, we believe we are well-positioned to operate effectively through the present environment.
Financial and Operational Highlights. Reflecting the above-described impact from the COVID-19 pandemic and related COVID-19 control responses during our 2020 second quarter, housing revenues for the 2020 third quarter decreased 15% from the year-earlier quarter due to a 16% decline in the number of homes delivered to 2,545, partly offset by a slight increase in the overall average selling price of those homes to $384,700. Homebuilding operating income for the three months ended August 31, 2020 increased 4% year over year to $88.9 million. At the same time, homebuilding operating income as a percentage of related revenues improved 150 basis points to 8.9%. Excluding inventory-related charges of $6.9 million in the current quarter and $5.3 million in the year-earlier quarter, this metric improved 180 basis points to 9.6%. Our housing gross profits for the quarter decreased compared to the year-earlier period, mainly due to lower housing revenues, partly offset by a 140-basis point improvement in our housing gross profit margin to 19.9%.
The year-over-year increase in our housing gross profit margin in the 2020 third quarter primarily reflected a mix shift of homes delivered, lower relative amortization of previously capitalized interest, workforce realignment and reductions in the 2020 second quarter in response to the significant negative impact from the pandemic on our business, and a favorable pricing environment that enabled us to increase selling prices in many of our communities during the period. Our selling, general and administrative expense ratio improved 10 basis points to 11.0% of housing revenues, primarily due to our targeted actions, including workforce reductions in the 2020 second quarter, to reduce overhead costs, partly offset by reduced operating leverage from lower housing revenues.
The following table presents information concerning our net orders, cancellation rates, ending backlog and community count for the three-month and nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net orders |  | 4,214 |  |  | 3,325 |  |  | 9,467 |  |  | 10,064 |
Net order value (a) |  | $ | 1,643,760 |  |  | $ | 1,276,242 |  |  | $ | 3,714,858 |  |  | $ | 3,831,017 |
Cancellation rates (b) |  | 17 | % |  | 20 | % |  | 23 | % |  | 18 | %
Ending backlog — homes |  | 6,749 |  |  | 6,230 |  |  | 6,749 |  |  | 6,230 |
Ending backlog — value |  | $ | 2,567,664 |  |  | $ | 2,296,797 |  |  | $ | 2,567,664 |  |  | $ | 2,296,797 |
Ending community count |  | 232 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 254 |
Average community count |  | 238 |  |  | 255 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 249 |

(a) | Net order value represents the potential future housing revenues associated with net orders generated during the period, as well as homebuyer selections of lot and product premiums and design studio options and upgrades for homes in backlog during the same period.

(b) | Cancellation rates represent the total number of contracts for new homes cancelled during a period divided by the total (gross) orders for new homes generated during the same period.

Net Orders. With housing market conditions strengthening in the 2020 third quarter as discussed above, net orders from our homebuilding operations increased 27% from the year-earlier period to their highest third-quarter level since 2005, reflecting an increase in monthly net orders per community to 5.9 from 4.3 in the year-earlier period, partly offset by a decrease in our average community count. Our net order comparisons improved significantly as the quarter progressed, with monthly net orders up 11% in June, 23% in July and 50% in August, each on a year-over-year basis. This higher net order pace was fueled by the combination
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of historically low mortgage interest rates, a limited supply of resale inventory, an underproduction of new homes over the past decade, favorable demographic trends, and consumers’ desire to own a single-family home. We believe our Built-to-Order Model, which provides personalization and choice, also was a key factor that contributed to our strong 2020 third quarter net orders.
The value of our net orders for the three months ended August 31, 2020 rose 29% from the year-earlier period as a result of the growth in net orders and a 2% increase in the overall average selling price of those orders. The year-over-year increase in net orders and overall net order value reflected improvements in all of our homebuilding reporting segments, with net order value increases ranging from 2% in our Southeast segment to 34% in our West Coast segment. In our West Coast segment, net order value rose due to a 39% increase in net orders, reflecting the segment’s higher monthly net orders per community, partly offset by a 4% decrease in the average selling price of those orders. In our Southeast segment, the year-over-year improvement in net order value reflected 5% growth in net orders as a result of the segment’s higher monthly net orders per community, partly offset by a 3% decrease in the average selling price of those orders. Our cancellation rate as a percentage of gross orders for the three months ended August 31, 2020 improved from the year-earlier quarter.
While our year-over-year net order comparison improved in the 2020 third quarter, the year-over-year decrease in our 2020 second quarter net orders is expected to reduce our deliveries and revenues for the 2020 fourth quarter and full year compared to the corresponding year-earlier periods.
Backlog. The number of homes in our backlog at August 31, 2020 increased 8% from August 31, 2019, mainly due to the substantial increase in our net orders during the 2020 third quarter, as our beginning backlog was down 14% year over year. The potential future housing revenues in our backlog at August 31, 2020 rose 12% from the prior-year period, reflecting both the higher number of homes in our backlog and a 3% increase in the overall average selling price of those homes.
Community Count. We use the term “community count” to refer to the number of communities with at least five homes/lots left to sell at the end of a reporting period. Our average community count for the 2020 third quarter declined 7% from the year-earlier period, reflecting decreases of 19% in our Southwest homebuilding reporting segment, 4% in our Central segment and 16% in our Southeast segment, partly offset by an increase of 4% in our West Coast segment. Our ending community count was down 9% from the prior-year quarter. The year-over-year decreases in our overall average and ending community counts primarily reflected the close-out of communities earlier than planned due to our accelerated net order pace, a decline in the number of active communities that were previously classified as land held for future development, our moderated investments in land development in the 2020 second and third quarters, and delays in community openings due in part to the COVID-19 pandemic.
HOMEBUILDING
The following table presents a summary of certain financial and operational data for our homebuilding operations (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Housing | $ | 979,113 |  |  | $ | 1,152,618 |  |  | $ | 2,960,901 |  |  | $ | 2,968,588 |
Land | 16,035 |  |  | 4,237 |  |  | 16,909 |  |  | 15,726 |
Total | 995,148 |  |  | 1,156,855 |  |  | 2,977,810 |  |  | 2,984,314 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Housing | (784,427 | ) |  | (939,538 | ) |  | (2,414,059 | ) |  | (2,443,937 | )
Land | (14,068 | ) |  | (4,216 | ) |  | (14,942 | ) |  | (14,416 | )
Total | (798,495 | ) |  | (943,754 | ) |  | (2,429,001 | ) |  | (2,458,353 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (107,710 | ) |  | (127,626 | ) |  | (348,082 | ) |  | (357,048 | )
Total | (906,205 | ) |  | (1,071,380 | ) |  | (2,777,083 | ) |  | (2,815,401 | )
Operating income | $ | 88,943 |  |  | $ | 85,475 |  |  | $ | 200,727 |  |  | $ | 168,913 |

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| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Homes delivered | 2,545 |  |  | 3,022 |  |  | 7,796 |  |  | 7,942 |
Average selling price | $ | 384,700 |  |  | $ | 381,400 |  |  | $ | 379,800 |  |  | $ | 373,800 |
Housing gross profit margin as a percentage of housing revenues | 19.9 | % |  | 18.5 | % |  | 18.5 | % |  | 17.7 | %
Housing gross profit margin excluding inventory-related charges as a percentage of housing revenues | 20.6 | % |  | 18.9 | % |  | 19.0 | % |  | 18.1 | %
Adjusted housing gross profit margin as a percentage of housing revenues | 23.7 | % |  | 22.3 | % |  | 22.2 | % |  | 21.7 | %
Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues | 11.0 | % |  | 11.1 | % |  | 11.8 | % |  | 12.0 | %
Operating income as a percentage of homebuilding revenues | 8.9 | % |  | 7.4 | % |  | 6.7 | % |  | 5.7 | %

For reporting purposes, we organize our homebuilding operations into four segments — West Coast, Southwest, Central and Southeast. As of August 31, 2020, our homebuilding reporting segments consisted of ongoing operations located in the following states to the extent permitted by applicable public health orders as part of their respective COVID-19 control responses: West Coast — California and Washington; Southwest — Arizona and Nevada; Central — Colorado and Texas; and Southeast — Florida and North Carolina. The following tables present homes delivered, net orders, cancellation rates as a percentage of gross orders, net order value, average community count and ending backlog (number of homes and value) by homebuilding reporting segment (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended August 31,
|  | Homes Delivered |  | Net Orders |  | Cancellation Rates
Segment |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
West Coast |  | 626 |  |  | 838 |  |  | 1,329 |  |  | 957 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 20 | %
Southwest |  | 628 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 857 |  |  | 706 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 14 |
Central |  | 958 |  |  | 1,098 |  |  | 1,469 |  |  | 1,132 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 22 |
Southeast |  | 333 |  |  | 520 |  |  | 559 |  |  | 530 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 22 |
Total |  | 2,545 |  |  | 3,022 |  |  | 4,214 |  |  | 3,325 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 20 | %
|  | Net Order Value |  | Average Community Count
Segment |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance
West Coast |  | $ | 761,742 |  |  | $ | 570,531 |  |  | 34 | % |  | 74 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 4 | %
Southwest |  | 285,917 |  |  | 219,930 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 43 |  |  | (19 | )
Central |  | 438,697 |  |  | 331,635 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 92 |  |  | (4 | )
Southeast |  | 157,404 |  |  | 154,146 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 49 |  |  | (16 | )
Total |  | $ | 1,643,760 |  |  | $ | 1,276,242 |  |  | 29 | % |  | 238 |  |  | 255 |  |  | (7) | %

