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General (Policies)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
Business Description
Business Description
SPS Commerce is a leading provider of cloud-based supply chain management services across our global retail network. Our products make it easier for retailers, grocers, distributors, suppliers, and logistics firms to communicate and collaborate by simplifying how they manage and share item, inventory, order and sales data across omnichannel retail channels. We deliver our products using a full-service model, which includes industry-leading technology and a team of experts that optimize, update, and operate the technology on customers' behalf.
Our products enable customers to increase supply chain performance, optimize inventory levels and sell-through, reduce operational costs, improve order visibility, and satisfy consumer demands for a seamless omnichannel experience.
Basis of Presentation
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of SPS Commerce, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.
Foreign Currency Translation
Foreign Currency Translation
The functional currency of our foreign operations is generally the applicable local currency. The functional currency is translated into U.S. dollars for balance sheet accounts using current exchange rates in effect as of the balance sheet date and for revenue and expense accounts using an average exchange rate during the year. The translation adjustments are deferred as a component of other comprehensive income within the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and the consolidated statements of stockholders' equity. Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in foreign currencies are included in other income (expense), net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Use of Estimates
Use of Estimates
Preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Business Combinations
Business Combinations
We allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill.
Assets acquired include tangible and intangible assets. We use estimates and assumptions that we believe are reasonable as a part of the purchase price allocation, which includes the process to determine the value and useful lives of purchased intangible assets and the process to determine the value of any contingent consideration liabilities. We record the acquisition-date fair value of any contingent liabilities, such as earn-out provisions, as part of the consideration transferred, if present. The unsettled earn-out liability, if any, is subsequently remeasured at each reporting date at fair value through earnings.
While we believe these estimates and assumptions are reasonable, they are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. Any such adjustments would be recorded as an offset to goodwill or a working capital purchase price adjustment as applicable. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair values, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments would be recorded in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Segment Information
Segment Information
Our Chief Executive Officer acts as the Company’s chief operating decision maker and reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. There are no segment managers who are held accountable by the chief operating decision maker, or anyone else, for operations, operating results and planning for levels or components below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, we determined we have one operating and reportable segment, which is supply chain management products.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents in financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits, accounts receivable, and investments. Cash and cash equivalents are held with financial institutions that we believe are subject to minimal risk. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are subject to the financial condition of our customers, which are routinely assessed for potential credit losses. We believe that the receivable credit risk exposure is limited. Our investment policy limits the amount of credit exposure with any one financial institution or commercial issuer and sets requirements regarding credit rating and investment maturities to safeguard liquidity and minimize risk.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than 90 days.
Investments
Investments
We invest in money market funds, certificates of deposit, and/or marketable securities such as commercial paper, highly liquid debt instruments of the U.S. government, and U.S. corporate debt securities. Investments with remaining maturities of less than one year from the balance sheet date are classified as short-term investments whereas those with remaining maturities of more than one year from the balance sheet date are classified as investments, non-current.
Securities classified as available for sale are carried at fair value and the unrealized gains and losses on these investments, net of taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss) in the consolidated balance sheets. Realized gains or losses are included in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Certain securities accrue interest that is included in other income (expense), net. If a determination has been made that the fair value of a marketable security is below its amortized cost basis, the portion of the unrealized loss that corresponds to a credit-related factor is realized through a credit allowance on the marketable security and the equivalent expense is realized in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements
The carrying amounts of our short-term financial instruments, which include cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable, approximates fair value due to their short-term nature.
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
We measure certain financial assets at fair value on a recurring basis based on a fair value hierarchy that requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of inputs that are used to measure fair value are:
•Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2 – observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as (a) quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, (b) quoted prices in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets), or (c) model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
•Level 3 – unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of fair value of assets or liabilities.
