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Incentive Stock Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract] |
Incentive Stock Plans | INCENTIVE STOCK PLANS The Rayonier Incentive Stock Plan (“the Stock Plan”) provides up to 15.8 million shares to be granted for incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, restricted stock and restricted stock units, subject to certain limitations. At December 31, 2016, a total of 5.6 million shares were available for future grants under the Stock Plan. Under the Stock Plan, shares available for issuance are reduced by 1 share for each option or right granted and by 2.27 shares for each performance share, restricted share or restricted stock unit granted. The Company issues new shares of stock upon the exercise of stock options, the granting of restricted stock, and the vesting of performance shares. A summary of the Company’s stock-based compensation cost is presented below:
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Selling and general expenses |  | $4,607 |  |  |  | $3,752 |  |  |  | $7,100 |
Cost of sales | 487 |  |  | 635 |  |  | 678 |
Timber and Timberlands, net (a) | 42 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 91 |
Total stock-based compensation |  | $5,136 |  |  |  | $4,484 |  |  |  | $7,869 |
Tax benefit recognized related to stock-based compensation expense (b) |  | $483 |  |  |  | $302 |  |  |  | $1,714 |
(a) | Represents amounts capitalized as part of the overhead allocation of timber-related costs.
(b) | A valuation allowance is recorded against the tax benefit recognized as the Company does not expect to be able to realize the benefit in the future.
As a result of the spin-off and pursuant to the Employee Matters Agreement, the Company made certain adjustments to the exercise price and number of Rayonier stock-based compensation awards. For additional information on the spin-off of the Performance Fibers business, see Note 23 — Discontinued Operations. Fair Value Calculations by Award Restricted Stock Restricted stock granted to employees under the Stock Plan generally vests in thirds on the third, fourth, and fifth anniversary of the grant date. Periodically, other one-time restricted stock grants are issued to employees for special purposes, such as new hire, promotion or retention, and can vest ratably over, or upon completion of, a defined period of time. Restricted stock granted to members of the board of directors generally vests immediately upon issuance and is subject to certain holding requirements. The fair value of each share granted is equal to the share price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. Rayonier has elected to value each grant in total and recognize the expense on a straight-line basis from the grant date of the award to the latest vesting date. Restricted stock was impacted by the spin-off as follows:
• | Holders of Rayonier restricted stock, including Rayonier non-employee directors, retained those awards and also received restricted stock of Rayonier Advanced Materials, in an amount that reflects the distribution to Rayonier stockholders, by applying the distribution ratio (one share of Rayonier Advanced Materials for every three shares of Rayonier stock held) to Rayonier restricted stock awards as though they were unrestricted Rayonier common shares.
• | Performance share awards granted in 2013 (with a 2013-2015 performance period) were cancelled as of the distribution date and were replaced with time-vested restricted stock of the post-separation employer of each holder (Rayonier or Rayonier Advanced Materials, as the case may be). The restricted shares vested 24 months after the distribution date, generally subject to the holder’s continued employment. The number of shares of restricted stock granted was determined in a manner intended to preserve the original value of the performance share award.
The Company compared the fair value of the reissued restricted stock held by Rayonier employees with the fair value of the restricted stock and 2013 performance share awards immediately before the modification. The replacement of the 2013 performance share awards with restricted stock resulted in $0.7 million of incremental value. After adjusting the incremental value for cancellations, the additional expense that was recognized over the two-year vesting period that ended in the second quarter of 2016 totaled $0.4 million. As of December 31, 2016, there was $4.1 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to Rayonier and Rayonier Advanced Materials restricted stock held by Rayonier employees. The Company expects to recognize this cost over a weighted average period of 3.3 years. A summary of the Company’s restricted shares is presented below:
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Restricted shares granted | 106,326 |  |  | 96,088 |  |  | 186,783 |
Weighted average price of restricted shares granted |  | $25.08 |  |  |  | $26.28 |  |  |  | $36.42 |
Intrinsic value of restricted stock outstanding (a) | 6,177 |  |  | 4,434 |  |  | 5,142 |
Grant date fair value of restricted stock vested | 2,248 |  |  | 2,632 |  |  | 1,318 |
Cash used to purchase common shares from current and former employees to pay minimum withholding tax requirements on restricted shares vested |  | $178 |  |  |  | $122 |  |  |  | $24 |
(a) | Intrinsic value of restricted stock outstanding is based on the market price of the Company’s stock at December 31, 2016.
