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Pension and Other Employee Benefits | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Pension And Employee Benefits [Abstract] |
Pension and Other Employee Benefits | 26. Pension and Other Employee Benefits Pension Defined Benefit Pension Plans PLDT has defined benefit pension plans, operating under the legal name “The Board of Trustees for the account of the Beneficial Trust Fund created pursuant to the Benefit Plan of PLDT Co.” and covering all of our permanent and regular employees. Certain subsidiaries of PLDT have not yet drawn up a specific retirement plan for its permanent or regular employees. For the purpose of complying with Revised PAS 19, Employee Benefits, pension benefit expense has been actuarially computed based on defined benefit plan. PLDT’s actuarial valuation is performed every year-end. Based on the latest actuarial valuation, the actual present value of accrued (prepaid) benefit costs, net periodic benefit costs and average assumptions used in developing the valuation as at and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  |  |  | (in million pesos) |  |
Changes in the present value of defined benefit obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Present value of defined benefit obligations at beginning of the year |  |  | 22,298 |  |  |  | 28,197 |  |  |  | 22,638 |
Interest costs on benefit obligation |  |  | 1,173 |  |  |  | 922 |  |  |  | 1,056 |
Service costs |  |  | 1,093 |  |  |  | 1,614 |  |  |  | 1,313 |
Actuarial losses on obligations – experience |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 538 |  |  |  | 265 |
Actual benefits paid/settlements |  |  | (102 | ) |  |  | (3,471 | ) |  |  | (369 | )
Actuarial losses on obligations – economic assumptions |  |  | (3,972 | ) |  |  | (5,502 | ) |  |  | 3,507 |
Curtailment and others |  |  | (4,685 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (213 | )
Present value of defined benefit obligations at end of the year |  |  | 15,883 |  |  |  | 22,298 |  |  |  | 28,197 |
Changes in fair value of plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of the year |  |  | 14,683 |  |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |  | 13,724 |
Actual contributions |  |  | 6,359 |  |  |  | 3,614 |  |  |  | 3,227 |
Interest income on plan assets |  |  | 983 |  |  |  | 605 |  |  |  | 322 |
Return on plan assets (excluding amount included in net interest) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,065 | ) |  |  | (1,904 | )
Actual gain on plan assets |  |  | (421 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Actual benefits paid/settlements |  |  | (5,313 | ) |  |  | (3,471 | ) |  |  | (369 | )
Fair value of plan assets at end of the year |  |  | 16,291 |  |  |  | 14,683 |  |  |  | 15,000 |
Unfunded status – net |  |  | 408 |  |  |  | (7,615 | ) |  |  | (13,197 | )
Accrued benefit costs |  |  | 482 |  |  |  | 7,760 |  |  |  | 13,342 |
Prepaid benefit costs (Note 19) |  |  | 890 |  |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | 145 |
Components of net periodic benefit costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service costs |  |  | 1,093 |  |  |  | 1,614 |  |  |  | 1,313 |
Interest costs - net |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | 317 |  |  |  | 734 |
Curtailment/settlement gains and other adjustments |  |  | 261 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (99 | )
Net periodic benefit costs (Note 5) |  |  | 1,544 |  |  |  | 1,931 |  |  |  | 1,948 |
Actual net gain on plan assets amounted to Php 562 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, while actual net loss on plan assets amounted to Php 460 million and Php 1,582 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Based on the latest actuarial valuation, our expected contribution to the defined benefit plan in 2023 will amount to Php 4,613 million. The following table sets forth the expected future settlements by the Plan of maturing defined benefit obligation as at December 31, 2022:
|  | (in million pesos) |
2023 |  |  | 261 |
2024 |  |  | 317 |
2025 |  |  | 433 |
2026 |  |  | 826 |
2027 |  |  | 1,077 |
2028 to 2032 |  |  | 11,904 |
The average duration of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period is 10.91 years. The weighted average assumptions used to determine pension benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Rate of increase in compensation |  |  | 5.7 | % |  |  | 5.7 | % |  |  | 6.0 | %
Discount rate |  |  | 7.3 | % |  |  | 5.3 | % |  |  | 3.5 | %
The sensitivity analysis below has been determined based on reasonably possible changes of each significant assumption on the defined benefit obligation as at December 31, 2022 and 2021, assuming if all other assumptions were held constant:
|  | Increase (Decrease) |
|  | (in million pesos) |
