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Investments | 9 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended
--- | --- | ---
Sep. 30, 2020 | Dec. 31, 2019
Investments |  |
Investments | 5. Investments Unrealized gains and losses The following tables present cost or amortized cost and fair values of investments as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 ($ in millions): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Cost or | ​ | Gross Unrealized | ​ | Fair
​ |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Value
September 30, 2020 |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
U.S. Government obligations | ​ | $ | 6.5 | ​ | $ | 0.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 6.7
Total | ​ | $ | 6.5 | ​ | $ | 0.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 6.7
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
December 31, 2019 | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
U.S. Government obligations | ​ | $ | 5.8 | ​ | $ | 0.1 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 5.9
Total | ​ | $ | 5.8 | ​ | $ | 0.1 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 5.9
​ Gross unrealized gains for U.S. Government obligations were $0.2 million and $0.1 million, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. There were no gross unrealized losses as of September 30, 2020. Gross unrealized losses were less than $0.1 million as of December 31, 2019. Gross unrealized gains and losses were recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Contractual maturities of bonds The following table presents the cost or amortized cost and estimated fair value of bonds as of September 30, 2020 by contractual maturity ($ in millions). Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of
​ | ​ | September 30, 2020
​ |  | Cost or |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Cost | ​ | Fair Value
Due in one year or less | ​ | $ | 0.1 | ​ | $ | 0.1
Due after one year through five years | ​ |  | 6.4 | ​ |  | 6.6
Due after five years through ten years | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Due after ten years | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Total | ​ | $ | 6.5 | ​ | $ | 6.7
​ Net investment income An analysis of net investment income follows ($ in millions): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three Months Ended | ​ | Nine Months Ended
​ | ​ | September 30, | ​ | September 30,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Interest on cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 0.1 | ​ | $ | 0.9 | ​ | $ | 0.9 | ​ | $ | 1.7
Bonds | ​ |  | 0.1 | ​ |  | 0.1 | ​ |  | 0.1 | ​ |  | 0.1
Short-term investments | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 0.1 | ​ |  | 0.3 | ​ |  | 0.3
Total net investment income | ​ | $ | 0.2 | ​ | $ | 1.1 | ​ | $ | 1.3 | ​ | $ | 2.1
​ Investment gains and losses The Company did not have any pre-tax net realized capital gains or losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Aging of gross unrealized losses There were no gross unrealized losses and related fair values for the Company’s available-for-sale bond securities as of September 30, 2020. The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and related fair values for the Company’s available-for-sale bond securities, grouped by duration of time in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of December 31, 2019 ($ in millions): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Less than 12 Months | ​ | 12 Months or More | ​ | Total
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Gross |  | ​ | ​ |  | Gross |  | ​ | ​ |  | Gross
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized
​ | ​ | Fair Value | ​ | Losses | ​ | Fair Value | ​ | Losses | ​ | Fair Value | ​ | Losses
December 31, 2019 |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
U.S. Government obligations | ​ | $ | 0.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2.4 | ​ | $ | —
Total | ​ | $ | 0.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2.4 | ​ | $ | —
​ There were no gross unrealized losses for U.S. Government Bonds for twelve months or more as of September 30, 2020. Gross unrealized losses for U.S. Government Bonds was less than $0.1 million for twelve months or more as of December 31, 2019. The gross unrealized investment losses as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, were deemed to be temporary, based on, among other things:
| ● | the duration of time and the relative magnitude to which fair values of these investments have been below their amortized cost was not indicative of an other than temporary impairment loss;
| ● | the absence of compelling evidence that would cause the Company to call into question the financial condition or near-term prospects of the issuer of the investment; and
| ● | the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery.