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|  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
|  | Homes Delivered |  | Net Orders |  | Cancellation Rates
Segment |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
West Coast |  | 2,005 |  |  | 2,015 |  |  | 2,863 |  |  | 2,797 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 18 | %
Southwest |  | 1,783 |  |  | 1,615 |  |  | 1,927 |  |  | 2,007 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 13 |
Central |  | 2,881 |  |  | 2,989 |  |  | 3,405 |  |  | 3,556 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 20 |
Southeast |  | 1,127 |  |  | 1,323 |  |  | 1,272 |  |  | 1,704 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 20 |
Total |  | 7,796 |  |  | 7,942 |  |  | 9,467 |  |  | 10,064 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 18 | %
|  | Net Order Value |  | Average Community Count
Segment |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance
West Coast |  | $ | 1,685,094 |  |  | $ | 1,655,423 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 74 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 12 | %
Southwest |  | 642,601 |  |  | 632,498 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 41 |  |  | (10 | )
Central |  | 1,024,623 |  |  | 1,054,203 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 89 |  |  | 93 |  |  | (4 | )
Southeast |  | 362,540 |  |  | 488,893 |  |  | (26 | ) |  | 44 |  |  | 49 |  |  | (10 | )
Total |  | $ | 3,714,858 |  |  | $ | 3,831,017 |  |  | (3) | % |  | 244 |  |  | 249 |  |  | (2) | %
|  | August 31,
|  | Backlog – Homes |  | Backlog – Value
Segment |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance
West Coast |  | 1,901 |  |  | 1,497 |  |  | 27 | % |  | $ | 1,088,096 |  |  | $ | 883,765 |  |  | 23 | %
Southwest |  | 1,382 |  |  | 1,318 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 458,681 |  |  | 412,391 |  |  | 11 |
Central |  | 2,512 |  |  | 2,281 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 750,831 |  |  | 674,614 |  |  | 11 |
Southeast |  | 954 |  |  | 1,134 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | 270,056 |  |  | 326,027 |  |  | (17 | )
Total |  | 6,749 |  |  | 6,230 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 2,567,664 |  |  | $ | 2,296,797 |  |  | 12 | %

Revenues. Homebuilding revenues for the three months ended August 31, 2020 decreased 14% from the year-earlier period due to a decline in housing revenues, partly offset by an increase in land sale revenues.
Housing revenues for the three months ended August 31, 2020 declined 15% year over year, reflecting a 16% decrease in the number of homes delivered, partly offset by a slight increase in the overall average selling price of those homes. Deliveries for the quarter were tempered primarily by the negative impacts associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and related COVID-19 control responses, including a 14% year-over-year decrease in the number of homes in our beginning backlog for the 2020 third quarter, as discussed above under “Overview.”
Land sale revenues for the quarter ended August 31, 2020 totaled $16.0 million, compared to $4.2 million in the year-earlier quarter. Generally, land sale revenues fluctuate with our decisions to maintain or decrease our land ownership position in certain markets based upon the volume of our holdings, our business strategy, the strength and number of developers and other land buyers in particular markets at given points in time, the availability of opportunities to sell land at acceptable prices and prevailing market conditions.
Homebuilding revenues for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 were relatively even with the corresponding period of 2019, primarily due to housing revenues remaining essentially flat, as a 2% decrease in the number of homes delivered was mostly offset by a 2% rise in the overall average selling price to $379,800.
Land sale revenues totaled $16.9 million for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 and $15.7 million for the nine months ended August 31, 2019, reflecting the factors discussed above with respect to our 2020 third quarter land sale revenues.
Operating Income. Our homebuilding operating income for the three months ended August 31, 2020 increased 4% from the year-earlier period. Homebuilding operating income for the 2020 third quarter included total inventory-related charges of $6.9 million, compared to $5.3 million in the 2019 third quarter. As a percentage of homebuilding revenues, our homebuilding operating income
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for the three months ended August 31, 2020 increased 150 basis points year over year to 8.9%. Excluding inventory-related charges, our homebuilding operating income margin improved 180 basis points to 9.6% for the 2020 third quarter compared to 7.8% for the year-earlier quarter.
For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, our homebuilding operating income increased 19% from the corresponding 2019 period. Homebuilding operating income for the first nine months of 2020 included total inventory-related charges of $16.9 million and severance charges of $6.7 million. The severance charges were associated with workforce reductions made during the 2020 second quarter, as discussed above under “Overview,” and were estimated at implementation to yield annualized savings of approximately $40 million allocated between construction and land costs and selling, general and administrative expenses. In the nine months ended August 31, 2019, homebuilding operating income included $13.1 million of inventory-related charges. As a percentage of homebuilding revenues, our homebuilding operating income for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 improved 100 basis points year over year to 6.7%. Excluding inventory-related charges for both periods and the above-mentioned severance charges in the 2020 period, our homebuilding operating income margin improved 140 basis points to 7.5% for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 from 6.1% for the nine months ended August 31, 2019.
The year-over-year change in our homebuilding operating income for the three months ended August 31, 2020 largely reflected lower selling, general and administrative expenses and higher land sale profits, partly offset by lower housing gross profits. For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, the year-over-year growth in our homebuilding operating income was primarily due to an increase in housing gross profits and a decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses.
Housing gross profits of $194.7 million for the three months ended August 31, 2020 declined 9% from $213.1 million for the year-earlier period, reflecting a decrease in housing revenues, partly offset by an increase in our housing gross profit margin. Our housing gross profit margin for the 2020 third quarter rose 140 basis points year over year to 19.9%, mainly as a result of a shift in the mix of homes delivered and a favorable pricing environment (approximately 110 basis points); lower amortization of previously capitalized interest as a percentage of housing revenues (approximately 30 basis points); and workforce realignment and reductions (approximately 30 basis points). These items were partly offset by an increase in inventory-related charges (approximately 30 basis points).
We incur interest principally from our borrowings to finance land acquisitions, land development, home construction and other operating and capital needs. Interest incurred totaled $31.1 million for the three months ended August 31, 2020, decreasing from $36.0 million for the year-earlier period, mainly due to our lower average debt level. All interest incurred during the three-month periods ended August 31, 2020 and 2019 was capitalized due to the average amount of our inventory qualifying for interest capitalization exceeding our average debt level for each period. As a result, we had no interest expense for these periods.
Interest amortized to construction and land costs associated with housing operations was $30.2 million and $38.6 million for the three-month periods ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As a percentage of housing revenues, the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations was 3.1% and 3.4% for the three months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Excluding the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations and the above-mentioned inventory-related charges for the three months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, our adjusted housing gross profit margin increased 140 basis points from the year-earlier quarter to 23.7%. The calculation of adjusted housing gross profit margin, which we believe provides a clearer measure of the performance of our business, is described below under “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the 2020 third quarter decreased 16% from the year-earlier quarter, mainly due to the lower volume of homes delivered and our targeted actions, including the above-mentioned workforce reductions, to reduce overhead costs. As a percentage of housing revenues, our selling, general and administrative expenses improved 10 basis points, reflecting the lower expenses, partly offset by decreased operating leverage due to lower housing revenues as compared to the year-earlier quarter.
Land sales generated profits of $2.0 million for the three months ended August 31, 2020, compared to a nominal amount for the year-earlier period.
Our housing gross profits of $546.8 million for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 increased from $524.7 million for the year-earlier period. Housing gross profits for the first nine months of 2020 included $16.9 million of inventory-related charges, compared to $13.1 million of such charges in the year-earlier period. Our housing gross profit margin of 18.5% for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 increased 80 basis points year over year, primarily due to a decrease in construction and land costs, and lower amortization of previously capitalized interest as a percentage of housing revenues.
For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, interest incurred decreased to $93.1 million from $107.4 million for the year-earlier period, primarily due to our lower average debt level. All interest incurred during the nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020
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and 2019 was capitalized as the average amount of our inventory qualifying for interest capitalization was higher than our average debt level for the period.
Interest amortized to construction and land costs associated with housing operations was $93.5 million for the nine months ended August 31, 2020, compared to $106.3 million for the nine months ended August 31, 2019. As a percentage of housing revenues, the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations was 3.2% and 3.6% for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Excluding the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations and the above-mentioned inventory-related charges in the nine months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, our adjusted housing gross profit margin increased 50 basis points from the year-earlier period to 22.2%.
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 decreased to $348.1 million from $357.0 million for the year-earlier period, primarily reflecting the lower number of homes delivered and our targeted actions to reduce overhead costs, partly offset by the above-mentioned severance charges of $6.7 million we recorded in the 2020 second quarter. As a percentage of housing revenues, selling, general and administrative expenses improved 20 basis points from the prior-year period to 11.8%.
Land sales generated profits of $2.0 million for the nine months ended August 31, 2020, compared to $5.5 million for the year-earlier period.
Interest Income. Interest income, which is generated from short-term investments, totaled $.8 million for the three months ended August 31, 2020 and $.2 million for the three months ended August 31, 2019. For the nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, our interest income totaled $2.2 million and $1.7 million, respectively. Generally, increases and decreases in interest income are attributable to changes in the interest-bearing average balances of short-term investments and fluctuations in interest rates.
Equity in Income (Loss) of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. Our equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures was $1.9 million for the three months ended August 31, 2020, compared to equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures of $.4 million for the three months ended August 31, 2019. For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, our equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures was $12.0 million, compared to equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures of $1.2 million for the corresponding 2019 period. The improved results in both periods of 2020 primarily reflected 17 homes and 90 homes delivered from an unconsolidated joint venture in California during the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020, respectively, compared to no homes delivered from unconsolidated joint ventures in the corresponding 2019 periods.
Further information regarding our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures is provided in Note 9 – Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
This report contains information about our adjusted housing gross profit margin and ratio of net debt to capital, neither of which is calculated in accordance with GAAP. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are relevant and useful to investors in understanding our operations and the leverage employed in our operations, and may be helpful in comparing us with other companies in the homebuilding industry to the extent they provide similar information. However, because they are not calculated in accordance with GAAP, these non-GAAP financial measures may not be completely comparable to other companies in the homebuilding industry and, thus, should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to operating performance and/or financial measures prescribed by GAAP. Rather, these non-GAAP financial measures should be used to supplement their respective most directly comparable GAAP financial measures in order to provide a greater understanding of the factors and trends affecting our operations.
Adjusted Housing Gross Profit Margin. The following table reconciles our housing gross profit margin calculated in accordance with GAAP to the non-GAAP financial measure of our adjusted housing gross profit margin (dollars in thousands):
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| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Housing revenues | $ | 979,113 |  |  | $ | 1,152,618 |  |  | $ | 2,960,901 |  |  | $ | 2,968,588 |
Housing construction and land costs | (784,427 | ) |  | (939,538 | ) |  | (2,414,059 | ) |  | (2,443,937 | )
Housing gross profits | 194,686 |  |  | 213,080 |  |  | 546,842 |  |  | 524,651 |
Add: Inventory-related charges (a) | 6,888 |  |  | 5,251 |  |  | 16,939 |  |  | 13,143 |
Housing gross profits excluding inventory-related charges | 201,574 |  |  | 218,331 |  |  | 563,781 |  |  | 537,794 |
Add: Amortization of previously capitalized interest (b) | 30,186 |  |  | 38,558 |  |  | 93,507 |  |  | 106,260 |
Adjusted housing gross profits | $ | 231,760 |  |  | $ | 256,889 |  |  | $ | 657,288 |  |  | $ | 644,054 |
Housing gross profit margin as a percentage of housing revenues | 19.9 | % |  | 18.5 | % |  | 18.5 | % |  | 17.7 | %
Housing gross profit margin excluding inventory-related charges as a percentage of housing revenues | 20.6 | % |  | 18.9 | % |  | 19.0 | % |  | 18.1 | %
Adjusted housing gross profit margin as a percentage of housing revenues | 23.7 | % |  | 22.3 | % |  | 22.2 | % |  | 21.7 | %