Discount rate |  | 1% |  |  | (14,223 | )
|  | (1%) |  |  | 17,579 |
Future salary increases |  | 1% |  |  | 17,587 |
|  | (1%) |  |  | (4,189 | )
PLDT’s Retirement Plan The Board of Trustees, which manages the beneficial trust fund, is composed of: (i) a member of the Board of Directors of PLDT, who is not a beneficiary of the Plan; (ii) a member of the Board of Directors or a senior officer of PLDT, who is a beneficiary of the Plan; (iii) a senior member of the executive staff of PLDT; and (iv) two persons who are not executives nor employees of PLDT. Benefits are payable in the event of termination of employment due to: (i) compulsory, optional, or deferred retirement; (ii) death while in active service; (iii) physical disability; (iv) voluntary resignation; or (v) involuntary separation from service. For a plan member with less than 15 years of credited services, retirement benefit is equal to 100% of final compensation for every year of service. For those with at least 15 years of service, retirement benefit is equal to 125% of final compensation for every year of service, with such percentage to be increased by an additional 5% for each completed year of service in excess of 15 years, but not to exceed a maximum of 200%. In case of voluntary resignation after attainment of age 40 and completion of at least 15 years of credited service, benefit is equal to a percentage of his vested retirement benefit, in accordance with percentages prescribed in the retirement plan. The Board of Trustees of the beneficial trust fund uses an investment approach with the objective of maximizing the long-term expected return of plan assets. The majority of the Plan’s investment portfolio consists of listed and unlisted equity securities while the remaining portion consists of passive investments like temporary cash investments and fixed income investments. The plan assets are primarily exposed to financial risks such as liquidity risk and price risk. Liquidity risk pertains to the plan’s ability to meet its obligation to the employees upon retirement. To effectively manage liquidity risk, the Board of Trustees invests at least the equivalent amount of actuarially computed expected compulsory retirement benefit payments for the year to liquid/semi-liquid assets such as government securities, savings and time deposits with commercial banks. Price risk pertains mainly to fluctuations in market prices of equity securities listed in the PSE. In order to effectively manage price risk, the Board of Trustees continuously assesses these risks by closely monitoring the market value of the securities and implementing prudent investment strategies. The following table sets forth the fair values, which are equal to the carrying values, of PLDT’s plan assets recognized as at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  |  |  | (in million pesos) |
Noncurrent Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unquoted equity investments |  |  | 13,509 |  |  |  | 11,332 |
Shares of stock |  |  | 1,913 |  |  |  | 2,316 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | 242 |
Mutual funds |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 7 |
Government securities |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 17 |
Total noncurrent financial assets |  |  | 15,876 |  |  |  | 13,914 |
Current Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 410 |  |  |  | 518 |
Receivables |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 5 |
Total current financial assets |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | 523 |
Total PLDT’s Plan Assets |  |  | 16,294 |  |  |  | 14,437 |
Subsidiaries Plan Assets |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 246 |
Total Plan Assets of Defined Benefit Pension Plans |  |  | 16,291 |  |  |  | 14,683 |
Investment in shares of stocks is valued using the latest bid price at the reporting date. Investments in corporate bonds, mutual funds and government securities are valued using the quoted market prices at reporting date. Unquoted Equity Investments As at December 31, 2022 and 2021, this account consists of:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | Percentage of Ownership |  |  |  |  | (in million pesos) |
MediaQuest |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 12,634 |  |  |  | 10,508 |
Tahanan Mutual Building and Loan Association, Inc., or TMBLA, (net of subscriptions payable of Php 32 million) |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 625 |  |  |  | 584 |
BTFHI |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 240 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,509 |  |  |  | 11,332 |