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
We measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, including long-lived assets, goodwill, and indefinite-lived intangible assets.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are initially recorded upon the sale and invoicing of products to customers. Credit is granted in the normal course of business without collateral. Accounts receivable are stated net of allowances for credit losses, which represent estimated losses resulting from customers not making required payments on accounts receivables. When determining the allowance, we pool our outstanding accounts receivable invoices based on the contractual due date of payment. We take several factors into consideration for estimated credit losses by pool, primarily our historical credit losses, with additional adjustments made for current and future macro-economic conditions and retail bankruptcy trends. We write-off accounts receivable when they are determined to be uncollectible. Changes in the allowance are recorded as bad debt expense and are included in general and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Property and Equipment
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment, including assets acquired under lease obligations, are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives, commencing on the earlier date in which the asset is placed in service or ready for its intended use.
The estimated useful lives of property and equipment were as follows:
Estimated Useful Life
Internally developed software3 years
Computer equipment
3 years
Office equipment and furniture
5-7 years
Leasehold improvementsShorter of the useful life of the asset or the remaining term of the lease
Significant additions or improvements extending asset lives beyond one year are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. The assets and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are adjusted for asset retirements and disposals with the resulting gain or loss included in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
We capitalize and amortize eligible costs to acquire or generate internally developed software that are incurred during the application development stage. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage and post-implementation stage are expensed as incurred. Additionally, maintenance of internally developed software are expensed as incurred. The assets and related accumulated amortization are adjusted for abandoned internally developed software with the resulting loss included in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Leases
Leases
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets, current operating lease liabilities, and non-current operating lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.
Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. We use the implicit interest rate when readily determinable. We estimate the discount rate for a similar collateralized asset by estimating costs of borrowing. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and lease incentives that have been incurred. The options to extend our leases are not recognized as part of our ROU assets and lease liabilities unless it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For all leases, we combine non-lease components with the related lease components and account for it as a single lease component. The ROU assets are subject to the same impairment process as our long-lived assets. Additionally, we review our lease liabilities for remeasurement whenever there is a triggering event or when relevant facts and circumstances change.
Research and Development
Research and Development
Research and development costs primarily include development, maintenance, and data conversion activities related to our cloud-based supply chain management products and are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs are net of amounts capitalized as developed software.
Goodwill
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is attributed to a trained workforce and other buyer-specific value resulting from expected synergies, including long-term cost savings, which are not included in the fair values of identifiable assets.
We test goodwill for impairment annually at November 30, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The impairment test is conducted by comparing the fair value of the net assets with the carrying amount of the reporting unit. We determine the fair value of the reporting unit based on our market capitalization at the testing date. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, we would recognize an impairment loss in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income, to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds fair value.
Intangible Assets
Intangible Assets
Assets acquired in business combinations may include identifiable intangible assets such as subscriber relationships and developed technology. We recognize the fair value of the identifiable intangible assets acquired separately from goodwill. We have determined the fair value and useful lives of our purchased intangible assets using certain estimates and assumptions that we believe are reasonable.
The purchased intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.
The estimated useful lives for intangible were as follows:
Estimated Useful Life
Subscriber relationships
7-10 years
Developed technology
5-10 years
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if the carrying amount of an asset group exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets at the date it is tested for recoverability, whether in use or under development. An impairment loss is measured and recorded as an expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue Recognition
Revenues are the amount that reflects the consideration we are contractually and legally entitled to, as well as the amount we expect to collect, in exchange for those services.
We determine revenue recognition through the following steps:
•Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer
•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract
•Determination of the transaction price
•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
•Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation
See Note C for further descriptions of our revenue recognition policy.
Deferred Costs
Deferred Costs
Deferred costs are those that are incurred to fulfill or obtain customer contracts and that are considered incremental and recoverable costs. These consist primarily of customer implementation costs and certain commissions paid to sales personnel and referral partners, respectively. These costs are deferred and amortized over the expected period of benefit which we have determined primarily to be two years.