The Company may ultimately record a realized loss after having originally concluded that the decline in value was temporary. Risks and uncertainties are inherent in the methodology the Company uses to assess other-than-temporary declines in value. Risks and uncertainties could include, but are not limited to, incorrect assumptions about financial condition, liquidity or future prospects, inadequacy of any underlying collateral, and unfavorable changes in economic conditions or social trends, interest rates or credit ratings. As of September 30, 2020, the Company held a total of 7 debt securities, none of which were in an unrealized loss position continuously for 12 months or more. As of December 31, 2019, the Company held a total of 9 debt securities, 4 of which were in an unrealized loss position, continuously for 12 months or more. | 5. Investments The following tables present cost or amortized cost and fair values of investments at December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively ($ in millions): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Cost or | ​ | Gross | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | Fair
​ |  | Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Value
December 31, 2018 | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |
U.S. Government obligations | ​ | $ | 3.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3.2
Total | ​ | $ | 3.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3.2
December 31, 2019 | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
U.S. Government obligations | ​ | $ | 5.8 | ​ | $ | 0.1 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 5.9
Total | ​ | $ | 5.8 | ​ | $ | 0.1 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 5.9
​ Gross unrealized losses were less than $0.1 million for U.S. Government obligations as of December 31, 2018 and 2019. Gross unrealized gains and losses are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Contractual maturities of bonds The following table presents the cost or amortized cost and estimated fair value of bonds as of December 31, 2019 by contractual maturity ($ in millions). Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, 2019
​ | ​ | Cost or | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Cost |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less | ​ | $ | 2.3 |  | $ | 2.3
Due after one year through five years | ​ |  | 3.5 | ​ |  | 3.6
Due after five years through ten years | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Due after ten years | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Total | ​ | $ | 5.8 | ​ | $ | 5.9
​ Aging of gross unrealized losses The following tables present the gross unrealized losses and related fair values for the Company’s available-for-sale bond securities, grouped by duration of time in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 ($ in millions): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Less than 12 Months | ​ | 12 Months or More | ​ | Total
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Gross |  | ​ | ​ |  | Gross |  | ​ | ​ |  | Gross
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized
​ |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses
December 31, 2018 |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |
U.S. Government obligations | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3.2 | ​ | $ | —
Total | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3.2 | ​ | $ | —
December 31, 2019 | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
U.S. Government obligations | ​ | $ | 0.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2.4 | ​ | $ | —
Total | ​ | $ | 0.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2.2 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2.4 | ​ | $ | —
​ Gross unrealized losses for U.S. Government obligations was less than $0.1 million for twelve months or more as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The gross unrealized investment losses as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively, were deemed to be temporary, based on, among other things:
| ● | the duration of time and the relative magnitude to which fair values of these investments have been below their amortized cost was not indicative of an OTTI loss;
| ● | the absence of compelling evidence that would cause the Company to call into question the financial condition or near-term prospects of the issuer of the investment; and
| ● | the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery.
The Company may ultimately record a realized loss after having originally concluded that the decline in value was temporary. Risks and uncertainties are inherent in the methodology the Company uses to assess other-than-temporary declines in value. Risks and uncertainties could include, but are not limited to, incorrect assumptions about financial condition, liquidity or future prospects, inadequacy of any underlying collateral, and unfavorable changes in economic conditions or social trends, interest rates or credit ratings. As of December 31, 2018, the Company held a total of seven debt securities, six of which were in an unrealized loss position, continuously for 12 months or more. As of December 31, 2019, the Company held a total of nine debt securities, four of which were in an unrealized loss position continuously for 12 months or more. Special deposits Bonds with a total carrying value of $2.8 million and $5.6 million at December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively, which are included in fixed maturities available-for-sale on the balance sheets were deposited with various state insurance departments, as required, to comply with state insurance laws. The carrying value of bonds deposited with each respective state is as follows ($ in millions): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31,
U.S. State |  | 2018 |  | 2019
New York | ​ | $ | 1.6 | ​ | $ | 2.1
Washington | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1.1
Colorado | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1.1
North Carolina | ​ |  | 0.3 | ​ |  | 0.3
New Mexico | ​ |  | 0.3 | ​ |  | 0.3
Virginia | ​ |  | 0.3 | ​ |  | 0.3
Nevada | ​ |  | 0.2 | ​ |  | 0.2
Arkansas | ​ |  | 0.1 | ​ |  | 0.1
Massachusetts | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 0.1
Total | ​ | $ | 2.8 | ​ | $ | 5.6
​ Net investment income An analysis of net investment income follows ($ in millions): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31,
​ | ​ | 2018 | ​ | 2019
Interest on cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1.0 |  | $ | 2.8
Bonds | ​ |  | 0.1 | ​ |  | 0.1
Short‑term investments | ​ |  | 0.2 | ​ |  | 0.5
Net investment income | ​ | $ | 1.3 | ​ | $ | 3.4
​ Investment gains and losses The Company had no pre-tax net realized capital gains or losses for 2018 or 2019.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for investments in certain debt and equity securities. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 320 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2209399 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 946 -SubTopic 320 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2324412 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2196928 Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 940 -SubTopic 320 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2176304 + Details
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