Investments in MediaQuest MediaQuest was registered with the Philippine SEC on June 29, 1999 primarily to purchase, subscribe for or otherwise acquire and own, hold, use, manage, sell, assign, transfer, mortgage, pledge, exchange, or otherwise dispose of real and personal property or every kind and description, and to pay thereof in whole or in part, in cash or by exchanging, stocks, bonds and other evidences of indebtedness or securities of this any other corporation. Its investments include common shares of stocks of various communication, broadcasting and media entities. Investments in MediaQuest are carried at fair value. The VIU calculations were derived from cash flow projections over a period of five years based on the 2021 financial budgets approved by the MediaQuest’s Board of Directors and calculated terminal value. Other key assumptions used in the cash flow projections include revenue growth rate, direct costs and capital expenditures. The post-tax discount rates applied to cash flow projections range from 11.4% to 11.8%. Cash flows beyond the five-year period are determined using 0.0% to 4.8% growth rates. On May 8, 2012, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund approved the issuance by MediaQuest of PDRs amounting to Php 6 billion. The underlying shares of these PDRs are the shares of stocks of Cignal TV held by MediaQuest through Satventures (Cignal TV PDRs). On the same date, MediaQuest Board of Directors approved the investment in Cignal TV PDRs by ePLDT, which gave ePLDT a 40% economic interest in Cignal TV. In June 2012, MediaQuest received a deposit for future PDRs subscription of Php 4 billion from ePLDT. Additional deposits of Php 1 billion each were received on July 6, 2012 and August 9, 2012. On January 25, 2013, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund and the MediaQuest Board of Directors approved the issuance of additional MediaQuest PDRs amounting to Php 3.6 billion. The underlying shares of these additional PDRs are the shares of Satventures held by MediaQuest (Satventures PDRs), the holder of which will have a 40% economic interest in Satventures. Satventures is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MediaQuest and the investment vehicle for Cignal TV. From March to August 2013, MediaQuest received from ePLDT an amount aggregating to Php 3.6 billion representing deposits for future PDRs subscription. The Satventures PDRs and Cignal TV PDRs were subsequently issued on September 27, 2013, providing ePLDT an effective 64% economic interest in Cignal TV. Also, on January 25, 2013, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund and the MediaQuest Board of Directors approved the issuance of additional MediaQuest PDRs amounting to Php 1.95 billion. The underlying shares of these additional PDRs are the shares of stocks of Hastings held by MediaQuest (Hastings PDRs). Hastings is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MediaQuest, which holds all the print-related investments of MediaQuest, including equity interests in the three leading newspapers: The Philippine Star, Philippine Daily Inquirer, and Business World. From June 2013 to October 2013, MediaQuest received from ePLDT an amount aggregating to Php 1.95 billion representing deposits for future PDRs subscription. On February 19, 2014, ePLDT’s Board of Directors approved an additional Php 500 million investment in Hastings PDRs. On March 11, 2014, MediaQuest received from ePLDT an amount aggregating to Php 300 million representing deposits for future PDRs subscription. As at December 31, 2014, total deposit for PDRs subscription amounted to Php 2,250 million. On May 21, 2015, ePLDT’s Board of Directors approved an additional Php 800 million investment in Hastings PDRs and settlement of the Php 200 million balance of the Php 500 million Hastings PDR investment in 2014. Subsequently, on May 30, 2015, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund and the Board of Directors of MediaQuest approved the issuance of Php 3,250 million Hastings PDRs. This provided ePLDT with 70% economic interest in Hastings. In February 2018, ePLDT entered into a Deed of Assignment with the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund transferring the Hastings PDRs for Php 1,664 million. In 2019 and 2020, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund approved additional investment in MediaQuest amounting to Php 3,100 million and Php 1,400 million, respectively, to fund MediaQuest’s investment requirements. The full amounts were fully drawn by MediaQuest during 2019 and 2020. In 2021 and 2022, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund approved the additional investment in MediaQuest to fund its cash requirements amounting to Php 2,000 million and Php 1,000 million, respectively. As at December 31, 2022, both investments were already fully drawn by MediaQuest. Investment in TMBLA TMBLA was incorporated for the primary purpose of accumulating the savings of its stockholders