(a) | Represents inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges associated with housing operations.

(b) | Represents the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations.

Adjusted housing gross profit margin is a non-GAAP financial measure, which we calculate by dividing housing revenues less housing construction and land costs excluding (1) housing inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges (as applicable) recorded during a given period and (2) amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations, by housing revenues. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is housing gross profit margin. We believe adjusted housing gross profit margin is a relevant and useful financial measure to investors in evaluating our performance as it measures the gross profits we generated specifically on the homes delivered during a given period. This non-GAAP financial measure isolates the impact that the housing inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges, and the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations, have on housing gross profit margins, and allows investors to make comparisons with our competitors that adjust housing gross profit margins in a similar manner. We also believe investors will find adjusted housing gross profit margin relevant and useful because it represents a profitability measure that may be compared to a prior period without regard to variability of housing inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges, and amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations. This financial measure assists us in making strategic decisions regarding community location and product mix, product pricing and construction pace.
Ratio of Net Debt to Capital. The following table reconciles our ratio of debt to capital calculated in accordance with GAAP to the non-GAAP financial measure of our ratio of net debt to capital (dollars in thousands):

| August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Notes payable | $ | 1,747,704 |  |  | $ | 1,748,747 |
Stockholders’ equity | 2,565,308 |  |  | 2,383,122 |
Total capital | $ | 4,313,012 |  |  | $ | 4,131,869 |
Ratio of debt to capital | 40.5 | % |  | 42.3 | %
Notes payable | $ | 1,747,704 |  |  | $ | 1,748,747 |
Less: Cash and cash equivalents | (722,033 | ) |  | (453,814 | )
Net debt | 1,025,671 |  |  | 1,294,933 |
Stockholders’ equity | 2,565,308 |  |  | 2,383,122 |
Total capital | $ | 3,590,979 |  |  | $ | 3,678,055 |
Ratio of net debt to capital | 28.6 | % |  | 35.2 | %

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The ratio of net debt to capital is a non-GAAP financial measure, which we calculate by dividing notes payable, net of homebuilding cash and cash equivalents, by capital (notes payable, net of homebuilding cash and cash equivalents, plus stockholders’ equity). The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is the ratio of debt to capital. We believe the ratio of net debt to capital is a relevant and useful financial measure to investors in understanding the degree of leverage employed in our operations.
HOMEBUILDING REPORTING SEGMENTS
Below is a discussion of the financial results of each of our homebuilding reporting segments. Further information regarding these segments, including their pretax income (loss), is included in Note 2 – Segment Information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. The difference between each homebuilding reporting segment’s operating income (loss) and pretax income (loss) is generally due to the equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated joint ventures and/or interest income and expense.
The financial results for each of our homebuilding reporting segments for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020 were negatively affected by the impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, as discussed above under “Overview.” In three of our four homebuilding reporting segments, we delivered fewer homes in the 2020 third quarter compared to the corresponding year-earlier quarter largely as a result of our lower beginning backlog, as discussed above under “Homebuilding – Revenues.”
West Coast. The following table presents financial information related to our West Coast segment for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance
Revenues | $ | 379,025 |  |  | $ | 497,654 |  |  | (24 | ) % |  | $ | 1,195,404 |  |  | $ | 1,194,728 |  |  | — |
Construction and land costs | (318,272 | ) |  | (414,914 | ) |  | 23 |  |  | (1,017,383 | ) |  | (1,009,032 | ) |  | (1 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (28,424 | ) |  | (38,744 | ) |  | 27 |  |  | (94,197 | ) |  | (98,647 | ) |  | 5 |
Operating income | $ | 32,329 |  |  | $ | 43,996 |  |  | (27 | ) % |  | $ | 83,824 |  |  | $ | 87,049 |  |  | (4 | ) %
Homes delivered | 626 |  |  | 838 |  |  | (25 | ) % |  | 2,005 |  |  | 2,015 |  |  | — |
Average selling price | $ | 605,400 |  |  | $ | 588,800 |  |  | 3 | % |  | $ | 596,200 |  |  | $ | 588,700 |  |  | 1 | %
Housing gross profit margin | 16.0 | % |  | 16.8 | % |  | (80 | )bps |  | 14.9 | % |  | 15.7 | % |  | (80 | )bps

