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EQUITY
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Equity [Abstract]  
EQUITY EQUITY
The Company has awards outstanding under its 2017, 2020 and 2021 Share Compensation Plans which include stock options, DSUs, RSUs and PSUs up to an aggregate total of 4.5% of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock. There are 7,420,000 shares available for issuance under the Share Compensation Plans.
Stock-based compensation expense
Stock-based compensation expense has been recognized as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Cost of sales (1)
$
536 
$
797 
$
1,105 
General and administrative expense
4,634 5,579 11,867 
Exploration, evaluation and reclamation expense
— 97 105 
Other operating expenses, net
— — 1,722 
$
5,170 
$
6,473 
$
14,799 
(1)    Excludes depreciation, depletion, and amortization.

Deferred share units
Non-executive directors may elect to receive all or a portion of their annual compensation in the form of DSUs which are linked to the value of the Company's common stock. DSUs are issued on a quarterly basis at the market value of the Company's common stock at the date of grant. DSUs vest immediately and are redeemable in cash. 50% of a director's DSUs will be automatically redeemed on each of the following dates: (i) three months following the date the eligible director ceases to be a director of the Company and (ii) the earlier of fifteen months following, or December 31 of the calendar year following the date the eligible director ceases to be a director of the Company. In connection with the acquisition of Alacer, the Company issued DSU Replacement Units to replace the outstanding DSUs of Alacer. Each DSU Replacement Unit entitles the director to receive a payment in cash for the equivalent value of one common share on the date the director ceases to be a director.
The fair value of the outstanding DSUs and DSU Replacement Units at the end of each reporting period was recognized as a liability and included in Accrued liabilities and other.
During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 total cash paid to settle DSUs and DSU Replacement Units was $1.1 million, $3.4 million, and $2.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the fair value of DSUs and DSU Replacement Units granted and vested was $1.4 million, $1.2 million, and $1.4 million, respectively.
The following table summarizes the changes in DSUs and DSU Replacement Units outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands except per share amounts):
Number of Shares
Weighted Grant Date Fair Value Per ShareAggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance as of January 1, 2023
 532 
$
26.46  
Granted 93  14.59  
Exercised/Released(6)15.84 
Canceled/Forfeited —  —  
Reinvested 12  14.74  
Balance as of December 31, 2023
 631 24.58 
$
6,785 
Restricted share units
The Company grants RSUs to executives and eligible employees which vest over a period of three years. On February 10, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors indicated its intention to settle all RSUs in common shares when vested. RSUs are classified as equity and presented in Common shares.
The fair value of RSUs granted was $8.7 million, $7.3 million, and $7.2 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The fair value of RSUs vested was $4.5 million, $14.1 million, and $3.3 million, during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there was $7.0 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs expected to be recognized over approximately 2.7 years.
The following table summarizes the changes in RSUs outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands except per share amounts):
Number of SharesWeighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueAggregate intrinsic value
Balance as of January 1, 2023
 579 $21.49  
Granted
 578  15.00  
Exercised/Released
 (251) 17.81  
Canceled/Forfeited
 (114) 21.58  
Reinvested
 15  22.15  
Balance as of December 31, 2023

807 17.96 $8,679 
Performance share units
PSUs are granted to senior executives and vest after a performance period of three years. The vesting of these awards is based on the Company's actual production and return on investment compared to budget and total shareholder return in comparison to its peer group. Awards vested range from 0% to 200% of initial PSUs granted. On February 10, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors indicated its intention to settle all PSUs issued under the Company's plans in cash when vested. PSUs are classified as liabilities and included in Accrued liabilities and other.
During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, total cash paid to settle PSUs was $1.8 million, $10.5 million, and $14.3 million, respectively. The fair value of PSUs granted was $6.5 million, $5.5 million, and $11.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The fair value of PSUs vested was $3.9 million, $9.4 million, and $17.4 million, during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there was $4.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested PSUs expected to be recognized over approximately 2.2 years.
The following table summarizes the changes in PSUs outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2023:
Number of Shares
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueAggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance as of January 1, 2023
 649 
$
24.49  
Granted
 434  14.98  
Exercised/Released
 (185) 21.16  
Canceled/Forfeited
 (33) 16.27  
Reinvested
 16  16.22  
Balance as of December 31, 2023

881 20.67 $9,482 
Repurchase of common shares
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company purchased 3,966,855 of its outstanding common shares pursuant to the NCIB at an average share price of $14.20 per share for total consideration of $56.3 million. All shares were cancelled upon purchase. The difference of $1.9 million between the total amount paid and the amount deducted from common shares of $58.2 million was recorded to retained earnings. The amount deducted from common shares was determined based on the average paid in capital per common share outstanding prior to the repurchase date.
On June 16, 2023, the Company received approval of its Normal Course Issuer Bid (“2023 NCIB”) to purchase for cancellation up to 10.2 million of its common shares through the facilities of the TSX, Nasdaq or other Canadian and U.S. marketplaces over a twelve month period beginning June 20, 2023 and ending June 19, 2024. The Company has delivered notice to its designated broker to terminate the automatic share purchase plan effective March 1, 2024.
On June 19, 2023, the Normal Course Issuer Bid established as of June 20, 2022 (the “2022 NCIB”), expired. Under the 2022 NCIB, the Company was authorized to purchase for cancellation up to 10.6 million of its common shares through the facilities of the TSX, Nasdaq or other Canadian and U.S. marketplaces over a twelve month period.