and lending funds to them for housing programs. The beneficial trust fund’s total investment into TMBLA amounted to Php 119 million consisting of initial direct subscription in shares of stocks of TMBLA in the amount of Php 20 million (net of unpaid subscription amounting to Php 32 million) and subsequently via a Deed of Pledge amounting to Php 99 million. The cumulative change in the fair market values of this investment amounted to Php 494 million and Php 465 million as at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Investment in BTFHI BTFHI was incorporated for the primary purpose of acquiring voting preferred shares in PLDT and while the owner, holder of possessor thereof, to exercise all the rights, powers, and privileges of ownership or any other interest therein. On October 26, 2012, BTFHI subscribed to a total of 150 million shares of Voting Preferred Stock of PLDT at a subscription price of Php 1.00 per share for a total subscription price of Php 150 million. Total cash dividend income amounted to Php 10 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Dividend receivables amounted to Php 2 million each as at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Shares of Stocks As at December 31, 2022 and 2021, this account consists of:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  |  |  | (in million pesos) |
Common shares |  |  |  |  |  |
PSE |  |  | 1,054 |  |  |  | 1,401 |
PLDT |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 48 |
Others |  |  | 464 |  |  |  | 507 |
Preferred shares |  |  | 360 |  |  |  | 360 |
|  |  | 1,913 |  |  |  | 2,316 |
Dividends earned on PLDT common shares amounted to Php 3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and Php 2 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Preferred shares represent 300 million unlisted preferred shares of PLDT at Php 10 par value, net of subscription payable of Php 2,640 million as at December 31, 2022 and 2021. These shares, which bear dividend of 13.5% per annum based on the paid-up subscription price, are cumulative, non-convertible and redeemable at par value at the option of PLDT. Dividends earned on this investment amounted to Php 49 million, Php 47 million and Php 49 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Corporate Bonds Investment in corporate bonds includes various long-term peso and dollar denominated bonds with maturities ranging from July 2022 to September 2027 and fixed interest rates from 3.25% to 6.94% per annum. Government Securities Investments in government securities includes Retail Treasury Bonds bearing an interest rate of 3.7% per annum. This security is fully guaranteed by the government of the Republic of the Philippines. Mutual Funds Investment in mutual funds includes UITF, bond and equity funds, which aims to out-perform benchmarks in various indices as part of its investment strategy. The allocation of the fair value of the assets for the PLDT pension plan as at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Investments in listed and unlisted equity securities |  |  | 95 | % |  |  | 94 | %
Temporary cash investments |  |  | 2 | % |  |  | 4 | %
Debt and fixed income securities |  |  | 2 | % |  |  | 2 | %
Mutual funds |  |  | 1 | % |  |  | — |
|  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | %
Defined Contribution Plans Smart’s and certain of its subsidiaries’ contributions to the plan are made based on the employees’ years of tenure and range from 5% to 10% of the employee’s monthly salary. Additionally, an employee has an option to make a personal contribution to the fund, at an amount not exceeding 10% of his monthly salary. The employer then provides an additional contribution to the fund ranging from 10% to 50% of the employee’s contribution based on the employee’s years of tenure. Although the plan has a defined contribution format, Smart and certain of its subsidiaries regularly monitor their compliance with Republic Act No. 7641. As at December 31, 2022 and 2021, Smart and certain of its subsidiaries were in compliance with the requirements of Republic Act No. 7641. Smart’s and certain of its subsidiaries’ actuarial valuation is performed every year-end. Based on the latest actuarial valuation, the actual present value of prepaid benefit costs, net periodic benefit costs and average assumptions used in developing the valuation as at and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  |  |  | (in million pesos) |  |
Changes in the present value of defined benefit obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Present value of defined benefit obligations at beginning of the year |  |  | 3,264 |  |  |  | 2,775 |  |  |  | 2,813 |
Service costs |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 313 |  |  |  | 294 |
