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Income taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income taxes Income taxes
The provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations represents an effective tax rate different than the Canadian enacted statutory rate of 26.5% (2022 - 26.5%). The differences are as follows:
20232022
Expected income tax recovery at Canadian statutory rate
$(31,696)$(97,962)
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
Effect of differences in tax rates on transactions in and within foreign jurisdictions and change in tax rates(46,628)(55,315)
Adjustments from investments carried at fair value16,128 51,314 
Non-controlling interests share of income24,677 30,025 
Change in valuation allowance10,786 41,702 
Acquisition related state deferred tax adjustments— 5,998 
Capital gain rate differential on disposal of renewable assets — (7,340)
Tax credits(54,788)(18,440)
Amortization and settlement of excess deferred income tax(12,785)(14,855)
Deferred income taxes on regulated income recorded as regulatory assets(878)(1,986)
Other permanent differences5,341 4,591 
Other3,543 755 
Income tax recovery$(86,300)$(61,513)
18.Income taxes (continued)
On December 27, 2023, the government of Bermuda enacted the Bermuda Corporate Income Tax Act 2023, setting a 15% corporate income tax rate effective for fiscal years commencing January 1, 2025. The Bermuda Corporate Income Tax Act 2023 includes various transition adjustments that may affect the recognition of deferred taxes and as such were considered as part of the initial measurement in the period that includes the December 2023 enactment date. No deferred taxes were required to be recognized as at December 31, 2023.
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, earnings (loss) before income taxes consist of the following:
20232022
Canada (1)
$(259,141)$(363,050)
U.S.102,469 (37,322)
Other regions37,067 30,704 
$(119,605)$(369,668)
(1) Inclusive of fair value gain (loss) on investments carried at fair value (note 8)

Income tax expense (recovery) attributable to income (loss) consists of: 
CurrentDeferredTotal
Year ended December 31, 2023
Canada$4,352 $(59,488)$(55,136)
United States(14,820)(23,099)(37,919)
Other regions728 6,027 6,755 
$(9,740)$(76,560)$(86,300)
Year ended December 31, 2022
Canada$4,184 $(74,595)$(70,411)
United States1,579 6,183 7,762 
Other regions2,080 (944)1,136 
$7,843 $(69,356)$(61,513)
18.Income taxes (continued)
The tax effect of temporary differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented below:
20232022
Deferred tax assets:
Non-capital loss, investment tax credits, currently non-deductible interest expenses, and financing costs$1,030,801 $878,000 
Pension and OPEB7,370 16,845 
Environmental obligation11,692 12,118 
Regulatory liabilities180,371 156,285 
Other72,109 61,917 
Total deferred income tax assets$1,302,343 $1,125,165 
Less: valuation allowance(97,344)(107,583)
Total deferred tax assets$1,204,999 $1,017,582 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment$883,447 $846,331 
Outside basis differentials364,511 315,581 
Regulatory accounts317,820 303,059 
Other59,640 33,834 
Total deferred tax liabilities$1,625,418 $1,498,805 
Net deferred tax liabilities$(420,419)$(481,223)
Consolidated balance sheets classification:
 Deferred tax assets$158,483 $84,416 
 Deferred tax liabilities(578,902)(565,639)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(420,419)$(481,223)
The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 was $97,344 (2022 - $107,583). The valuation allowance primarily relates to operating losses that, in the judgment of management, are not more likely than not to be realized for the Renewable Energy Group.
The U.S. entities in the Renewable Energy Group continue to be in an overall deferred tax asset position as at December 31, 2023. In the course of assessing the U.S. deferred tax assets in the Renewable Energy Group, management concluded, similar to 2022, that it was not probable that the U.S. business of the Renewable Energy Group would generate sufficient taxable income to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets of such group (with the exception of certain transferable tax credits). Management’s conclusion is based on the balance of all available positive and negative evidence applicable to the Renewable Energy Group. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable could be adjusted if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced or increased or if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight is given to subjective evidence such as management projections for growth.
The Company’s overall deferred tax asset position related to Canadian attributes increased from $83,434 to $151,759 for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to ongoing interest and financing expenses attributable to the Canadian entities and the decrease in the value of the Company’s investment in Atlantica. As at December 31, 2023, it is considered more likely than not that there will be sufficient taxable income in the future that will allow realization of these deferred tax assets. The Company considered all evidence, both positive and negative, including the announcement of the sale of the renewable energy business, the availability of tax planning strategies, and the carryforward period of its Canadian net operating losses in making this assessment. The Company will continue to monitor this position at each balance sheet date.
18.Income taxes (continued)
The following table illustrates the annual movement in the deferred tax valuation allowance: 
20232022
Beginning balance $107,583 $27,471 
Charged to income tax expense
10,786 41,702 
Charged (reduction) to OCI(16,696)40,613 
Reductions to other accounts(4,329)(2,203)
Ending balance$97,344 $107,583 
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had non-capital losses carried forward and tax credits available to reduce future years' taxable income, which expire as follows: 

Non-capital loss carryforward and credits2024—20282029+Total
Canada$3,339 $913,781 $917,120 
US8,441 1,897,609 1,906,050 
Total non-capital loss carryforward$11,780 $2,811,390 $2,823,170 
Tax credits$3,359 $200,772 $204,131 
The Company has provided for deferred income taxes for the estimated tax cost of distributed earnings of certain of its subsidiaries. Deferred income taxes have not been provided on approximately $908,449 of undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries, as the Company has concluded that such earnings are indefinitely reinvested and should not give rise to additional tax liabilities. A determination of the amount of the unrecognized tax liability relating to the remittance of such undistributed earnings is not practicable.