| 2016
| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested Restricted Shares at January 1, | 199,739 |  |  |  | $33.09 |
Granted | 106,326 |  |  | 25.08 |
Vested | (66,444 | ) |  | 33.83 |
Cancelled | (7,390 | ) |  | 25.58 |
Non-vested Restricted Shares at December 31, | 232,231 |  | (a) |  | $29.47 |
(a) | Represents all Rayonier restricted shares outstanding as of December 31, 2016, including restricted share awards held by Rayonier Advanced Materials employees.
Performance Share Units The Company’s performance share units generally vest upon completion of a three-year period. The number of shares, if any, that are ultimately awarded is contingent upon Rayonier’s total shareholder return versus selected peer group companies. The performance share payout is based on a market condition and as such, the awards are valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The model generates the fair value of the award at the grant date, which is then recognized as expense over the vesting period. Performance share awards outstanding as of the spin-off were treated as follows:
• | Performance share awards granted in 2012 (with a 2012-2014 performance period) remained subject to the same performance criteria as applied immediately prior to the spin-off, except that total shareholder return at the end of the performance period was based on the combined stock prices of Rayonier and Rayonier Advanced Materials and any payment earned was to be in shares of Rayonier common stock and shares of Rayonier Advanced Materials common stock.
• | Performance share awards granted in 2013 (with a 2013-2015 performance period) were cancelled as of the distribution date and were replaced with time-vested restricted stock of the post-separation employer of each holder, as discussed in the Restricted Stock section above.
• | Performance share awards granted in 2014 (with a 2014-2016 performance period) were cancelled and replaced with performance share awards of the post-separation employer of each holder (Rayonier or Rayonier Advanced Materials, as the case may be), and were subject to the achievement of performance criteria that related to the post-separation business of the applicable employer during a performance period that ended December 31, 2016. The number of shares underlying each such performance share award were determined in a manner intended to preserve the original value of the award.
A comparison of the fair value of modified performance share awards held by Rayonier employees with the fair value of the awards immediately before the modification did not yield any incremental value. As such, the Company did not record any incremental compensation expense related to performance shares. The replacement of the 2013 performance share awards with time-vested restricted stock did result in incremental compensation expense, as discussed above. The Stock Plan allows for the cash settlement of the minimum required withholding tax on performance share unit awards. As of December 31, 2016, there was $3.7 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to the Company’s performance share unit awards, which is solely attributable to awards granted in 2015 and 2016 to Rayonier employees. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years. A summary of the Company’s performance share units is presented below:
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Common shares of Company stock reserved for performance shares granted during year | 250,584 |  |  | 219,844 |  |  | 130,164 |
Weighted average fair value of performance share units granted |  | $28.79 |  |  |  | $29.62 |  |  |  | $40.33 |
Intrinsic value of outstanding performance share units (a) | 7,482 |  |  | 3,822 |  |  | 5,840 |
Fair value of performance shares vested | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Cash used to purchase common shares from current and former employees to pay minimum withholding tax requirements on performance shares vested | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | $1,834 |
(a) | Intrinsic value of outstanding performance share units is based on the market price of the Company's stock at December 31, 2016.
| 2016
| Number of Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding Performance Share units at January 1, | 172,156 |  |  |  | $33.12 |
Granted | 126,096 |  |  | 28.79 |
Other Cancellations/Adjustments | (16,964 | ) |  | 30.35 |
Outstanding Performance Share units at December 31, | 281,288 |  |  |  | $31.35 |
Expected volatility was estimated using daily returns on the Company’s common stock for the three-year period ending on the grant date. The risk-free rate was based on the 3-year U.S. treasury rate on the date of the award. The dividend yield was not used to calculate fair value as awards granted receive dividend equivalents. The following table provides an overview of the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of the awards granted for the three years ended December 31, 2016:
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 (a)
Expected volatility | 25.4 | % |  | 21.9 | % |  | 19.7 | %
Risk-free rate | 0.9 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  | 0.7 | %
(a) | Represents assumptions used in the July 2014 valuation of re-issued 2014 performance share units with a remaining term of 2.5 years. The initial fair value of the 2014 awards assumed an expected volatility of 22.8% and a risk-free rate of 0.8%.