This segment’s revenues for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019 were generated from both housing operations and land sales. Housing revenues for the 2020 third quarter declined 23% year over year to $379.0 million from $493.4 million, reflecting a lower number of homes delivered, partly offset by an increase in the average selling price of those homes. For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, housing revenues rose to $1.20 billion from $1.19 billion due to a slight increase in the average selling price of homes delivered as the number of homes delivered was essentially even with the year-earlier period. The year-over-year increase in the average selling price of homes delivered for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020 was primarily due to product and geographic mix shifts of homes delivered.
Operating income for the three months ended August 31, 2020 declined from the year-earlier period, reflecting a decrease in housing gross profits, partly offset by lower selling, general and administrative expenses. The year-over-year decrease in housing gross profits reflected lower housing revenues and a lower housing gross profit margin. The decline in the housing gross profit margin was primarily driven by an increase in inventory-related charges and a mix shift of homes delivered. Inventory-related charges totaled $5.5 million in the 2020 third quarter, compared to $5.1 million in the year-earlier quarter. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues for the 2020 third quarter improved from the year-earlier quarter largely due to our targeted actions to reduce overhead costs and lower legal fees in the current period, partly offset by reduced operating leverage as a result of lower housing revenues.
For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, operating income decreased 4% from the year-earlier period reflecting lower housing gross profits, partly offset by lower selling, general and administrative expenses. The year-over-year decline in housing gross profits was primarily due to a decrease in the housing gross profit margin as a result of a mix shift of homes delivered, partly offset by a decrease in inventory-related charges and lower relative amortization of previously capitalized interest. Inventory-related charges impacting the housing gross profit margin totaled $10.6 million and $12.1 million for the nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 improved from the corresponding 2019 period primarily due to overhead cost reductions and lower legal fees in the current period.
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Southwest. The following table presents financial information related to our Southwest segment for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance
Revenues | $ | 223,096 |  |  | $ | 180,238 |  |  | 24 | % |  | $ | 589,665 |  |  | $ | 522,721 |  |  | 13 | %
Construction and land costs | (167,572 | ) |  | (137,635 | ) |  | (22 | ) |  | (444,213 | ) |  | (399,445 | ) |  | (11 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (16,128 | ) |  | (16,078 | ) |  | — |  |  | (48,760 | ) |  | (46,257 | ) |  | (5 | )
Operating income | $ | 39,396 |  |  | $ | 26,525 |  |  | 49 | % |  | $ | 96,692 |  |  | $ | 77,019 |  |  | 26 | %
Homes delivered | 628 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 1,783 |  |  | 1,615 |  |  | 10 | %
Average selling price | $ | 330,700 |  |  | $ | 318,400 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 321,700 |  |  | $ | 323,700 |  |  | (1 | ) %
Housing gross profit margin | 25.8 | % |  | 23.6 | % |  | 220 | bps |  | 25.0 | % |  | 23.6 | % |  | 140 | bps

This segment’s revenues for the three-month and nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020 were from both housing operations and land sales. For the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2019, revenues were generated solely from housing operations. Housing revenues for the three months ended August 31, 2020 increased 15% year over year to $207.7 million, due to increases in both the number of homes delivered and the average selling price of those homes. The increase in the number of homes delivered was mainly due to higher net orders in the 2020 third quarter, as the beginning backlog in this segment was down 2% from the year-earlier quarter. The year-over-year rise in the average selling price for the three months ended August 31, 2020 primarily reflected a shift in product and geographic mix as well as a favorable pricing environment in this segment. For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, housing revenues rose 10% year over year to $573.5 million, reflecting an increase in the number of homes delivered, partially offset by a slight decrease in the average selling price of those homes.
Operating income for the three months ended August 31, 2020 increased from the corresponding 2019 period due to higher housing gross profits as selling, general and administrative expenses remained flat. The year-over-year increase in housing gross profits primarily reflected higher housing revenues and a higher housing gross profit margin compared with the year-earlier period. The housing gross profit margin for the three months ended August 31, 2020 reflected increased operating leverage due to higher housing revenues, a shift in the mix of homes delivered, a favorable pricing environment, and lower relative amortization of previously capitalized interest. Land sales generated profits of $2.0 million for the three months ended August 31, 2020. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues for the 2020 third quarter improved from the corresponding 2019 quarter mainly as a result of increased operating leverage due to higher housing revenues, overhead cost reductions, legal recoveries in the current quarter, and higher marketing expenses in the year-earlier quarter to support new community openings.
For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, operating income increased from the corresponding 2019 period due to higher housing gross profits, partly offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses. Housing gross profits for the first nine months of 2020 increased from the year-earlier period mainly due to higher housing revenues and a higher housing gross profit margin. The improvement in the housing gross profit margin was primarily due to lower relative amortization of previously capitalized interest, partly offset by favorable warranty adjustments in the first nine months of 2019. Land sales generated profits of $2.0 million for the nine months ended August 31, 2020. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues for the first nine months of 2020 improved from the corresponding 2019 period primarily for the reasons described above with respect to the three months ended August 31, 2020.
Central. The following table presents financial information related to our Central segment for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance
Revenues | $ | 297,022 |  |  | $ | 326,058 |  |  | (9 | ) % |  | $ | 864,728 |  |  | $ | 874,730 |  |  | (1 | ) %
Construction and land costs | (232,269 | ) |  | (259,195 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | (688,683 | ) |  | (705,641 | ) |  | 2 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (29,331 | ) |  | (32,446 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | (91,061 | ) |  | (88,890 | ) |  | (2 | )
Operating income | $ | 35,422 |  |  | $ | 34,417 |  |  | 3 | % |  | $ | 84,984 |  |  | $ | 80,199 |  |  | 6 | %

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| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance
Homes delivered | 958 |  |  | 1,098 |  |  | (13 | ) % |  | 2,881 |  |  | 2,989 |  |  | (4 | ) %
Average selling price | $ | 310,000 |  |  | $ | 297,000 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 300,100 |  |  | $ | 290,200 |  |  | 3 | %
Housing gross profit margin | 21.8 | % |  | 20.5 | % |  | 130 | bps |  | 20.4 | % |  | 19.3 | % |  | 110 | bps

This segment’s revenues for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020 and the three months ended August 31, 2019 were generated solely from housing operations. Revenues for the nine months ended August 31, 2019 were generated from both housing operations and land sales. Housing revenues for the 2020 third quarter declined 9% from the year-earlier quarter, reflecting a decrease in the number of homes delivered, partly offset by an increase the average selling price of those homes. For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, housing revenues decreased slightly from $867.5 million in the year-earlier period, reflecting a decline in the number of homes delivered, largely offset by an increase in the average selling price of those homes. The year-over-year increases in the average selling prices for three-month and nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020 were due to shifts in the product and geographic mix of homes delivered.
Operating income for the three months ended August 31, 2020 increased slightly from the year-earlier period, mainly due to lower selling, general and administrative expenses, partly offset by a decrease in housing gross profits. The year-over-year decrease in housing gross profits reflected a decline in housing revenues, partially offset by an increase in the housing gross profit margin. The housing gross profit margin increased mainly as a result of a shift in the mix of homes delivered, a favorable pricing environment and workforce reductions, partially offset by higher inventory-related charges and reduced operating leverage due to lower housing revenues. Inventory-related charges impacting the housing gross profit margin for the three months ended August 31, 2020 were $1.1 million. There were no inventory-related charges in the prior-year quarter. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues for the 2020 third quarter improved from the year-earlier quarter mainly as a result of overhead cost reductions, partly offset by reduced operating leverage from lower housing revenues.
For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, operating income increased 6% from the year-earlier period mainly due to an increase in housing gross profits, partly offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses and the absence of land sale profits in the current period. The increase in housing gross profits was mainly due to a higher gross profit margin, partly offset by a slight decrease in housing revenues. The housing gross profit margin increased primarily due to a shift in the mix of homes delivered and a favorable pricing environment, partly offset by an increase in inventory-related charges. Inventory-related charges impacting the housing gross profit margin for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 and 2019 were $5.5 million and $.4 million, respectively. Land sales generated profits of $1.8 million for the nine months ended August 31, 2019. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues for the first nine months of 2020 increased from the corresponding 2019 period, reflecting decreased operating leverage due to lower housing revenues.
Southeast. The following table presents financial information related to our Southeast segment for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Variance
Revenues | $ | 96,005 |  |  | $ | 152,905 |  |  | (37 | ) % |  | $ | 328,013 |  |  | $ | 392,135 |  |  | (16 | ) %
Construction and land costs | (78,851 | ) |  | (129,998 | ) |  | 39 |  |  | (273,772 | ) |  | (338,636 | ) |  | 19 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | (11,168 | ) |  | (17,634 | ) |  | 37 |  |  | (38,995 | ) |  | (48,182 | ) |  | 19 |
Operating income | $ | 5,986 |  |  | $ | 5,273 |  |  | 14 | % |  | $ | 15,246 |  |  | $ | 5,317 |  |  | 187 | %
Homes delivered | 333 |  |  | 520 |  |  | (36 | ) % |  | 1,127 |  |  | 1,323 |  |  | (15 | ) %
Average selling price | $ | 286,500 |  |  | $ | 294,000 |  |  | (3 | ) % |  | $ | 290,500 |  |  | $ | 296,400 |  |  | (2 | ) %
Housing gross profit margin | 18.0 | % |  | 15.0 | % |  | 300 | bps |  | 16.6 | % |  | 13.6 | % |  | 300 | bps

