As of June 30, 2018, the changes in redeemable noncontrolling interests, total stockholders’ equity and noncontrolling interests were as follows (in thousands):



	Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests			Total Stockholders' Equity			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity
Balance — December 31, 2017	$	123,801		$	881,582		$	358,934		$	1,240,516
Exercise of stock options	—			8,068			—			8,068
Issuance of restricted stock units, net of tax withholdings	—			(4,878		)	—			(4,878		)
Shares issued in connection with the Employee Stock Purchase Plan	—			1,755			—			1,755
Stock based compensation	—			16,251			—			16,251
Contributions from noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests	51,447			—			116,021			116,021
Distributions to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests	(5,385		)	—			(29,396		)	(29,396		)
Net income (loss)	(39,934		)	35,441			(158,654		)	(123,213		)
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes	—			20,197			—			20,197
Balance — June 30, 2018	$	129,929		$	958,416		$	286,905		$	1,245,321

As of June 30, 2017, the changes in redeemable noncontrolling interests, total stockholders’ equity and noncontrolling interests were as follows (in thousands):



	Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests			Total Stockholders' Equity			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity
Balance — December 31, 2016	$	140,996		$	742,771		$	252,957		$	995,728
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-16 and ASU 2016-09	—			2,996			—			2,996
Exercise of stock options	—			529			—			529
Issuance of restricted stock units, net of tax withholdings	—			(2,099		)	—			(2,099		)
Shares issued in connection with the Employee Stock Purchase Plan	—			1,145			—			1,145
Stock based compensation	—			11,416			—			11,416
Contributions from noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests	75,169			—			231,123			231,123
Distributions to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests	(7,666		)	—			(19,527		)	(19,527		)
Net income (loss)	(44,366		)	28,228			(132,627		)	(104,399		)
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes	—			(3,569		)	—			(3,569		)
Balance — June 30, 2017	$	164,133		$	781,417		$	331,926		$	1,113,343