Non-Qualified Employee Stock Options The exercise price of each non-qualified stock option granted under the Stock Plan is equal to the closing market price of the Company’s stock on the grant date. Under the Stock Plan, the maximum term is ten years from the grant date. Awards vest ratably over three years. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The expected volatility is based on historical volatility for each grant and is calculated using the historical change in the daily market price of the Company’s common stock over the expected life of the award. The expected life is based on prior exercise behavior. The Company has elected to value each grant in total and recognize the expense for stock options on a straight-line basis over three years. At the time of the spin-off, each Rayonier stock option was converted into an adjusted Rayonier stock option and a Rayonier Advanced Materials stock option. The exercise price and number of shares subject to each stock option were adjusted in order to preserve the aggregate value of the original Rayonier stock option as measured immediately before and immediately after the spin-off. A comparison of the fair value of modified awards held by Rayonier employees, including options in both Rayonier and Rayonier Advanced Materials shares, with the fair value of the awards immediately before the modification did not yield any incremental value. As such, the Company did not record any incremental compensation expense related to stock options. The following table provides an overview of the weighted average assumptions and related fair value calculations of options granted for the year ended December 31, 2014 as no options were granted during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016:
| 2014 (a)
Expected volatility | 39.3 | %
Dividend yield | 4.6 | %
Risk-free rate | 2.2 | %
Expected life (in years) | 6.3 |
Fair value per share of options granted (b) |  | $10.58 |
Fair value of options granted (in millions) |  | $3.2 |
(a) | The majority of 2014 stock option awards were granted prior to the spin-off. As such, the weighted average assumptions and fair values reflect pre-spin information, including dividends, stock prices and grants to Rayonier Advanced Materials employees in addition to Rayonier employees.
(b) | The fair value per share of each option grant was adjusted at the spin-off to preserve the aggregate value of the original Rayonier stock option. The adjusted weighted average fair value per share applied to Rayonier employee awards was $8.23 for 2014 grants.
A summary of the status of the Company’s stock options as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016 is presented below. The information reflects options in Rayonier common shares, including those awards held by Rayonier Advanced Materials employees.
| 2016
| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price (per common share) |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Options outstanding at January 1, | 1,219,734 |  |  |  | $27.80 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (81,895 | ) |  | 19.56 |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled or expired | (58,039 | ) |  | 32.66 |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding at December 31, | 1,079,800 |  |  | 28.16 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | $2,640 |
Options exercisable at December 31, | 1,001,311 |  |  |  | $27.90 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | $2,640 |
A summary of additional information pertaining to the Company’s stock options is presented below:
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Intrinsic value of options exercised (a) |  | $539 |  |  |  | $773 |  |  |  | $4,044 |
Fair value of options vested | 1,317 |  |  | 1,938 |  |  | 3,054 |
Cash received from exercise of options | 1,576 |  |  | 2,117 |  |  | 5,579 |
(a) | Intrinsic value of options exercised is the amount by which the fair value of the stock on the exercise date exceeded the exercise price of the option.
As of December 31, 2016, there was a de minimis amount of unrecognized compensation cost related to Rayonier and Rayonier Advanced Materials stock options held by the Company’s employees that is expected to be fully recognized in the first half of 2017.

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- Definition Tabular disclosure of components of a stock option or other award plan under which equity-based compensation is awarded to employees, typically comprised of the amount of unearned compensation (deferred compensation cost), compensation expense, and changes in the quantity and fair value of the shares (or other type of equity) granted, exercised, forfeited, and issued and outstanding pertaining to that plan. Disclosure may also include nature and general terms of such arrangements that existed during the period and potential effects of those arrangements on shareholders, effect of compensation cost arising from equity-based payment arrangements on the income statement, method of estimating the fair value of the goods or services received, or the fair value of the equity instruments granted, during the period, cash flow effects resulting from equity-based payment arrangements and, for registrants that accelerate vesting of out of the money share options, reasons for the decision to accelerate. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5070-113901 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5047-113901 + Details
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