This segment’s revenues for the three-month and nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020 were generated from housing operations and nominal land sales. Revenues for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2019 were generated solely from housing operations. The year-over-year decline in housing revenues for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020 reflected decreases in both the number of homes delivered and the average selling price of those homes. The year-over-year
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decrease in the average selling price for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020 was mainly due to shifts in the product and geographic mix of homes delivered, with a lower proportion of homes delivered from higher-priced communities.
Operating income for the three months ended August 31, 2020 increased from the year-earlier period due to a decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses, partly offset by lower housing gross profits. The year-over-year decrease in housing gross profits reflected a decline in housing revenues, partly offset by an increase in the housing gross profit margin. The housing gross profit margin increased primarily due to a shift in the mix of homes delivered and lower relative amortization of previously capitalized interest, partly offset by reduced operating leverage due to lower housing revenues. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues for the 2020 third quarter increased from the year-earlier period, primarily due to decreased operating leverage as a result of lower housing revenues, partly offset by our overhead reduction efforts and favorable legal settlements.
For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, operating income grew from the prior-year period due to a decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses and slightly higher housing gross profits. Housing gross profits increased due to an increase in the housing gross profit margin that was mostly offset by a decline in housing revenues. The housing gross profit margin increased for the reasons described above for the three months ended August 31, 2020. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues improved in the first nine months of 2020 from the year-earlier period primarily for the reasons described above with respect to the three months ended August 31, 2020.
FINANCIAL SERVICES REPORTING SEGMENT
The following table presents a summary of selected financial and operational data for our financial services reporting segment (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues | $ | 3,865 |  |  | $ | 3,931 |  |  | $ | 11,108 |  |  | $ | 9,758 |
Expenses | (1,056 | ) |  | (1,003 | ) |  | (2,901 | ) |  | (3,067 | )
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures | 6,855 |  |  | 3,716 |  |  | 14,874 |  |  | 7,018 |
Pretax income | $ | 9,664 |  |  | $ | 6,644 |  |  | $ | 23,081 |  |  | $ | 13,709 |
Total originations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans | 1,808 |  |  | 1,938 |  |  | 5,287 |  |  | 4,826 |
Principal | $ | 621,674 |  |  | $ | 573,017 |  |  | $ | 1,723,216 |  |  | $ | 1,393,088 |
Percentage of homebuyers using KBHS | 79 | % |  | 72 | % |  | 75 | % |  | 69 | %
Average FICO score | 725 |  |  | 721 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 719 |
Loans sold: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans sold to Stearns | 1,936 |  |  | 1,590 |  |  | 5,985 |  |  | 4,147 |
Principal | $ | 618,770 |  |  | $ | 467,700 |  |  | $ | 1,877,463 |  |  | $ | 1,198,346 |
Loans sold to third parties | 26 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 732 |
Principal | $ | 9,157 |  |  | $ | 65,892 |  |  | $ | 71,160 |  |  | $ | 189,432 |

Revenues. Financial services revenues for the three months ended August 31, 2020 were essentially even with the year-earlier period. For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, financial services revenues rose from the corresponding period of 2019 due to increases in both title services revenues and insurance commissions.
Expenses. General and administrative expenses for the three months ended August 31, 2020 increased slightly from the year-earlier period. For the nine months ended August 31, 2020, general and administrative expenses decreased slightly from corresponding period of 2019.
Equity in Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. The equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures increased on a year-over-year basis in the three-month period ended August 31, 2020 due to an increase in the principal amount of loan originations and improved margins, partly offset by a 16% decline in the number of homes we delivered. For the nine-month period ended August 31, 2020, the year-over-year increase reflected a substantial increase in the percentage of homebuyers using KBHS, partly offset by a 2% decrease in the number of homes we delivered.
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INCOME TAXES
Income Tax Expense. Our income tax expense and effective tax rates were as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended August 31, |  | Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Income tax expense | $ | 22,900 |  |  | $ | 23,800 |  |  | $ | 47,800 |  |  | $ | 37,600 |
Effective tax rate | 22.6 | % |  | 25.9 | % |  | 20.1 | % |  | 20.5 | %

Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three months ended August 31, 2020 included the favorable effect of $3.1 million of federal energy tax credits that we earned from building energy-efficient homes, partially offset by $1.2 million of non-deductible executive compensation expense under Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m). Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three months ended August 31, 2019 reflected $1.4 million of non-deductible executive compensation expense.
Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 included the favorable effects of $10.1 million of federal energy tax credits that we earned from building energy-efficient homes and $5.6 million of excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation, partially offset by $3.2 million of non-deductible executive compensation expense. For the nine months ended August 31, 2019, our income tax expense and effective tax rate included the favorable effects of $4.3 million of federal energy tax credits, a $3.3 million reversal of a deferred tax asset valuation allowance related to refundable AMT credits and $2.9 million of excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation, partly offset by $2.6 million of non-deductible executive compensation expense.
The federal energy tax credits for the three months and nine months ended August 31, 2020 resulted from legislation enacted in December 2019, which among other things, extended the availability of a business tax credit for building new energy-efficient homes through December 31, 2020. Prior to this legislation, the tax credit expired on December 31, 2017. This extension is expected to benefit our income tax provision in future periods.
In June 2020, California enacted tax legislation that approved the suspension of California net operating loss deductions for tax years 2020, 2021 and 2022. The suspension of California net operating loss deductions did not have an impact on our income tax expense for the three months or nine months ended August 31, 2020.
Further information regarding our income taxes is provided in Note 14 – Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview. We have funded our homebuilding and financial services activities over the last several years with:

• | internally generated cash flows;

• | public issuances of debt securities;

• | borrowings under the Credit Facility;

• | land option contracts and other similar contracts and seller notes;

• | public issuances of our common stock; and

• | letters of credit and performance bonds.

We manage our use of cash in the operation of our business to support the execution of our primary strategic goals. Over the past several years, we have primarily used cash for:

• | land acquisition and land development;

• | home construction;

• | operating expenses;

• | principal and interest payments on notes payable; and

• | repayments of borrowings under the Credit Facility.

In response to the economic disruption and uncertainty resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, as described above under “Overview,” in the 2020 second quarter and most of the 2020 third quarter, we proceeded in a carefully targeted manner with investments in land and land development. This is expected to reduce the growth or, as in the 2020 second and third quarters, cause a decline in our lot count and the volume of homes delivered in the 2020 fourth quarter.
Our investments in land and land development decreased 15% to $1.04 billion for the nine months ended August 31, 2020, compared to $1.22 billion for the prior-year period. Approximately 46% of our total investments in the nine months ended August 31, 2020
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related to land acquisition, compared to approximately 40% in the year-earlier period. While we made strategic investments in land and land development in each of our homebuilding reporting segments during the first nine months of 2020 and 2019, approximately 51% and 54%, respectively, of these investments for each period were made in our West Coast homebuilding reporting segment.
The following table presents the number of lots we owned or controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts and the carrying value of inventory by homebuilding reporting segment (dollars in thousands):

|  | August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019 |  | Variance
Segment |  | Lots |  | $ |  | Lots |  | $ |  | Lots |  | $
West Coast |  | 15,352 |  |  | $ | 1,795,106 |  |  | 15,186 |  |  | $ | 1,795,088 |  |  | 166 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Southwest |  | 10,450 |  |  | 646,929 |  |  | 11,191 |  |  | 629,811 |  |  | (741 | ) |  | 17,118 |
Central |  | 22,527 |  |  | 843,490 |  |  | 25,871 |  |  | 889,179 |  |  | (3,344 | ) |  | (45,689 | )
Southeast |  | 11,949 |  |  | 385,604 |  |  | 12,662 |  |  | 390,524 |  |  | (713 | ) |  | (4,920 | )
Total |  | 60,278 |  |  | $ | 3,671,129 |  |  | 64,910 |  |  | $ | 3,704,602 |  |  | (4,632 | ) |  | $ | (33,473 | )

The carrying value of lots we owned or controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts at August 31, 2020 decreased slightly from November 30, 2019. Over the same period, the number of lots decreased 7% mainly due to a lower number of lots under land option contracts and other similar contracts with refundable deposits, reflecting ordinary course fluctuations in the number of such contracts. The number of lots in inventory as of August 31, 2020 included 7,802 lots under contract where the associated deposits were refundable at our discretion, compared to 9,212 of such lots at November 30, 2019. Our lots controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts as a percentage of total lots was 37% at August 31, 2020 and 41% at November 30, 2019. Generally, this percentage fluctuates with our decisions to control (or abandon) lots under land option contracts and other similar contracts or to purchase (or sell owned) lots based on available opportunities and our investment return standards.
Liquidity. The table below summarizes our total cash and cash equivalents, and total liquidity (in thousands):

|  | August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 722,033 |  |  | $ | 453,814 |
Credit Facility commitment |  | 800,000 |  |  | 800,000 |
Borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility |  | — |  |  | — |
Letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility |  | (12,429 | ) |  | (18,884 | )
Credit Facility availability |  | 787,571 |  |  | 781,116 |
Total liquidity |  | $ | 1,509,604 |  |  | $ | 1,234,930 |

The majority of our cash equivalents at August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019 were invested in interest-bearing bank deposit accounts.
Capital Resources. Our notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):

| August 31, 2020 |  | November 30, 2019 |  | Variance
Mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans | $ | 5,620 |  |  | $ | 7,889 |  |  | $ | (2,269 | )
Senior notes | 1,742,084 |  |  | 1,740,858 |  |  | 1,226 |
Total | $ | 1,747,704 |  |  | $ | 1,748,747 |  |  | $ | (1,043 | )