Customer implementation costs are based on actual costs incurred. Related amortization expense is included in cost of revenues in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Sales commissions are calculated based on estimated annual recurring revenue to be generated over the customer’s initial contract period. Related amortization expense is included in sales and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation includes grants of incentive and nonqualified stock options, performance share units (“PSUs”), restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), deferred stock units (“DSUs”), employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) activity, and 401(k) stock match and is used to compensate employees, executive officers, and non-employee directors.
We recognize the cost of all stock-based payments based on the grant date fair value of those awards. This cost is recognized over the period for which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award or the award performance period, except for expenses relating to retirement-eligible employees that have not given their required notice, which is recognized on a pro-rata basis over the notice period prior to retirement. For all awards, we recognize forfeitures as they occur.
RSAs result in the issuance of new shares when granted. For other stock-based awards, new shares are issued when the award is exercised, vested, or released according to the terms of the agreement.
Our ESPP allows participating employees to purchase shares of our common stock at a discount through payroll deductions. The plan is available to all employees subject to certain eligibility requirements. Participating employees may purchase common stock, on a voluntary after-tax basis, at a price that is the lower of 85% of the fair market value of our common stock at the beginning or end of each stock purchase period. The plan is a Type B plan, so the number of shares a participants can acquire is variable. Participants purchase more shares as the stock price decreases, up to the total amount originally elected to withhold at the beginning of the offering period. The plan consists of two six-month offering periods, beginning on January 1 and July 1 of each calendar year.
The fair value of stock options and ESPP activity is estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The fair value for RSAs, RSUs, and DSUs is the closing market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant less the purchase price (if any). The fair value of PSUs is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation.
Judgment is required in determining the expected volatility of common stock and the expected term individuals will hold their share-based awards prior to exercising. The expected volatility of the options is based on the historical volatility of our common stock. The expected term of the options is derived from historical data on option holder exercises and post-vesting employment termination behavior.
Additional valuation inputs include our expected non-issuance of future common stock dividends and the risk-free interest rate that is based on the U.S. Treasury rates at the date of grant with maturity dates approximately equaling the expected life at the grant date. For PSUs, the Monte Carlo simulation utilizes multiple input variables that determine the probability of satisfying the performance conditions stipulated in the award.
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in our judgment, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Deferred tax positions are net by jurisdiction on the consolidated balance sheet.
We assess our ability to realize our deferred tax assets at the end of each reporting period. Realization of our deferred tax assets is contingent upon future taxable earnings. Accordingly, this assessment requires estimates and judgment. If the estimates of future taxable income vary from actual results, our assessment regarding the realization of these deferred tax assets could change. Future changes in the estimated amount of deferred taxes expected to be realized will be reflected in our consolidated financial statements in the period the estimate is changed, with a corresponding adjustment to our operating results.
We recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would “more likely than not” sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the “more likely than not” threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority.
It is our practice to recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.
Net Income Per Share
Net Income Per Share
Basic net income per share has been computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted net income per share also includes the impact of our outstanding potential common shares. Potential common shares that are anti-dilutive are excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share.
Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted and Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted
StandardDate of IssuanceDescription
Date of Adoption
Effect on the Financial Statements
ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805) - Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers
October 2021This amendment requires that an acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, effective for all business combinations in the year of adoption and thereafter.
January 2023The adoption of this standard has not had a material impact on the purchase accounting for business combinations.
Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
StandardDate of IssuanceDescriptionDate of Required AdoptionEffect on the Financial Statements
ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures
December 2023This amendment requires that an entity disclose specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation table as well as provide disclosure of disaggregated information related to income tax expense, income before income taxes, and income taxes paid. January 2024We are currently evaluating the adoption on our financial statements and anticipate the impact will result in additional disclosure.
ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures
November 2023This amendment requires that an entity disclose significant segment expenses impacting profit and loss that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker.January 2024We are currently evaluating the adoption on our financial statements and anticipate the impact will result in additional disclosure.