Interest costs on benefit obligation |  |  | 156 |  |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 118 |
Actuarial losses – economic assumptions |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | 28 |
Actuarial losses – experience |  |  | (216 | ) |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 69 |
Actual benefits paid/settlements |  |  | (396 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (567 | )
Curtailment and others |  |  | (273 | ) |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 20 |
Present value of defined benefit obligations at end of the year |  |  | 2,777 |  |  |  | 3,264 |  |  |  | 2,775 |
Changes in fair value of plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of the year |  |  | 4,137 |  |  |  | 3,651 |  |  |  | 3,084 |
Actual contributions |  |  | 299 |  |  |  | 306 |  |  |  | 282 |
Interest income on plan assets |  |  | 213 |  |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 142 |
Return on plan assets (excluding amount included in net interest) |  |  | (322 | ) |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 143 |
Actual benefits paid/settlements |  |  | (842 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Others |  |  | — |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | — |
Fair value of plan assets at end of the year |  |  | 3,485 |  |  |  | 4,137 |  |  |  | 3,651 |
Funded status – net |  |  | 708 |  |  |  | 873 |  |  |  | 876 |
Prepaid benefit costs (Note 19) |  |  | 708 |  |  |  | 873 |  |  |  | 876 |
Components of net periodic benefit costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service costs |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 313 |  |  |  | 294 |
Interest costs - net |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | (24 | )
Curtailment/settlement gains and other adjustments |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit costs (Note 5) |  |  | 205 |  |  |  | 282 |  |  |  | 270 |
Actual net loss on plan assets amounted to Php 109 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, while actual net gains on plan assets amounted to Php 114 million and Php 285 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Based on the latest actuarial valuation, Smart and certain of its subsidiaries expect to contribute the amount of approximately Php 309 million to the plan in 2023. The following table sets forth the expected future settlements by the Plan of maturing defined benefit obligation as at December 31, 2022:
|  | (in million pesos) |
2023 |  |  | 81 |
2024 |  |  | 143 |
2025 |  |  | 142 |
2026 |  |  | 210 |
2027 |  |  | 216 |
2028 to 2062 |  |  | 2,163 |
The average duration of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period is 10 years. The weighted average assumptions used to determine pension benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Rate of increase in compensation |  |  | 5.0 | % |  |  | 5.0 | % |  |  | 5.0 | %
Discount rate |  |  | 7.3 | % |  |  | 5.0 | % |  |  | 3.5 | %
The sensitivity analysis below has been determined based on reasonably possible changes of each significant assumption on the defined benefit obligation as at December 31, 2021 and 2020, assuming if all other assumptions were held constant:
|  | Increase (Decrease) |
|  | (in million pesos) |
Discount rate |  | (0.1%) |  |  | (4 | )
|  | 0.2% |  |  | 614 |
Future salary increases |  | 0.2% |  |  | 614 |
|  | (0.1%) |  |  | (4 | )
Smart’s Retirement Plan The fund is being managed and invested by BPI Asset Management and Trust Corporation, as Trustee, pursuant to an amended trust agreement dated February 21, 2012. The plan’s investment portfolio seeks to achieve regular income, long-term capital growth and consistent performance over its own portfolio benchmark. In order to attain this objective, the Trustee’s mandate is to invest in a diversified portfolio of bonds and equities, both domestic and international. The portfolio mix is kept at 70% and 30% for fixed income securities and equity securities, respectively. The following table sets forth the fair values, which are equal to the carrying values, of Smart’s plan assets recognized as at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  |  |  | (in million pesos) |
Noncurrent Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic fixed income |  |  | 2,152 |  |  |  | 2,833 |
Domestic equities |  |  | 676 |  |  |  | 997 |
International fixed income |  |  | 222 |  |  |  | 558 |
Philippine foreign currency bonds |  |  | 220 |  |  |  | 224 |
International equities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 844 |
Total noncurrent financial assets |  |  | 3,270 |  |  |  | 5,456 |
Current Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 1,411 |  |  |  | 37 |
Total current financial assets |  |  | 1,411 |  |  |  | 37 |
Total plan assets |  |  | 4,681 |  |  |  | 5,493 |