Our financial leverage, as measured by the ratio of debt to capital, was 40.5% at August 31, 2020, compared to 42.3% at November 30, 2019. Our ratio of net debt to capital (a calculation that is described above under “Non-GAAP Financial Measures”) at August 31, 2020 was 28.6%, compared to 35.2% at November 30, 2019. Our next scheduled debt maturity is on December 15, 2021, when $450.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 7.00% senior notes become due.
LOC Facility. We had $29.3 million and $15.8 million of letters of credit outstanding under the LOC Facility at August 31, 2020 and November 30, 2019, respectively. Further information regarding our LOC Facility is provided in Note 15 – Notes Payable in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
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Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility. We have an $800.0 million Credit Facility that will mature on October 7, 2023. The amount of the Credit Facility available for cash borrowings and the issuance of letters of credit depends on the total cash borrowings and letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility and the maximum available amount under the terms of the Credit Facility. As of August 31, 2020, we had no cash borrowings and $12.4 million of letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility. Therefore, as of August 31, 2020, we had $787.6 million available for cash borrowings under the Credit Facility, with up to $237.6 million of that amount available for the issuance of additional letters of credit. The Credit Facility is further described in Note 15 – Notes Payable in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
There have been no changes to the terms of the Credit Facility during the nine months ended August 31, 2020 from those disclosed in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2019.
The covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility represent the most restrictive covenants that we are subject to with respect to our notes payable. The following table summarizes the financial covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility, and our actual levels or ratios (as applicable) with respect to those covenants and other requirements, in each case as of August 31, 2020:

Financial Covenants and Other Requirements |  | Covenant Requirement |  | Actual
Consolidated tangible net worth |  | > | $1.74 billion |  | $2.57 billion
Leverage Ratio |  | < | .650 |  | .406
Interest Coverage Ratio (a) |  | > | 1.500 |  | 4.717
Minimum liquidity (a) |  | > | $126.6 million |  | $722.0 million
Investments in joint ventures and non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | < | $617.9 million |  | $117.4 million
Borrowing base in excess of borrowing base indebtedness (as defined) |  |  | n/a |  | $1.55 billion

(a) | Under the terms of the Credit Facility, we are required to maintain either a minimum Interest Coverage Ratio or a minimum level of liquidity, but not both. As of August 31, 2020, we met both the Interest Coverage Ratio and the minimum liquidity requirements.

The indenture governing our senior notes does not contain any financial covenants. Subject to specified exceptions, the indenture contains certain restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur secured indebtedness, or engage in sale and leaseback transactions involving property above a certain specified value. In addition, the indenture contains certain limitations related to mergers, consolidations, and sales of assets.
Our obligations to pay principal, premium, if any, and interest under our senior notes and borrowings, if any, under the Credit Facility are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by the Guarantor Subsidiaries. The guarantees are full and unconditional, and the Guarantor Subsidiaries are 100% owned by us. We may also cause other subsidiaries of ours to become Guarantor Subsidiaries if we believe it to be in our or the relevant subsidiary’s best interests. Condensed consolidating financial information for our subsidiaries considered to be Guarantor Subsidiaries is provided in Note 22 – Supplemental Guarantor Information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
As of August 31, 2020, we were in compliance with the applicable terms of all our covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility, the senior notes, the indenture, and the mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans. Our ability to access the Credit Facility for cash borrowings and letters of credit and our ability to secure future debt financing depend, in part, on our ability to remain in such compliance. There are no agreements that restrict our payment of dividends other than the Credit Facility, which would restrict our payment of dividends (other than common stock dividends) if a default under the Credit Facility exists at the time of any such payment, or if any such payment would result in such a default (other than dividends paid within 60 days after declaration, if there was no default at the time of declaration).
Depending on available terms, we finance certain land acquisitions with purchase-money financing from land sellers or with other forms of financing from third parties. At August 31, 2020, we had outstanding mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans payable in connection with such financing of $5.6 million, secured primarily by the underlying property, which had an aggregate carrying value of $49.2 million.
Credit Ratings. Our credit ratings are periodically reviewed by rating agencies. In January 2020, Standard and Poor’s Financial Services upgraded our credit rating to BB from BB- and changed the rating outlook to stable from positive.
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Consolidated Cash Flows. The following table presents a summary of net cash provided by (used in) our operating, investing and financing activities (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended August 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |
Operating activities | $ | 329,211 |  |  | $ | (152,144 | )
Investing activities | (18,386 | ) |  | (29,062 | )
Financing activities | (42,557 | ) |  | (209,076 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 268,268 |  |  | $ | (390,282 | )

Operating Activities. Generally, our net operating cash flows fluctuate primarily based on changes in our inventories and our profitability. Our net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended August 31, 2020 primarily reflected net income of $190.2 million, a $62.8 million decrease in receivables and a $46.6 million decrease in inventories, partly offset by a net decrease in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities of $62.4 million. In the nine months ended August 31, 2019, our net cash used by operating activities mainly reflected net cash of $389.5 million used for investments in inventories, partly offset by net income of $145.6 million, a net increase in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities of $5.0 million and a net decrease in receivables of $2.8 million.
Investing Activities. In the nine months ended August 31, 2020, our uses of cash included $21.2 million for net purchases of property and equipment and $6.0 million for contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures. These uses of cash were partially offset by a $8.8 million return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures. In the nine months ended August 31, 2019, the net cash used for investing activities reflected $32.2 million for net purchases of property and equipment and $7.7 million for contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures. These uses of cash were partially offset by $5.8 million of proceeds from the sale of a building and a $5.0 million return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
Financing Activities. The year-over-year change in net cash used in financing activities was mainly due to the financing transactions we completed in the first nine months of 2019, including our concurrent public offerings of senior notes and our repayment of certain senior notes. In the nine months ended August 31, 2020, net cash was used for dividend payments on our common stock of $24.4 million, payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans of $20.3 million and tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards of $6.2 million. The cash used was partially offset by $8.4 million of issuances of common stock under employee stock plans. In the nine months ended August 31, 2019, net cash was used for the repayment of $630.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019 and 4.75% senior notes due 2019, payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans of $32.1 million, dividend payments on our common stock of $12.4 million, and tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards of $3.3 million. The cash used was partially offset by cash provided by our concurrent public offerings of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.875% senior notes due 2027 and an additional $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our existing series of 7.625% senior notes due 2023, $50.0 million of net borrowings under the Credit Facility, and $18.7 million of issuances of common stock under employee stock plans.
During each of the three-month periods ended August 31, 2020 and 2019, our board of directors declared, and we paid, quarterly cash dividends on our common stock of $.09 per share. Quarterly cash dividends declared and paid on our common stock during the nine-month periods ended August 31, 2020 and 2019 totaled $.27 per share and $.14 per share, respectively. The declaration and payment of future cash dividends on our common stock, whether at current levels or at all, are at the discretion of our board of directors and depend upon, among other things, our expected future earnings, cash flows, capital requirements, access to external financing, debt structure and any adjustments thereto, operational and financial investment strategy and general financial condition, as well as general business conditions. Subsequent to the end of the 2020 third quarter, on October 8, 2020, our board of directors approved an increase in the quarterly cash dividend on our common stock to $.15 per share from $.09 per share, and declared the next quarterly dividend, at the new rate, payable on November 26, 2020 to stockholders of record on November 12, 2020.
Shelf Registration. On July 9, 2020, we filed the 2020 Shelf Registration with the SEC. The 2020 Shelf Registration registers the offering of securities that we may issue from time to time in amounts to be determined. Issuances of securities under our 2020 Shelf Registration require the filing of a prospectus supplement identifying the amount and terms of the securities to be issued. Our ability to issue securities is subject to market conditions and, with respect to debt securities, other factors impacting our borrowing capacity. The 2020 Shelf Registration replaced our previously effective universal shelf registration statement filed with the SEC on July 14, 2017. We have not made any offerings of securities under the 2020 Shelf Registration.
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While the unprecedented public health and governmental efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19 have created uncertainty as to general economic conditions for the remainder of 2020 and beyond, as of the date of this report, we believe we have adequate capital resources and sufficient access to external financing sources to satisfy our current and reasonably anticipated requirements for funds to conduct our operations and meet other needs in the ordinary course of our business. We have had no cash borrowings under the Credit Facility in our 2020 fiscal year through the date of this report. For the remainder of 2020, we expect to use or redeploy our cash resources or cash borrowings under the Credit Facility to support our business within the context of prevailing market conditions, which, given the ongoing uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, could rapidly and materially deteriorate or otherwise change. During this time, we may also engage in capital markets, bank loan, project debt or other financial transactions, including the repurchase of debt or equity securities or potential new issuances of debt or equity securities to support our business needs. The amounts involved in these transactions, if any, may be material. In addition, as necessary or desirable, we may adjust or amend the terms of and/or expand the capacity of the Credit Facility or the LOC Facility, or enter into additional letter of credit facilities, or other similar facility arrangements, in each case with the same or other financial institutions, or allow any such facilities to mature or expire. However, with the uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, our ability to engage in such transactions may be constrained by volatile or tight economic, capital, credit and/or financial market conditions, as well as moderated investor and/or lender interest or capacity and/or our liquidity, leverage and net worth, and we can provide no assurance as to successfully completing, the costs of, or the operational limitations arising from any one or series of such transactions. Further discussion of the potential impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic on our capital resources and liquidity is provided below under Part II, Item 1A – Risk Factors.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. As discussed in Note 9 – Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report, we have investments in unconsolidated joint ventures in various markets where our homebuilding operations are located. At November 30, 2019, one of our unconsolidated joint ventures had outstanding secured debt totaling $40.7 million under a construction loan agreement with a third-party lender to finance its land development activities. The outstanding debt was secured by the underlying property and related project assets and was non-recourse to us. All the outstanding secured debt was repaid in 2020. None of our unconsolidated joint ventures had outstanding debt at August 31, 2020.
Land Option Contracts and Other Similar Contracts. As discussed in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report, in the ordinary course of our business, we enter into land option contracts and other similar contracts with third parties and unconsolidated entities to acquire rights to land for the construction of homes. Our land option contracts and other similar contracts generally do not contain provisions requiring our specific performance. Our decision to exercise a particular land option contract or other similar contract depends on the results of our due diligence reviews and ongoing market and project feasibility analysis that we conduct after entering into such a contract. In some cases, our decision to exercise a land option contract or other similar contract may be conditioned on the land seller obtaining necessary entitlements, such as zoning rights and environmental and development approvals, and/or physically developing the underlying land by a pre-determined date. We typically have the ability not to exercise our rights to the underlying land for any reason and forfeit our deposits without further penalty or obligation to the sellers. If we were to acquire all of the land we had under land option contracts and other similar contracts at August 31, 2020, we estimate the remaining purchase price to be paid during each year ending November 30 would be as follows: 2020 – $393.8 million; 2021 – $473.2 million; 2022 – $207.2 million; 2023 – $99.1 million; 2024 – $42.6 million; and thereafter – $75.7 million.
Contractual Obligations. There have been no significant changes in our contractual obligations from those reported in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2019.
Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires the use of judgment in the application of accounting policies and estimates of uncertain matters. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates during the nine months ended August 31, 2020 from those disclosed in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2019.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recent accounting pronouncements are discussed in Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
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Outlook
We are encouraged by the resilience of the housing market and the significant increase in demand over the past several months. Subsequent to the end of the third quarter, demand remained strong, with our net orders for the first five weeks of the 2020 fourth quarter up 39% from the corresponding period of 2019, and the cancellation rate for the period improving to 12% from 19%. While we limited our land investments during the second quarter and most of the third quarter to preserve cash and liquidity due to the uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, given the sustained strong housing demand, we have resumed land acquisition and development activities to bolster our lot pipeline and support community growth in 2021 and beyond. Although the trajectory and strength of the current recovery remains uncertain, and we are seeing some building material cost pressures, particularly with respect to lumber, that could negatively impact our margins in the 2020 fourth quarter and future periods, and the recovery could be slowed or reversed by a number of factors, including a possible widespread resurgence in COVID-19 infections combined with the seasonal flu and others discussed below under Part II, Item 1A – Risk Factors, we believe we are well-positioned to operate effectively through the present operating environment. Our present outlook for the fourth quarter and full-year 2020 and full-year 2021 is as follows:
2020 Fourth Quarter

• | We expect to generate housing revenues in the range of $1.05 billion to $1.15 billion, compared to $1.54 billion in the year-earlier quarter, and anticipate our average selling price to be approximately $415,000 representing an increase of 6% compared to the year-earlier period.

• | We expect our housing gross profit margin to be in the range of 20.0% to 20.4%, assuming no inventory-related charges, compared to 19.9% for the corresponding 2019 quarter.

• | We expect our selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues to be in the range of 10.8% to 11.2%. The 2019 fourth quarter ratio was 9.1%.

• | We expect our homebuilding operating income margin, excluding inventory-related charges, to range from 9.0% to 9.4%, compared to 10.7% for the prior year quarter.

• | We expect an effective tax rate of approximately 24%.

• | We expect our average community count to decline in the mid- to high single-digit percentage range from the 2019 fourth quarter.

2020 Full Year
The following 2020 full year outlook is based on the mid-point of our outlook for the 2020 fourth quarter:

• | We expect our housing revenues to be approximately $4.06 billion, compared to $4.51 billion in 2019, and anticipate our average selling price to be approximately $389,000, representing an increase of approximately 2% compared to 2019.

• | We expect our housing gross profit margin to be approximately 19.4%, assuming no inventory-related charges, versus 18.7% for 2019.

• | We expect our selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues to be approximately 11.4%, excluding the severance charges recorded in the second quarter, compared to 11.0% in the prior year.

• | We expect our homebuilding operating income margin, assuming no inventory-related charges and excluding the above-mentioned severance charges, to be approximately 8.0%, compared to 7.7% for 2019.

• | We expect an effective tax rate of roughly 21%.

• | We expect our average community count to be down by a low single-digit percentage compared to 2019.

2021 Full Year

• | We expect our housing revenues to be in the range of $5.1 billion to $5.5 billion.

• | We expect our average community count to be flat compared to 2020.

We have had no cash borrowings under the Credit Facility in our 2020 fiscal year through the date of this report. For the remainder of 2020, we expect to use or redeploy our cash resources and any cash borrowings under the Credit Facility to support our business within the context of prevailing market conditions, which could rapidly change. During this time, we may also engage in capital markets, bank loan, project debt or other financial transactions, including the repurchase of debt or equity securities or potential new issuances of debt or equity securities to support our business needs. The amounts involved in these transactions, if any, may
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be material. In addition, our future performance and the strategies we implement (and adjust or refine as necessary or appropriate) will depend significantly on prevailing economic and capital, credit and financial market conditions and on the public health, political and regulatory environment (including in regards to housing and mortgage loan financing policies), among other factors.
Forward-Looking Statements
Investors are cautioned that certain statements contained in this report, as well as some statements by us in periodic press releases and other public disclosures and some oral statements by us to securities analysts, stockholders and others during presentations, are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”). Statements that are predictive in nature, that depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, or that include words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “hope,” and similar expressions constitute forward-looking statements. In addition, any statements that we may make or provide concerning future financial or operating performance (including without limitation future revenues, community count, homes delivered, net orders, selling prices, sales pace per new community, expenses, expense ratios, housing gross profits, housing gross profit margins, earnings or earnings per share, or growth or growth rates), future market conditions, future interest rates, and other economic conditions, ongoing business strategies or prospects, future dividends and changes in dividend levels, the value of our backlog (including amounts that we expect to realize upon delivery of homes included in our backlog and the timing of those deliveries), the value of our net orders, potential future asset acquisitions and the impact of completed acquisitions, future share issuances or repurchases, future debt issuances, repurchases or redemptions and other possible future actions are also forward-looking statements as defined by the Act. Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and projections about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions about our operations, economic and market factors, and the homebuilding industry, among other things. These statements are not guarantees of future performance, and we have no specific policy or intention to update these statements. In addition, forward-looking and other statements in this report and in other public or oral disclosures that express or contain opinions, views or assumptions about market or economic conditions; the success, performance, effectiveness and/or relative positioning of our strategies, initiatives or operational activities; and other matters, may be based in whole or in part on general observations of our management, limited or anecdotal evidence and/or business or industry experience without in-depth or any particular empirical investigation, inquiry or analysis.
Actual events and results may differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in forward-looking statements due to a number of factors. The most important risk factors that could cause our actual performance and future events and actions to differ materially from such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

• | general economic, employment and business conditions, generally and during the current recession;

• | population growth, household formations and demographic trends;

• | conditions in the capital, credit and financial markets;

• | our ability to access external financing sources and raise capital through the issuance of common stock, debt or other securities, and/or project financing, on favorable terms;

• | the execution of any share repurchases pursuant to our board of directors’ authorization;

• | material and trade costs and availability, particularly lumber;

• | changes in interest rates;

• | our debt level, including our ratio of debt to capital, and our ability to adjust our debt level and maturity schedule;

• | our compliance with the terms of the Credit Facility;

• | volatility in the market price of our common stock;

• | weak or declining consumer confidence, either generally or specifically with respect to purchasing homes;

• | competition from other sellers of new and resale homes;

• | weather events, significant natural disasters and other climate and environmental factors;

• | any failure of lawmakers to agree on a budget or appropriation legislation to fund the federal government’s operations, and financial markets’ and businesses’ reactions to that failure;

• | government actions, policies, programs and regulations directed at or affecting the housing market (including the CARES Act relief provisions for outstanding mortgage loans, tax benefits associated with purchasing and owning a home, and the standards, fees and size limits applicable to the purchase or insuring of mortgage loans by government-sponsored enterprises and government agencies), the homebuilding industry, or construction activities;

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• | changes in existing tax laws or enacted corporate income tax rates, including those resulting from regulatory guidance and interpretations issued with respect to thereto;