Less: Employee’s share, forfeitures and mandatory reserve account |  |  | 1,196 |  |  |  | 1,356 |
Total Plan Assets of Defined Contribution Plans |  |  | 3,485 |  |  |  | 4,137 |
Domestic Fixed Income Investments in domestic fixed income include Philippine Peso denominated bonds, such as government securities and corporate debt securities, with fixed interest rates from 3.00% to 10.13% per annum. Domestic Equities Investments in domestic equities include direct equity investments in common shares listed in the PSE. These investments earn on stock price appreciation and dividend payments. This includes investment in PLDT shares with fair value of Php 21 million and Php 45 million as at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. International Equities Investments in international equities include exchange traded funds managed by BlackRock. Philippine Foreign Currency Bonds Investments in Philippine foreign currency bonds include U.S. Dollar denominated fixed income instruments issued by the Philippine government and local corporations with fixed interest rates from 2.95% to 10.63% per annum. International Fixed Income Investments in international fixed income include exchange traded funds in iSHARES U.S. Treasury Bond ETF and iSHARES International Treasury Bond ETF. Cash and Cash Equivalents This pertains to the fund’s excess liquidity in Philippine Peso and U.S. Dollars including investments in time deposits, money market funds and other deposit products of banks with duration or tenor less than a year. The asset allocation of the Plan is set and reviewed from time to time by the Plan Trustees taking into account the membership profile, the liquidity requirements of the Plan and risk appetite of the Plan sponsor. This considers the expected benefit cash flows to be matched with asset durations. The plan assets are primarily exposed to financial risks such as liquidity risk and price risk. Liquidity risk pertains to the plan’s ability to meet its obligation to the employees upon retirement. To effectively manage liquidity risk, the Plan Trustees invest a portion of the fund in readily tradeable and liquid investments which can be sold at any given time to fund liquidity requirements. Price risk pertains mainly to fluctuations in market prices of equity securities listed in the PSE. In order to effectively manage price risk, the Plan Trustees continuously assess these risks by closely monitoring the market value of the securities and implementing prudent investment strategies. The allocation of the fair value of Smart and certain of its subsidiaries pension plan assets as at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Investments in debt and fixed income securities and others |  |  | 86 | % |  |  | 67 | %
Investments in listed and unlisted equity securities |  |  | 14 | % |  |  | 33 | %
|  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | %
Other Long-term Employee Benefits TIP In 2017, the Board of Directors of PLDT approved the TIP which intended to provide incentive compensation to key officers, executives and other eligible participants who are consistent performers and contributors to the Company’s strategic and financial goals, based on the achievement of telco core income targets. The program was divided into two cycles. Cycle 1 covered the performance period from 2017 to 2019, was in the form of PLDT common shares of stocks and later modified to a mix of equity shares and cash grants, and was released in three annual grants. Cycle 2 covered the performance period from 2020 to 2021, was settled in cash and was released in 2022. TIP was administered by the ECC. LTIP On December 23, 2021, the ECC approved the LTIP covering the years 2022 to 2026, covering two cycles, based on the achievement of telco core income targets, with additional performance metrics on Customer Experience and Sustainability to impact the LTIP pay-out. Cycle 1 covers performance period from 2022 to 2024. Payout will be split at the end of the 2nd year and at the end of the 3rd year, based on the achievement of performance targets. Cycle 2 covers performance period from 2025 and 2026, and is subject to the ECC’s further evaluation and approval of the final terms. The expense accrued for the LTIP amounted to Php 1,272 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and expense accrued for the TIP amounted to Php 1,186 million and Php 1,134 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The accrued incentive payable amounted to Php 1,294 million and Php 2,384 million as at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See Note 3 – Management’s Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions – Estimating Pension Benefit Costs and Other Employee Benefits and Note 5 – Income and Expenses – Compensation and Employee Benefits.

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