• | changes in U.S. trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs and duties on homebuilding materials and products, and related trade disputes with and retaliatory measures taken by other countries;

• | the adoption of new or amended financial accounting standards and the guidance and/or interpretations with respect thereto;

• | the availability and cost of land in desirable areas and our ability to timely develop acquired land parcels and open new home communities;

• | our warranty claims experience with respect to homes previously delivered and actual warranty costs incurred;

• | costs and/or charges arising from regulatory compliance requirements or from legal, arbitral or regulatory proceedings, investigations, claims or settlements, including unfavorable outcomes in any such matters resulting in actual or potential monetary damage awards, penalties, fines or other direct or indirect payments, or injunctions, consent decrees or other voluntary or involuntary restrictions or adjustments to our business operations or practices that are beyond our current expectations and/or accruals;

• | our ability to use/realize the net deferred tax assets we have generated;

• | our ability to successfully implement our current and planned strategies and initiatives related to our product, geographic and market positioning, gaining share and scale in our served markets and in entering into new markets;

• | our operational and investment concentration in markets in California;

• | consumer interest in our new home communities and products, particularly from first-time homebuyers and higher-income consumers;

• | our ability to generate orders and convert our backlog of orders to home deliveries and revenues, particularly in key markets in California;

• | our ability to successfully implement our business strategies and achieve any associated financial and operational targets and objectives;

• | income tax expense volatility associated with stock-based compensation;

• | the ability of our homebuyers to obtain residential mortgage loans and mortgage banking services;

• | the performance of mortgage lenders to our homebuyers;

• | the performance of KBHS;

• | information technology failures and data security breaches;

• | an epidemic or pandemic (such as the outbreak and worldwide spread of COVID-19), and the control response measures that international, federal, state and local governments, agencies, law enforcement and/or health authorities implement to address it, which may (as with COVID-19) precipitate or exacerbate one or more of the above-mentioned and/or other risks, and significantly disrupt or prevent us from operating our business in the ordinary course for an extended period;

• | a continuation of widespread protests and civil unrest related to efforts to institute law enforcement and other social and political reforms, and the impacts of implementing or failing to implement any such reforms; and

• | other events outside of our control.

Please see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2019 and other filings with the SEC for a further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties applicable to our business.

Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no material changes in our market risk since November 30, 2019. For additional information regarding our market risk, refer to the “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2019.

Item 4. | Controls and Procedures

We have established disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and
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reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“Principal Executive Officer”) and Chief Financial Officer (“Principal Financial Officer”), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Under the supervision and with the participation of senior management, including our Principal Executive Officer and our Principal Financial Officer, we evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of August 31, 2020.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended August 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings

For a discussion of our legal proceedings, see Note 18 – Legal Matters in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.

Item 1A. | Risk Factors

Except as set forth below, as of the date of this report, there have been no material changes to the risk factors we previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2019.
Our business could be materially and adversely disrupted by an epidemic or pandemic (such as the present outbreak and worldwide spread of COVID-19), or similar public threat, or fear of such an event, and the control response measures that international, federal, state and local governments, agencies, law enforcement and/or health authorities implement to address it.
An epidemic, pandemic or similar serious public health issue, and the measures undertaken by governmental authorities to address it, could significantly disrupt or prevent us from operating our business in the ordinary course for an extended period, and thereby, and/or along with any associated economic and/or social instability or distress, have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial statements.
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization characterized the outbreak of COVID-19 as a global pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures. On March 13, 2020, the United States declared a national emergency concerning the outbreak, and several states and municipalities have declared public health emergencies. Along with these declarations, there have been extraordinary and wide-ranging actions taken by international, federal, state and local public health and governmental authorities to contain and combat the outbreak and spread of COVID-19 in regions across the United States and the world, including quarantines, “stay-at-home” orders and similar mandates for many individuals to substantially restrict daily activities and for many businesses to curtail or cease normal operations.
In response to these steps, in mid-March, we temporarily closed our sales centers, model homes and design studios to the general public, shifted to an appointment-only personalized home sales process and prioritized our warranty service activities to respond to emergency repair requests, and otherwise on a by-exception basis, in each case as and where permitted and following recommended distancing and other health and safety protocols when meeting in person with a customer. We also leveraged our virtual sales tools to give customers the ability to shop for a new KB home from their mobile device or personal computer. In addition, we shifted our corporate and division office functions to work remotely. We limited our construction operations largely to authorized activities with increased safety measures and experienced a reduction in the availability, capacity and efficiency of municipal and private services necessary to the progress of developing land, building homes, completing mortgage loans and delivering homes, which in each case has varied by market depending on the scope of the restrictions local authorities have established. These appropriate measures have tempered our sales pace and delayed home deliveries in the latter part of March and through the date of this report.
Conditions started to improve in late May as state and local governments in our served markets began relaxing the public health restrictions described above and we began to gradually take steps to effectively resume nearly all of our operations. We have reopened our sales centers, model homes and design studios to the general public, continued to engage with customers using our robust virtual selling capability, including enhanced online tools such as virtual home tours, interactive floor plans, live chats with sales counselors and online consultations with our design studios, and largely resumed providing construction and warranty services. However, the potential full magnitude or duration of the business and economic impacts from the unprecedented public health effort to contain and combat the spread of COVID-19, which include, among other things, a recession, high unemployment levels, and significant volatility in financial markets and in the value of equity securities, including our common stock, have
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produced ongoing uncertainty about the overall operating environment going forward. In addition, we can provide no assurance as to whether the COVID-19 public health effort will be intensified to such an extent, particularly in response to any resurgence in infections combined with the seasonal flu, that we will not be able to conduct any business operations in certain of our served markets or at all for an indefinite period. Certain of our served markets have recently seen an increase in COVID-19 cases, and some of the relaxed COVID-19 control responses have been re-instituted.
Our business could also be negatively impacted over the medium-to-longer term if the disruptions related to COVID-19 decrease consumer confidence generally or with respect to purchasing a home; cause civil unrest, similar to what arose at the end of May related to efforts to institute law enforcement and other social and political reforms and which may also affect our business in the short and/or medium-to-longer term; precipitate a prolonged economic downturn and/or an extended rise in unemployment or tempering of wage growth, any of which would lower demand for our products as occurred in our 2020 second quarter; impair our ability to sell and build homes in a typical manner, as occurred in our 2020 second quarter, or at all; generate revenues and cash flows, and/or access the Credit Facility or the capital or lending markets (or significantly increase the costs of doing so), as may be necessary to sustain our business; increase the costs or decrease the supply of building materials, and we are seeing some cost pressures, particularly with respect to lumber, that could negatively impact our margins in the 2020 fourth quarter and future periods, or the availability of subcontractors, employees and other talent, including as a result of infections or medically necessary or recommended self-quarantining, which we have experienced to a limited extent in a few locations, or governmental mandates to direct production activities to support public health efforts; and/or result in our recognizing charges in future periods, which may be material, for inventory impairments or land option contract abandonments, or both, related to our inventory assets. The inherent uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, due in part to rapidly changing governmental directives, public health challenges and progress, and market reactions thereto, also makes it more challenging for our management to estimate the future performance of our business and develop or adjust strategies to generate growth.
Should the adverse impacts described above (or others that are currently unknown) occur, whether individually or collectively, we would expect to experience, among other things, decreases in our net orders, homes delivered, average selling prices, revenues and profitability, as we did during our 2020 second quarter, and such impacts could be material to our consolidated financial statements in the fourth quarter and beyond. In addition, should the COVID-19 public health effort intensify to such an extent that we cannot operate in most or all of our served markets, we could generate few or no orders and deliver few, if any homes during the applicable period, which could be prolonged. Along with an increase in cancellations of home purchase contracts, if there are prolonged government restrictions on our business and our customers, and/or an extended economic recession, we could be unable to produce revenues and cash flows sufficient to conduct our business; meet the terms of our covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility, our senior notes and the related indenture, and/or mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans; service our outstanding debt; or pay any dividends to our stockholders. Such a circumstance could, among other things, exhaust our available liquidity (and ability to access liquidity sources) and/or trigger an acceleration to pay a significant portion or all of our then-outstanding debt obligations, which we may be unable to do.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

In May 2018, our board of directors authorized us to repurchase a total of up to 4,000,000 shares of our outstanding common stock. As of November 30, 2019, we had 2,193,947 shares authorized for repurchase. During the three months ended August 31, 2020, no shares were repurchased pursuant to this authorization.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibits |  |
31.1 |  | Certification of Jeffrey T. Mezger, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of KB Home Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Jeff J. Kaminski, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of KB Home Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  | Certification of Jeffrey T. Mezger, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of KB Home Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification of Jeff J. Kaminski, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of KB Home Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| KB HOME Registrant

Dated | October 8, 2020 |  | By: | /s/ JEFF J. KAMINSKI
|  |  |  | Jeff J. Kaminski Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Dated | October 8, 2020 |  | By: | /s/ WILLIAM R. HOLLINGER
|  |  |  | William R. Hollinger Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

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